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illustrent  la  m6thode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

6 

6 

Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


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24X 


28X 


32X 


THE   WORKS 


OF 


HUBERT  HOWE  BANCROFT 


li 


THE   WORKS 


OF 


HUBERT  HOWE  BANCROFT. 


VOLUME  XIX. 


CALIFORXIA. 

Vol..  li.     1801-1824. 


SAN  FRANCISCO  ; 
A.  L.  BANCROFT  &  COMPANY,  PUBLISHERS. 

18S5. 


L. 


KntiiiMl  iicci  rliim  ti>  Act  cif  <''inKri' 


ss  in  tlic  Yi'iir  If'fiJ,  by 


liri'.KHT  H.  I'.AXOnOKT, 


111  III.'  illlirr  nl'  111'  I.il'i:iri:ili  d'  i 'niij-'n' 


■s,  lit   WikIiIii^'Icii. 


.1//  iriiilitx  l.'fsirnil. 


COXTK^'TS  OF  THIS  VOLI-^IIC. 


CHAPTER  I. 

CIinONOLOOifAL  ItKCoItli   OF   KVKMX 
1801     ISO.'J. 


.lent  l.ornn..  J.Van.isco  .lo  l.ns.un-  Li,.  an,l  Character  of  I  vl 
M...ona,,.     K.t.va„  T.,.is  IV..i.,e„t-A noa,.  T^l^L^u:';^ 

D.ogo     ri.e  IMU-  ..a.h,-A.lv.nt,„v.s  of  .,„,.,.  ,, „  „  „,,  .„  ,.,^,,. 

ii..   /A.-.'o-/,  .la>nu.s  J:uua..-I)..,,artu,v  of  ,1,.  Catala..  Voluu- 


tt-eis 


CHAPTEIl  II. 

ItKr-oni)  OK    KVKNTS-AKKII.I.AOA'S    Itri.E. 
1S()4    |,S()«. 

Xiuvti  California  a  Scpamtc  I'lovi 


^.-111 ,1.is,-.  Mission 
—An  Aririfd  Cruiser     -  Tlio    / 
Sailors-Winsliip-s    \\.ynye--^t"anii,l,oir.s"  "voya". 
Misaioii  Regulations,  . .  '     " 


Arrillau'ii  on  Provincial  XerJs 

'""■-■/••    an,l    the     /.:;..„, -^  Captive 

I'iie    (iiiardian's 


'20 


CHAPTEll   III. 

INLAND   KXPI.OKATIONS. 

lSO(i-KslO. 


"^"'a^a'cCT-r   ^'"-'^/^^l"-^'— J^"^-.  Crespi.  An.a,  Font, 
and  (.a,ce.~A  lierru  Inc..gnit;i-Di.eoverie«  by  Indian  llnnte.-s- 


(  vii) 


Tiii 


CONTEXTS. 


PAoa 

Arrilla^;.a'ri  FfTorta— Vnguo  Allusions— Tho  River  San  .ron((iiiii  Nninfid 

—  Kxiifilition  of  Miiitorenu  iiiiil  SiiiiclifZ  from  San  Diego— Hui/.  and 
Zalviclea  from  Santa  BiU'l>ura — Tularesand  Uucnavistu — Moraga  ami 
.Miifioz  from  Motiti'rcy  —  Mariposa — Merced  liiver  —  Tuolumne  — 
Kings  Kivcr — Sites  for  Nov  Missions —Later  Kxploriitiuns — Diaries 
of  Via<ltr  -Names  of  Ilaucherias 43 


CHAPTER  IV. 

nrSSIAN    KELATIOSS— VISIT   OF    REZAnoF   AND   LA>USI)OUFK. 

180C-1810. 
Prelimiuai'y  lli''sum(5  of  lUis&ian  American  Annals — Spanish  Movementa 
anil  Policy  Knglish  ami  American  Intervention— Uusso- American 
Contracts — 0'(.'ttin—  Heziinof's  Visit  to  San  Francisco — Authorities 
"on  the  Voyage — Russian  Motives— A  Starving  Colony— Tho  Juno 
ami  lierCai'go — Diplomacy — An  Honest  (lovernor — Trading  Friars — 
Deserters- -Rumors  of  War— Critical  State  of  Allairs — Love  and  Ro- 
mance—Doiia  Concepcion  Argiiidlo— Reziinof's  l>eparture  and  Death 
— Langsdorirs  Observations— Swift  and  Ayres  on  the  Coast — Tho 
Dirlii)  and  tho  Mirriinj  —V\a\m  for  Commerce  and  a  Settlement 
— Ivuskof  at  IJodoga — Voyage  of  tho  Winsliips — Russian  Schemea. . 

CHAPTER  V. 

CimOXOLOGICAL   NARHATIVE   OF   F.VENT3. 

1807-1810. 
Precautions  —  A  Spanish  Cruiser — The  Derby  and  tho  O'Ca'ni,  Cap- 
tains Swift  anil  Winship— Holy  Oil-A  Strange  Flag — Warnings 
against  the  French — The  Dromo  —  The  Memtrij,  Capt.  Ayres— 
American  Deserters — Troubles  in.  Spain — Fernando  VII.  Recognized 
in  California — Contribution  for  War  against  Napoleon — President 
Tapis  Reelected  —  Drought  of  180!) — Neophyte  Laborers — Indian 
Troubles  in  1810— ^loraga's  Battle  at  Suisun — Revolt  at  San  (Jabriel 
— Otter-hunters — The  Winship  Brothers — The  O'CuUi,  AlbnfroHf, 
I.tahi/lit,  Merriiry,  Catherine,  AmethtjM,  and  Charon,  on  the  Coast, 
ISlO-li' — Smith  and  Cale — A  Transport  Captured  by  Insurgents. . . 

CHAPTER  VI. 

LOCAL   EVENTS   AND    PROGRESS— SOUTHERN    DISTRICTS. 
1801-1810. 

San  Diego  Presidio — Officials — JosiS  Font — Manuel  Rodriguez— Quarrel 
between  Ruiz  and Guerr.i — RaimundoCarrillo — Lujan — Population — 
Finances— Forts— Visits  of  American  Traders — Pablo  Grijalva — San 
Diego  Mission — Irrigation  Works — Earthquake — New  Church — Sta- 
tistics—.Josil  Panella— San  Luis  Rey — New  Church — Jo8(5  Garcia — 
Domingo  Carranzu — San  Juau  Capistrauo  —  Fire  —  Church  — Jos^ 


53 


S3 


COXrKXTS.  ix 

fAtlR 

rauni — \j(»*  Aiigelos— RanclioM— I'iii'l)l<)  mill  MisMioii— San  Ciiltriul 
— I'edri)  ilu  Sail  .losi'-  KsiiNiin  Antonio  Cnizudo — Isidoro  Ikin-cnilhi 
— Sun  Fcrnamlo — Xicolii't  Li/am  -.Fo.si''  Antonio  Uriii-.Martin  Lun- 
tliietii— Santa  llitrliara  I'lcsiilio  -(.'aptJiin  (Joyconcliea-  Population  - 
Finances — Kartlii|uako  ami  Storm— Criminal  (Jasca— Santa  l!<iriiara 
Miision— I'ipick'Miic  -I'ailro  CortiVs— San  Buenaventura— SunUi  Ala- 
lia—I'urlsima — Funiundfz— I'uycrai*'  lieport. 07 


CHAPTER  VII. 

tOCAL  EVENTS  AND    I'lSOfillEHH— XOllTHEBN   DISTUICTS. 
1801-lSlO. 

Rail  Prancisco  I'ru.-iidio — OiriciaU,  Forocs,  and  Populutton — Finances — 
lluildinjjH— Ijin;^'!*dorir»  Visit— Kaitii(|uukc  of  ISOH  -AlFairs  at  tlic 
Mission- -Ministers  StatiHtii'rt  I'uciilo  of  San  .lost'' — .(urisiliction  - 
Population  -("oniisionado  and  Alcalde — (jliapol  --li<niiidary  'I'roulilcs 
— .*<aiiUi(-'lara — Mianion  San.lo8<S — I'edrodela('ueva — NewCliurch  — 
Monterey — StJitistics  of  I'o|)ulation  and  Finance  — Hears  Silver- 
mines— San  Carlos — I5ueiiavist4i- -Relic— I'njol— San  Luis  Ohispo — 
San  Mi^juel — I'oisoned  I'adres — Firo — San  Antoni  » — Sitjar  aii<l  Me- 
relo — Soledad — San  Juan  Bautista — Santa  Cruz — I'.ranciforte 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

MISSIONS,    ITEIll.OS,    ANi>   LAXDH. 

1801-1810. 
Spanish  Population  —  Statistics— Friars  —  Arrivals,  Departures,  and 
Deaths— Xeophytes — l)a])tisms  and  Burials — Live-stock— A;iricultu- 
ral  Protluets — Franciscans  versus  Secular  (rovernment— Minor  Con- 
troversies and  (Concessions — Missionaries  Lose  their  Watches  -(iuai'- 
diaiis  of  San  Fernando -I'rocurador  and  Si'ndico — Kcclesiastical 
Matters — I'uehlos — Settlers —Convicts — Land  (irants  and  i'rivato 
liauulios 1.").8 


CHAPTER  IX. 

IN'STTnTlONS    AM)    INUrsTIilES. 
ISOl     ISIO. 

The  Labor  Question — Gentiles  or  Neophytes — Manufactures — Ortega's 
Silver-mine — Agriculture — Crops — Pests — Seasons — liegulatioiis — 
Hemp  and  Flax — .loaquin  Sanchez — Large  Shipments  of  Fihre  -  A 
Flourishing  FCnterprise  and  Sudilen  Failure — Stock-raising — Cattle, 
Horses,  and  Sheep— Slaughter  of  Horses — Commerce — Smuggling — 
Trade  of  the  Transports — Finance  and  Supplies — Habilitado(Jcneral 
— Military  —  Political  Government  —  Administration  of  Justice — 
Schools  Wanted 174 


COXTKXTS. 


I     1 


CHAPTKU   X. 

IIIR   HKV(lI,l  TrtlXAIlV    I'l.KlDlJ— HATID  TIMES. 
ISII     1S17. 

'J'lii^  l!i;v(iliiti<m  ill  N'l'W  Spiiin  — Mll'i'i't  iii  (Jalifoniiii—  I'iiiii  AIIcKiaiicn  to 
tins  Kiii;< — Arrival  uf  llii)  Nrws — Xoii-ariiviil  of  tliu  Siiiiiily-vftstl 


TAIIK 


('a[itiiit!  (if  (iiK'rra-  |)('|)('iiilfin'e  on  I'"orci),'ii  Vi'.ssi'ls — 'riio  Kaitli- 
iiuak^s  of  IHI'J  -rH'gimiiii;^  of  the  Limn  'riiule— A  Wiinifali  from  tlio 
Ml  ri'iry  ~  UatitU  of  Airilla;,'a  -  ■  Ar;,'iicllo  Aetiiij^  (lovonior— Solas 
ApiioiiitimMit  ami  Arrival  -  Fori  i:,'ii  I'oliity-Siirn'mlcr  to  the  Iiuvi- 
talili'  -'I'ladii  with  tlio  Cutoiiel — Tlic  lusiirj^ciits  Coiniiij^ Tiii'  Sua 
Ci'trln.i  with  War-stores  uml  Moinoria.s  of  iSKi — Sola'd  llfport  of 
IM7  l.im.i  Sliii).s  ami  'I'allow  Tra(lc--'J'ioiil)lo  with  the  Friars  about 
>Su|ipliL'»i  from  the  MiHsiuns 104 


CIIAPTEll  XI. 

UOrcUAl!!)   AM)  Till'.    INSfltdK.NTS. 
ISIS. 

!\1  Afio  ilr  lin  Iiisnr;.'ciiti's  The  Urvoliitiiiii  ill  Soiitli  America— The  Lima 
Shi]i« — (ly/.elaar'.s  Warning-  Sola's  liistructioiis  —I'ri  i>aratiiiii.s  for 
I)effii<e  -itoiiehard'a  Arrival— The  Arijiiilnia  and  Sih/fi  /.'/..mi -■ 
A  Itussiau  Story — Authorities — Attack  on  Monterey— Artilliiy  llat- 
tle— Vallejo  Mild  his  I.attcry— Sola's  lietrc.it  to  ]!aiiclio  ih  1  Key — 
The  rresidio  lUirnucl— Tlie  I'iiate"  at  Ml  itefnu'io-l'ri.soiiers  Taken 
—  At  Santa  Barhara — An  Insiirgei  Trick — Alarm  ut  San  Uiieiiavcn- 
tuia  — liouchai'd  l«inds  at  San  .liiaii  ('apistiiiiio— Deserters — Fiiars 
and  Santiago  ArfJtiiollo -'i'he  Tumult  at  Santa  Cm/ — Deiiartnre  of 
tile  I'irates — IJesults  and  Conclusions 2'20 


CHAPTER   XII. 

LAST  'rnK?:E  ykaks  ok  tiik  ukcade. 
1818-1820. 
Sola's  Tleport  on  Presidios  nnd  Missions—  I)estitntion — Mission  Aid  — Re- 
eiifoi'i'emeiits  from  Mexico — Xavarrete's  (,'ompany  of  San  IJlas  Infan- 
try -I'oitiila's  (Join]iaiiy  of  Mazatlau  Cavalry — The  Cholos — Hard 
Tini's  ( 'ontiiHiecl  — Sola  l>isj,'iisted  -Sinall  Comfort  from  the  Viceroy 
— (iimerosity  of  the  Fria-s — No  Forci^'ii  CarL;oes— The  (Jovernor 
Tries  in  Vain  to  llesi;,'ii — Captain  Josd  do  la  Guerra  .Sent  to  Mexico 
—  His  Aims  and  Ell'orts— His  J{eturn  with  Supplies — Revival  of 
Forci^'U  and  Spanish  Trade— Arrival  of  Artillery  Dctachmciit  under 
Ramirez— Fear  of  Insurgents— Royalist  Companies— The  Spanish 
CouiJiitulioii  of  ISI'2  in  California 2J0 


C()xt;:xts. 


xi 


C'lIAlTKll   XIII. 


FOKEniV    Ui;l.\Tr(lN'S  — M.MtlTIMI.    AIIMItS  — AM)   CiiSTI! AI'.AMi   TUAHK. 


IMI     IV-'O. 


I'.ia.iiKii-ll'Mls     (';iptiirc    of    111.'    .1/. 


-Ciniii'ii    nt  Sill    I'lilni     'I'l 


/'..//./•  Sci/cl-Tlu!    Is'1,1,'    Twill  mill  l!< 


-♦iili'iiy  — 'I'lii!  War 


of  lsl'2 -Ucsti'icti^uis— Till)  ('oliiiiihiit — Hii'jt  do  ('.i-tin  ini'l  tin- 
lliinii  -Tin'  Li/iliii  mill  .l/'wi/r'!"."  -'i'lioin.ia  !>iiiik  — i\i>t/il>ii<'^  \'i-.it 
— ('liiiiiiiHHo  mill  (.'lioiis-  A  Siipply-Mliiii  lit  l,ii-it — Tliu  Lima  Triili  r« 


Talli'W    A'l'ilriK   anil    tlic    '' 


iiiiili'      Tlio    (',•;!   ;mi    t'dlolailii    - 


llo)|ii('fiiiirs  \'i.sit.s  in  tilt'  liiirdiliii.t  i'lrnamlc/  ai  I  ^iifiiil-  Iti  iiim 
of  till'  l.asi  'rime  Wars  'I'lic  lii-.iir':(  n!.-.  ('(Uiiiii;;  iraiHof  Aiiiiii- 
cuus— Cliai>inaii  ami  liusi; — Tiiuliiij^  Fkct  of  i'^"'0 "JOT 


C'KAl'Ti:il  XIV. 

IsrsSLVNS    IV   (•  Vl.IFiPKMA  — lorsliAT'iiV    AM)    I'llOliUI. -S   OF    KoIlT    ItoSS. 

ISlI     IS'Jd. 

1  ruclainaliiin  of  till' ('.iiiipaiiy-  Kii-I^oI'm  i'iist  Vi- it  to  Bo(le;,'a— Scconil 
N'isit-  Fiiuiiilin;,'  of  lioss  .Moiul'.i'm  'liirci^  \'i.sits  to  IJoss  -Slo'i.iil- 
cliikof's  'I'ralllc  -  VitiToy's  Otilcrs  Iaihscs— Mora-a's  lli'imit-- 
Ciijitiircof  tliii  J'nili  r — AiviicUo's  I'nlicy  -  'rii('.*''»'cr(n;/'at  San  Frail 
ciftio — N'i.sit  of  ]\ii:iliof  ill  till'  Chinhi'l'  -Sol.i.s  i'olicy-  'liic  Ihinn  — 
('upturn  of  Jlliot  (lu  (Aislro,  TaraUanof,  ami  Aleuts — Kot/iliiU''s  \  isit 
— (jli  ivasii)  Ar.uiiulloat  lloss — Coiifcrtiu'cat  the  ricsiilio  I'ailii.siilun 
at  Moiitficy  Tlu'  liiissjaiis  must  (lo  -  A 'I'lii  ilorial  <  iaini  lla^c- 
iiR'i<tti"s  \'isit  -  N'isitti  of  (iolovnin  ami  JvlililiiiiUoi  -  Kuiuoi-.s  of 
Cussioii— rropositioa  to  Aliaiulon  lio.->s ■j;)4 


CliArTEil  XY. 

VAri.dUArlONS  — INDIAN    All  Mils       lolNDINd   OF  SAN    JIAFAKL. 
ISll     IS'JO. 

A'xHa  I''\p!on's  tlio  Lower  San  .roaquin  ami  Sacraniciito  liy  Water — 
Oiii'liial  Nami's—  liiilians  'rioiililrsoinc  at  San  (ialniil  Soto"s  llattle 
—  I'aclre  Caiiot  Kxploros  tim  'I'lilari's  -Suias  ( iiaiiil  Lxpciiitinii  — 
Friars"  Jtipoit  on  tin;  Imliaii  'I'lilics-- An  liuportaiit  1  loi'iiiiitiit — 
I'ailii:  Martiiiu/  N'isits  tliu  Tiilari-'fio'-  -A  I'nsiilio  ami  Mi-simis  Lcu- 
oiinmnilcil  -Tlio  Native  Islainlcrs — i  v>'iii.liiig  of  San  llatacl  Asistcn- 
c'ia — 'I'oiirof  I'adi't,'  I'ayeras-  Tlii- \aims  ritalmiia,  Sat'ianii'iito,  ami 
Nouoina— I'isastcrat  San  lim'iiavLiitiiia  ('dloiado  imliaiis  A  iitory 
of  Saiu'litz  over  tlio  Moijiuliimms--  M.stiidillo'.s  ( 'aiiipai^'U  .Mniai,'a's 
Uiisiict'cssfui  LxpcditioH  against  the  Mojaves— Xutes  on  Indian  Af- 
fairs of  tlic  bi'cade .'IJl 


T 


xii  CONTEXTS. 

CHAPTER  XVI. 

LOCAL  A.NNAI.S  OK  THE   SOriU. 

1811-1820. 

FAOE 

San  Diej,'o  Prusiilio — OfTici.ils — TrouMos  of  Captain  Ruiz — Population — 
Stiitistics — I'roposL'il  llenioval — Petty  Occurrences  of  a  l)ecatle — 
Mission  San  Die^'o — Padro  Panto  Poisoned — New  Cliurcli — Chapel 
at  Santa  Isal  j1 — San  Luis  Key — A  Prosperous  Mission — Branch  at 
Pala— San  .Juan  Capiatrano — EartlKjualie — Los  Anyeles — List  of  Cit- 
izens—I'uelilo  Chapel — Private  Kanehos — San  Gabriel — Francisco 
Duniutz — .lose  do  Miguel — ]5»;ginniiig  at  San  Hernanlino — Fathers 
Mufioz  and  Urresti — San  Fernando — Sanfci  liarhara  I'residio^liiog- 
raphy  of  Captain  .JosO  Argiiello — Force  and  Population — Events- 
Mission — Padre  Aniestoy — New  Ciiureh — San  Buenaventura— Purf- 
siiua — Kenioval — Santa  Lies ;54t) 

CHAPTER  XYII. 

LOOAI,   AN.NAI.S   OF  THE    NORTH. 

lSll-IS-20. 
San  Francisco — Officials,  I'opulation,  and  I'^inances — Buildings — Litho- 
graphic Views — Foreign  Visitors  —  The  Mission — Father  Saenz  — 
Across  the  Bay — Mission  San  Jose— Santa  Clara — Puehlo  of  San 
.Jose — Otlicials^The  Chapel — School  —  Road — Monterey  Presidial 
District — Statistics — Presidio  Buildings— lieconstruction — School— 
A  P«ear  Stoiy — Recapitulation  of  Foreign  Vessels — Rjinchos — San 
Ciirlos — San  LuisOhispo — San  Miguel — San  Antonio — Soledad — Flo- 
rencio  Ibaficz — San  .luan  Bautista — Santa  Cruz— Padre  Manjuinez — 
Murder  of  Padre  Audreys  Quintana — Villa  de  Brancifortc 370 

CHAPTER  XVIII. 

MISSION'   AFFAIRS. 
1811-1820. 

Population — Missionaries — Neophytes,  Baptisms,  Deaths,  Agriculture, 
and  Live-stock — President — Coniisario  Prefocto — ( Juardian— Mission 
Documents — Decree  of  Secularization — Duties  of  Friars — Exhorta- 
tions of  Supervisors— Extravagant  Luxury — Autobiograiiliy  of  the 
Padres— Mission  Man.agenient— Need  of  New  \\'orkers — Cession  to 
College  of  Orizaba — Protest  of  Payeras  and  Southern  Friars — Seuan 
to  Write  a  History — Ecclesifistical  Alliiirs — Inquisition 'M)2 

CHAPTER  XIX. 

INSTITUTIONS   AND   INUUSTKIKS. 

LSI  1-1 820. 
Pueblos — No  Colonists  or  Convicts— lianchos  and  Lands — Spanish  De- 
cree on  Public  Lands — Inoperative  in  California — Labor  and  Labor- 


L 


CONTKXTS. 


xui 


PAOK 


ers — Xativcs  Bear  the  Burilon — Miiiiufacturea — Roads  aiul  Bridges 
— rriniitive  Mills— Minos — Traditions  of  Gold— Agriculture — Flood 
and  Drought — i'ests — Special  I'l'oducts— Live-stock— Connnerce — • 
Free-trade — Duties — Lima  Ships — Kxport  of  Tallow — Furs — IteUiil 
Shops  at  Monterey — Prices — Finance — I  lahilitado  General — Gervasio 
Argiiello— MiliUiry — Force  and  Dis+iibntion — Provincial  and  Munic- 
ipal Governnient — Administration  of  Justice — Grimes  and  Penalties 
—Sola's  EUbrts  for  Education— School-boy  Days  at  Monterey 413 


;i40 


370 


CHAPTER    XX. 

THE  LAST   YEAK  OF   SrANI.SII   RULE. 
18J1. 

Beginning  of  a  New  Decade — Nothing  Known  of  the  Regency — Maro- 
meros — Secularization  Decree — Padres  Oiler  to  (Jive  up  the  Missions 
— Governor  and  Bishop  Decline — Payeras  versus  Sola — Policy  of  tiio 
Friars,  Real  and  Pretended — Destitution— Supplies— Politic  (!ener- 
osity  of  Franciscans — Duties  on  Jvxports  and  Importa — A  Controversy 
—Movements  of  Vessels — American  Smugglers — Vaccination — Sola's 
Discontent — Rumor  of  a  New  Governor — Indian  All'airs — Colorado 
Tiihes — Southern  Rancherfas — A  Cold  Season — An  Imperial  Docu- 
ment— Foreigners — Argiiello 's  Expedition  to  the  North 430 

CHAPTER  XXI. 

A   PROVINCE   OF  THE   MEXICAN   EMPIRE. 

LS-2'2. 

News  of  Independence  and  the  Regency— Junta  of  April  9th  at  Monterey 
— Oath  of  Allegiance — F'rst  Provincial  Election — Sola  as  Diputado 
to  the  Cortes — Events  and  Fears  in  Mexico — Iturhide  Sends  a  Co- 
misionado — The  Emperor  Agustin  I. — Arrival  of  the  Cant'migo  Fer- 
nandez in  Septend)er— Change  of  Flag — Junta  of  October — Ayunta- 
mientos — Diputacion — The  Cani'migo  at  Ross— Priestly  Misiiaps — 
Election  of  Governor  —  Wire-pulling— Argiiello  Defeats  Guerra — 
Loyalty  of  the  Friars — Departure  of  FYn-nandez  and  Sola — Biographi- 
cal Notices — Character  of  Sola — Commerce  and  Finance — Vessels — 
Gale  a.ud  the  Boston  Trade — McCulloch  and  Hartnell — Capture  of 
the  Etiittt'. — Foreigners — Mission  Supplies — Indian  Atlairs — The  Sea- 
son    4.">0 


392 


CHAPTER  XXII. 

AKOL'ELLO's   RCLE— LAST  OF  TUE    EMPIRE — A   NEW   MISSION   AT   SONOMA. 

IS123. 
Political  Rumors — The  Empire  Proclaimed  in  April — Governor  Tosta's 
Exploits --Downfall  of  Iturbide  .\niiounced  in  Xovember — California 
Approves — Federation  Proposed — Junta  Summoned — Sessions  of  the 


XIV 


CON'TFXTS. 


PAIJE 

T)i]iut.'i(noii — A  ]!iiv4  ninl  Lohhy— S^igns  of  Socularization — Vinlcnce 
to  i'  ''adrt' — I)(.'allM)t'  rritVct  I'aycnis  ami  I'lo-iilciit  S'l'iaii — 'I'licir 
Lift.'  and  CliJiractcr — Sarria  as  I'lilatc — Vossils  on  tlio  ('oast — ('mu- 
iiicii'f--riii-i;liase  of  tlie  Honr — Otter-liuiiting  CoiitivK't— Foi-L-i^n 
licsiik'iits — A  Mission  at  Sonoma — lAploration  liy  Altimiia — Xuw 
San  Francisco— Troul)lo  amonj^  the  l'"riars-A  Cc'nipromisi'-- Name 
Clmni,'oil  to  San  Francisco  Solano — Annals  of  lS'_'4-.'{0 — Santiago 
ArgiicUo  in  tlie  North — Itonicnj's  Kxiiedition  from  Sonora,  Lsi2;!-t!. .  482 

CHAPTEll  XXIII. 

KVKNTS  01'   AUui'KLLo'.s    iMLIC— INDIAN    IlKVOLT. 

1S124. 

Xational  I'olitics— Jr.nta  at  Montorcy — I'lan  do  Ouliicrno — r'alifornia's 
First  Const iuition—  Sessions  of  tiic  Dipntaciou — IJandosa-jainst  ( Jini- 
ina!s — Communications  with  Mexico — Mifion  Aiipointi'd  (iovcrnor— 
Colonization  ],a\v — Tlio  Missions  and  J'adrcs — Qiicsliou  of  Siipiilica 
— Stip<nds  I'aid— List  of  \'csscls — Cooper's  Voya'.'c  to  Ciiina— Otter 
(/ontiact— I 'onimcrcc  ami  Lcvcnue — Kotzclmc's  \'isit  and  Impres- 
sions—  Foreiirn  Lesnlents,  Old  and  New — Lcvoltof  Xcoplivtes  in  tlio 
Soutii — ^lotives  -  I'.urnin^  of  ijaniii  Incs — I'urisima  Taken  I'iglit 
and  Might  at  Santa  Larbara — Kstrada'd  Can)j)aign — Expeditions  of 
J'al>re^'at  and  I'ortilla  to  tlic  1'ulares — Capture  and  Execution  of 
I'onipouio 510 

CHAriEPi   XXIV. 

LOCAL  ANN Al.S— SAN    DIKCJO    DISTRICT. 

18'.M-1S;!0. 
San  Diego  Tresiilio— Lui/  ami  Estudillo — Uiogruphical  Sl-cctclus— Offi- 
cers, Military  Foice,  and  Population — I'lvsidial  Finance  -Tlic  Curt 
-  Kanclio  del  I!ey.  or  Kancho  Xacional — Town  and  its  UuiMin'.'s — 
Private  lianclios-N'isits  of  Morrell,  Duliaut-Cilly,  and  I'attie  —  A 
Scliotil — Criminal  llecord — Lidian  Allairs — lasidcnce  of  tlic  (Iov- 
crnor— (,'lironologic  Itecord  of  Local  ilappcnings — Floods,  Politics, 
and  Foi-cign  Visitors — Mission  San  liicgo — Ministers — Statistics — 
Chapel  at  Santa  Isahel — X'ames  of  ILancherfas  and  Mission  llauclios 
— San  Luis  Itey — Invents  and  Statistics — Lraiich  at  I'ala — Lands — 
San  Juan  Capistrano — A  I'eriod  of  Decline oAM 


CHAPTER  XXV. 

LOCAL  ANNAL: SANTA    r.AT.n.vItA   DISTRICT. 

18'.M-18:!(). 
ruelilo  of  Los  AnLrt'le.i — Population — .\yuntmaiento,  and  Muniiipal  Af- 
fairs— (.'lia])el     Inundation  — Port  of   San    Pedi-o     Private   llanciios 
and  Land  Crants — Mission  San  Gabriel — Padre  Xuez — Lands— Sail 


COXTEXTS. 


XV 


I'AdR 


CHAPTER  XXVI. 

LOCAL   ANN.U..S-.MA.V   KUA.NCJ.SCO   DISTIUPT. 

c,      .,.  J«-'l-1830. 

hail  Frnncisco  PicsiMiii-OflicoiN     P«.).„  \ 

-Military  Fo,.,   S\Z7^  rT''" '''^  l'i-So„  Jos,',  ^r,.™ 

Mi-ion  S.„   F..,u.is.,-ML^  ^,/'s"       /"'"■  "'^  1  ^'-  "-t'-t- 

-Mun.cpal  Ciovc...„,„c.nt  au,l  Cn.ninal  L^ord-   Vt  !  I    w      " 
J^raiicisco ^  uiu     .ittauiotl  to   haii 

583 

CHAPTEIi  XXVII. 

LOCAL   A.NNAl,S-,,„x.n:ui,V   DISTRICT. 

]5auti,sta-Lilo„f  Kst.-.v.nT     •      I    ^^'"l>''>lo   l'-l'vli„M-San  .(„au 

-V„uu.Uu.al  1  ro.s,H.nty--\  ilia  .1.  nra.Kiforte. 

007 

CIIAPTEPv  XXVIII. 

noss  AM.  Tin:   la-.ssiAxs. 
!.s-'i-is;!n. 

iJescnption  of  Ross— Site  n  11,1   P„,M-  i. 


1 


XVI 


CONTKNTS. 


Kuakof — Vessels — The  CaiKnii^'o  I'cniainlez  at  Ross,  and  Results — 
Argiiello's  Otter  Contract — Kot/elme's  Visit — Solano — Zavuli.shin's 
Nei,'otiatioiis — Mexican  I'olicy — I'ears  of  the  Junta — Echeandia  ver- 
sus Russians— Siielikiiof  Succeeds  Schmidt — Salt  Contract — Fears  in 
8onora — Visit  of  Duhaut-Cilly — I'attie's  Visit— Eeheandia's  (j uestiou 
— Kostromitiuof  Manager 028 

CHAPTER  XXIX. 

INSTITUTIONARY   AND   STATISTICAL. 
1821-18.iO. 

Increaae  in  Population — List  of  Foreigners — Gentiles — Mission  Progress 
Padres — Statistics — IJaptisuis,  Deatl.s,  Hei'ds.  and  (,'rops — ['resident, 
Prefect,  and  Other  Ollicials — Ecclesiastical  Afl'airs — Succession  of 
I'opes — Bishop— Cliaplain — Popular  Religion — The  W;d\;z— Church 
Asylum — Pueblos  and  R;inchos--('(donization  and  Land  Grants — 
List  of  Grants — Manufactui'cs — Labor  and  Wages — Mines — Agricul- 
ture— Stock-raising  —  Regulations  — Commerce — Prices— Finance — 
Military — (iovernment — Administration  of  Justice— Education 653 


PioNKKU  RwiisiER  AND  Index.     'Abbott '  to 'Ezqucr'. 


083 


S 


HISTORY  OF  CALIFOEXLl 


CHAPTER  L 


CHRONOLOGICAL  RECOKD  OF  EVENTS. 
1S01-1S03. 

OpKMN-C!    of   TIIK    CKVTrwv       Av    TT 

C.U.T.U.  Urn^^tr^^'^'i  '^"^'^"''"^  'EvTKurn,.... 

«  JUKAT  .MI.S.SI0.VARV-_EST1^V  VX  T    ,       n         *-^-^'™  •^^■^'  CirAIiACTKK  OK  A 

KvTTLK  A.  «Ax  Dik:;o^^k  Fr^;:'^-^''""'^^'''^  NAu.uTn-.-A 

THK    CATAtAX  VoUrXTKEHS  '    "''"''•'  I^^^VA.V-DkpaUTUUK  OP 

Ix  tlie  precctlincr  volume  the  anmls  of  Poiv      • 
After  a  ro«,  ,u-       e vo  1    r  "" ,  "'  "^;  '»''  '^^•••"ta"-- 

*ic,n  i„  Ui02^.-i   „-a»  nr-,'.l    f    1      '"/  '^«' »ox|,l„ra- 

<r"ni  8auDic.„„  t,,  ^V  ,,'•/''  *.'"' •■''"""-lino 

I'-'ovuK-e  of  sp^,  „oto  ai J  (^r^,„  IS-  ';;.;'■';.'"  -^  - 

vo.  „.  ;     '^'''"'^  ^"^'   institutionary  annal«  arc 

(1) 


1 


2         CHROXOLOniCAL  RECORD  OF  EVENTS. 

continued  l)oyoii(l  this  limit  to  1830.  The  rest  of 
tlio  volume  is  dcvotcvl  to  the  tirst  parts  of  a  Pioneer 
JiCijistci'  and  Index,  containing  biographic  notices  of 
all  who  came  before  IS4'.),  a  new  feature  in  provincial 
annals,  wiiich  it  is  lioj)cd  will  merit  approval. 

The  century  opened  quietly.  Perhaps  there  were 
not  in  the  whole  course  of  provincial  annals  less  event- 
I'ul  years  than  those  of  1801  and  1802.  Arrillaga  as 
tem})orai'y  governor  issued  his  routine  orders  IVom 
]joreto,  and  Alberni  as  commandant  had  a  very  easy 
time  of  it  at  Monterey.  Orders  came  from  oNEixico 
to  be  on  guard  against  hostile  foreigners,  to  watch 
for  British  ships  that  had  doubled  'Cabo  de  Hornos,' 
and  to  treat  witli  great  circumspection  and  prudence 
the  Anglo-Americans  "who  were  continually  ari'iving 
on  the  coast."  The  orders  were  duly  promulgated, 
but  no  foreign  craft  made  its  appearance  with  hostile 
intent,  though  in  ^lay  two  large  vessels  and  a  small 
one  were  sighted  olf  the  coast  between  Monterey 
and  Santa  Barbara,^  and  in  June  the  American  shij) 
J'!nte)'j>rise,  carrying  ten  guns  and  a  crew  of  twenty- 
one  men,  touched  at  San  J)iego  for  supplies.  She 
was  frcnn  Xew  York,  and  was  under  the  command  of 
Ezckiel  Hublx-ll.-' 

Local  happenings  of  the  year  include  the  illness  of 
four  or  five  friars  at  San  ^liguel  and  San  Antonio, 
and  the  death  of  one  of  the  number,  under  circum- 
stances suggestive  of  poisoning  by  neophytes;  a 
somewhat  tiestructive  epidemic  among  the  Santa 
Barbara  Indians;  a  fight  near  Santa  Clara  in  which 
live  Indians  were  killed;  a  false  alarm  of  a  plot  to 

»  Pror.  SI.  Pap.,  :\IS.,  xviii.  77,  88,  90,  1)8,  118,  133-4.  Communications 
between  vicoroy  and  governor.  March  '2,  1802,  strict  vigilance  ordered,  owing 
to  war  with  England.  Ji/.,  Jim.  Mil.,  MS.,  xxxii.  13. 

'^  Pmv.  J'fc,  MS.,  xii.  11,  1'2.  The  supply-sliiiKS  of  this  year  were  the 
Priiin na  and  L'ouci pc'ioii.  Tliey  went  up  to  IJodega,  wiiere  they  were  separated 
in  !i  fog,  the  former  entering  San  Francisco  ]5ay  and  tlie  latter,  after  narrowly 
escaping  grounding  otF  tiie  ^;alinas,  reaching  Monterey  August  Dth.  'J  hey 
Vi  ei'e  at  Santa  liarbara  in  Xovenihcr  and  at  San  Diego  in  December,  probably 
not  sailing  until  January  or  ^'.'bruary.  KutvdiUo,  iJoc  JIM.  <'al.,  MS,,  i.  40, 
4J,  44,  47;  Piov.  Jkc,  MS.,  x.  13;  xi.  87,  101;  xii.  8,  13,  14. 


A  VISITADOR  EXPECTED. 


kill  the  miiiistcT  and  l)urii  tlio  ini.s.sioii  of  San  Ciiilds; 
and  a  lire  at  San  Juan  Cajtistrano  which  destroyed 


qu 


(I 


itc  a  lai'i^o  amount  of  grain. 

The  jnvsident  was  alarmed  at  the  rumored  intention 
f  the  hishoj)  to  send  a  visitador  t(j  inspect  the  Cali- 
fornian  establishments.  Lasuen  regarded  it  as  an 
unheard  t)f  thing  for  the  ecclesiastical  authorities  t<) 
interfere  in  Franciscan  afi'airs;  but  he  wrote  to  the 
guai'dian  for  instructions,  suggesting  the  expediency 
of  issuing  a  re})ort  to  show  the  zeal  of  the  friars 
together  with  new  instructions  on  mission  managt'- 
ment,  to  the  end  that  if  the  visitador  should  note  any 
cai'clessness  he  nn'ght  not  deem  it  habitual  or  sanc- 
tioned by  the  Fianciscan  authorities.  The  guardian, 
(Jasol,  replied  that  the  bishop  coidd  not  act  without 
tlie  pope's  special  authority  or  a  connnission  fi'om  the 
king.  Should  he  come  Avith  merely  e])iscopal  author- 
ity ho  was  to  be  received  kindly,  but  not  allowed  to 
make  his  risita  until  the  matter  could  l.)e  reported  to  the 
college,  unless  indec.'tl  it  was  likely  to  cause  disturb- 
ance, in  which  case  the  president  might  use  his  dis- 
cretion. The  l)ishop  attempted  no  interference,  but 
the  alarm  not  iniprobably  roused  the  friars  to  new 
zeal  and  caution.^ 

In  Mexico  the  project  of  opening  land  comnuinica- 
tion  between  New  Mexico  and  California  was  discussed 
anew  in  connection  with  the  pending  (|uestion  of 
dividing  the  prt)vincc.  The  reports  of  the  fiscal  ]3or- 
bon  and  General  Xava  of  Chihuahua  were  unfavorable 
to  the  scheme.  From  a<*onHnei'cial  point  of  view  the 
}>roposcd  road  would  not  l)e  profitable  for  many  years 

^  In  a  clinptor  on  local  annuls  for  tlii.s  ilccadc  I  give  more  details  of  some 
of  tlu'so  events  with  references. 

^Sept.  -J-i,  ISOI,  Lasuen  to  guardian.  Pec.  .W  and  Aug.  11,  ISO'J,  (;.im,1 
to  Lasuen.  Arch.  SlaJJ.,  MS.,  xii.  \M>o-7.  The  president  saysthe  iiisliop  Iims 
acted  ratlier  rjueerly  on  one  or  two  occasions  since  the  refnsid  t()])iiy\Mir 
contrihutions,  omitting  the  title  vicario  foraneo  from  his  addresses.  I.asuin 
is  glad  of  that,  for  he  has  not  exercised  the  functions  of  the  otlice  and  does) 
not  intend  to  unless  in  case  of  special  need.  A  curious  eomninniiatioa 
from  the  vicoroy  to  the  governor  was  that  calling  for  a  list  f)f  .lesi.its  in  tho 
province,  and  requiring  all  of  that  order  to  be  quietly  arrested  at  lii  o'clock 
of  Aug.  -JOth.  rrov.  S/.  I'ap.,  MS.,  xviii.  97-8,  102-4. 


CIIROXOLOniCAL  RECORD  OF  FA'ENTS. 


at  least.  One  presidio  on  the  Colorado  would  not 
.sullice,  and  no  pioper  survey  for  the  loeation  of  a 
pri'sicho  had  evei-  been  made.  There  were  no  men  to 
s])are  in  New  Nexico;  reonforcements  for  California 
could  with  proper  precautions  cross  the  country  with- 
(»ut  the  ntad  or  a  protecting  presidio,  and  finally,  the 
ojH'uini^  of  the  new  route  would  probably  lead  to  hos- 
tihties  with  the  Indians  of  the  Colorado  regiciu.^  In 
Ufcordance  with  these  views  the  matter  was  dropped, 
though  the  main  proposition  of  dividing  the  province 
was  favored  by  both  counsellors  and  was  still  an  open 
♦juestion.  Another  scheme  for  the  good  of  California 
v>as  considered  and  allowed  to  drop  out  of  sight.  This 
was  the  ])r(  (position  of  Lieutenant  Luis  Perez  do 
Tagle  of  Manila,  who  asked  the  king's  license  to  bring 
a  colony  from  the  Philij)pines  and  establish  it  on  the 
coast  of  Califori'.ia.  In  his  petition  Don  Luis  had 
much  to  say  of  his  father's  services  and  his  own  de- 
jL-ire  to  serve  the  king.  He  had  been  at  Monterey  and 
knew  the  country's  needs.  His  purpose  was  to  build 
Uj)  connnerce  and  head  off  the  English  and  ])utch. 
His  [)ro[)osition  was  submitted  to  the  viceroy  and  gov- 
ernor, and  perhaj)s  one  reason  why  no  more  is  heard 
of  it  was  the  modest  demand  of  Perez  to  be  put  iu 
command  of  Monterey  and  the  coast." 


Peace  with  England  and  with  Russia  was  announced 
in  California  at  the  end  of  1802;  fears  of  foreign  inva- 
sion, by  no  means  very  strong  in  these  times  after  so 
many  false  alarms,  were  thus  removed;  and  not  even 
a  Yankee  trader  made  her  appearance  on  the  coast  so 

'^Biirhnn,  Pariccr Kuhre  el Proyecto  de  abrir  rkt  dc  Comunicachm  nitre  fiiU- 
fornhi  )/ jV.  Mexico  1/ extuhlerer  un  PrcKalio a  la  Entrndadc  lUo  ('olorrnlo,  JSaJ, 
MS.,  tlatud  .Maicli  4tli.  Kara,  Informs  nohre  Proyecto  de  (dtrir  cumhios  eiitre 
('(di/oriiid  y  N.  Mcriro,  ISOl,  MS.,  (lilted  July  '2()tli.  The  fiscal's  report  con- 
tiiiiK-t  a  full  stateineut  of  what  had  been  done  and  proposed  in  jiast  yeai's  con- 
cerning overland  communication.  June  9th,  Colorado  Indians  not  to  be 
baptized  at  present.  Pror.  liec,  MS.,  viii.  SSS. 

*A)>ril  7,  1801,  petition  of  Perez,  forw.irded  Sept.  Ist,  by  viceroy  to  gov- 
ernor. J^rov.  St.  Pop.,  MS.,  xviii.  105-13.  Nov.  7th,  Arrilkga  deems  the 
jirciject  a  very  useful  one.  Prov.  Her.,  MS.,  x.  '"2.  Mentioned  as  a  measure 
ngain.st  I'higlish  invasion,  with  nothing  of  results,  iu  Virreyes,  InslriKU-ioiies, 
211. 


^  ii 


DEATH  OF  AL1U:HNI. 


lincccl 
inva- 

tcv  «<> 

oven 

list  so 

Ire  i^iili- 
0. 1SI>1, 
OS  (litre 
trt  cou- 
li's  con- 
to  be 

to  gov- 

fns  the 

lu'iisure 

I'ioiien, 


far  ns  tlie  roconls  sliow."  ]\'(li'o  <1l'  All)i'riii,  inilitaiy 
oominaiuhuit  of  Alta  California,  died  at  .Moiitt'i'c-y  oii 
the  I  Itli  of  March.  Mo  luid  (,'omc  in  l7i)()  as  cjiptaiii 
ot'tliu  Catalan  volunteers,  and  by  virtiu;  of  his  supe- 
rior rank  had  been  eonnnandant  of  San  Francisco 
until,  ranking  Ariillaga,  he  had  been  transleri'ed  t;) 
^lonterey  in  ISOO  on  Jiorica's  departure.  Jlishigli 
positions  in  the  province  having  been  purely  acci- 
dental, he  has  left  little  in  the  records  I'roni  which 
we  ninv  foi'ni  anv  estimate  of  his  character  and  abjlitv, 
but  he  had  been  I'or  some  vears  from  about  1774  in 
coniniiiiul  of  the  Jaliscan  [)rovince  of  Xayarit,  where 
he  had  rendered  himself  popular  with  l)oth  mission- 
aries and  natives;  and  he  had  connnanded  in  171)0  the 
detachment  of  volunteer's  sent  to  garrison  Xootka, 
where  he  made  himself  a  favorite  with  the  Indians, 
and  left  his  nanie  attached  to  one  of  the  inlets  on  the 
coast  of  Vancouver  Island.  At  his  death  the  mili- 
tai'v  command  passed  naturally  into  the  hands  of 
Arrillana,  who  from  Loreto  connnunicated  clirectlv 
with  the  [)residio  conunanders.  Lieutenant  Jose  Font 
t(jok  connnand  of  the  volunteer  company.''     Locally 

'  Oct.  0,  1802,  vicoroy  ordorctl  hi;:li  innss  in  honor  of  po.ncc  lictwren  Sp.iiu 
iiMil  lliissia.  Tliis  iinlir  was  tran.sniitteil  liy  Anillaga  to  Lasufii  JUc.  II, 
anil  liy  l.asncn  to  his  padres  Jan.  Id,  ISO.'*.  j%c'.  J/lJ.  ('(iL,  MS.,  iv.  I.'ST  !». 
I'fo.  10,  ISOJ,  La.sm'U  circuhites  onliT  for  high  mass  for  peace  betufon  Spain 
and  I'liighmd.  /(/.,  iv.  I.'!.'!-."),  also  .Julj- 'J.Jtii,  mass  for  peace  with  l'<ii'tiij:al. 
.!/■•/(.  Sla  Jl.,  M.S.,  xi.  I."i0-l.  J>oth  of  these  are  original  docnnieiits  and 
licar  the  signatures  of  various  padres  who  complied  with  the  order.  July  1, 
1M)"J,  a  circular  of  the  l)ishop  al)ont  a  tax  on  legacies  in  aid  of  the  war.  A  nil. 
.V.i  Jl.,  MS.,  V.  0S-7.'!;vi.  "J'.IS-.'iO.'J.  The  Siianisii  vessels  of  the  year  were 
tiie  Ai/iro,  under  Alferez  Manuel  do  Mnrga,  which  arrived  at  San  Francisco 
Jidy'JIi.  /'roc.  St,  I'ap.,  MS.,  xviii.  :1'2~;  iuid  the  J'riiiri mi,  whuse  arrival  at 
San  ]>icgo  is  noted  by  Arrillaga  at  Loreto  in  the  note  of  Nov.  ti.  J'roi:  lin-., 
MS.,  xii.   17. 

''  .Mlicrni  was  a  native  of  Tortosa  in  C'atalufia,  Spain.  Pmv.  liec,  MS.,  v. 
S;!,  Ills  service  in  Xayarit,  recoidcd  in  Miisci-ik,  Ini'oriiie,  MS.,  and  Xfii/nril, 
Jii/'iriiic  (le  III  And.  (/('  (liiiiilaluj<ira,  J^S.'/,  M.S.  His  coi'rcs[)i)ndcnce  in  the 
archives  is  somewhat  extensive,  but  ehii:lly  of  a  routine  ehaiaitcr.  Mudi  nf 
it  has  already  be.'ii  cited  in  the  notes  of  the  precedini.'  vohime.  On  J»cc.  I(i, 
ISOI,  lieing  vei-y  ill  of  dropsy  he  made  his  will  in  which  he  ilcchircd  himself 
to  be  .■)4  years  of  age,  the  son  of  Jaime  de  Alberni  and  Josefa  'J'exedor,  and 
marriecl  to  Juaua  Velez,  a  native  of  Tepie,  who  had  a  daughter  now  dcacj. 
liis  estate  was  worth  about  ^',(,000  and  he  made  his  wife  snie  heir,  nanung 
Sei-gt.  Tico  as  executor.  He  received  the  r/«^'(V)  on  Feb.  1st,  and  dieil  (,n 
Marcli  lOth  or  llth.  diicrru,  J)o<:  JJist.  Cal.,  MS.,  vi.  '_>.'»;  Pror.  S/.  J'ap., 
M,S.,  xviii.  101,  1S3,  167, 1'J'-;  I'loi:  liCC,  MS.,  x.  15,  71;  xi.  lUS.    After  his 


t  h'' 


6  CIIRONOLOfilCAL  RECORD  OF  KVEXTS. 

I  iioto  in  1S02  a  deadly  t'i)ldeini('  at  Sok'dad,  a  Imrrl- 
caiic  at  San  Fi-ancisco  wliicli  played  liavoe  with  tlio 
loot's,  and  a  f'avoiablu  a.s;jay  at  Monterey  of  silver  oio 
iVoni  the  hills. 

Several  iinjx^rtant  matters  occupied  the  friars'  atten- 
tion this  year,  one  hein*^  a  proposal  from  ^Mexico  to 
(•han<;'e  the  mission  system  hy  adoptinLf  the  plan  lor- 
iiierlv  I'avored  hv  Xeve  for  the  Channel  missions;  that 
IS  to  leave  the  natives  after  conversion  in  their  ran- 
cherfas,  re(|uiring  occasional  visits  by  and  to  the  ])adres 
foi  instruction  and  th'.  performance  of  spiritual  duties. 
The  guardian  of  course  op[)osed  the  chaniL^e,  hut  ho 
called  on  l^asueu  foi*  a  new  statement  of  the  arj^u- 
ments  against  it.  The  president  in  rej)ly,  besides 
dwellinj.,^  (ju  the  fact  that  the  Indians  could  bo  in- 
duced to  chany^e  their  habits  only  under  the  constant 
supervision  of  missionaries,  recalled  the  tragic  results 
of  a  former  experiment  on  the  Rio  Colorado;  and 
referred  to  the  comparative  failure  in  13aja  California 
and  at  Sau  Diego,  where  the  sterility  t)f  the  soil  ren- 
dei'ed  necessary  a  practice  somewhat  similar  to  that 
proposed.  He  believed  the  innovation  would  be  in 
every  respect  injurious,  and  the  viceroy  decided  that  it 
should  not  be  attempted." 

Another  question,  by  no  means  a  new  one,  was  that 
of  chaplain's  service  at  the  presidi(js  and  j)ueblos.  It 
d(K's  not  appear  that  there  were  at  this  time  any 
l(jcal  troubles  resulting  fnmi  a  refusal  of  the  friars  to 
render  this  service;  but  tlio  governor  urged  the  ap- 
pointment of  chaplains,  com])laining  that  tiie  mission- 
aries had  not  been  given  the  nccessaiy  powers,  that 
it  was  an  inconvenience  for  soldiers  to  go  to  the  mis- 
sions for  sacraments,  and  that  it  was  bad  for  their 
morals  to  be  free  from  a  curate's  supervision.     The 

(lentil  there  came  from  the  viocroy  a  leave  of  iibsonce  dated  April  3d,  St.  Pnp. , 
iS'cc,  MS.,  iii.  3X  Arrillaga  puts  Font  in  charge  of  the  coiiipaiiy.  St.  /'(ij)., 
Mi.-<.t.,  MS.,  iii.    '24. 

*  LiiKiii  II,  Iii/ormi'  sohrc  inromriiirnlfs  </<'  ih  jar  <i  Jok  finlion  rn  ,vix  Ihiiirhi'- 
ri(i.-<  ihsjiiiva  i/c  hiiiilhiitlox,  JSd..',  MS.  I,asiiei;".s  argument  was  dated  June 
10,  IbO'J,  and  the  vicerijy's  decision,  I'd).  '2,  \SCS. 


Ti;ornLr:s<  of  tiik  ruiAns.  7 

vi^'cioy's  iul\  isci's  ill  ]\I(>:ic(»  tonk  the  !^r(>;iii;l  tlint 
tlu'  (Nil  coiiiplaiiu'd  of  wiis  not  a  M'ly  serious  oiu-. 
T\\v  distaiici'  to  1)0  tra\rrsc(l  1)V  soMitTs  and  settlors 
was  Mot  ori'atrr  than  was  ol'tni  the  (.-asi' in  sul)-jtiU'i»los 
in  otlii-r  )»ro\inc-i'.>:  the  jtrrsidmt  now  had  cusfri-ii.'O' 
jMtwer  whirh  hi'  eould  ddt'^at.-,  and  it  would  he  very 
ditHcult  if  not  inipossihh-  to  ohtain  secuhir  cK'rijfynu'n 
lor  chaitlains.  It  need  not  he  said  tliat  no  ehaplain-i 
were  appointech  llie  truth  is,  the  i'riars  wanted  not 
se(  nlar  eha|»lains  hut  eompensation  fordoini;'  ehajtlaiu 
dutv,  wliih'  th(.'  _o()verinnent  was  n(»t  willinm'  to  ap- 
jioint  <'haphiins,  l)eeause  their  pay  must  come  from  the 
ti'easurv,  and   couKl   not  leuallv   hi-   taken    from  thj 


'lOUS 


fund.*"     Finallv  the  friai'; 


W( 


re    tl'oulded    tlii 


yeai'  and  tlie  next  hy  land  complieations.  The  minis- 
ters of  Soledad  replied  at  some  lenn'th  to  a  eomj»laint 
IVom  those  of  San  Curios  ahout  a  ranehoof  San  ( Jei'o- 
ninio.  The  president's  reply  was  that  no  such  eom- 
jlaint  had  c  jr  heeii  made.  The  ministers  of  San 
( ';irlos  in  turn  ealk;tl  lor  the  expulsion  of  settlers  from 
tlu-  rani'ho  of  JUieua  Yista,  a  step  jtromised  i)y  JJoriea 
V  h'.'never  the  mission  should  need  its  lands.  Arri- 
ll;!<'a  decided  that  as  tenii)orarv  Li'overnor  he  had  no 
authoi-ity  in  the  matter,  and  atlvised  a  petition  to  the 
suj)erior  in'overnment.  Ai>ain  the  j)adi'es  of  San  Juan 
Jiautista  were  ordered  to  remove  their  cattle  iVom 
till'  lanchi)  of  La  l^rea  ^-ranted  to  Mariano  Castro. 
'J'hey  I'cfuscd,  and  the  matter  was  referred  succes- 
sively to  j)resident,  i^niardian,  and  viceroy,  the  latter 
iinally  decidimi,'  that  if  the  iriars'  statements  were 
true  Castro  must  settle  elsewhere.** 


'"Fisciirs  opinions,  Seiitonihcr  ISO'J,  in  An/i.  I^tn.  II,  :\IS.,  v.  70  8."i;  ix. 
'2(!-.'M.  Oct.  IStli,  Liisuen  to  j;u;iMli:iii,  s.iys  tlii'  lii  liop  li.is  iiiMrcssc'd  Tapis 
iis  clia  plain  of  Santil  liai'hara,  to  wliicli  Ik',  l.asiR!i.  lias  icplicil  that  thiix'  was 
lid  .siuli  ajiiiointniont,  title,  or  jiay.  /</.,  xii.  .'((iT  S.  1S(U,  I'arniii  r  spoken  nf 
as  elia])lain  of  tlic  troops.  Pror.  Sf.  I'iii>.,  lini.  Mil.,  MS.,  xxxiv.  "JO.  .Inly 
l.'i.  iMMi,  Arrillaga  complains  to  viceroy  that  wliiK.'  the  natives  have  jilenty 
et  spiritual  instruction,  the  tji'iilt'  ilr  rd'.oii  are  ilein'iveil  of  it,  many  soldiers 
tieinj;  in  jiri.son  for  failure!  to  comply  witli  eliurcli  (liicies,  liecause  they  ilo  not 
know  tlie  (loetrina.  J'rar /I'l-r.,  MS.,  ix.  SS-!). 

"del.  I(i,  ISO-J,  jKulresof  Soledad  to  president.  Oct.  iKith,  reply.  Ai-r/i. 
Ar.iil,.,  }ilS,,  ii.  11,  PJ.     April  "Jd,  padres  of  San  LValuji  to  Ciov.     .Funo  IGth, 


CIIROXOLOfaCAL  RKCORD  OF  EVi:\T.S. 


TIu"  Caliloi'iiiiiiis — l)y  wliicli  toriii  for  a  time  \\v  aif 
to  uiKlcrstaiid  Mixican  residents  in  Califonila — Wfiu 
iH)\v  callv'd  upon  to  ))ait  with  tlie  voncral  li'  tViar,  Padro 
FcriiiiM  Fiancisco  do  LasiU'ii,  lor  thirty  years  a  mis- 
sionary in  the  provinee,  and  for  eiu^hteen  years  jticsi- 
<lent  of  the  missions.  1  [e  died  at  San  Carlos  on  .lune 
•J<;,  I  ,S();3,  at  two  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  and  was 
hnried  next  day  l)y  six  of  his  hrother  religious,  with 
all  j)ossi!)le  solemnity  und  [jomp,  in  a  stone  se[)ulchre  at 
the  foot  of  the  altaron  the  gospel  side  within  the  mis- 
sion church.  We  have  no  details  respecting  his  last 
illness,  and  the  correspondence  that  has  heen  [ireseived 
resiiectinu"  his  death  is  exceedint>lv  and  sururisinnlv 
nu'agi'e.  Though  Lasuen's  name  stands  second  anil  not 
first  chronologically  in  the  list  of  Franciscan  pivlates, 
though  no  pen  of  brother  friar  or  friend  has  recorded 
his  life  and  virtues,  I  cannot  hut  regard  Lasuen  as  first 
thus  far  in  (_  alifornia,  both  as  man  and  missionaiv.  In 
him  were  united  the  (jualities  that  make  up  the  model 
or  ideal  padre,  witliout  taint  of  hypocrisy  or  cant.  In 
person  he  was  small  and  compact,  in  ex[tression  viva- 
cious, in  manners  alwavs  aLTreeabh.',  thouijfli  diiJiiified. 
He  was  a  frank,  kind-hearted  old  man,  who  made 
IViends  of  all  he  met.  Distin<i:uished  visitors  of  French 
and  English  as  well  as  of  Spanish  blood  were  im[)resscd 
in  like  manner  with  his  sweetness  of  disposition  and 
(|uiet  i'orce  of  character.  His  relations  with  the  college, 
with  the  govern  nent,  and  with  his  band  of  missionary 
workers  were  al  vays  harmonious,  often  in  somewhat 
trving  circumstt  ees,  thouijjh  no  one  of  the  Franciscans 
had  more  clearly  1  fined  opinionsthan  he.  Noneofthem 
had  a  firmer  will,  '  were  readier  on  occasion  to  ex})ress 
their  views.  His  uanagement  of  the  mission  interests 
for  eighteen  yea'  >  aftbrcls  abundant  evidence  of  liis 
untiring  zeal  and  of  his  ability  as  a  man  of  business. 
His  writings,  of  which  I  have  many,  both  original  and 


I 

I 

•I 


reply.  A/.,  ii.  0-11.  Dec.  30,  18S.1,  gHardian  to  V.  R.  Feb.  24,  1804,  V.  R. 
ti)  Oov.  Prar.  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  xviii.  3S5-0.  Nov.  '2,  1803,  Gov.  to  Com.  of 
Monterey.  Piov.  lite,  MS.,  xi.  185. 


4 


I 
■>* 
I 


rRi;siPi:\T  lasuex.  o 

ropii'd,  |)rei)ossess  tlic  rciidcr  in  fiivoi-oC  tlicautlior  Ity 
thcircdiiijiarativo  coiicisciu'ss  (*t'  stylf.  ( )riiis  fci'vcut 
liiitv  tlu'ie  aru  iilniMdaiit  prool's;  and  liis  piety  and 
jimiiility  wito  of  an  aurrcahK'  type,  uiiohtiiisivr,  and 
Itlriidcil  with  <'i)niin(»n-.srnse.  Jli'  ovircanu'  oijstacK-s 
in  tilt;  wayol  <lntv,  l>ut  liu  t'lvat.i'd  no  ohstaclcs  foi*  tlio 
uwiv  sak(!  of  snrni()untinj4"  tlieni.  riicn'  was  \i\  liini 
notliin^^  of  the  bij^ot,  ascotir,  or  fanatic;  ho  was  not 
the  man  to  limp  tii...ai,di  life;  on  a  son;  k'lr  jf  a  cyuw 
could  1)0  lound;  and  wo  hoar  notliin<i' of  fast ini*' and 
tho  soouroo;  hut  .l*adro  Formin — as  ho  was  ovorv- 
whoro  known — to  a  romarkahio  doyroo  for  liis  timo 
and  onvironmont  hasod  his  ho|)os  of  futuro  ri'ward  on 
])in"ity  of  lifo,  kinihioss,  and  ooiirtosy  to  all,  and  a 
/A.dous  ))orformanco  of  duty  as  a  man,  a  Christian, 
and  a,  Fianoisoan.  Lot  us  ri'mond)or  tho  jj^ood  (jual- 
itios  of  Juniporo  Sorra  and  othors  liko  him;  Kt  us 
mako  ovory  allowance  for  thoir  woaknossos;  hut  fu'st 
amonuf  tho  Califomian  prelates  lot  us  ever  raidc  For- 
min do  Lasucn  as  a  friar  who  rose  ahovo  his  onviron- 
mont and  lived  many  years  in  advance  of  his  timos.'- 
Kstovan  Tapis,  who  since  1798  had  hold  a  pro- 
visional i>af('nfci'nn\\  tho  college,  inimcdiatoly  assumed 
tile  otiice  of  president,  and  tho  machinery  of  tho 
Franciscan  ostahlishmonts  continued  to  move  smoothly 


"  Forniin  Francisco  do  Liisuen  wan  a  native  of  Vitoria,  province  of  Alava, 
S]>ain.  The  ilate  of  his  birth  is  not  recorded,  nor  anything;  of  liis  lifo  until 
lie  siiilod  from  San  Jilas  on  March  14,  17(iH.  Ifo  reaclied  Lorcto  Ajiril  l.t, 
aiiil  was  nssif^nod  to  tlie  mission  of  San  Francisco  do  IJorja.  In  Marcli  17('>!> 
hf  went  up  to  'V'olicata  to  lilcss  Jiivova's  expedition  starting;  for  tlie  nortli. 
Jn  -May  ITT.'She  left  Loreto,  was  at  \'elicat;i  in  .luly,  and  on  Au'^ust  liOtli 
arrived  at  ,S»n  ]<ie,c,'o.  Ife  sci'vcil  at  San  (ialiriel  from  Doc.  ITT.'J  to  Sept. 
177">;  at  San  Juan  Capistrano  through  177(i;  and  .at  San  Dioijo  until  17s.">, 
wlion  ho  was  elected  president.  During  his  ti'nn  of  otiice,  froni  Sept.  of  that 
year,  his  liead-(|uarters  was  at  San  CVirlos.  Imt  in  addition  to  liis  fre(|nont 
tours  throuj,'li  all  the  missions,  ho  was  at  Santii  Clara  almost  continuously 
from  l7S(i  to  17>S0,  at  Sun  IJuonaventura  in  17!I7,  and  at  San  Luin  ()1ms]>o  from 
Oct.  17!M>  to  Aufinst  1800.  In  May  17!).">  ho  received  a  few  votr's  lor  the 
]irelacy  of  his  college,  but  Xoyuoira  was  electtjd.  Arch.  Stu  Ji..  MS.,  xii. 
4I{(!.  Mention  of  his  death  on  .June 'Jfith.  /(/.,  viii.  177;  xi.  7.'l-4;  J'mr.  Itir., 
^'S.,  X.  7.3;  Prov.  St.  I'ap.,  MS.,  xviii.  241.  Certificate  of  Inirial  on  .Fune 
-7th,  liy  Carnicer,  in  Moidtrc}/,  Parroqukt,  MS.,  10.">.  In  this  document 
Lasuen  is  spoked  of  as  '  Helif^ioso  Franciscano  Oh.servante,  Prosidento  ( I'rodi- 
cador?)  (Jeneral  Apost<')!ico  do  Propaganda  Fide,  Vicario  Foraneo  del  Ilmo. 
Sr.  Ubispo  de  Souora,  Comisario  de  la  In(^uisicion  de  Mexico,  y  I'lesidente  do 


10 


ClIROXOLOGICAL  RKCORD  OF  INVENTS. 


undoi'  its  now  iMniiaj^'omont.  That  tliis  system  in  its 
incclianical  aspects  was  a  very  })errect  onu  cannot  i)c 
c|ucsti()ne(l.^'' 

Several  American  trading  ci-aft  made  their  appear- 
ance on  the  California  coast  this  year,  creatinijf  not  a 
little  excitement  in  some  instances  hy  attempts  at 
smnn^TniL!;,  in  the  success  of  which  tlie  peoj)le  were 
oi'ten  hardly  less  interested  than  the  Yankee  ca[)taiiis. 
The  Lclld  Ihjrtl  was  fitted  out  at  Jlandjui'ii^  l>y  Cap- 
tain Richard  J,  Cleveland  of  Salem,  Massachusetts, 
uho  had  just  made  a  i'ortune  hv  a  four  years'  vova<>'e 
or  series  of  commercial  adve'itures  in  the  I'acilic, 
(hnin^'  which  he  had  touclied  tlie  northern  coast  of 
America,  hut  not  of  California,  in  partnershij)  with 
AVilliam  Shalcr,  and  sailed  in  November  1801.'*  Shaler 

cstns  niisionos  de  la  Alta  Xiieva California,  iiatui'al  de  la  ciuilml  (IcA'itniia  en 
la  rroviutia  (If  Ahilia,  liijo  dc  la  Santa  riovincia  do  Cantaliria,  »';  iiicoipdiado 
til  il  AimstiiHco  Cuk'^^io  <Ui  MisiuiK'i'os  do  I'loiiagaiida  Fide  do  San  IVr- 
iiaiido  ilo  Mexiod. '  Juno  "28,  ISd.'!,  iiadios  ordored  Id  apply  tlio  "JO  iiiassoH  r.s 
I'or  Il^M^o  to  tlio  (load  iiresidoiit.  Anh.  St<i  />.,  MS.,  xi.  T^-i>.  Oot.  '27, 
ISdS,  lii>liii]>  of  Sonora  jiay.s  a  liiyli  trilmto  to  LasiionV  sorvicesand  clianiotor. 
Jil.,  xi.  UK).  An  old  Califoiniiin  says  llint  J.asuoii  had  very  tiiu'  jiolite  Ficiicli 
inaniicrs — his  family  hoin^^'of  {•'ronoli  extraction.  Tiiii/nr'a  JJiscar.  mid  Found- 
tr<.  No.  .SI,  ii.  1!),'?.  '  J^o  I'oiv  Firniin  do  la  Suen,  I'lvsident  dos  niis.sioiis  do 
la  Nduvello  ( 'aliforiiie,  est  nil  des  holiiiiios  los  jilus  ostinialiles  (juo  j'aio  jamais 
ronoontros;  sa  douceur,  sa  eliariti',  son  amour  jionr  les  liidieiis  soiit  inoxpri- 
inahles.'  L<t  P(  roii.tr,  Vol/.,  ii.  300.  Malaspina  praises  Lasuen  as  of  real 
npostolic  pivsence  and  spirit,  and  of  no  common  instruction  and  niamiers. 
Aiirai n l< ,  Vktijix  A/iuc,,  .SI,").  'This  porsonage  was  aliout  72  years  of  a:,'o 
(1702).  w  hose  j^'ontlo  manners,  nnitod  to  a  most  vonerablo  and  ]ilaoid  couiite- 
naiico,  iiidicatoil  that  traii()tiillizcd  state  of  mind,  iliat  littod  him  in  an  omiiient 
dotriee  for  presidiiii;  over  so  lienovuloiit  an  iiHtitution.'  I'diiamn  >■'.•<  Fo;/.,  ii. 
"A.  I'urthcr  oom|ilimoiitary  notii-'e.  /'/.,  ii.  471-2.  Vancouver,  in  the  ]iresi- 
(Icnt's  honor,  gave  his  iiamo  to  i't  Fermin  ;ind  I't  Lasneii,  still  so  called  on 
iiiodern  maps.  J^asucn's  handwriting  and  autograph,  in  .V.  Anloiiio,  Dor. 
SdiHos.  Ms.,  2(J. 

'^.luiio  .'!0,  ISO;t,  Tajiis  to  governor,  Lasneu  h.aving  died,  the  presidency 
devolvi  s  oil  me  liy  virtue  of  patent  of  .Ian.  2(1,  17!'S.  Arrli.  Sta  II.,  viii.  177. 
Sept.  20.  \f^)'.\,  viceroy  to  governor,  of  similar  pur[iort.  /';•«»•.  I!<r..  .MS.,  \i. 
M;  IX.  27.  Sept.  2(>th.  guardian  to  T^'pi.-,,  chooriiig  him  to  liistask,  which 
ho  iiad  sought  tlirough  humility  to  avidd.  l{o  must  ho  guided  liy  the  acts  of 
Ills  preilocessors.  Anh.  Sin  Ii..  M>'.,  ix.  4( !.")().  A]>|)ointmeiit  of  Tapis  as 
vicario  t'oraiieo  aiiiioniiced  August  ;!.  l.S()4.  Arrh.  .i/'-o//.,  MS.,  ii.  41.  In 
•Irdv  1^0!)  Tapis  was  reelected  jiresidelit  of  the  missions.  Sin  Chira.  I'drm- 
fj.nii.  .MS.,  2:!;  S.  Josr,  J'li/uiir.i,  MS.,  S.Vd;  Arr/i.  Stii  Jl.,  .MS.,  xi.  207. 
Tapis  received  in  iS(i4  his  .■ip]iijiiitmont  as  vicario  foraiieo  y  castreiiso.  Arrli. 
,S.'n   II.,   .MS.,   xi.   00-101;  xii.  XW;  I'ror.   ]l(r.,  .MS.,  vi.   21;  ix.  107;  I'roi: 

St.  Pill'.,  Ms.,  xviii.  ;t;i:{. 

"  April  I,  ISOl.  ]>apers  of  the  LiTki  Jl)/rd,  74  tons  (hut  17.')  tons  according 
to  ('lc\(  li.iidl  under  ('apt.  I'or.sytli,  witli  i  row  of  nine,  signed  Colouir.l  ."■'ecre- 
tary  .loll'erson  at  X')rfv)ll;,  Va.     Indur.sed  at  Hamhurg  by  American  Consul, 


THE  'LELIA  LYRD.' 


11 


lual 

llllOI'S. 

if  ii;^o 
ilUltf- 

liiK'iit 
-//.,  ii. 
]in'si- 

il'll  oil 
Dor. 

ilclKV 

177. 

.,  vi. 
fcvliich 

Iftfi  of 

I  lis  as 

hi 

!"(/ /•;•'>- 

•2!»7. 

ll'i-oi: 

|r(liii'j; 
I'ciTf- 
klliiul, 


was  master,  and  Cleveland  second  In  command.  The 
vessel  was  loaded  with  a  threat  vai'iety  of  merchandise, 
which  it  was  hooted  to  sell  ]>roHtably  on  the  west  coast 
of  America,  no  matter  Ikav,  when,  or  ^\here.  After 
donljlini^  Cape  Horn,  and  meetiniL''  with  some  rather 
interesting'  adventnres  in  ^May  ISO'J,  at  A'alparaiso, 
where  they  found  the  American  ship  7/'r.(n'(/,  C^iptain 
Rowan,  the  navio-ators  reached  San  ]Jlas  in  Jul  v. 
Here  and  at  the  Tres  ^Farias  they  waited  over  six 
months,  and  by  adroit  maiueuvrinLT,  sendinu:;  <>iie  of 
Iheir  number  to  ]\Iexico,  and  as  it  appears  by  collusion 
with  the  connnissary,  they  succeeded  not  only  in  sellini^ 
goods  to  the  aniount  of  610,000  and  obtainii.g  what 
sui)plies  they  needed,  but  also  bought  1,()00  otter- 
skins  just  arrived  from  California  at  ])rices  which 
assured  the  success  of  the  trijx  An  anuising  fc>ature 
of  this  and  other  similar  narratives  is  the  cool  frank- 
ness with  which  the  Americans  and  ]*]nglish  })i'esent 
the  evasion  of  all  S|)anish  commercial  and  reveiuie 
regulations  as  an  action  altogether  ])raiseworthy,  and 
the  efforts  of  the  officials  to  ciiforce  those  ri.'gulations 
as  correspondingly  re|)rehensil»le. 

S'uling  from  San  J^las,  January  25,  1H<);1,  after 
careening  and  '  l)oot-top}ring '  the  vessel  at  the  Tres 
]Ma.rias,  our  ad\'enturers  sailed  in  February  lor  San 
])i(go  where  they  were  given  to  understand  there 
was  a  iot  of  otter-skins  that  might  be  ol)tained  advan- 
tageously. On  the  way  they  found  eleven  naked 
Indians  to  Ik;  the  only  iidiabitants  of  San  Cleniente 
Island.  On  the  evening  of  ]\Iarch  f7th,  the  Lclin 
]>i/r<l  passed  the  foit  at  I'oint  (iuijarros  without  being 
hailed,  and  anchored  in  San  Diego  harbor.  Next  day 
(\>nmiandant  KodriiJi'uez  with  an  escort  of  twelve  nuMi 
eanie  on  board  to  comply  with  the  formalities  re(|uired 
by  superior  instructions,  with  wdiich  the  reader  is 
alreadv  familiar.     He   took  a    memorandum   of  the 

(Vt.  -J-',  1801.  Will.  Sliulcr  ill  coniiimiiil.  Pror.  Sf.  P.tp.,  MS.,  xviii.  e.V2. 
('iiiiiir  itoiiissillim,  ji  (listiiiLjiiislu'd  I'ulc,  Kailcil  witli  ( 'ii'vclain!  ami  Slialcr, 
ami  v,,is  li.U'iistL'd  in  tlic  i>i()lits,  Imt  lie  kft  tlio  \rss(.'l  at  Sail  lilas. 


w 


fl^ 


12  CHRONOLOGICAL  RECORD  OF  INVENTS. 

provisions  wliicli  the  visitors  jirotciulod  t(^  newl,  and 
prouiiscd  to  snpjily  tlicin  next  day.^^  At  the  same 
time  he  indicated  the  necessity  under  the  laws  of  an 
ininiodiate  departure,  and  retiyncd  to  shore  leaviiiGf 
Sergeant  Joaquin  Arce  with  five  men  as  a  o'uard,  and 
givinj^  the  Americans  permission  to  land  without  vis- 
iting the  presidio.  Cleveland  ridicules  liodriguez  for 
his  exceeding  vanity,  his  absurd  display  of  a  little 
brief  authority,  and  the  characteristic  pomp  with 
which  this  arrant  coxcomb  performed  his  duties.  I 
cannot  denv  that  Don  Manuel  may  have  been  some- 
what  pompous  in  manner,  but  the  head  and  front  of 
his  oftending  in  the  eyes  of  the  Yankees  was  his  inter- 
ference with  their  schemes  of  contraband  trade.  From 
Arce  it  was  learned  that  Rodriguez  had  about  a'thou- 
san<l  skins,  several  hundred  of  which  he  had  contis- 
cated  recently  from  the  ^i/rxandet',  Captain  Brown. 
Shaler  made  every  effort  to  buy  the  skins,  but  in 
vain,  because,  as  Cleveland  |)uts  it,  liodriguez  "  dariMl 
not  indulge  his  desire  of  selling  them  to  us."  A  visit 
was  uiade  to  the  shore,  including  an  inspiction  of  the 
battery  at  the  point. 

On  March  21st  Rodriguez  came  on  board,  received 
his  pay  for  supplies,  and  to(Tk  his  leave  after  wishing 
the  visitors  a  ])leasant  voyage.  Pre})arations  were 
completed  for  departure  in  great  disajipointment;  but 
it  was  determined  to  make  a  final  attempt  to  obtain 
the  skins.  It  was  known  iliat  the  soldiers  had  small 
quantities  which  they  would  gladly  dispose  of  if  tluy 


could  do  so  without  detection. 


'wo  boats  were  ac- 


cordino'lv  sent  under  cover  of  ni<>ht  to  different  itiirts 
of  the  bay  shore.  One  returned  Nvith  a  few  otter- 
skins;  l)ut  the  other  was  seized  by  the  watchi'ul  com- 
mandant, the  mate  and  two  men  being  bound  and 
left  on  the  l)eacli  under  a  i>uard  of  three  men.  Next 
morning  CJeveiand  went  ashore  with  four  men,  each 

'^  Three  cattle,  miic  a rrohas  of  flour,  imc  and  n  hnU  f'iiiifii'i>i  of  suit,  ami 
'24  cliii'kfiis  were  tlie  supplies  askeil  for  anil  receivud,  ac(jording  to  the  Si)au- 
isli  record  iu  the  archives. 


BATTLE  AT  SAX  DIEGO. 


13 


armed  with  a  brace  of  pistols,  rescued  the  captives, 
and  broui;"ht  them  oil'/''  Sails  were  set  at  once  and 
the  somewhat  hazardous  attempt  was  made  of  running 
out  past  the  guns  of  the  fort.  The  hoisting  of  a  Hag 
and  the  firing  of  a  blank-cartridge  from  the  battery 
liad  no  effect,  and  when  a  nine-pound  ball  came  across 
her  bows  the  Lelia  still  kept  on  her  course,  with  the 
Spanish  soldiers  on  board  forced  to  occupy  the  most 
e.\])osed  and  cons|)icuous  positions.  As  she  passed  the 
fort  two  broadsides  I'rom  her  six  three-pounders  were 
disc-hariifed  at  the  battery;  while  many  of  the  shots 
from  on  shoi'e  took  eft'ect  in  the  rii^ging,  and  several 
struck  the  ludl,  one  of  them  making  an  uglv  hole 
between  wind  and  water.^'     Then  the  terriiied  Arce 


lung 


but 

Itain 

mall 

liey 

ac- 


rts 
Iter- 
i)m- 
land 
text 
ach 


"■'IJnt  in  .a  letter  of  April  from  S.  Quintin--A7)^  W.  Pap.,  MS.,  iii.  20.')- 
7--('li'volaiiil  siiii|)ly  siiy«  the  moii  ■were  released  mi  his  rcpresciitatioiis.  JIo 
i;lsi)  liri'il  a  ^1111  as  a  tjiyual  of  <.lcjnirtui'o.  Otherwise  tlic  letter  agrees  with 
liis  ]iiiiit('il  iiari'ative. 

"  i'lxeept  in  the  last  sentence  I  have  followed  suhstnntially,  with  a  few 
juhstitiitions  and  eorreetions  of  Spanish  names,  Cleveland's  own  version  of 
t!io  allair.  C/i'rt  Ininl's  \i(rr(iliiY  cj'  Votjd'ji.f  oiiil  t  '(niiincrrirtl  J'^iit(  rjif/sf<. 
(tiiiihrhlijc,  IS.'/..',  i.  "ilO-'Jl.  It  is  a  most  interestinj;  and  well  written  liouk. 
'J'his  was  Cleveland's  only  visit  to  Califoinia,  but  lie  gives  a  few  items  of 
information  respeetinu;  siihseipient  visits  of  his  assoeiates.  Another  version 
\<  that  of  l\odrimiez  i.i  his  I'iport  to  the  j;ovei-nor  dated  Ajiril  lOtli.  Ituitii- 
ijiiir.,  Lo  Afitrc'iili)  coil  Tri/iiihtidts  tie  la  Fnnjuta  'Lelia  Bird,'  con  motivo  de 
Cuin/ini  (}<•  Nuh-ina,  IS(i,i,  MS. 

Alioiit  the  ligiit  the  two  narratives  do  not  exactly  agree.  Cleveland,  in 
b'lok  and  lettei',  says  the  vessel  endured  a  steady  cannonade  for  three  (piart<'rs 
of  an  lioiir  without  tiring  a  shot,  and  only  fired  after  receiving  her  damagi's, 
silencing  the  battery  with  two  iiniadsiiles.  Rodriguez  says  that  suspicious  of 
contraliaud  traiie  he  nuidc  a  round  in  the  evening,  surpi'ised  the  .\mciicans  of 
one  lioat  trading  witli  (Virlos  liosa  at  La  Barraca,  arrested  the  thiee,  and 
went  on  to  tiie  iiattcry  where  ]w  sei/ecl  some  goods  left  in  payment  for  41) 
ottert-kius.  Next  morning  when  Cleveland  came  ashore  to  see  what  had 
hccome  of  the  men,  one  of  the  guard,  .Antonio  (iuillen-he  wa=i  the  hu-<liancl 
(if  till'  famous  old  laily  of  San  Caliriel,  Ivdalia  I'imcz,  who  diid  in  lS7f<  at  a 
fabulous  old  age-came  also,  esca|)ed,  and  hastened  to  warn  tlie  cmitoral  in 
conmiand  of  the  battei'y  tluit  the  .Americans  were  going  to  sail  vvitliout  land- 
ing the  guard.  The  corporal  made  reaily  his  guns,  and  when  the  Ld^it 
started  raised  his  Hag,  lired  a  blank  cartiidge,  .'ind  then  a  sliot  across  her  bow  s, 
as  Chvelaud  says.  'J'hen  anotiu'r  sh(jt  was  fired  whicii  '.iruck  tlie  hull  but 
did  no  damage.  This  may  have  been  the  ell't ctive  hot,  Tliercupon  Sergt. 
Arce  siiouted  not  to  fire  as  tliey  would  be  ])ut  ashi  re,  and  tlie  firing  eeasiil. 
]lut  when  the  vessel  came  opi)osite  the  fort  on  lie  W'ly  out  she  ifoponed  the 
lire.  'I'he  battery  followed  suit  and  tlid  some  ,iamag(s  but  stojipeil  firing  as 
soon  as  the  vessel  did,  no  harm  being  done  f'l  the  fort  or  its  defenders.  It  is 
ef  course  impossible  to  leconcile  tiicse  discrepancies,  llodriguc/,  an  able  ami 
honoiable  man.  engageil  in  the  performance  of  his  duty,  ancl  making  a  clear, 
straightforward  ri'port,  is  jirima  j'wie  entitled  to  credence  as  against  a  disap- 
puiated  and  bafUed  smuggler. 


14 


CHROXOLOGICAL  RECORD  OF  EVENTS. 


and  his  conipiinioiis  Avcrc  i)ut  on  sliorv,  und  in  their 
joy  ut  escape  shttuted,  as  Cleveland  teils  us,  ]'icai) 
los  .iinci'icduos! 

The  Ihjrd  liastened  to  San  Quintin  for  rejiairs, 
arriving  on  tin;  24tli.  Of  lier  adventures  in  tlic 
south  soniethini;'  is  said  elsewliere.''^  At  San  Quintin 
the  adventurers  met  Jh'own  v/itli  i\\G  Ahwinnh'r;  had 
and  enjoyed  mueli  j)leasant  social  intercourse  A\ith 
the  ])oniinican  friars,  who  were  eai^'er  i)ut  not  well 
provided  for  harter.  They  talked  over  the  <j;-reat 
battle  of  San  iJieyo,  in  which,  as  they  were  ^'lad  to 
hear,  no  one  had  been  hurt.  They  sailed  for  the 
Hawaiian  Islands  at  the  end  of  ^lay.  In  China  the 
skins  were  sold.  Thus  far  the  venture  was  a  success, 
though  subse(|uent  events  develo])ed  serious  losses. 
Shaler  made  another  trip  in  the  Ldl<i  J^'/rd,  while 
Cleveland  returned  as  a  passenger  to  Boston  on  the 
A/n-O' 

At  San  Diego  the  corporal  in  command  of  the 
battery,  Jose  A\'las(juez,  was  subsecpiently  ]^ut  un- 
der arrest  l)y  Rodriguez  for  his  action  in  the  event 
just  recorded,  that  is  on  commercial  and  not  on  mili- 
tarv  i»rounds.  The  bone  of  contention  was  tlu;  «>()ods 
received  in  exchaui^c  for  skins  and  conhscated.  A'elas- 
quez  argued  that  there  had  been  between  his  men 
antl  the  Lc/ia  meri.'ly  a  mutual  exchange  of  gifts,  and 
not  trade  at  all.  Of  the  result  we  know  only  that 
the  contiscated  goods  were  sold  at  auction  for  5i?212, 

'■^See  I  fist.  North  Mix.  Stad'-i,  vol.  ii.,  tliis  scries. 

'"■•Clevelaiiir.s  iiaiTiitive  was  reiiriiitcd  in  the  l^Kcramciifn  Ciiinn.  of  March  4, 
1801.  See  //in/rs'  Mi. ■<■<■, on  ]}„itk\  i.  l.Sl-7.  May  1,  1S(W,  Amllaf,fa  lias  heard 
of  the  arrival  of  the  L<r,ii  Jli/nl.  Proi:  /,'<-•.,  MS.,  xii.  '20.  40.  Sept.  7,  1S(«, 
vieei'oy  to  fioverimr,  has  heard  of  tlie  atl'air,  vliiuh  he  sce?i)s  to  locate  iit  Sail 
Francisco  iii.stiad  of  Sau  Diego,  and  is  inclined  to  regret  that  the  hattei'y's 
tire  <lid  no  more  harm.  He  urges  vigilance  as  usual.  Pror.  St.  P(i}>.,  MS., 
xviii.  'M)~.  May  ISO.'l,  Cnrporal  Ruiz,  of  ,S.  Vicente,  to  (Jov.,  announcca 
arrival  of  thi^  t\vi>  American  vessels  on  pretence  of  rcjiairs,  one  of  tliiiu 
having  come  out  of  a  tigiit  at  San  Diego 'nniy  mal  ]wrado.'  Ruiz  did  not 
know  of  the  light  or  he  would  not  have  alloweil  the  vessel  to  anchor.  Many 
lia(hv.>  went  im  Iward.  lie  encloses  a  note  fi'oin  the  captain,  Shaler,  m.'diing 
e<inii>laint  against  the  eiunmandant  of  S,-in  Diego.  Airh.  Ar:oli.,  MS.,  ii,  'JT. 
In  I'ror.  /.'('■.,  MS.,  i.\.  "iO-l,  Capt.  Shaler  is  named.  Xo  other  name  givcu 
by  the  .Spaniards. 


M 


THE  'ALEXANDER.' 


15 


)f  the 

[t  iiii- 

vcnt 

luili- 

;(»()ils 

ilas- 

nieii 

;,  Jiiul 

that 


irch4, 
liriU'il 
,  lSt«, 
it  Sail 
|iUrrv"3 
MS., 

loUlli'CS 
tllllU 

ill  not 
Many 

laUiii^ 
iy-7, 
nvcn 


and   that   the   proceeds    seeiu   to   have  been  divided 
aiuoiig  the  party  that  effected  tlie  capture.'^^ 

As  we  have  seen,  Cleveland  lieard  of  the  Alc.r- 
(oidrr  at  San  Dieu^o  and  suhsequentlv  met  her  at  8an 
Quintin.  She  ari'ived  at  San  iJiego  Fehrnary  2(5, 
]  80."),'"' Captain  ]^ro\vn  den  landing''  permission  to  i-e- 
main  for  a  time  that  his  men  mi^ht  be  cured  of 
sciirvv.  I'liis  was  accorded  for  eiii'lit  days  bv  ]iodri- 
j;nez,  the  sick  were  allowed  to  land  at  a  distance 
from  the  fort  to  prevent  contaLjion,  and  fresh  provi- 
sions were  also  su[»])lied.  There  may  have  been  scurvy 
on  Ijoai'd,  but  Brown's  chief  object  was  to  carry  on  a 
contraband  trade  for  otter-skins.  In  this  he  succeeded 
]>retty  well  until  on  the  night  of  ^larch  Txl  liodri- 
guez  sent  on  board  an  oihcer  who  seized  foui'  hun- 
dred and  ninety-one  skins  and  deposited  them  in  the 
government  Warehouse.  Brown  was  then  ordered  to 
depart  immediately  and  did  so,  but  anchoi-ed  on  the 
7th  at  Todos  Santos  on  [iretence  of  needing  wood." 

2" April  0,  10,  1803,  Velasquez  to  povenior,  in  Pror.  SI.  Pap.,  MS.,  xviii. 
2!'»l-(i.  The  writer  eorrolwrates  sulwtantially  l{n(lri;;uez'  aueimnt  of  the 
fi;;lit.  .lunc  l'.>,  'JO,  ISOO,  coniinandaut  of  S.  nicLro  toduv.,  anin.iiiKin!,'  s.'.lo 
(if  jiooil.H,  ami  naming;  four  men  ilesc  rvin;^  to  share  tlie  jiroeeecU.  /'/.,  xix. 
iri()~7.  Tliere  are  imlieation^  that  the  -lO  (ittersUins  as  well  as  the  ^'ooils 
j.'iv(ii  for  them  were  contiseateil,  that  i.s  that  the  Americans  lui<l  to  retire 
before  reoeivin;.''  them. 

•".Tuly  10,  ISO"J,  ]iassport  .sij,'nc(l  liy  .Tuan  Stoughton,  Spanish  eonsul  for 
'.some  of  tiie  New  Eiiyliind  States'  at  l>oston,  in  favor  of  tlic  /rmjrilfi  <.r/,ii/i- 
r!(iii'iriii  .(A/.iyn/'/f'/',  Capt.  Juan  lirown,  owners,  Henri(|ue  l>assy  it  Co.  anil 
.Tosi' Taylor  of  Boston.  Aid  to  lie  rendereil  .should  she  touch  in  any  of  the 
kiii;,'"s  dominions.  I'lvr.  Sf.  /'"/>.,  MS.,  x\  iii.  '2VA.  'J"he  eustonidiouse  record.^ 
of  lloston  show  that  the  Ali'.rdiiili  r  was  first  cleared  for  the  \.  W.  coasts  in 
1707  under  Capt.  Dodge.   Jinstmi  ui  tin'  X.    11'.,  MS.,  7(1. 

'•■'-' Itodriguez  to  govcnior.  March  10,  iSdli.  I'roi'.  Sf.  Pkjk,  MS.,  xviii. 
24.V.'i.  A])ril  "Jlst.  .\rrillag.a  has  heard  of  the  all'air.uid  nportcd  it  to  tlie  \icc- 
roy.  'i'lie  ))adre  of  San  L\lis  Itey  lias  written  and  asked  for  tlie  return  <if  170 
of  the  skins  which  his  Indians  had  ])Ut  on  hoard;  hut  this  he  refused,  as  siu  h 
trade  is  unlawful.  J'rm:  1,W.,  MS.,  xii,  10,  -JO.  Aug.  17tli  and  Sent.  lOtli, 
the  v.  Iv.  has  heard  of  the  afl'air  and  uigcs  ivnewed  vigilance.  Pror.  Sf. 
I'dji..  MS.,  xviii.  .SO.'],  308.  From  records  of  ISOO  it  appiars  tiiat  the  eonfi;;- 
eated  skins  rotted  liefore  they  eoidd  lie  legally  disp<ised  of  and  were  thinv.u 
into  the  sea.  Id.,  xix.  It.VO.  Velasipiez  charged  that  Rodriguez  iieeejitcil 
gifts  from  lirown  and  brought  them  oil'  concealed  in  his  clothing.  />/.,  xviii. 
'J(i.'i-0.  Cleveland,  who  a.'i  we  have  seen  was  di.sn]ipointcd  at  his  failure  to 
Imy  the  eonliscated  skins,  puts  the  transactions  with  liiown  in  a  ilark  light. 
Ho  learned  from  Arec  that  the  connuaud.;nt  'without  fust  dem;:ndiiig  tlu  ir 
sintyndcr,  lioarded  the  shi[i  M'ith  an  ar-.iicd  force,  nuide  a  seaich,  and  took 
away  all  the  skins  they  could  find,  together  with  f.ome  morelraidise.'  '  Hi;d 
lirowu  negotiated  with  the  Comuiundunt  lirtit,  it  is  most  prohahle  he  would 


!l 


16 


CHRONOLOGICAL  RECORD  OF  EVENTS. 


After  liis  nicetiniv  witi:  Sluiler  and  Cleveland  he 
left  San  Quiiitin  m  A\)v\\  for  the  Northwest  Coast 
to  Jipi'ly  for  relief  and  obtain  a  contin<^ent  of  trade 
^vherever  he  eould  impose  on  the  S})aniards  for  their 
own  benefit  and  his.  We  next  hear  of  him  at  San 
Juan  Caj)istrano,  still  in  search  of  j)rovisions  for  his 
erew,  but  whetlier  he  was  successful  or  not  is  not 
recorded.-"' 

In  ^lay  the  AJcxa ndcv  i\\)\ycixrc(\  at  San  Francisco — 
tlu!  second  American  vessel  to  enterthc  Golden  Gate — 
where  she  remained  seven  days,  and  where  the  request 
for  provisions  and  wood  and  water  was  of  course 
granted,  the  cai)tain's  tactics  and  past  actions  not 
beinL;'  <»fficially  known  here.  She  sailed  ostensibly 
for  ]3o(lega.-*  On  August  1  Ith,  however  she  came 
back  with  a  consoi't,  claiming  to  be  in  great  distress 
by  reason  of  hardships  arising  from  Indian  hostilities 
on  the  northern  coasts.  But  the  commandant  turned 
a  deaf  ear  to  Brown's  ])itiful,  and  possibly  true,  tale, 
reminding  him  that  only  four  months  before  he  had 
obtained  provisions  enough  to  support  his  crew  of 
sixteen  men  for  at  least  eight  months,  and  ordering 
him  to  sail  forthwith,  as  he  did  next  day.'^'  The 
Alexa lulc I'  Hoenis  to  have  proceeded  directly  to  Mon- 
terey, where  better  luck  awaited  her,  since  she  obtained 


Imve  olitaiiu'd  the  wliole  quantity,  and  at  the  same  time  have  avoided  the 
l.uiiiilatiiii.i'  jn'odioaiiiciit  "f  liaving  liis  ship  taken  possession  of  hy  tiie  rahhle.' 
Jiu  sutisoiniunlly  at  San  (^>iiintiu  learned  t'rain  l>ro\vn  more  details,  whieh  he 
does  nut  L;i\e.  'ol'  the  i(Kigh  manner  in  wliieli  he  had  heeu  treated  by  tlio 
conniiandant  at  San  ]!ie;:;o,  which  confiiiiied  ns  in  the  pfO])iiety  of  the  meas- 
r.re.s  we  liad  pui'.siii'd  to  avoid  a  simihir  treatment.'  'Wo  liad  escaped  simihir 
d:nn;ers  and  wei'e  amonj;  a  people  remarUnhle  for  treachery  and  hostility  to 
.strangers'!  Vlcrduinl'H  Nki:,  i.  212-1;?,  21(!-17. 

■-^Pior.  y.Vr.,MS.,  xii.  21. 

'-'.Inly  l.">.  1803,  Arrillaga  to  Com.  of  San  Francisco.  Proi\  Pec,  MS., 
xii,  24i>.  ]5rief  mention  of  this  visit  in  connection  with  .a  later  one,  in  St. 
Pdj)..  Jfixs.  (111(1  Colon.,  MS.,  i.  84-7.  In  1804  Alacario  Castro  gave  some 
testimony  about  trade  with  a  ship  at  San  Francisco  in  May,  which  I  suppose 
may  refer  to  this  occasion.  He  saw  ))lenty  of  p.eople  and  ))lenty  of  foreign 
goods  but  knows  nothing  about  any  trade.  He  has  no  particular  reason  to  sus- 
]H  et  the  commandant.  The  habilitado  knows  something  about  goods  bought. 
.fosr  Maria  said  he  had  .Sr)(X)and  he  came  ba''k  with  goods.  Others  are  named 
who  took  a  hand  in  the  game.   Pror.  Sf.  Pep.,  MS.,  xviii.  40.'{-.'). 

^"' Aug.  2titli,  Argiiello  to  Arrilluga  in  St.  Pap.,  J/iss.  and  Colon,  MS.,  i. 
84-5. 


ROWAN  AND  THK  '  HAZARD.' 


17 


led  the 
ral.l.lc' 
liioli  ho 

liy  the 
le  iiu'us- 

simihir 
tility  to 


c,  MS., 
.  in  .S7. 
e  some 
suppose 
foi'cign 
to  sus- 
houglit. 
J  named 

UlS..  i. 


4 


Rupplics  and  repaired  lier  t()i)inast  and  then  was  able 
to  run  away  in  the  niglit  without  payin^-  lier  bills.'-^ 
The  ve.ssel  alhided  to  as  having'  entered  San  Fran- 
cisco Bay  with  the  Ah-xandcr  on  Auufust  1  Itli,  is 
called  by  the  Spaniards  the  yl.srr,  Thomas  Kaben,  I 
suppose  her  to  have  been  the  JLfzai'd,  James  liowan, 
V.  liich,  as  the  reader  will  remember,  was  met  by  Cleve- 
land at  Valparaiso  the  year  before.-'  There  was  no 
reason  to  I'ei'use  Rowan's  request  for  aid,  especially 
after  he  lunl  sent  in  a  written  statement  of  damages 
received  in  the  north,  and  Ar<j;uello  had  ijfone  on  board 
to  satisfy  himself  that  the  statement  was  true,  finding 
the  shij)  badly  riddled  with  bullets  and  nmch  in  need 
of  water  and  wood.'-^  A  stay  of  four  days  was  therefore 
j^i-antcd  for  refittinjv,  on  the  ex|)ress  condition  that 
there  should  be  no  intercourse  witli  garrison  or  citizens. 
Argiielh^  was  im})ellcd  to  be  very  cautious  in  this 
case,  not  only  because  of  strict  orders  from  ^Mexii^'o,-" 
but  because  of  the  IlazanrsiMty  men  and  twenty-two 
guns  of  nine  and  twelve  pounds  calibre,  besides  twenty 
swivel-guns,  and  finally  because  all  liis  cavalrymen 
but  two  were  ab.sent  in  the  San  Jose  region.  The 
Americans,  however,  behaved  admirably,  though  the 
"» essel  remained  twice  as  long  as  the  allotted  time  on 
account  of  fogs  and  unfavorable  winds.  She  sailed 
on  the   IDtli,  having  paid  for  her  supplies  in  cash. 


31 


■'''Aug.  IS,  180.S,  Lioi'.t.  Font  to  Arpiiello.  Aug.  mth,  rc))ly.  Aririiello 
Mill  try  to  arrest  lliown  if  lie  coinoH  to  San  ]''rancist'o.  J'ror.  ,SV.  Pn/i.,  MS., 
xviii.  'J48.  There  is  a  icfercneo  also  to  her  liaving  anehored  at  Monterey  on 
Svpt.  ."(1;  proliahly  an  error.  Prnr.  Itic.,  MS.,  xi.   IH4. 

-"  In  an  article  AmcnniHn  at  Srrt,  in  \//i  s'  Ji'nii^cr,  xviii.  418,  the  'ITa/ard 
is  fiaid  to  have  .sailod  (from  IJoston)  Se))t.  17!'f*,  under  Swift,  master,  and 
Smith,  mate,  returning  May  (i,  IHKlJ;  sailed  again  under  same  ollicer.s  Sept. 
IS(>i>,  ii'turning  May  (i,  lS(t.");  and  nailed  aixain  nnder  Smith,  mastci',  duly  '2'2, 
l;-d.">,  returning  .Tune  '2'.\,  1808.     'J'Iuh  autiiority  i><  not,  however,  reliahle. 

'-*'()n  Rowan '.s  northern  experience  see  J /is/.  A'orf/nrtut  I'oayf,  i.,  this 
series.  He  lirought  to  California  an  account  not  only  of  his  own  disasters, 
hut  those  of  tlie  lltinfoii  at  Xootka. 

-'  .June  13,  1803,  AiTillaga  sends  to  the  ef)mniandantR  orders  issued  liy  the 
viceiny  du  Ajiril  14,  with  royal  order  of  Aug.  10,  18()'J,  whieii  called  for 
rcdouliled  precautious  and  strict  compliance  with  the  old  regulations  in  view 
iif  the  constantly  increasing  eilorts  of  foreigners  to  carry  on  illicit  trade  in  the 
Pacific.  SI.  /'.»/*.,  Sar.,  MS.,  ii.  5!). 

^"  Argiiello's  report  in  /SV.  J'up.,  2/isx.  ninl  Coloii,  ^IS.,  i.  84-7.  The 
arrival  of  the  Ali-nniilii-  and  Jjazanl  on  this  occasion  has  been  noted  by 
Uisx.  Cal.,  Vol.  II.    2 


18 


CHRONOLOGICAL  RECORD  OF  EVENTS. 


Rowan  subsequently  made  his  appearance  at  Santa 
Barbara  in  SL'[)tenil)er,  and  succeedeil  in  obtaining 
additional  sui)plie.s;  but  at  San  Juan  Capistrano, 
v/liore  be  went  next  with  the  same  |>retext,  he  obtained 
nothing.  Here  he  is  said  to  have  left  a  woman,  who 
was  sent  to  San  Bias,  and  who  ^^•as  the  cause  of  some 
irregularities  on  board  the  transport.^^ 

It  is  not  unlikely  that  the  American  captain  suc- 
ceeded at  one  port  or  another  in  exchanging  SLirre})ti- 
tiously  a  portion  of  his  cargo  for  otter-skins,  though 
the  records  contain  nothing  definite  on  the  subject. 
Meanwhile  the  strictest  orders  came  from  Mexico,  for 
it  was  feared  not  only  that  officials  might  be  remiss 
and  that  contraband  trade  might  be  carried  on,  but 
also  that  in  case  of  war  some  hostile  vessel  might 
enter  the  Californian  ports  under  pretence  of  being 
an  American  trader  in  distress.^-  Notwithstanding 
the  precautionary  measures  ordered  it  was  deemed 
wise  to  reduce  the  military  guard  of  California  by 
withdrawing  tb.e  com])any  of  Catalan  volunteers,  now 
numbering  seventy  officers  and  men,  under  the  com- 
mand of  Font.  There  is  no  correspondence  extant  to 
show  the  motive  for  this  step  at  such  a  time,  without 
any  special  attempt  to  replace  the  company.  It  is 
known,  however,  that  infantry  troops  had  not  been 
deemed  useful  in  this  province.     A  portion  of  the 


several  writers,  as  Tuthlll,  llixt.  Cal.,  118;  Randolph,  Oration,  .310;  Croniso, 
Ndt.  Wealth  of  Cal.,  3(J-T;  Imt  they  have  generally  erred  in  calling  this  the 
lirst  instead  of  the  third  arrival  of  American  vesisels  at  S.  Francisco;  in  pre- 
serving the  name  Ancr;  and  in  changing  tlic  date  of  arrival  from  the  11th  to 
the  1st. 

^'  Dec.  '23,  18S3,  viceroy  to  governor,  in  reply  to  report  of  Oct.  l.'lth.  Tho 
vessel  is  called  the  Anycr,  Capt.  Rowen.  St.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  v.  83-4.  Oct. 
1st,  (Jov.  to  Com.  of  Sta  Rarlwra,  calling  the  vessel  Asff,  Capt.  Rowen,  "Jij 
gv.ns  and  32  men.  Proi:  I'tr.,  xi.  !(7.  Oct.  3d,  (tov.  to  Ro<lriguez,  is  informed 
»  f  tho  arrival,  probably  at  San  Juan.  Id.,  xii.  '23.  Arrival  of  the  Aitzd.  Id., 
ix.  2!). 

^-tiovernor  to  commandants  with  viceroy's  instructions.  Nov.  8th  and 
Dee.  23d.  Pror.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xviii.  284,  320;  St.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  v.  84; 
vi.  1 13.  In  the  instructions  of  Viceroy  Manpiina  to  his  successor  Iturrigaray, 
i:i  1803,  the  frequent  arrival  of  American  vessels — to  be  well  received  accord- 
in;;  to  treaty  provisions — is  noted,  and  fear  is  expressed  that  among  these  ves- 
sel:! carrying  the  American  Hag  there  may  be  some  Englishmen  engaged  in 
Bnmggling(!).   Virrtycs,  Listruccioues,  181. 


uainin2f 


DEPAKTURE  OP  THE  VOLUNTEERS  jg 

^^pa,.t.,  the  ..it  ,e...»  iCdtii:;fSS 


CHAPTER  II. 


h 


'  Si 


I  Ml 

Hi! 


RECORD  OF  EVENTS— AIIRILLAGA'S  RULE. 

1 804-1 80C. 

NuEVA  California  a  Sepakate  Province— Akhillaoa  Political  avd 
Military  CiovERNoii — The  'Lelia  Byru'  amj  'Hazard'  <>s  tub 
Coast — The  Fiu.st Califounian  Narrative  in  the  United  States^ 
Captain  O'Ca in— Russian  Contracts— Precautions  aoaixst Foukicn- 
EiiS— Arrillaoa  and  Tapis  on  Missions — Founding  of  Santa  Ines^ 
Padre  Romualdo  Gutikrrez — An  Incrkase  of  Military  Force— 
^Iilitia  Artillery  Company — Fears  of  Anclo-A-meiucans — Proposed 
Mission  on  Santa  Barbara  Islands — Indian  Hostilities  at  San  Josi: 
[Mission — Arrillacja  on  Provincial  Nekds— An  Armed  Cruiseu — 
The  'Peacock' and  the  'Reisos' — Captive  Sailors— Winship's  Voy- 
AoE— Campbell's  Voyage— The  Guardian's  Mission  Regulations. 

The  division  of  the  Califoniias  into  two  distinct 
provinces,  a  matter  under  serious  consideration  since 
170(),^  was  finally  effected  in  1804,  by  a  royal  order  in 
which  the  official  names  of  the  new  provinces  were 
fixed  as  Antigua  and  Nueva  California.  The  boun- 
daries were  left  as  before  between  the  Dominican  and 
Franciscan  missions,  and  Arrillaga  was  made  political 
and  military  governor  of  Nueva  California  at  a  salary 
of  lour  thousand  a  year.  A  temporary  governor  was 
to  be  named  for  Antigua  California  and  Arrillaga  was 
to  continue  in  conunand  till  such  a  govenujr  was 
named.  Tiio  viceroy  sent  this  order  to  Loreto  August 
29th,  and  its  receipt  was  acknowledged  by  Arrillaga 
the  10th  of  November,  whicli  date  may  therefore  be 

•  See  If  int.  Cat.,  i.  chap,  xxviii.,  this  scries.  The  viceroy  Marquina 
urged  the  iiiattor  in  1800  to  the  king,  vliu  however  desired  further  infurnw- 
tion.  Vinri/f.f,  Insfriici'iDiics,  '201.  April  4,  liSO'2,  the  a  iceroy  asUs  for  tho 
jiresideufs  opinion,  which  was  given  .July  lilst,  and  was  favorable  to  the 
change.  Atrh.  Sla  B.,  MS.,  xi.  429-^-2. 

(CO) 


,■: 


1 


ILm. 


FORETON  VESSELS. 


21 


stinct                  J 

sinco  ; 
Jur  in                  -\ 

were  1 
KoLin-                   5 

'•V 

ti  and                   j 

itical 

alaiy 

•  was                   1 

I  was 

was                  ^ 

llaga                ■ 
'c  bo                 H 

rqiiina                       ^| 
forniu-                       ^1 

:u  the                      9 

roganlod  as  tliat  wlicn  liis  propriitary  rule  began.  Tt 
was  not  (li'fnuMl  best  to  name  innuediately  a  ruler  for 
tlie  peninsula,  ovi-r  wliieli  Arrilla^'a  was  recjUested 
still  {(>  exercise  authority,  though  he  might  |)roeeed 
directly  to  Monterey.^  He  did  not,  however,  conio 
north  until  the  next  year,  sailing  from  Loreto  for  San 
]juis  l^ay  uj)  the  gulf  on  August  1'.),  1805,  and  ari'iv- 
jng  at  ^ionterey  Jaiuiary  '20,  ISOd."'' 

J>oth  the  L('/i<(  Ihjrd  an<l  the  Hazard  were  on  the 
coast  again  in  1804.  The  former  was  still  under 
eonnnand  of  her  old  captain,  William  Shaler,  and 
ln'ouglit  a  cargo  which  had  been  completed  in  China 
by  buying  out  another  American  vessel.  This  was 
not  a  successful  trip  nor  do  we  know  nmcli  about  it. 
Cleveland,  who,  though  ho  had  returned  to  Boston, 
v.as  half  owner  in  the  venture,  tells  us  that  Shaler 
ari'ived  safely  on  the  coast,  and  after  a  few  weeks, 
during  which  he  disposed  of  but  a  small  portion  of  his 
caru'o  and  that  lari^elv  on  credit  to  the  friars,  the  Ihird 
grounded  on  a  shoal,  sprung  a  leak,  and  was  with  dif- 
ticulty  sufficiently  repaired  for  a  risky  voyage  l)ack  to 
the  Hawaiian  Islands.*  According  to  another  author, 
whom  I  suppose  to  have  been  Shaler  himself,  the 
Lelki  from  Canton  arrived  off  the  Columbia  Kiver 

^  Aug.  29,  1804,  viceroy  to  Arrillnga  with  royal  order  of  March  20tli.  Pmi: 
St.  J'up.,  MS.,  xviii.  17")-7,  'M'X  Arrillaga's  acknowlcdgiiient,  Nov.  10th. 
I'ror.  /.Vc,  MS.,  vi.  21;ix.  .")S.  Proclaimed  at  Sta  Barljara  Dee.  iJth.  /'/oc. 
Sf.  !'((/).,  MS.,  xix.  .'JO.  By  a  coninuiiiicatiou  of  Arrillaga  to  the  viceroy 
I)oc.  "iOth,  it  apfiears  tliat  ho  vius  required  to  comply  with  certain  f<irmulitie3 
l.oforc  the  camar.T.  do  Iiidias  before  he  could  excrciso  the  power.s  of  politiLal 
governor.  Pror.  I'rc,  MS.,  ix.  58-00.  JMarch  7,  180.1,  the  V.  K.  states  that 
Arrillaga  must  solicit  tlic  title  of  politicid  governor  tln-ougli  an  agent  lieforo 
the  council  of  Indies.  Proi:  St.  Pay.,  MS.,  xix.  05-(5.  These  recpiirenieiits 
are  as  unintelligible  to  nio  as  they  seem  to  have  been  to  the  governor.  Al.so 
on  ]\Iareli  7,  ISO"),  Arrillaga  was  pcnnitted,  in  view  of  the  great  distance  from 
Mexico,  to  tep''.or  his  oatli  of  office  before  the  eldest  ofiiccr  in  his  vicinity, 
who  wouhl  act  as  comisionado  for  the  viceroy.  /'/.,  xix.  40.  The  boundary 
between  tlic  two  new  provinces  was  the  place  called  Barrabas,  or  the  stream 
and  rancheria  of  Ro.«ario.  See  communications  of  1800-7  on  thi.s  .subject. 
(;,iirr<i,  Doc.  Jlist.  C'al.,  MS.,  iii.  204,  208;  Prov.  llec,  MS.,  ix.  Do;  x.  2; 
Pror.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  MIL,  MS.,  xxxix.  0. 

'  Pror.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xvi.  80;  xix.  70;  Id.,  Dm.  MIL,  xxxvii.  2;  Pror. 
Brr.,  MS.,  ix.  73;  Guerra,  Doc.  Jlist.  t'al.,  MS.,  iii.  ISO.  In  1807  Arrillaga 
complained  of  the  dull,  uneventful  life  in  California.  Doc.  Hist  Cu!.,  MS.,  iv. 
171.     See  also  Ilixt.  North  Mi'x.  Slatc/i,  i.,  on  the  change  of  government. 

*ClercIand'd  Narrative,  i.  238-9,  244-5. 


1' 


IM      I 


II 


22  ARRILLAOA'S  RULK. 

l\T;<y  1st,  proooodinuf  down  tlio  coast  iind  nncliorinir,'  in 
Trinidad  IJay,  Calit'oruia,  on  tlu;  I  llli.  Advi'Utmv-i 
)u  rt',  wlitTo  th(!  Anu'rifaiis  ivmaini'd  a  wvvk  inakiiiiL^ 
ic|»aii's  and  obtaininijf  wood  an<'  water,  arc  fully  related, 
'riie  natives,  though  kindly  treated,  were  trouldesonie, 
M»  niueli  so  that  a  party  of  four  were  oonfini'd  on  hoard 
tlie  slii|>  and  in  re[)ulsing  an  attack  several  were  killed. 
The  second  mate  also  had  a  leg  broken  by  a  falling 
ti'ee.  Of  the  voyage  down  the  coast  from  Trinidad 
we  have  the  following  only:  "On  the  23d  we  arrived 
on  the  coast  of  California,  v^here  I  got  aimndant  suj)- 
]>lies  of  provisions,  and  began  a  trade  with  the  mis- 
.'•ionarios  and  inhabitants  for  furs.  We  continued  on 
the  coast  of  California  until  the  8th  of  July,  when  wo 
hailed  for  the  gulf  of  that  name."'' 

Ai'ter  a  trip  to  Guaymas  and  down  the  coast  to 
(.ruatemala  Shaler  returned  northward,  and  on  Febru- 
ary "  arrived  without  any  remarkable  occurrence  on 
the  coast  of  California,  where  we  got  plentiful  supplies 
ei"  provisions  as  usual,  and  were  not  unsuccessful  in 
our  collection  of  furs."  He  visited  Santa  Catalina 
1  >land,  found  a  desirable  harbor,  and  again  anchored 
lliere  in  May,  naming  the  harbor,  of  which  he  believed 
himself  the  first  cx|)lorer,  after  a  former  partner  Port 
itouissillon.  The  Indian  inhabitants  of  the  island, 
one  hundred  and  fifty  in  number,  were  very  friendly. 
The  ship  was  found  to  be  ii\  an  unseaworthy  condition, 
but  by  six  weeks  of  hard  v.'(  rk,  attended  with  many 
mishaps,  and  l)}*  a  free  irnd  somewhat  novel  use  of 
oakum,  lime,  and  tallou,  she  was  made  ready,  and 
sailed  early  in  June.     Shaler  anchored  in  San  Pedro 

^  Aug.  11,  1804,  Arrillag.a  writes  to  the  commamlants  of  Sta  Barbara  and 
San  Dii^go  that  he  is  informed  of  the  arrival  at  San  Buenaventiu'aonJuly  .")tli, 
and  at  San  Juan  Capistrano,  seeking  provisions,  of  the  Aniorican  ship  Alex- 
(tii'ltr,  C'apt.  Wni.  Slialer,  8  guns  and  "24  men.  Tliis  must  be  an  error  of  tho 
Spaniards  so  far  as  the  name  of  the  ship  is  concerned.  Shaler  may  liave  given 
Lis  VL'Hsi'I  a  false  name  on  account  of  lier  previous  troubles  at  San  Diego;  but 
lie  would  hardly  have  chosen  so  deservedly  unpopular  a  name  as  that  of  tho 
'Akxainler.'  Sec  Prov.  lire,  MS.,  xi.  10'2;  xii  30.  Sept.  30,  180-t,  Castro 
to  governor,  thinks  the  vessel  at  San  Francisco  in  "May  may  have  been  tho 
All .laiidir.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xviii.  405.  These  are  the  only  allusions  in 
the  archives  to  Shaler's  visit  of  1804. 


SHALKIf.l  XAHHATIVK. 


S3 


Hay  wlicro  lie  ohtuiiicd  su|>])lii's  lor  t'.vrlvc  iiiontli> 


111 


(l< 


lucliulinuf  many  li<',n>^  and  slu'cj);  llu-ii  nc  ran  down 
tlic  coast,  colk'ctinn'  f'nrs  on  tin-  way;  and  .Inly  ;!()tli 
sailcti  iVoni  (  a])o  San  liUcas  for  the  Sandwifli  Islands, 
vluTc  he  arrived  in  An_nnst." 

(  a[)tain   Slialer's  narrative,  puldislicd  in  IM08,  was 
till'   first   extended   account  of  Calii'oi-nia  juinted    i:i 

JO  author  ;^nvos  a  j^^ood  Ljeiur! 


the  Knited  Stat 


cs. 


Th 


.1 


(lesci'iption  <»f  the  province,  its  people,  instilul ions,  and 
])rosj)ects,  which,  however,  does  not  demand  extended 
notice  here,  hi^cause  it  was  evidently  made  up  ni(!ro 
larj^ely  from  the  observations  of  La  Perouse  and 
A'aneouver  than  from  thoMO  of  the  American  trader. 
^Moreover  it  i.s  clear  that  such  ])ai'ts  (»f  Shaler's  re- 
marks as  result  from  his  own  (,'X})eiience  apply  us  a 
rule  to  the  peninsula  I'ather  than  to  Alta  Calit'ornia. 
"  The  climate,"  he  savs,  "  seems  i)artioularlv  faAorahIo 
to  horses  and  mules,  as  they  retain  their  strenLfth  and 
viy-or  till  ])ast  thirty  years."  The  sea-otter  of  the 
Santa  ]^arbara  Channel  were  better  than  on  any  other 
part  of  the  coast;  and  the  natives  were  a  distinct  and 
superior  race.  For  several  years  past  the  author 
thinks  American  traders  had  left  twenty-live  thou- 
sand  dollars  annually  on  the  coast  in  exchange  for  furs 
in  spite  of  the  government  and  to  the  great  advantage 
of  tlic  })eople.  "  Under  a  good  government  the  C  ali- 
I'ornias  would  soon  rise  to  ease  and  affluence."  The 
]Jominicans  were  "a  much  politer  order  of  men"  than 
the  Franciscans.  Each  mission,  pueblo,  ])residio,  and 
port  is  briefly  described,  and  the  auLh(<r's  opinion  is 
given  that  California  would  be  an  easy  and  desiiablo 
i)rey  to  some  foreign  nation,'  leavin<i"  it  to  be  naturally 


•^.T'.ily  20,  180,'),  Gov.  to  viceroy,  notice  of  tlie  Wm.  Shnlor  repnirinc;  .it  St.a 
Cataliiiii.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  74.  Tlio  archives  contain  notliin.i;  further 
of  this  visit  of  ISO.l,  unless  itl)c  referred  to  in  a  letter  of  thugnvernor  tlunik- 
irig  I'atlrc  Cipi'es  of  San  Luis  Oliispo  for  his  cold  reception  of  tlie  ve.'i.cl 
iinchored  there.  If  all  padrca  pursued  this  course  fewer  vessels  would  conic. 
J'ror.  AVc,  MS.,  vi.  i»2. 

'  SlialiT,  Journal  of  (I  Voyaije  hotwcrn  China  nwl  the  Xorih-vcttn-n  Coax'  of 
Ai.irira,  wai/i'  hi  1SU4,  in  A:,  trii-an  lii'ijii/'r,  iii.  137-7").  The  author  say <: 
'  The  Spaniards  have,  at  a  great  expense  and  ccnsiilcrablc  industry,  removed 


1 


24 


ARRILLAGA'S  nuLE. 


'    \m 


; 


III'! 


■!i!:fl 


inferred  that  he  would  be  glad  to  see  it  fall  into  the 
hands  of  his  own  nation,  and  thus  entitling  himself 
perhaps  to  the  credit  of  having  been  the  first  to  suggest 
American  annexation.  Shaler  was  an  intelli'jcent  and 
able  man,  possessing  considerable  experience  in  liter- 
ary, linguistic,  and  diplomatic  matters. 

Having  thus  gone  somewhat  beyond  the  year  1804 
in  order  to  follow  the  fortunes  of  tlie  Lelia  liip'd,  I 
mav  oo  still  further  out  of  chronoloijical  order  to 
conclude  the  subject.  The  ship  was  exchanged  with 
the  king  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands  for  a  schooner, 
which  was  named  for  the  queen  the  Tamana  and  sent 
back  to  California  under  John  T.  Hudson,  probably 
in  I8O0-G,  to  sell  the  rest  of  the  Z/(7/«'.v  cargo.  Hud- 
sou  spent  five  or  six  months  on  the  coast  of  California, 
trading  with  the  friars  and  natives  l)ut  not  daring  to 
enter  any  of  the  principal  ports.  He  was  successful 
neither  in  disposing  of  any  large  amount  of  goods, 
nor  in  collecting  pay  for  those  furnished  by  Shaler  on 
credit  to  tlie  missionaries,  only  four  out  of  twenty  of 
whom  redeemed  their  notes.  When  his  patience  and 
supplies  were  exhausted  he  returned  to  Honolulu.'"^ 

Keturning  attain  to  the  events  of  1804  I  find  that 
the  ILr.at'd  arrived  at  San  Francisco  January  30th 
from  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  disabled  and  in  great  dis- 
tress, having  exi)eriencL'd  heavy  rales  and  lost  two 
oflicers  and  three  men,  besides  her  boats  and  a  mast. 

cvory  oljstacle  out  of  the  way  of  an  invading  enemy;  they  have  stockcil  tlio 
country  with  such  nniltitudcs  of  cattle,  horses,  and  other  useful  animals,  that 
thov  have  no  longer  the  power  to  remove  or  destroy  them;  tlicy  have  taujjtht 
the  Indians  many  of  the  useful  arts,  and  accustomed  them  to  agriculture  aiul 
civilization;  and  they  have  spread  a  number  of  defenceless  inhabitants  over  tho 
country,  whom  they  never  could  induce  to  act  as  enemies  to  those  who  should 
treat  them  well,  by  securing  to  them  tiie  enjoyments  of  liberty,  property,  and 
a  free  trade,  which  would  almost  instantaneously  cjuadruple  tlic  value  of  their 
actual  possessions;  in  a  word,  they  have  done  everything  that  could  be  done  to 
render  California  an  object  worthy  the  attention  of  the  great  maritime  powers; 
they  have  jilaced  it  in  a  situation  to  want  nothing  but  a  good  govenmient  to  riso 
rapidly  to  wealth  and  importance.  .  .It  would  be  as  easy  to  keep  California  in 
spite  of  the  Spaniards,  sis  it  would  be  to  wrest  it  from  them  in  the  first 
in.stance. '  Joiininl,  HiO-l.  Shaler  was,  according  to  Cleveland,  the  autl^or  of 
.S/.■^^7(^.•^  in  Alijiers,  and  for  many  years  consul-general  of  the  U.  S.  to  the 
Barbary  powers. 

^('/t'lrlantrs  Xar.,  i.  24(3-7;  ii.  '2;  Shahr's  Jour.,  171.  There  is  no  refer- 
ence ill  the  archives  to  Hudson  s  voyage. 


i 

It 

I 


I 


1 


RUSSIAN  CONTRACTS. 


25 


and 

8 

that 

80th 

clis- 

two 

mast. 

icd  the 
Is,  that 
tauiiht 
ire  aiul 
vol-  tho 
should 
ty,  aiul 
)i  theii' 
hmo  to 
lowers; 
;  to  rise 
Iniia  in 
lie  iirst 
l^or  (jf 
I  to  tho 


re 


fer- 


As^ain  her  wants  were  provctl  real  by  an  inspection 
and  generously  supplied.  xVbout  the  end  of  February 
Itowan  sailed  apparently  ibr  tho  Northwest  Coast, 
just  after  the  arrival  of  an  order  from  the  governor 
to  detain  him."  In  September,  howev(n%  the  Hazard 
rea[)peared  on  the  southern  coast,  at  San  Buenaven- 
tura and  San  Juan  Capistrano,  asking  for  provisions, 
which,  if  we  may  credit  the  otHcial  reports,  were  re- 
fused.^'^ 

Another  visit  of  an  American  vessel  in  180:3-4  was 
that  of  the  0'6'.</.'«,  Captain  Joseph  O'Cain,"  inaugurat- 
ing a  new  system  of  commercial  adventure  on  the  coast. 
O'Cain  had  been  mate  on  the  Enterprise,  touching  at 
San  Diego  in  1801,  and  was  also  supposed  1>3'  Arrillaga 
to  have  sailed  in  the  San  Bias  trans})orts.^''  The  vessel 
was  owned  in  part  by  Abiel  and  Jonathan  Winship,  the 
latter  being  on  board,  and  she  sailed  from  Boston  Jan- 
uary 2.3,  1803,"  arriving  at  Sitka  probably  in  Septem- 
ber, Here  he  succeeded  in  persuading  Bariinof,  chief 
manager  of  the  llussian  American  colonies,  to  furnisli 
a  company  of  Aleuts  witli  their  bidarkas  under  the 
direction  of  Shvetzof,  and  to  send  him  southward  to 
take  otters  on  shares.  Sailing  from  Kadiak  in  Octo- 
ber 1803,  he  is  said  to  have  done  some  trading  and 
liunting  on  tlie  coast  of  Alta  California,  but  there  is 
no  definite  recori'  of  his  movements  except  that  he 
touched  at  San  IV.ego  in  January  1804.    Here  he  was 

"  Corrcspondonco  between  Rownn,  Aviriiello,  and  Serjeant  Peralta,  mProw 
Si.  /'.'/'.,  MS.,  >viii.  ;57:i,  ;>7(i-',l;  I'/.,  Jlrii.  Ml/.,  \.\xiv.  4;  .St.  Pap.,  .S,i,:, 
MS.,  V.  70. 

>»/Vor.  iV.  7Vr/).,  :MS..  xviii.  XW.  :)(n  ;  I'ror.  /.',-•.,  MS.,  xi.  10:!.  Tli.,; 
Priiici'i^d  nnd  Aairo  l)r()i\i;ht  the  im  iii(iri(i.f  ivj,inn  this  year,  arriving  at  Mun- 
tirey  in  August,  and  leaving  S.  Diego  in  \ov.  Jil.,  xi.  \U2;  Prm-  .sV.  Pc/i., 
MS.,  xviii.  ;«•_',  S7-'. 

"The  name  is  written  O'Kain  liy  Clevelaml.  Xiirfa'in'.  i.  '2'2\.  0"Keiin 
■  nd  O'lveene  are  among  other  variations.  The  vessel  is  ealled  liy  the  Rus- 
oians  the  '^''/./wc'  and  tlie  'liu.'ilnii.' 

^- H'lnino/,  Shizncopinaanic,  ~'>-ii.  Arrillagn  to  viceroy.  Pror.  AVi-.,  MS., 
ix.  47  .">0. 

'''^ Itdsfoii  ill  the  X.  Jr.,  MS.,  11.  The  writer  of  this  nM.nnieript  had  i:i 
Jiis  possession  many  of  the  logdiooks  of  the  voyages  t'l  the  Northwest  Coast, 
but  eould  lind  no  diary  of  this.  He  mentions,  livwever,  a  letter  of  Abiel 
AViusliip  containing  advice  nud  instructions  to  liib  1 'other  about  to  embark 
for  the  Iirst  time  on  a  long  and  perilous  \  oyage. 


li'l 


II.'  ■  'h 


ai 


'i 


26 


ARRILLAGA'S  RULE. 


negro 


refused  provisions,  having  r.'  passport.  A 
named  John  Brown  deserted,  to  be  subsequently  sent 
to  San  Bias,  and  then  O'Cain  sailed  southward."  His 
chief  adventures  were  at  San  Quintin  in  Lower  Cali- 
fornia, as  related  elsewhere,^'  where  he  remained  sev- 
eral months,  an<l  then  returned  to  Kadiak  in  Juno 
v.itli  1,100  otter-skins  to  be  shared  with  the  Bus- 
sians,  to  say  nothing  of  several  hundreds  of  skins 
vrhich  he  is  charged  with  having  sold  to  the  friars  at 
low  rates  for  ready  money,  thus  defrauding  his  part- 
ners in  the  north.^"  Meanwhile  complaints  respecting 
the  irregular  ])roceedings  of  the  Yankee  traders  and 
their  abuse  of  hosi^itality  were  sent  to  Mexico,  and 
orders  more  pronounced  came  from  the  viceroy  for  the 
connnandants,  against  some  of  whom  there  was  appar- 
ently a  suspicion  of  oomi)licity  with  the  smugglers. 
Together  with  these  orders  came  a  demand  for  the 
withdrawal  of  the  artillery  detachment,  which  was 
sent  to  the  governor  for  his  o[>inion,  and  received 
from  Arrillaga  a  rather  weak  protest,  which  never- 
theless was  etiicacious  for  a  time.^^ 

In  his  first  general  report  for  1803-4,  President 
Tapis  complained  that  the  missions  were  exposed  to 
attack  on  all  sides,  the  small  guards  being  wholly 
inadequate  to  cope  with  either  gentiles  or  neophytes 
in  case  of  revolt.  The  guard  is  usually  reduced  to 
two  or  three  men,  one  of  wlioni  is  generally  sick,  one 
in  charge  of  the  horses,  and  one  absent  on  royal 
service.  Who  then  is  to  defend  the  missicm  or  escort 
the   missionarv?     Fugitives  are   increasing  and   the 

"/'/•or.  /.Vc,  :M8.,  xii.  27-30;  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xviii.  364,  308. 

'•"See  f/ixf.  Xoit/i  ^f('.v.  Sfxtix,  ii.,  this  sci-ics. 

^'^  Khl-hiiikof,  Z'lphk'i,  8;   Tihhmviicf,  fMor.  olmnraiiif,  app.  272-5. 

'■/Vo'-.  Nci':,  MS.,  ix.  35;  Prov.  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  xviii.  400;  Arch.Anob., 
ii.  .S9.  The  (k'luaiKl  for  a  ■.vithdrawal  of  tlio  artillery  c."nie  from  Col.  I'cdro 
Laguna.  Arrillaga  .1(1111111011  that  the  batteries  were  in  .i  b.ail  coiulition,  owing 
t')  the  .storms  of  winter;  that  the  artillerymen,  now  that  the  voluntccr.s  had 
go!io,  were  in  great  iisolation,  unable  to  leave  the  batteries  cxecpt  for  rations 
and  then  on  foot  itnles.s  they  could  borrow  a  hor.se;  and  that  the  proviiiee  was 
indeed  in  ;i,  bad  eondition,  with  nothing  left  but  tlight  for  the  inhabitints  in 
ease  of  invasion  or  Indian  revolt.  Still  he  thought  the  men  not  altov;eth>  r 
useless  since  the  guns  had  ti>  be  taken  care  of.  J'ruv.  Jive,  MS.,  ix.  38-41; 


I 


TtEPORT  OX  MISSIONS. 


27 


sidcnt 

ed  to 

lolly 

lytos 

ed  to 

one 

royal 

scort 

the 


A  nob., 

1,  owing 
p-a  had 
[rations 
lice  was 
l^nts  ill 
i"otli,;r 

-4i; 


only  remedy  is  an  immediate  increase  of  military 
force.  This  subject  was  presented  to  the  viceroy  in 
a  re))ort  of  Guardian  Pangua  in  September  1804,  in 
wliicli  the  writer  presented  in  a  strong  light  the 
threatened  dangers,  not  only  to  missions  and  friars, 
but  to  commerce  and  every  interest  of  Spain,  sure  tsj 
result  from  an  attcmj)t  to  protect  so  large  a  territory 
with  so  small  a  force. ^^ 

Arrillaga  also  made  in  1804  a  full  and  interesting 
report  on  the  missions  and  their  management.  Part 
of  the  document  is  niissinir,  and  the  exact  circum- 
stances  under  which  it  was  written  are  not  known; 
but  it  would  seem  to  be  in  answer  to  charges  of  cruelty 
and  misnumagenient  against  the  friars,  similar  to  those 
made  formerly  by  Father  Concepcion;  indeed,  it  is 
not  unlikely  that  it  was  a  reply  to  those  very  charges. 
The  paper  is  a  straightforward  and  business-like  one, 
v.ritten  by  a  man  of  good  judgment  and  long  expei'i- 
ence.  The  substance  of  it  is  that  the  mission  system, 
it"  not  perfect,  was  a  good  one;  the  friars  were  in  the 
main  sensible  and  honest  men,  and  the  natives  were 
as  a  rule  well  treated.  Slight  defects  and  excesses 
were  sufficiently  guarded  against  by  Franciscan  and 
ecclesiastical  regulations,  while  secular  interference 
<n  account  of  a  few  isolated  complaints  against  indi- 
i(hials  was  not  advisable.^''  It  was  in  this  year  that 
Tapis  receiv^ed  from  the  bishop  of  Sonera  the  appoint- 
I'lot  t  of  vicar. 

The  number  of  missions  was  increased  in  1804  to 

^^  Taph,  hi/orwr  Bknal  de  Mhlonci,  JSlV,,  MS.,  T.")-8.  Sept.  22,  1S04, 
Panijiiti,  Carfn  (d  Vbrtj  nohrc  piTujrifi  i/iir  (imfiKi'Mii  Iti  Californid,  MS.  The 
wiitoriociipituliitespastdiscnssionsiind  ordei's)  which  Iiave  ncs-or  l)eeii  oanicd 
out.  l'\'l).  ;i,  ISO.'t,  tiie  vicoi'uy  in  view  of  complaints  of  insuliicicnt  cscijltas 
has  resolved  to  give  eaeh  mission  all  the  force  it  'ahsohitely  nuds'  from  the 
troops  lately  sent(?).  Pror.  Sf.  Pap.,  MS.,  xviii.  '2S,').  This  wonld  he  more 
i;ilc'l!i;,'ilile  if  the  date  were  18;)>"),  as  very  hkely  it  should  he.  ISOI,  orders  to 
v'iry  the  dillerent  j,'uarda  aecordinj,'  to  eircunistanees,  hut  never  to  reduce  the 
misiivin  eseolta  helow  si.x  men.  Pruv.  ii'c:,  MS.,  \u.  -2')-'.  >.I:irili  1.  hSO,"), 
Tiipi-=  tn(!ov.  on  necessity  of  increased  force  to  retake  fugitives.  Anh.  >St'i  IL, 
M.-'...  vi.  .'!0-,-. 

'"  .  I  rrilhujit,  Iii/ormc  que  itlritiid  al  Vtr<ij nohrr  1 1  rMado  de  fiidtOK,  Mis'oiifK, 
7/  .Mis'oiii'ros  lie  Alia  Cali/oriiin  cii  lo  I'spiriliiid  y  tcmpond,  1804,  MS.  Dated 
Lorcto  Nov.  10,  1804.     I'lie  beginning  is  niissiug. 


28 


ARPJLLAOA'ft  RULE. 


nineteen  by  the  fountlinij^  of  Santa  Incs.  Explorations 
for  a  site  in  this  region  liad  been  l^'gun  in  1795  and 
completed  in  171,)8  by  Ortega,  Tapis,  and  Goycoeeliea.^' 
The  site  selected  was  one  called  by  the  natives  Ala- 
jula[)n,"^  and  the  order  that  a  mission  should  be 
lounded  there  was  dated  in  February  1803.^'  The 
name  Santa  Ines— virLjin  and  martyr,  Saint  Aij^ries 
in  English,  often  incorrectly  written  Santa  Ynez  or 
Inez,  m;u-tyred  in  Home  in  the  fourth  century  at  the 
age  of  tl  Mtoen — seems  also  to  have  been  selected  by 
Viceroy  x-  aray.     A  sergeant  and  nine  men  hav- 

ing been  asb.^^  cd  as  a  guard ^'  and  duly  instructed  by 
the  commandant  of  Santa  Barbara,  on  September  17, 
1804,  the  mission  was  founded  with  the  usual  cere- 
monies. Commandant  Carrillo  was  present,  and  large 
nundjers  of  neophytes  came  from  Santa  Barbara  and 
Purisima,  some  of  them  to  remain.  President  Ta[)is 
preached  on  the  occasion,  and  was  aided  in  the  cere- 
monies by  fathers  Cipres,  Calzada,  and  Gutierre::; 
and  finally  a  beginning  of  mission  work  was  made 
by  the  baptism  of  twenty-seven  children  and  the  en- 


'"  Orfpr/a,  Diarlo  qiirforma,170'),  MS.  Dated  June  17tli-28th.  Orter^'a  went 
nortliwanl  from  SUi  ]5;irl)tira  with  three  men,  and  on  Juno  18th  found  a  fer- 
tile well  watered  spot  on  the  Santa  Rosa  Rivci',  where  there  were  eight 
raucherias  of  friendly  Indiana.  Tapix,  Erpeiliehm  a  Calahiiata,  para  I'croiio- 
cimiciito  lie  ,s(7(o.s,  VJS,  MS.  The  expedition  began  Oct.  17th,  and  tiie  re])ort 
is  dated  Oct.  '2'M\,  at  St;i  Rarbara.  Resides  Cahihuasa,  tliere  are  named  I'or- 
tczuelo  de  Mescaltitlim,  Kaneheria  de  Teguepo,  Zanja  de  Cota,  Cafiada  do 
iSotonoenni,  Anajue,  Ahuaslayee,  Elemana,  Sancliu  or  Santa  Rosji,  Aguitsumu, 
Asnisiliue,  Stueu,  Huilieipii,  Casil  or  Nueva,  Susuehi  or  (,»uemada.  'J"he  site 
deemed  best  was  Alajulapu  about  two  and  a  lialf  leagues  north-west  of  Cala- 
huasa.  Also  called  Sliijalapii.  Ooijcocclwa,  JJiurio  do  Erp'ordrion,  l^:iS,'SlA. 
Dated  Oct.  '21st,  and  tiie  same  in  substance  a»  tliat  of  Tapis.  Cofa,  JJiiirio  ile. 
E.r/ilo7-ac!ou,  17!>S,  MS.,  is  tli(!  record  of  a  snl)sequent  examination  of  the  same 
territory  made  Oct.  i!.'?d-7th.  Dec.  31,  1798,  (Jov.  to  viceroy,  recoumiending 
the  site  at  Lajalupe  with  1,.")(K)  friendly  Indians.  Pror.  lire,  MS.,  vi.  IK!- 
14.  Oct.  11,  1798,  Gov.  to  (ioyeoeehea  ordering  the  explorations  to  be  made. 
/(/.,  iv.  107. 

'•''  Also  written  Lajalupe,  Majulapa,  Majalapu,  Alajulapa,  and  Lajulap. 
The  meaning  of  the  word  was  rliicon,  or  corner. 

'■'■^Feb.  2,  180.'$,  viceroy  to  CJov. ,  he  has  ordered  the  payment  of  the  cus- 
tomary .?!  ,000.  I'rov.  St.  'Pop. ,  MS. ,  xviii.  "285.  .Tune  .'10,  180.'$,  Tapis  to « {ov. , 
says  there  are  1,000  or  1,100  natives  near  the  projiosed  site,  gives  instances  of 
hostilities  .imong  the  ranclierias,  and  asks  that  a  larger  escolta  than  usual  be 
granted  at  first.  Arch.  Sfn  li.,  MS.,  viii.  177-8'2. 

'^^  ('(irrillii,  Iiii^iriifrioii  ipic  (ihmrvnrd  <>l  comandanUi  de  Escolta  en  la  J'linda- 
cioii  dc  lit  Jlinion  dc  Saiila  Ytic-i,  ISO^,  MS. 


FOUXDIXG  OF  SANTA  IXfiS. 


29 


4 

••:4 


rolliniL^  of  many  cateclmmons,  including  three  chicf- 
tains> 

The  missionary  founders  of  Santa  Ines  were  Jos^ 
Antonio  Calzada  and  Jose  Romualdo  Gutierrez.  The 
latter  left  California  in  ISOG"'  and  was  succeeded  by 
Luis  Gil  y  Taboada.  Gil  was  rejilaced  in  1810  by 
Francisco  Javier  de  Una,  who  had  been  at  the  mis- 
sion as  supernumerary  since  1808.  }3y  the  end  of  the 
first  year  Santa  lues  had  225  neophytes,  but  over 
half  of  them  came  from  the  adjoining  missions 
already  ba])i..:"^d.  In  1810  the  number  was  G28,  bap- 
tisn)s  having  been  54G  and  deaths  245,  so  that  it 
would  seem  that  still  other  accessions  must  have  been 
received  from  abroad.  Live-stock  in  1810  nundjered 
3,200  cattle,  420  horses,  Gl  mules,  11  asses,  and  2,300 
sheep.  Crops  vai'ied  from  000  bushels  in  1807  to 
4,500  bushels  in  1810.  In  1805,  and  probably  through- 
out the  decade,  Santa  Ines  had  but  a  poor  church, 
though  it  was  already  roofed  with  tiles.-'' 

Local  annals  in  1804  present  nothing  worthy  of 
special  mention  liere,  unless  it  may  be  the  fact  that 
an  earthquake  did  some  damage  to  church  walls  at 
San  Jose  and  San  Gabriel. 


•o  eight 
Rcraiio- 

O  ll.'])Olt 

iimI  I'or- 

[aiiiulti  lie 

tuitsuim'i, 

The  site 

of  C'iila- 

.'/,S\  MS. 


Vl<ii 


,1a 


luicnihiij' 


VI. 


ii;!- 

itule. 


iLajulap. 


Itho  cus- 

|t()  (idV.  , 

;ancijH  of 
lill  be 

;  J'linda- 


Ue])rosentations  on  the  defenceless  condition  of 
California,  coining  from  various  quarters  as  already 
indicated,  produced  a  comparatively  ])rompt  cflect  in 
I\[exico;   for  in  Ajiril    1805  the  viceroy  decreed  an 

■'Stn  Iiii'^,  TJJ).  de  Misioii,  MS.,  3,  4,  containin;j  certificate  of  foundation 
l)y  Tajiis.  Arrh.  tila  D.,  MS.,  viii.  l.">l-r);  CLi-tilicate  of  Lieutenant  Carrillo  in 
I'ror.  tSi.  Pop.,  ^18.,  xviii.  ;}-)!)-()0.  ALso  mention  of  foumhition  in  Pror. 
J,'i<:..  MS.,  vi.  -21;  ix.  :)7;  xi.  1(W;  Pror.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xi\,  4.V(I. 

-'HiutieiTe:;  came  to  California,  as  I  have  seen  it  stated  in  some  record,  in 
AuLHist  1804,  thoiigli  Tajii.'i  in  announeinji  his  dejjartm'e  ini))lies  that  lie  canio 
in  l.S(VJ.  He  served  at  Santa  Ines  from  Se|ttend)er  17,  l!S()4,  to  .July  ISOd, 
V  heii  he  was  transferred  to  San  Jkienaventuni  in  tiie  lio))e  of  rejiainini;  his 
lieaith  ;  hut  lie  became  worse  rather  tlian  better,  oijtained  license  to  retire  in 
Seiitember,  and  sailed  for  San  lihis  in  November.  His  malady  aceordin!,'  to 
tlui  surj^'con's  certiticato  was  an  alh'to  hiixtrrkn,  and  tiiere  is  a  not  ■  ery  well 
f.iiniiled  tradition  that  the  piidre  spent  inucii  time  hunting  for  a  viper  of  a 
peeidiar  kind  reeomniemled  by  the  native?  as  a  remedy.  Arrli.  Ai-zoh.,  M8., 
ii.  T)!  -J;  Arch.  St<i.  Ji.,  MS.,  x'i.  7(i-7;  Prov.  Sf.  Paj>.,  MS.,  xix.  104;  Prov. 
Pre,  MS.,  xi.  113;  Stii  /(»■<.  Lih  ilc  MUioii,  MS. 

■''J 'rot:  St.  Pap.,  lien  Mil.,  ilS.,  xxxvii.  40. 


30 


ARRILLAGA'S  RULE. 


increase  of  for'^c  to  the  extent  of  three  captains,  nitic- 
tecii  non-couimissioncd  officeris,  and  sixty-five  privates 
to  be  added  to  the  prcsidial  companies  at  an  annual 
cost  to  the  treasury  of  $23,915.  No  new  troops  were 
to  be  sent  from  abroad,  but  the  increase  was  to  ])e 
efrccted  by  promotion  and  enlistment  within  the 
province.  It  was  accomplished  without  difficulty 
before  the  end  of  the  year,  and  during  the  next  year 
Arguello,  Carrillo,  and  Goycoechea  were  commissioned 
as  captains,  though  the  last  named  was  absent  from 
the  province.^' 

Also  in  1 805  another  defensive  measure  was  adopted, 
and  Alferez  Jose  Roca  was  sent  back  to  California  to 
organize  a  militia  artillery  company  of  seventy  men 
in  accordance  with  Arrillaga's  proposition  of  the  pre- 
ceding year.^"*  Roca  arrived  at  Monterey  in  Septem- 
ber. Arrillaga,  then  on  his  way  to  the  capital,  sent 
orders  for  cooperation,  and  the  selection  and  enrol- 
n)cnt  of  men,  chiefly  in  the  pueblos,  began  imme- 
diately. The  organization  was  probably  completed 
before  the  middle  of  the  next  year,  at  which  time  in- 
structions were  issued  for  militia  manatjcment,  though 
we  have  but  tew  details  respecting  this  company  dur- 
ing the  decade.^'    The  artillerymen  were  mounted  ami 

'■''April  1,  ISO,"),  viceroy's  decree  for  an  increase  of  force  to  take  the  place 
of  the  Catalan  volunteers,  on  the  basis  proposed  by  Arrillaga  March  21,  180;). 
l>ccree  sent  to  California,  with  orders  to  governor  for  appointments  and 
recruiting,  on  April  3d.  Prov.  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  xix.  47-9.  Cost  of  the  increase. 
JiL,  Ben.  Mil.,  Ixxxvii.  08.  The  increase  approved  by  the  king  on  March  'I'l, 
1807.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  201-2. 

'■'^  Jan.  19,  1805,  instructions  to  lloca  from  the  commandant  of  artillery  at 
Vera  Cruz.  Roca  M-as  to  act  in  harmony  witli  the  governor,  and  raise  eight 
corporals  and  02  privates.  Tlie  corporals  must  be  able  to  read  and  write, 
besides  knowing  well  tlic  rcsidcnco  of  each  private  so  as  to  assemble  the  coni- 

Eany  quickly  in  case  of  danger.  The  men  must  reside  as  near  as  possil)lo  to 
'■ail  towns;  arrangements  must  be  made  for  two  hours'  instruction  evoiy 
iSundav,  and  after  completing  the  organization  Roca  was  to  return  to  Mexico. 
jMjif.  St.  Pup.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxxvii.  59-00.  Nov.  21,  1S04,  governor  to 
V.  li.  Pruv.  Bee,  MS.,  ix.  56. 

^•Scpt.  2,1,  1,805,  Arrillaga  at  San  Vicente  to  Roca.  Is  informed  of  his 
arrival.  Proi<.  Bee,  MS.,  xi.  200-1.  Same  date,  Arrillaga  to  commandants. 
J}ipl.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  xxxvii.  (51.  Nov.  2ist,  Guerra  to  com- 
isionado  of  San  .lose,  asks  fcr  lists  of  men  fit  for  duty.  8.  Joac,  Arcli., 
MS.,  ii.  78.  Numlier  of  suitable  men  in  Monterey  jurisdiction  .SO.  Prov.  St. 
Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  xxxiv.  20.  Fel).  17,  1800,  Gov.  to  S.  Jose  comisionudo. 
Aid  to  bo  given  to  Roca.  S.  Jose,  Arch.,  MS.,  iii.  90.    April  1,  1800,  Roca 


rPwOTECTION  OF  THE  PROVINCE. 


81 


V 

I 


Altcrcz  Roca  f^ccnis  to  liavo  remained  in  command 
instead  of  returning  to  ^lexico  as  ordered  at  first. 

While  no  American  traders  or  other  forei<^n  craft, 
with  tlie  exception. of  the  Li'lla  JJjjrd,  as  ah'eady  noted, 
ajipeared  on  the  coast  this  year,^"  a  lively  fear  of 
Yankee  schemes  was  experienced  in  Mexico,  and 
various  precautions  were  discussed  besides  the  mili- 
tary reiinforcements  just  recorded.  Early  in  the  year 
there  came  and  was  circulated  in  California  a  roval 
order  closins^  all  the  ports  in  Spanish  dominions  to  all 
but  national  mail  vessels  until  further  orders,  with 
reprisals  in  the  mean  time  against  the  English.^^  An 
Italian  priest  who  landed  at  Monterey  from  Manila  was 
sent  as  soon  as  possible  to  Mexico  en  route  for  Italy  in 
accordance  with  general  orders  against  all  foreigners."' 
Arrillaga  had  asked  for  an  armed  vessel  to  protect 
the  coast  and  pursue  smugglers,  and  the  matter  was 
discussed  at  San  Bias  in  September,  by  the  board  of 
war.  There  was  no  difference  of  opinion  as  to  the 
importance   of  sending   a   vessel;  but   some  olticers 


the  place 
'21,  180:5. 

Iicnts  and 
increas'c. 

daich  '2-2, 

rtillei-y  at 

lisc  fii^lit 

lid  write, 

I  the  coiu- 

3ssil)lc  to 

311  cvoiy 

Mexico. 

["ci'iior  to 

pd  of  his 
landants. 
1  to  coni- 
An/i., 

'rov.  St. 
Isioiuido. 

po,  lloca 


will  send  an  artilleryman  to  instruct  the  militia  of  Angeles  every  Sunday. 
The  gun  from  San  (Jabriel  to  be  sent  thither,  orpei'haps  the  inenguing  U>  U\o 
mission  to  say  mass  may  better  take  tlicir  drill  there.  Pror.  ,Sf.  P"/).,  .MS., 
xix.  170.  July  1'2,  ISWJ,  Arrillaga's  instructions  to  the  militia  of  Saii  .Tos/'. 
Jleu  must  not  be  hindered  from  attending  to  private  business,  but  must  on 
leaving  town  acquaint  the  corporal  with  their  whereabouts;  not  exempt  fror.i 
obedience  to  parents  or  judges,  or  from  community  work,  except  ^\  lien  i:i 
actual  service  or  drill.  Id.,  xix.  lOG-8;  S.  Jom',  Arch.,  MS.,  iii.  84.  l)i.-(tribn- 
tion  in  1809;  commandant  Rocaat  Solcdad;  23  men  at  San  JosO;  2!)  at  Angeles; 
3  at  San  Diego;  2  at  Branciforte;  2  at  Monterey;  G  at  Sta  D.'irljara;  1  at 
liuenavista  Rancho;  2  at  El  Refugio;  1  at  S.  Rafael  Rancho;  and  one  at  Sta 
Gcrtrudis.  Prov.  Sf.  Pap.,  MS.,  xl.  17-20.  Aug.  2.->,  ISOl),  full  list  of  iibout 
7.">  names.  Id.,  Ben.  Mil,  xl.  17-19.  Similar  list  of  ]81(».  I'L,  xlviii.  11,  12. 
1810.  company  in  great  need  of  arms.  Prov.  lice.,  MS.,  ix.  120. 

^"Tlic  Spanish  transports  of  the  year  were  again  the  Priiiccnn  and  Aifi-o 
which  brought  five  padres  to  Monterey  Aug.  3t)th,  and  anchoi'ed  at  S.  ]il;is 
on  return,  Nov.  21st.  Prov.  llic,  MS.,  xii.  34:  xi.  200;  ix.  09.  Acordins^ 
to  the  Oaceta  de  Mex.,  xii.  475,  these  vessels  brought  down  quite  a  largo 
amount  of  furs,  hides,  wool,  fish,  ilour,  and  vinegar.  The  Cnvcrpriiiii  from 
the  Philippines  sailed  from  Monterey  Jan.  3d,  leaving  Surgeon  Manuel  Torres 
and  an  Italian  priest,  Francisco  Farnesio,  ill.  Pror.  Iter.,  MS.,  xi.   19."). 

"Jan.  12,  1805,  viceroy  to  Gov.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  45.  April  S, 
1805,  reply.  Prov.  Pec,  MS.,  ix.  C5-G.  The  cause  of  tliis  ordei-  was  tho 
seizure  of  four  Spanish  vessels  from  South  America  by  an  English  fleet  in 
time  of  peace.  The  order  had  no  practical  efl'ect  in  California,  as  no  Euglisli 
vessel  appeared;  yet  the  niovcnicnts  of  the  transports  Jo  not  seoni  to  havo 
been  interrupted. 

^■'Arch.  Arzob.,  MS.,  ii.  47. 


M 


32 


ARPJLLAGA'S  RULE. 


thoui^lit  she  should  cruise  continually  up  and  down 
the  coast,  while  others  favored  a  station  at  Monterey 
whence  she  might  take  advantage  of  the  favorable 
wind  to  swoop  down  on  the  smugglers  further  south 
nt  short  notice.  The  decision  was  in  favor  of  the 
latter  plan,  and  the  Princesa  was  recommended  for 
the  service,  being  strong,  fast,  and  copper-bottomed. 
The  proposal  found  favor  in  viceregal  eyes  and  a 
corresponding  decree  was  issued  in  the  following 
I\Iarcli."^ 

There  were  misgivings  in  Spain  and  Mexico  and 
California  about  the  desiijns  of  the  Anglo-Americans. 
The  vicero}'^  notiiied  the  governor  of  those  ambitious 
designs  as  shown  in  the  })retensions  of  Minister  Mon- 
roe at  the  court  of  Madrid;  and  Arrillaga  in  reply 
sent  a  rumor  obtained  from  O'Cain  that  the  United 
States  would  have  fi'ee  trade  with  New  Spain  even  by 
force,  and  that  a  Philadelphian  was  asking  congress  for 
40,000  men  with  whom  to  take  the  country,  relying 
also  on  the  growing  popular  discontent.  Similar 
rumors  had  come  from  other  sources  as  early  as 
171)9.'"*  Captain  Goycoechea,  lately  appointed  gov- 
ernor of  Baja  California,  complains  in  December  of 
this  year  that  "the  Anglo-Americans  within  the  past 
few  years  have  not  only  begun  to  frequent  the  waters 
surrounding  our  possessions  in  quest  of  fish,  pearls, 
and  furs,  but,  confident  that  there  is  nobody  to  restrain 
tliem.  they  come  with  arrogant  boldness  to  anchor  in 
our  very  harbors,  and  to  act  with  the  same  liberty  as 
if  they  were  Spaniards.  These  arrivals,  which  are 
becoming  very  frequent  and  about  which  your  excel- 
lency nmst  be  well  informed,  should  convince  you  that 
quite  ]K)Ssibly  this  proud  nation,  constantly  increasing 
its  strength,  may  one  day  venture  to  measure  it  with 
Spain,  and  acquiring  such  knowledge  of  our  seas  and 
coasts  may  make  California  the  object  of  its  attack, 

"'Pj-or.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  87-!)9. 

="  Sept.  "J-J,  ISOo,  viceroy  to  Gov.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  73;  Jan.  2, 1806, 
reply.  Prov.  Ucc,  MS.,  ix.  70-1. 


GOYCOKCIIRA'S  VIEWS. 


33 


i>;ov- 

Der  of 

10  past 

waters 

)earls, 

Dstraiii 

lior  ill 

;rty  as 

ih  are 

exccl- 

u  that 

casing 


w 


ith 


IS  ami 
Ittack, 


1S06, 


l;nf>wing  by  the  visits  referred  to  what  the  proviiiee 
(•ontains.""^ 

Ill  the  report  from  whieh  I  have  just  quoted  Goy- 
coochea  furnished  niueh  information  about  California's 
resources,  prospects,  and  needs,  though  his  views  did 
not  differ  materially  from  those  expressed  by  others  in 
ibrnier  years.  He  declared  that  th^re  were  mines 
which  might  be  profitably  worked,  in  both  Californias; 
that  teachers  were  needed,  since  children  were  grow- 
ing up  in  pitiful  ignorance,  and  he  fixvorod  the  sending 
(if  idle  families,  and  especially  of  children  from  the 
]\[('xican  cities.  The  scheme  which  he  urged  most 
zealously,  however,  for  the  advancement  of  both  ]iro- 
\  incial  and  roval  interests,  was  the  transfer  of  the  San 
Bias  department  with  its  dock-yards  and  other  ad- 
juncts to  a  more  healthful  and  convenient  site  in  the 
north.  His  preference  was  in  favor  of  San  Quintin 
just  below  San  Diego;  though  had  his  opinion  been 
called  for  before  he  became  governor  of  Lower  Cali- 
fornia, I  dou^^t  not  he  would  have  preferred  San  Fran- 
cisco or  some  other  northern  port.  The  proposition 
was  referred,  as  the  custom  was,  to  various  tribunals 
and  officials  for  additional  investigations. 

Ta|)is  desired  to  found  a  new  mission  on  Limi'i  or 
Santa  Catalina  Island,  with  a  view  to  convert  the 
naked  and  superstitious,  though  friendly,  natives,  who 
were  not  disposed  to  join  a  mission  on  the  mainland, 
yet  caused  the  friars  trouble  by  their  intercourse  with 
the  Channel  neophytes.  In  his  general  report  for 
1804  Tapis  broached  the  subject,  ingeniously  suggest- 
ing tliat  an  island  establishment  would  \)C  a  most 
etfectivo  means  of  checking  contraband  trade.  Arri- 
llaga  approved  the  plan  in  1805,  especially  as  a  ])re- 
ventive  of  smuggling.;  but  a  little  later  in  his  next 

'■'  Coycoechca,  Mcdios  para  el  Fomevfo  <le.  las  CaU/oriih,  ISQo,  MS.,  vith 
report  of  tlie  fiscal.  Dated  Dec.  7tl).  'riitliill's  remark  'These  Anglo- Amer- 
ioaiiM  will  become  troiililesoino,'  said  a  long-headed  governor  of  California  in 
l^sO."),  J  list,  f'dl.,  124,  may  be  a  reference  to  Goycoechea's  remarks,  which  I 
huvu  translated  as  literally  as  a  Biscayan's  Spanish  can  be  translated;  or  it  may 
be  IX  passage  from  Arrillaga  which  has  escaped  my  notice. 
IIisT.  Cal.,  Vol.  II.    3 


1 


3t 


ARRILLAGA'S  RULE. 


biennial  report  the  president  eonfessed  that  as  the 
,s(tniJHpioi),  or  measles,  had  carried  oft'  over  two  hun- 
dred natives  on  the  two  islands,  and  as  a  recent 
investi^•ation  had  shown  a  lack  of  good  lands  and 
of  water,  the  expediency  of  founding  a  mission  was 
doubtful.^" 

Indian  hostilities  for  many  years  had  been  rare  and 
petty  in  their  nature.  This  year  an  aftair  occurred  of 
f(>ni[)arativi  importance.  Padre  Cucva  of  San  Joso 
^lission  having  occasion  to  visit  some  sick  ncoiihytes 
in  a  rancheria  ten  or  fifteen  miles  distant  in  the  east- 
ern hills,  was  escorted  by  Majordomo  Ignacio  Higuera 
and  two  soldiers,  besides  being  accompanied  by  a  few 
neophyte  attendants.  This  was  on  the  15th  of  Jan- 
uary. Arriving  at  the  rancheria  to  which  his  visit 
was  directed,  the  natives — possibly  those  of  another 
rancheria  on  his  way  back,  for  the  record  is  not  clear 
in  its  details — instead  of  receiving  him  kindly,  dis- 
charged a  cloud  of  arrows.  Higuera  was  killed,  Cucva 
was  struck  in  the  face,  one  of  the  soldiers  was  badly 
wounded,  and  three  neophytes  were  killed  as  were  all 
the  horses.  The  pursuit  was  checked  apparently  by 
the  fall  of  a  gentile,  and  the  survivors  were  enabled 
to  reach  the  mission.^^     As  soon  as  news  of  the  dis- 

"«  Tapi'<,  IiiforviP  Biennl  de  Mmones,  1S03-4,  1S05-G,  MS.  In  the  first 
report  lie  says  Linui  .iboumls  with  timber,  water,  and  soil.  There  are  ten 
ranclierius  on  the  islaml.  the  tlu'ce  largest  of  which  Cajatsa,  Ashuagcl,  and 
Liaiii  have  1'24,  14."),  and  122  adults  respectively.  The  men  are  naked,  live 
on  fisli,  and  arc  eager  for  a  mission.  The  natives  of  Huina  (Santa  Rosa) 
Island — where  there  are  se%'en  ranchcrias,  the  largest  with  120  adults,  l)ut  no 
facilities  for  a  mission — arc  willing  to  move  to  Linui.  March  1,  180.">,  Tapis  to 
Arrillaga,  containing  the  same  in  substance  as  the  preceding.  Arch.  St.  li., 
MS.,  vi.  28-.30.  May  7th,  Arrillaga  to  Tapis  with  approval.  Prov.  Her.,  MS., 
vi.  22.     Reference  to  the  subject  also  in  Arch.  St.  B.,  MS.,  vi.  28-30. 

^' Jan.  1(3,  ISOo,  coniisionado  of  S.  Josti  to  com.  of  S.  Francisco.  Tiic  first 
rancheria  was  aided  by  two  others.  Arrows  continued  to  fly  all  the  afternoon. 
J'rov.  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  xix.  .34-5.  Jan.  31st,  Argiiello  to  Gov.,  the  hostile  ran- 
cheria was  one  of  the  Asisines.  Id.,  xix.  3G.  Tapis,  Iiiforme  General  de  Mini- 
oiien,  lSUj-4i  MS.,  77,  says  that  a  neophyte  treacherously  guided  Cueva  to 
tlic  ^\Tong  rancheria.  March  11th,  governor  to  viceroy,  the  padre  had  visited 
the  Asisines  rancheria  and  was  attacked  on  his  return  by  another  six  leairues 
distant.  Prow  Pec,  MS.,  ix.  03-4.  The  hostile  natives  called  Luechens. 
Pror.  St.  Pfip.,  MS.,  xix.  30-7.  Feb.  20th,  an  investigation  at  Sta  Clara  by 
Peralta.  Id.,  xix.  29.  Amador  calls  the  natives  Loechas  and  says  they  lived 
14  leagues  east  of  the  mission.  He  says,  doubtless  erroneously,  that  the  sur- 
vivors defended  themselves  all  night  in  a  cave.  Memorias,  MS.,  14,  lo. 


INDIAN  HOSTILITIES. 


33 


nstor  reached  Sail  Fraiieisco,  Serj^oant  Peralta  was 
despatched  with  eijjfhteen  men,  increased  to  thirty-lour 
tVoni  the  settlers  at  San  Jose,  aujainst  tlie  liostile  <;en- 
tiles.  The  natives  had  abandoned  their  ranclu-ria,  hut 
were  ovcrtak(Mi,  niakiiujf  but  shu'ht  resistatice,  and 
before  the  24th,  eleven  of  their  number  were  killed 
and  thirty  were  captured,  mostly  women. "^  Pei-alta 
made  another  raid  in  February,  but  no  remnant  of 
hostility  was  found,  manj-  fugitives  returned  volunta- 
rily to  their  missions,  and  some  gentile  chieftains  troni 
distant  rancheri'as  such  as  Pescadero  on  the  liio  San 
Francisco,  or  San  Joaquin,  came  in  to  assure  the 
Spaniards  that  they  had  taken  no  part  in  the  out- 
break."" Later,  in  May  and  June,  there  was  thought 
to  bo  a  plot  t<:)  attack  and  burn  Santa  Clara.  Several 
Christian  natives  were  arrested  as  accomplices,  but 
Alferez  Luis  Argiiello  after  scouring  the  sierra  in  all 
directions  and  brincjinof  in  twentv-two  n;'*'\es  con- 
vinced  himself  that  there  was  no  hostili  intention; 
and  indeed  the  neophytes  finally  admitted  that  they 
had  originated  the  threats  and  rumors  merely  to  escape 
tloixmivjis. 


40 


On  his  arrival  at  the  capital  in  the  beginning  of 
180G,  one  of  Arrillaga's  first  measures  was  to  issue 
instructions  in  which  he  indicated  his  determination 
to  prevent  the  prevalent  contraband  trade.  He  de- 
clared that  the  laws  of  the  Indies  and  the  orders  of 
liimself  and  his  predecessors  had  been  shamefully  m!;>- 
regarded  by  officials,  and  that  no  further  abuses  wuiild 
be  tolerated.  Clearly  Arrillaga  understood  the  nature 
of  the  evil  and  its  remedy.     Americans  could  not  as 

^^Peralfa,  Diario  ile  xina  Exped'uion  contra  Geiidlen,  lSOr>,  MS.,  dntod  S. 
Francisco,  Jan.  30th.  Jan.  31st,  Argiiello  to  (lov. ,  aniioiincinf;  I'eralta'.s  i-uic- 
ccss.  Ho  complains  of  Cucva's  rashness.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  !MS.,  xix.  ;>(»  7. 
Amador  says  that  the  natives  were  found  at  a  rancheria  on  tlie  San  Joa(|iiia 
called  Pitemis.  McmoriU'',  ^IS.,  H,  15. 

^^'Feb.  28,  1805,  Argiiello  to  governor,  in  Prov.  Sf.  Pcip.,  MS.,  xix.  30-40. 

^''May  20,  180."),  Luis  Argiiello  to  Jose  Argiiello.  Prov.  St.  Pop.,  MS.,  xix. 
30.  May  30th,  Argiiello  to  Gov.  /(/.,xix.  42.  June  25th,  same  to  same  with 
report  of  the  campaign,  hi.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  xxxiii.  15,  IG.  The  sus^iecteJ 
Indiana  were  Seuuenes  and  Bolbones. 


36 


ARRILLAOA'S  lll'LK. 


a  n\\v  1)0  captured  or  tluir  vessels  detained,  thoiicfh 
this  was  to  1)0  done  if  ])ossil)le;  l)ut  by  i)r<)ini)t  action 
and  close  vigilance  on  the  anival  of  a  vessel  the  people 
niiinht  ho  prevented  from  all  intercourse  with  the 
strangers,  who  without  such  intercourse  would  have 
no  motive  to  come  or  remain,  Kin<?e  their  demands  for 
supplies  were  for  the  most  ])art  mere  pretence.  There- 
i'oro  on  the  arrival  of  a  vessel  the  news  must  bo  sent 
to  the  nearest  presidio;  no  su])plies  must  be  given, 
and  strict  guard  was  to  bo  established  on  the  shore. 
Xo  citizen  was  t.)  be  allowed  to  leave  his  place  of 
residence  while  the  vessel  remained ;  suspicious  persons 
were  to  bo  arrested;  commandants  of  guards  and  co- 
misionados  of  pueblos  must  be  responsible  for  all  in 
their  jurisdiction,  and  were  given  power  to  arrest  with- 
out legal  formality,  and  otHcials  neglectful  of  their 
duties  were  threatened  with  suspension."^  There  is 
reason  to  believe  that  Arrillaga  was  at  first  honest  in 
his  determination  to  break  up  smuggling  and  trade 
with  foreigners,  and  perhaps  he  continued  firm  so  far 
as  Americans  were  concerned;  but  it  will  be  seen  else- 
where that  he  made  some  concessions  before  the  year 
was  past,  in  the  case  of  the  Russians. 

In  July  Arrillaga  made  a  somewhat  extended  report 
to  the  viceroy  on  the  condition  of  California,  represent- 
ing in  a  not  very  encouraging  light  the  various  insti- 
tutions and  industries.  Indeed  this  ruler  was  never 
known  to  be  enthusiastic  or  hopeful  on  any  topic.  In 
this  report  he  gave  his  opinion  on  Goycoechea's  plan 
of  transferring  the  San  Bias  department  to  San  Quin- 
tin.  He  saw  no  advantage  in  the  place  suggested 
except  the  excellence  of  its  harbor,  there  being  a  lack 
of  wood,  water,  fertile  lands,  and  surrounding  popula- 
tion.    Moreover  San  Quintin  was  so  situated  with 


^^1 


<•  Fol>.  8.  1806,  Arrillaga  to  commandants.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  ll.S- 
1 0.  Aug.  Gth,  strict  instructions  of  Argiiollo  at  8.  Francisco  to  liis  successor 
about  intercourse  with  foreigners.  Id.,  Ben.  Mil.,  xxxvii.  17.  Arrillaga 's 
c<inii)laintsof  Yankee  infringements  of  the  laws.  Laiifj.Hlorf's  Fo,v.,18").  Com. 
of  S.  Francisco  to  fire  his  artillery  at  canoes  in  the  bay.  Prov.  Jiec,  MS.,  xii. 
209. 


C 0 V KRNOR'S  K ECOM M KND ATION.S. 


87 


action 
people 
th  the 
I  have 
luls  for 
Thorc- 

i3C  scut 
rrivcn, 

shore, 
lace  of 
[)crsons 
and  co- 
r  all  in 
^t  with- 
»f  their 
'here  is 
)nest  in 
d  trade 
[1  so  far 
en  else- 
be  year 

report 
Ircsent- 
insti- 
ncver 
|c.     In 
I's  plan 
Quin- 
Igested 
a  lack 
lopula- 
with 


dx.  113- 

Buccessor 

Vrillaga's 

").   Com. 

klS.,  xii. 


rcsjM'ct  to  jircvaiiiiiLf  winds  tJiat  a  vessel  could  not  ho 
(|uickly  sent  to  the  upper  coast.     A  station  in  Alta 
California  would   he   ht!tter,  hut  in  his   opinion   the 
tiansf(,'r  was  not  advisahle.     In  place   of  this  meas- 
ure   he    suLCjjfcsted    tlwit    two    vessels    ho    stationed 
permanently  in  some  of  the  northern  ports,  the  crews 
hrini,^in_!L,^  their  families  to  California  and  heing  en- 
coura<>"ed  to  en^aije  in  various  industries  when  not  on 
actiNo  service.*'     Meanwhile  the  Princesa  had  heen 
sent  up  for  a  season's  cruise  on  the  coast  in  quest  of 
snmgj^lers,  and  had  entered  upon  the  perforrnance  of 
her  duties  in  June."     Arrillaga  also  pronounced  the 
presidio  huildini^s  to  he  in  a  had  condition,  and  uri^'ed 
the  viceroy  to  liave  them  repaired  and  properly  suj)- 
])lied  Avith   artillery  for   protection    from   foreigners 
before  he  should  give  much  attention  to  new  settle- 
ments.    Iturrigaray  promised  to  send  an  inspecting 
officer;  meanwhile    none    but    cheap,   though    solid, 
structures  were  to  be  erected.^* 

Several  Aineriain  vessels  were  on  the  coast  this 
year,  though  information  about  their  movements  is 
incomplete.  Such  is  naturally  the  case  in  these  times, 
since  of  most  trading  voyages  no  diary  is  extant  and 
I  am  forced  to  rely  on  incidental  mention  in  letters  of 
the  epoch  and  on  fragmentary  records  in  the  archives, 
where  wild  work  is  generally  made  with  American 
names.  The  Peacock,  Captain  Kimball,  was  the  tirst 
arrival.  She  anclioi-ed  off  San  Juan  Capistrano  on 
April  4th,  and  sent  four  men  ashore  in  a  boat  to  ask  for 
provisions.  Tlie  jealous  corporal  of  the  mission  guav<l, 
mindful  of  Arrillaga's  recent  orders,  not  only  rel'used 

■■'  A rrillafin,  liclacion  sohrc  d  Eshido  <jiir  t/unrilnii  los  Presidio>^  y  PueMof)  de 
Califonila,  ISUG,  MS.     Dnted  Moiitcrcv,  .ln'ly  l.'itli. 

"Prov.  Jlcc,  MS.,  viii.  84;  ix.  7S;  xi.  1 1'l ;  Prnr.  Sf.  Pap.,  MS.,xix.  lt',2. 
Tho  Priiice'<a  brouglit  up  four  friiii-.s,  arriving  at  Mcuitcrey  .hiin;  'S,)d.  Tliu 
supplies  were  brought  this  yoar  liy  the  Coii'i-prioii,  which  arriveil  in  August. 
Prov.  lire,  MS.,  xii.  207;  Prov.  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  xix.  101. 

"July  18,  1800,  Arrillaga  to  viceroy.  Pnn:  LW.,  MS.,  ix.  00-1.  Dec. 
ITtli,  viceroy  to  Gov.  Proi:  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  102.  lAjr  the  govenior's 
general  instructions  on  presidio  nianiigeinent,  Indian  policy,  diseij)line,  and 
niilitarv  routine,  sec  Arrillatia,  Preojdos  ijvnendm  para  Vomaidautu,  ISUC, 
MS.     Dated  S.  Diego,  Dec.  •J'-'d. 


ARRILLAGA'S  RULE. 


Kiip})llos,  but  took  the  four  men  prisoners,  sending 
tlieni  to  San  Diofyo.  The  Peacoch,  liavinij  recovered 
her  boat,  sailed  on  the  9tli;  anchored  olF  San  Die^-o, 
sending  a  letter  ashore  on  the  lOtli;  and  Mas  last 
seen  at  Carmen  near  San  ]\Iiguel  on  the  lower  coast 
on  the  19th.  A  vessel  supposed  to  have  been  tlio 
same  had  already  done  some  trading  with  the  padre 
of  San  Miijuel  late  in  February  and  earlv  iri  Maich, 
and  had  subsequently  anchored  in  San  ]^'edro  Bay 
and  sent  to  San  Gabriel  for  provisions,  March  19th, 
before  coming  to  San  Juan. 

The  letter  above  alluded  to  informed  the  mate,  one 
of  the  captives,  that  the  vessel  would  linger  for  a 
Vvhile  on  the  coast  co  take  him  on  board  if  he  coulil 
effect  his  Cbcapo.  Accordingly  when  a  rumor  came 
that  a  vessel  had  been  seen  off  San  Juan,  the  jn-isoners 
broke  jail  on  the  night  of  June  23d.  took  the  boat  of 
the  ])residio,  and  stai'ted  out  to  sea;  but  tiiey  came 
back  next  day  when  they  had  failed  to  find  their  ves- 
sel, and  after  a  while  were  sent  down  to  San  Blas.^^ 
In  June  or  July  appeared  another  American  craft 
on  the  coast  called  by  the  Spaniards  the  Jichos,  and 
suj)posed  by  them  to  be  under  Captain  O'Cain.  There 
is  much  confusion  in  the  matter,  and  it  is  difficult  to 
say  definitel}'  whether  ihis  was  the  Peacock  l)ack 
again,  the  OCain,  of  whicli  I  shall  ju'csently  speak, 
y.v  really  a  distinct  ship  called  the  Peizos,  or  by  some 
name  of  similar  sound.  This  mysterious  vessel  anch- 
ored  (jff  San  Diego  on  June  25th,  but  M'as  refused 


<''May4,  ISOn,  Coin,  of  San  Diejio  toGov.  Pruv.  St.  Paj.,  MS.,  xix.  174-(i. 

Tl\e  iiiiiucs  of  the  prison  ITS  were:  Tom  Ivilvcii,  niiitr; ,  .1  Freiuliinaii, 

lioat.swaiii;  IJlas  LiiiRaiiik  aiul  ]ilas  Yanie,  sailois  from  IJostoii.  ]!o/;iiiof, 
who  was  at  San  Franuisco  wheu  the  (Jov.  received  t!io  r('|ioit,  names  the 
I'lenehmau  .1>an  ricire,  .nnd  the  mate  Tliomas  Kilvaiii.  Letter  of  .lime  17, 
ISOd,  ill  'l'il:/niirii<'/,  Istor.  Olidnnniic,  npp.  'JT.'l.  The  eajitiN'es  r^jiresented  the 
/'( '(ii;i7.' as  of  lOStons,  8  ".juiis,  and  14  men.  She  left  Uoston  in  Septenilier 
ISO."),  and  arrived  at  the  Sandwich  Islands  on  l''el).  I'Jtii  .'iccordini;  to  ]!ex.:inof. 
She  liail  a  eai;.'o  of  stores  to  be  traded  for  furs  in  the  north.  The  captain  3 
name  is  called  hy  the  Spaniards  Oliveiis  Kiiiivell,  and  lie  is  even  said  to  have 
lieen  a  lirotlier-iii-law  of  Capt.  (JT'ain.  J'ri}i\  S/.  /'«/>.,  MS,,  xix.  l,");i-."). 
May  li),  1S(MI,  (iov,  to  Com.,  acknowledging,' reixirt  of  the  atliiir.  Pror.  Hic, 
^IS.,  xii.  4(i.  June  ■J.Hd-4tli,  Rodrigne/,  to  (iov.  Escajieof  tlu'  ])risoiiers.  A/., 
xix.  i;J(J-8,  148.     The /Vococ/.' ill  Raja  Califurnin.  LI.,  xix.  14(i-7,  lo'>,  liSl. 


■\VINSHIP  0\  THE  COAST. 


39 


!as 


45 


ciai't 

N,  and 

There 

nilt  to 

hack 

<])eak, 

.some 

anch- 

jl'u.sed 


174-0. 

icliniaii, 
i('/:iii(if, 
mes  the 
Itmo  17, 
itod  the 
)tfiiil)t'r 
It'/iiiiof. 
iptain'.s 

to  llilVO 

1.->,H-.-). 
•.  I!,r., 
•s.   A/., 

181. 


it. 
I 


sii|)plies  and  op|)ortiinity  for  repair.s.  Then  she  went 
down  to  Todos  Santos,  wliere  she  ohtained  water  in 
spite  of  oppo.sition,  and  captured  three  men  sent  to 
watcli  her  inovenients.  The  caj)tain  then  attempted 
to  use  his  captives  to  force  a  release  of  tlie  Pcdcock 
prisoners,  making'  loud  threats  of  destroviiiL;  Han  Diego 
])resi<li()  and  fti't,  and  thus  forcini^"  liodriguez  to  con- 
ceiiti'ate  reeiiforceineiits  to  the  extent  of  four  or  tive 
men  and  to  tlirow  up  hasty  iortiiications;  but  no  bat- 
tle occurred,  and  on  July  Dth  the  last  of  the  ca])tive 
scjldiers  was  released  at  San  Quintin.^" 

One  of  the  released  captives,  a  cor))oral.  reported 
that  there  was  another  vessel  huntinu'  otters  l)y  the 
aid  of  northern  Indians  and  canoes  in  the  vicinity  of 
Santo  Tonuis  Jshuid,  with  whicli  vessel  his  '•a])tors 
had  been  in  communication,  and  which  they  had 
now  ])robably  rejoined.  This  reference  was  ])ei'ha[)s 
to  the  (fCnin,  since  that  vessel  was  aj^'ain  on  the  coast 
luuh'r  a  new  commander,  Jonathan  Winshijt.  With 
his  brother  Nathan  as  mate,  Winship  sailed  from 
]^oston  in  (Jctober  ISC')  with  thirty  men  includinu^ 
ofiicei's.  Touching  at  the  Sandwich  Islands,  he  was 
welcomed  at  New  A]"chan<'el  in  AiJiil  1,S0()  by  Chief 
Director  Daraiiof,  who  was  willing  enough  to  make 
a  new  contract  for  otter-hunting  in  the  south.  On 
or  about  May  2.?>i\  with  a  hundi'ed  Aleut  hunter.s, 
ibur  Russians,  twelve  women,  and  fifty  bidaikas,  the 
()\'<ni\  set  sail  for  the  south,  and  on  June  1 0th 
anchored  just  north  of  Tiinidad  JJay,  where  Wash- 
ington Sound,  now  Dig  i^agooii,  was  discovered, 
named,  and  partially  exjtloi'cd. 

Winshi[)  remaiiK'd  m  and  near  Trinidad  i^ay  for 
twelve  days.  Fish  were  very  plentil'ul,  and  many 
skins  were  ol)tained  both  iiv  trade  and  bv  huntiiiLi'; 
but  the  natives  were  numerous  and  hostile,  all  opera- 
tions had  to  be  conducted  under  the  ship's  guns,  iield- 

^o.Tuly  ,"),  1(5,  2."),  18tM),  ri'iKirts  of  liiHlriirui'Z  to /^'ovevnor.  I'rur.  Si.  Pn/i., 

MS.,  xix.  r_>ii-.'$o,  i;u-(!,  i-n-;i.    tih"  y/r;«i.s,  or  >;,;.„„..,  capt.  .lo.-,..  i'd.niLur, 

vitli  :i")  iiR'u  iiiiil  is  L'liiis.  11  v.liiiliT.  liinl  left  Nemlj.'uiu,  U.  S.,  in  Jiiuuury. 
Tliuri'  wtiti  a  ivport  that  O'Caii  \va.«  tliu  cniilaiii. 


40 


ABRILLAGA'S  IIULE. 


pieces  liad  to  be  landed  to  protect  the  camp  on  the 
l)av  shore,  and  once  a  tiujht  occurretl  in  which  a  sav- 
age  was  killed.  Conseqnently  it  was  deemed  best  to 
quit  this  region  on  Juno  22d,  and  having  sighted  the 
Farallones  on  the  way  south,  the  adventurers  reached 
Cedros  Island  on  June  29th.  Parties  of  hunters  were 
distributed  on  the  different  islands,  while  the  slii[) 
cruised  from  one  to  another  with  supplies  and  water, 
sjiending  also  some  time  at  Todos  Santos  and  San 
(i}uintin,  where  a  profitable  trade  was  carried  on  with 
the  missionaries.  After  two  or  three  months  Win- 
ship,  leaving  his  hunters  till  his  return,  sailed  by  way 
of  the  Hawaiian  Islands  for  Kadiak,  where  he  arrived 
on  November  9th,  with  skins  valued  at  !;>G0,000,  and 
was  soon  ready  for  a  new  trip  in  completion  of  his 
contract.  Not  mentioning  the  second  trip,  which  I 
shall  describe  in  another  chapter,  the  Russian  au- 
thorities state  that  Winship  returned  in  September 
with  5,000  otter-skins  for  sharing.  He  had  (piarrelled 
at  Cedros  Islands  with  the  chief  hunter,  Slobodchikof, 
and  the  latter,  purchasing  an  American  schooner, 
possibly  Hudson's  Ta\nnna  mentioned  in  a  previous 
chapter,  renamed  the  Kil'olai,  had  returned  home  by 
way  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  arriving  in  August. 
Thus  it  will  be  seen  there  is  much  confusion  about 
the  voyage,  although  one  of  my  authorities  is  founded 
upon  the  log-book  of  the  UCniii." 

Yet  another  American  hunting-vovau'e  under  Rus- 
sian  auspices  was  that  of  Captain  Campbell  with 
twelve  bidarkas  under Tarakanof  His  contract  Mas 
made  in  October  180G;  he  was  to  begin  operations  at 

I"  Boxto)}  h>  fh»  Northirc'if,  :MS.,  13-20;  KhUbiiikof,  Zaplski,  9,  10,  l:}7; 
lUtnUiof,  Sh:'.iii('i'l''--'nii<'.  107-S;  Tikhimui/,  Islor.  nlio.-niiii-,  i.  ISIS.  It  tin? 
O'Cdiii  was  till!  vcpspI  wiIUmI  liy  tlu^  Sii.ipiiiid.s  tlio  Hfi-o-i,  as  the  dates  lOnM 
iiidiiate,  it  i^  very  Nlriiiigo  tliat  Iier  \u^  ('(uitaitis  nothing  about  tli.  oajitiirc 
(if  the  hiohlieis;  and  if  she  was  not,  it  is  ('([iially  stran;j;e  that  nothin;.'  is  said 
of  the  other  vessels  which  she  must  have  met.  The  lo<^  i.s  silent  aliont  the 
(jiianvl  with  the  head  hunter,  and  the  llnssians  say  nothing  of  the  O'Cain'^ 
seonnd  ti'ip.  Khlelmikof  says  that  Boilej;a  as  well  as  Trinidad  was  visited. 
Tiklnm'nef  tells  us  that  Winship  was  forliidden  hy  IJaiiinof  to  hunt  on  the 
California  eoast  'without  special  pernii.ssi(jn  of  the  Spanish  govei'ument.'  It 
is  eeitaiii,  however,  that  no  suoh  perniissioa  was  usked  for  or  obtained. 


Ens- 
wit  h 
^\■as 
)ns  at 


'I 


MISSION  REGULATIONS. 


41 


% 


Trinidad  Bay,  and  not  to  go  "too  near"  the  Spanish 
scttk'nu'nts;  and  he  I'ctnrned  in  the  Ibllowing  Angust 
^vith  l/2;!0  otter-^kins.^» 

On  the  1st  of  October  1800  Guardian  J(j.se  Gasol 
issued  an  important  series  of  regulations  for  the  guid- 
ance of  the  Cahf(^rnia  friars/''^  Most  of  the  sixteen 
articles  relate  to  details  of  ecclesiastical,  niissicjnary, 
and  jirivate  life,  and  need  not  be  presented  here  even 
in  resume'.  It  may  be  noted,  however,  that  this 
document  gave  rise  to  the  custom  of  keeping  in  each 
mission  a  book  of  jxjteutcs,  or  communications  from 
su])erior  Franciscan  authorities;'"^  and  that  it  also  re- 
(|uired  an  annual  meeting  of  the  friars  of  the  ditfeient 
districts   at    San    Francisco,   San    Curios,   San   Luis 

^8  Khirhnil-nf,  ZaphVi,  9. 

^'■>a(i'<o/.  Lr'frai  J'(it<ii/c.i  ih'f  Padre  Guardian.  ISOG,  :MS.  I  tninsl:ite  tlio 
hc.'Kliiij,'  and  iiicliiniiiai'y  it'iiiarks  us  an  iiitoresting  saui]ilo  of  doeuiiKUts  of 
this  class.  'Fr.  Joso  Ga.sol,  of  the  Kegular  Obsorvuiioc  of  Oiiv  Holy  I'athci" 
Saint  Francis,  Evangelical  Prcaclici-,  Ex-Ucadcr  of  sacred  Theology,  I'adrc  of 
the  I'rovince  of  the  llijly  Evangel  of  Mexico,  and  Guardian  of  the  C'oUei^'e  of 
.San  Fernando  oi  tho  saniu  city — to  the  Uoverend  Father  I'residcnt  and  other 
Jieligions  of  the  said  College,  ser\  ing  in  the  missions  of  Monterey,  San  Diego, 
.Santa  liiir^ara.  and  others  founded,  or  which  may  he  founded,  in  New  C'ali- 
f'linia  under  charge  and  direction  of  the  said  college — Grace  iu  Our  Lord 
Jesus  Christ  which  is  tiio  true  grace. 

'The  hour  has  at  last  come  which  I  so  much  desired.  Reverend  Fathers 
ami  diarest  lirotliers  in  .Jesus  Christ,  to  open  to  Your  Reverences  ui\  hreat-t 
and  manifest  to  you  the  sentiments  of  zeal  and  vigilance  with  whieli  my 
heart  is  iienetrated  not  only  for  those  sons  of  our  beloved  College  who  live 
within  its  cells,  hut  also  for  those  who  outside  (jf  it  exercise  the  functions  of 
our  ajiostolic  ministry.  To  both  alike  should  extend  my  paternal  solicitude; 
and  Vour  Reverences  yoursehes,  if,  on  account  of  being  so  far  from  your  col- 
lege, you  should  see  yourselves  deprived  of  the  exhortations,  coun^■els,  and 
collections  cond.icive  to  s]iirituivl  consolation,  might  with  reason  ccmiplain  of 
my  nc'  ligenee.  In  order,  then,  that  you  nuiy  have  not  the  slightest  reas(ui  for 
comjil  [int,  nor  for  accusing  me  in  the  presence  of  the  Lord  of  remissness  ia 
siieaUi;ig,  advising,  and  correcting  whatever  is  worthy  of  advice  or  correc- 
tion, 1  have  resolved  (with  the  consent  of  the  ^'ellel■able  i>iscret(irv)  to  direct 
til  Vour  Re\ei'ences  these  h  Iras  puleiilr^  for  tiir  pur))ose  of  establishing  some 
points  which  all  must  observe  in  order  that  by  means  of  tliis  religious  con- 
fonuity  theie  may  be  preserved  among  you  the  ]>eace  for  which  so  zealously 
sti(jve  the  founders  of  tho.se  missions,  sons  of  this  A^wstolic  College — an<l 
that  there  may  be  an  end  of  the  clamors  which,  by  reason  of  some  infractions 
by  certain  ministers,  have  reaclu'd  not  only  me  and  my  predecessors  but 
the  Viceroyalty  of  this  Capital.'  Then  follow  10  articles  of  tlio  instruction 
proper. 

■■"Most  of  thi'sc  Lihrnfi  do  Pafcnkx  liavo  been  preserved.  They  maki^  up 
the  collection  I  have  designated,  Arrhivo  dd  tjliixjuido.  in  possession  of  the 
bishop  of  Los  Angeles.  I  have  also  the  original  for  .San  .Fos.;-  Mission.  These 
bonks  siiould  really  be  identical  for  all  the  missions,  but  tiie  ]iadres  wiio 
snnietiines  n^  glectful  and  several  books  have  to  be  searched  in  order  to  lind  all 
the  documents. 


42 


ARRILLAGA'S  RULE. 


I ' 


II 


Obispo,  Santa  Barbara,  San  Gabriel,  and  San  Diego, 
for  mutual  rcligicju.s  services,  consultation,  and  conso- 
lation— or  rather  the  meeting  was  required  by  the 
guardian,  and  President  Tapis  in  an  adjoined  circular 
named  the  })laces  of  meeting." 

Two  topics  also  require  mention  as  connected  with 
secular  interests.  Gasol  enjoined  the  fi-iars  most 
sliictly  that  no  infoi'mation  respecting  mission  alfairs 
was  t(^  be  furnished  to  the  viceroy  or  to  any  official 
of  the  secular  govermnent  except  through  the  medium 
of  tlie  college,  thus  showing  that  the  old  s})irit  of  an- 
tagonism was  by  no  means  dead.  The  current  topic 
of  contraband  trade  was  also  taken  up,  and  the  guar- 
dian says :  "in  order  to  avert  the  reprimand  which  the 
college  would  have  to  suffer  from  the  viceroy  if  it 
should  ct)me  to  his  knowledge  that  any  one  of  your 
reverences  was  trading  with  the  foreigners,  I  ex- 
pressly order  that  uo  one  either  directly  or  indirectly 
trade  with  them."  Evidently  the  good  prelate  had 
ill  mind  not  so  much  the  sin  of  smuij2;lin!>',  if  indeed 
it  were  a  sin,  as  the  danijer  of  beinix  cautjht.  The 
uniform  testimony  of  the  traders  is  that  the  mission- 
aries were  their  best  customers. 

Local  events  in  1800  were  the  injuries  done  to  the 
])rcsidio  (•ha}>el  at  Santa  J^arbara  at  lirst  b}'  an  earth- 
quake in  March  and  later  by  a  gale  in  May;  the  rav- 
ages of  the  measles  at  San  Francisco  from  April  to 
.June  durinii'  which  time  two  hundred  and  thirtv-six 
neo])hytes  died;  some  new  boundary  disputes  at  San 
Jose;  a  destructive  fire  at  San  Miguel  in  August; 
and  the  consecration  of  two  new  mission  churches, 
one  at  San  Juan  Ca[)istrano,  and  the  other  at  San 
Fernando.  Two  topics  of  this  year's  annals  demand 
eacli  a  separate  cha[>ter:  one  that  of  inland  explora- 
tion, the  other  the  beginning  of  intercourse  between 
Californians  and  Russians. 


^'  Archivo  del  Ohlqmdo,  JklS.,  C,  7. 


CHAPTER  III. 

IXLAXD    EXPLORATIOXS. 

180G-1810. 

Preliminary  RKSrMt^;  of  Inland  Exploration— Faoes,   CnESpf,  Anza, 
Font,  and  Gaucks— A  Tierra  iNCciiiNiTA — Discoveries  ijy  Inuian- 

IIUNTERS — ArIIILLAGA'S   EFFORTS — VaGUE  ALLUSIONS— TlIE  KlVER  SaN 
JdAQflN   XaMEIj -]'-XrEDlTION  OF  AJaITORENA   AND    SaNCIIEZ  FRO^I  Sa.V 

Diego — Kuiz  and  Zalvidea  from  Santa  Bariiara — Tilare  and  ]5ce- 

NAVISTA — MoiiAGA  AND   MuSoZ  FROM    MoNTEREV — MaUII'OSA — MeRCED 
I'lVER — TrOLUMNE — KiNGS   lllVER — SiTES  FOR   XkW    MISSIONS — LaTI'.R 

Explorations — Diaries  of  Viader — Names  of  Kanciierias. 


to  tllO 

earth - 

Hiu  rav- 

.pril  to 

Irtv-siK 

l\t  Sail 

|u<;ust; 

irchos, 

It  Sail 

^inand 

[plora- 

Itwccn 


I' 


The  Spaiii.sh  occupation  of  California  was  limited 
to  a  narrow  strip  of  territory  along'  the  coast  from 
ISan  Francisco  to  San  Diego.  Soledad,  their  most 
inland  establishment,  was  not  over  thirty  miles  from 
the  sea.  Tlie  vast  interior  was  a  tierra  incoijnita, 
frequently  spoken  of  as  such  in  official  documents. 
The  extreme  south,  the  modern  county  of  San  Diego, 
was  much  better  known  than  the  inland  regions 
north.  In  1774  Juan  Bautista  de  Anza  came 
iV;.ui  the  Colorado  liiver  to  San  Gabriel  diagonally 
across  the  country  liom  south-east  to  north-west  b\'  a 
route  })ractically  the  same  as  that  now  followed  by 
the  Southern  Pacific  Paih'oad.  In  1775-0  Anza 
brought  a  colony  to  California  by  the  same  route. 
In  connection  with  this  expedition  Father  Francisco 
(Jarces  made  some  extensive  and  important  ex[>lora- 
tions  a  little  further  north.  He  went  up  the  Colorado 
to  the  ^Fojave  region,  and  crossed  westward  by  the 
thirty-lifth  parallel  and  Mojave  liiver  to  San  Gabiiel; 
tlien  proceeding   northward  he   traversed   the   since 


(13) 


44 


INLAND  EXPLORATIONS. 


wm 


famous  mountrtin  passes  into  the  great  Tulare  Valle}', 
nearly  reaeliiiig  the  latitude  of  Tulare  Lake;  aiitl 
finally  he  passed  out  of  the  valley  eastward  and 
returned  along  the  thirty-fifth  parallel  to  the  Colorado, 
(jiarces  had  thus  explored  what  is  now  Kern  and  8aii 
]>ernardino  counties,  but  tliough  his  diary  was  pre- 
served in  Mexico,  and  the  results  of  his  exjiloration 
\vere  preserved  in  Font's  map,  yet  these  results,  never 
well  known,  were  soon  completely  forgotten  in  Cali- 
fornia. In  1781  Rivera's  colony  was  brought  IVoni 
the  Colorado  by  Gonzalez  and  Argucllo  over  Anza's 
old  route,  and  during  this  and  the  following  year  that 
I'oute  was  many  times  followed  backward  and  forward 
in  connection  with  the  disastrous  events  at  the  Ct)lo- 
rado  liiver  missions.  In  one  of  these  expeditions 
Pedro  Fagcs  took  a  more  direct  route  farther  south 
i'vom  the  Gila  across  the  mountains  to  San  Dieu'o. 
Finally  Fagcs  and  Velazquez  made  some  exploratit)ns 
on  the  San  Dieo-o  inland  frontier  in  1780-5.  Thus  as 
1  lia\c  rmnarked  this  southern  district,  or  San  Diego 
County,  was  tolerably  well  known. 

In  the  north  it  will  be  remembered  that  in  1772 
Fagcs  and  Crcspi  explored  the  country  now  consti- 
tuting Alameda  and  Contra  Costa  counties  as  I'ar  as 
the  mouth  of  tlie  great  rivers,  getting  from  the  hills 
a  broad  view  over  the  inland  valleys.  In  1770  Aiiza 
and  Font  reexamined  tlie  same  territory,  and  added 
nothing  but  confusion  to  the  knowledge  previously 
gained,  though  in  returning  they  passed  to  the  east 
of  Monte  del  Diablo,  and  thus  their  survey  embraced 
a  larger  circuit  than  that  of  their  predecessors.  This 
same  year,  while  the  naval  officers  explored  the  bay 
by  water,  going  up  either  Petaluma  or  Sonoma  creek, 
jVIoraga  crossed  the  hills  from  the  southern  head  of 
the  bay  eastward  to  the  great  river,  which  he  ascended 
lor  three  days,  crossed,  and  penetrated  one  day's 
march  into  the  great  j»lain  beyond.  In  later  yi-ais 
the  Spaniards  made  at  least  one  trip  from  San  Fran- 
cisco to  Dodega;  and  the  soldiers,  raiding  for  runaw  ay 


A  TIERRA  INC6GNITA. 


45 


Diego 


In  1772 

coiisti- 

'ar  as 

o  liills 

Aiiza 

atUlecl 

it)U.sly 

|c  fast 

M'aL'ccl 


1 118 


e  Ijay 
-•I't'rk, 
(I  of 
iiulod 
idav's 


iioo|)liytos,  often  peiictrnted  the  borders  of  the  interior 
valleys,  and  still  oftener  looked  down  upon  them  from 
the  summits  of  the  coast  range. 

Thus  at  the  beginning  of  the  present  century,  re- 
sjtecting  the  great  interior  of  their  Californian  posses- 
sions the  Spaniards  possessed  a  knowledge,  gained 
partly  fi^nn  vague  traditions  of  the  early  explorations 
now  nearly  forgotten,  but  chiefly  from  later  reports 
of  Indian-hunting  sergeants  which  were  very  barren 
oi'  geographical  detail,  hardly  more  complete  than 
might  have  been  gained  by  a  view  from  two  or  three 
ci.ast-rango  summits,  consisting  mainly  in  the  general 
i'acts  that  beyond  this  range  were  broad  tulares,  valh^vs 
bounded  in  their  turn  on  the  east  by  a  lofty  and  often 
Miow-capped  sierra.  In  180G  Arrillaga,  probably  aet- 
iiiu"  under  orders  from  Mexico  tlioui>-h  no  such  orders 
are  extant  so  far  as  my  researches  show,  made  an 
earnest  and  somewhat  successful  effort  to  have  the 
eastern  country  ex[)lored,  with  a  view  to  the  estab- 
lishment of  new  missions  in  the  interior  in  case  suit- 
able sites  should  be  discovered.  To  the  results  of  this 
exploration  as  far  as  known,  though  the  records  that 
]  have  been  able  to  find  are  meagre,  I  devote  this  short 
(•]iaj)ter.  It  is  a  topic  that  might  easily  l)e  disposed 
of  in  a  few  paragraphs;  but  it  is  also  one  which  I  deem 
of  especial  importance,  respecting  which  every  scrap  of 
available  material  should  be  carefully  preserved. 

Ill  the  preceding  clia})ter  I  have  noticed  certain 
expeditions  in  pursuit  of  natives  from  the  region  of 
]\Iission  San  Jose,  one  of  which  perhaps  reached  the 
San  Joaquin  at  the  Pescadero  rancheria.^  In  1804 
I'^itlier  ^lartin  made  a  visit  to  the  valley  of  the  tulares, 
reaching  a  rancheria  of  I3ubal  named  La  Salve,  Init 
{leeomplishing  nothing;  and  in  1805  it  is  stated  that 
an  expedition  reachcdand  named  the  Rio  de  los  San- 
tos Reves,  still  called  Kings  Hiver."    At  some  recent 


'  ( 'liaptor  ii.  of  this  volume. 

■  M"i-ihi,  ]"isita  (i  Aw  tieiiUlcs  Tulareiios,  1S04,  MS.     In  a  later  report  of 
ISK").  ,1 /•(•/(.  SUiJJ.,'SlS.,  iv.  -27. 


II  1! 


46 


INLAND  EXPLORATIONS. 


time  before  the  autumn  of  1800  a  party  sent  out  to 
find  a  route  to  Bodei^a,  reached  a  river  whicli  was 
named  llio  de  la  Pasiou,  apparently  i<lentieal  with 
the  Calaveras  River,  though  that  was  certainly  on  a 
very  remarkable  route  to  Bodega.^  Langsdortf  under- 
stood that  though  the  Spaniards  had  followed  the 
kft  bank  of  the  Han  Joaquin  for  miles  from  its  mouth 
on  horseback  they  had  never  crossed  it  for  want  of 
Ijoats.  San  Francisco  seems  to  have  been  the  only 
name  he  heard  applied  to  that  river.  "  Every  year," 
says  this  author,  "  military  expeditions  are  sent  out  to 
obtain  a  more  exact  knowledge  of  the  interior  of  the 
country,  with  a  view,  if  possible,  of  establishing  by 
degrees  a  land  connnunication  between  Santa  Fe  antl 
the  north-west  coast  of  America.  While  I  was  at  the 
mission  of  St  Joseph  April  1 800  thirteen  soldiers,  with 
a  sergeant  and  cor[ioral,  ari-ived  there  on  their  return 
from  one  of  these  expeditions.  These  people  asserted 
that  they  had  penetrated  between  eighty  and  ninety 
leagues  into  the  countr}',  and  had  arrived  in  the 
neiLjhborhood  of  a  hiu'h  and  widelv  extended  chain  (tf 
hills,  covered  with  eternal  snow;  this  chain  is  known 
to  the  Spaniards  under  the  name  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada."  Soldiers  supposed  to  have  come  from  New 
jMexico  were  re[)(jrted  by  the  natives  to  have  come 
to  the  country.  Another  expedition  under  Luis  Ar- 
giiello  and  Padre  Ui'ia  was  being  prepared  at  San 
Francisco.  It  was  to  include  Cadet  Santiago  Argii- 
ello,  a  corporal,  and  twenty-five  men.* 

The  ex[)edition  of  April  alluded  to  by  Langsdorff 
is  also  vaguely  mentioned  without  details  in  the 
Spanisli  diary  of  anotlier  expedition  as  having  made 
(juite  extensive  expk)rations  in  what  is  now  Tulare 

^Arcli.  Sfa  /?.,  MS.,  iv.  18,  to  bo  explained  in  a  later  diary. 

*  LfiiK/m/orirti  ]'oipt<i< H  and  Trnrdx,  ii.  '203-7.  The  mitlior  makes  a  some- 
vliat  ainusint;  thougli  not  unnatural  ciTor  wlicn  lie  names  tlio  ensign 
Allei'ez  as  one  of  the  memtjcrs  of  the  proposed  expedition,  (ilj'rnz,  as  tlio 
reader  knows,  lieing  the  Sjjanishfor  'en.sif,'n.'  Beechey,  Voiiikjp,  ii.  ."».  tells  lis 
that  at  the  time  of  Langsdorll's  visit  Luis  Argiiello  and  Uria  explored  the 
Sacramento  for  "(V  SO  leagues,  and  prepared  to  found  a  settlement  for  the  ecu- 
version  of  the  natives;  but  it  failed. 


1 


i 


I 


MAITORENA'S  EXTRADA, 


47 


out  to 
ell  was 
i\\  with 
ly  on  a 
*  uiulcr- 
vcd  tlio 
5  mouth 
want  of 
lie  only 
y  year," 
t  out  to 
r  of  the 
liinn'  hy 
Fc  and 
IS  at  the 
3rs,  with 
r  return 
asserted 
1  ninety 
in    the 
lain  of 
known 
Sierra 
>ni  New 
e  come 
uis  Ar- 
at  San 
Argii- 

ijfsdorff 

in   the 

!>•  made 

Tulare 


Gs  a  some- 
lie  ensiu'ii 
;,  as  tlio 
I.'),  tells  lis 
tloi'eil  tlio 
Ir  the  con- 


i 


County,  .i,nvini(  the  names  San  Gabriel,  San  ]Mi<j^nel, 
and  San  Pedro  to  three  rivers,  the  two  foi-mer  being 
hiaiiches  of  the  same  river.  This  party  or  another  is 
said  to  have  started  iVoiii  ]\[ission  San  ]\[iguel  in 
Ajjril  lor  a  trip  (»f  seventeen  days.'^  .Vs  to  the  other 
])roj)()sed  expedition  ofwhieh  Langsdorii' s|)eaks,  there 
are  some  in(Heatioiis  that  it  never  started,  though 
possibly  it  may  have  been  the  one  which  discovered 
i:nd  nami'd  llio  de  la  Pasion.  Finally  it  is  inci- 
dentally stated  that  the  Kio  San  Joa(|uin  had  l)een 
discovered  and  named,  at  a  date  not  given,  before 
Septend)er  1800,  by  Alferez  Gabriel  :\ioraga."  We 
know  of  course  that  the  river  had  long  ago  l)een 
visited  by  13on  Gabriel's  father  as  well  as  by  others; 
but  there  is  no  aj)parent  reason  to  doubt  that  the  son 
had  given  the  name  recently,  as  I  know  no  instance 
in  which  it  was  used  before  1800.  So  much  for  vague 
references;  let  us  now  glance  at  records  which  arc 
slightly  more  detinite. 

()n  jNIay  9,  1800,  Arrillaga  issued  orders  to  the 
commandant  of  San  Diego  for  an  cx})e(lition  to  be 
sent  out  from  that  presiilio.  The  instructions  indi- 
cate that  it  was  not  expected  perhaps  to  find  mission 
sites  in  this  southern  region,  but  rather  to  obtain  as 
much  information  as  possible  about  the  Indijuis  and 
their  rancherias,  to  foi'm  friendly  com|)acts  wi^n  the 
gentiles  for  the  return  of  fun'itives,  and  to  arrest  all 
the  runaways  that  could  be  found  in  a  search  of  twenty 
or  thirty  days. 

On  June  iJOth  Alferez  Maitorcna,  Father  Sanchez, 
Sergeant  Pico,  twenty  sohHers,  and  thrt'c  intci'pret- 
crs  started  from  San  Diego,  to  begin  their  expl(»- 
I'ation  at  the  sierra  running  from  San  Luis  Key 
towards  San  Miguel.  Having  visited  all  the  ran- 
cherias for  twenty-five  or  thirty  leagues,  and  cap- 
tured only  two  fugitives,  the  party  jtturned  on  the 
14th  of  July.     Sanchez  doubtless  kept  a  diary,  as  the 

^ Arch.  Sin  n.,  MS.,  iv.  .•}I--J;  xii.  Sl-2. 
^Arc/i.  aui  B.,  .MS.,  iv.  j. 


43 


INLAND  EXPLORATIONS. 


serj^cnnt  was  also  ordered  to  do,  l)ut  neltlicr  document 
is  to  l>e  I'oiind." 

May  20tli  the  j:(overiior  issued  instructions  similar 
to  the  preceding,  ior  an  exj^edition  to  be  under  AHen-z 
l^uis  Arjjfiiello.  The  territory  to  be  explored,  as 
\'a,nucly  indicated,  seems  to  have  been  the  same  as 
that  intrusted  to  ^Maitorena — that  is  the  country 
irom  the  sierra  iidand  between  San  Luis  and  San 
]\Iiguel;  but  Argliello  was  not  to  visit  the  Colorado 
ranchuria  of  San  Quirino.^  Nothing  more  is  known 
of  this  expedition,  and  I  think  it  was  nevei"  carried 
out,  .\n  exi)edition  was  however  despatched  from 
Santa  ]iarl)ara  on  July  19th,  in  accordance  with 
Arrillaga's  orders  of  the  10th  of  July.  Father  Zal- 
videa  was  one  of  the  party  and  his  diary  I  reproduce 
sul)stantially,  so  far  as  names,  dates,  distances,  and 
courses  are  ct)ncerned,  in  a  note.''     The  writer  alludes 

'Jnnc  IS,  ISOfi.  coinmnndnnt  to  governor,  acknowledgiiif;  receipt  of  instrac- 
tions  of  M:iy  Kith.  .Iuhl'  'iutli,  iininunceinc'iit  of  st;u't.  July  'Jotli,  aiiuouiice- 
lueiit  of  retain.  Prov.  fjt.  I'np.,  MS.,  \ix.  I'J.VO,  IS;i-7. 

^I'ror.  J'<<\,  .MS,,  xii.  S7-40.  Possibly  this  was  tlic  same  expedition 
referred  to  l>y  Lanu'silorll' as  in  pre]iaration  a  litth.'  earlier. 

''  Znh-'iil((t,  JJliirio <lc  mid  J:'.r/ii(lirio)i,  Tlnrru odeiitro,  ISOO, MS.  July  10th, 
went  fioni  Sta  ISiirhara  to  Sta  Ines.  July  :2()th,  north,  H  leagues  to  Joiiatas 
ranelieiia;  ;?  1.  to  Saea;  o  1.  to  Olomosong.  July '2!st,  nortii,  4  1.  to  (ieep, 
tlsrougli  hroken  hills.  July  '2'2d,  north  over  the  sierra,  "21.  to  Taliliuiliniit  ou 
the  plain;  north-east  (i  1.  to  Lisahua  near  an  arroyo  on  an  arid  nitrous  .soil 
without  wood  or  jiasture.  July  'i.'id,  cast  4  1.  toCuia,  near  3  small  springs; 
4  1.  south  to  Siguceiu;  and  hack  to  Lisahua.  July  '2iih,  east  4  1.  past  a 
"fiHiia  to  Sgeiie:  7  1.  east  to  Malapf)a,  or  Xapolea.  July  '2,')th,  8  1.  north  to 
Ijuenavista  ou  the  slmre  of  a  lagoon  whicii  is  S  leagues  long  and  5  leaguea 
V.  ide  (this  seems  too  large  f(jr  Ikienavista  or  Kern  lakes  or  lioth,  and  tcj 
.'^r.iall  for  Tulare  Lake,  hut  was  jtrohahly  the  latter),  .*?  braiielies  of  a  great 
liver.  Ijalsas  were  u.sed  on  the  lake  by  the  Indians;  2  1.  no  course  given. 
July  '2Gth,  till  noon,  east  along  shore  of  lake;  afternoon,  nortli  over  a  broad 
j  lain,  no  distance  given,  plenty  of  tulcs;  to  Sisupistu  at  the  point  of  the  lake. 
July  27th,  4  1.  east  across  arid  plains;  21.  into  a  cinada,  to  a  site  called 
Tnpai.  July  2Stli,  .'Wtli,  spent  in  exploring  the  region  of  the  camp,  whicli  is 
vciy  minutely  but  confusedly  described,  as  airording  several  streams,  some 
tolerably  good  land,  oak-covered  hills,  swamps,  and  liroad  plains  with  some 
grass  with  a  yellow  flower;  low  hills  form  a  semicircle  about  7  1.  from  the 
''unta  de  la  Laguna;  and  near  by  is  a  pine-covered  mountain  range.  Tacui  is 
thv'  only  ranchci  ia  meiitioued.  July  .31st,  4  1.  north  over  the  plain.  Aug.  1st, 
"(  1.  north  to  lianelieria  de  los  Rios,  or  Yaguclanu''.  Here  were  2  of  the  .3 
liranches  into  which  a  great  river  fr^ni  the  sierra  divides  itself,  and  which  31. 
distant  through  a  forest  of  jjoplars  reunite  to  form  the  Laguna  (irande  de  los 
'i'ulares  already  described.  Nothing  but  bare  hilla  to  be  seen  in  the  north,  ill 
which  direction  2  days'  journey  distant  live  the  Pelones  in  13  rancherias. 
Aug.  2d,  31.  .'outh;  report  that  the  Colorado  River  Indians  from  the  rancheria 
c.illed  ^lajagua  come  here  often  in  a  10  days'  journey  over  a,  country  without 


VALLEY  OF  THE  TULARES. 


49 


Fuly  imli, 
iloiiiitas 

C)  (  k'cp, 

iiiiit  uii 
■ous  Hoil 
spi-ings; 

icirtli  to 
luagues 

and  t(,  > 
a  groat 

f,'iVLU. 

a  broail 
the  lake, 
called 
which  is 
lis,  some 
itli  some 
I'om  the 
Taciii  is 
}.ng.  1st, 
lof  the  3 
IhichSl. 
Be  do  Ids 
lortli,  ill 
lehei'ias. 
knchoria 
kvithout 


^I.\r  OF  THE  TULuUtE  Valley. 
ElBT.  Cal.,  Vol.  II.    1 


'I" 


50 


INLAND  EXPLORATIONS. 


several  times  to  tlie  lieutenant  in  connnand,  who  was 
probably  Francisco  ]iuiz.  The  route  followed  was 
iirst  north  from  Santa  Ines,  and  then  eastwardly  into 
the  great  plain.  The  name  Buenavista  was  applied 
to  a  rancheria  on  the  banks  of  the  Lajjuna  Grande  do 
los  Tulares.  I  am  unable  by  the  aid  of  maps  to  follow 
the  exact  route  and  identify  the  different  streams 
mentioned;  but  in  what  seems  to  have  been  the 
Visalia  region  Zalvidea  found  an  excellent  site  for  a 
mission,  most  of  the  country  traversed  being  arid, 
alkaline,  and  unlit  ior  mission  ]>urposes.  They  seem 
not  to  have  jjfone  further  north  than  the  southern 
boundary  of  Fresno  County;  and  then  proceeding 
southward,  they  passed  through  Tcjon  or  Tchachipi 
l)ass  out  of  the  valley;  followed  the  eastern  foothills 
of  the  San  Gabriel  range  until  they  turned  west  and 
crossed  the  moyntains  to  San  Gabriel  on  the  14th  of 
August.  The  natives  had  been  uniformly  friendly  and 
willinii'  to  receive  missionaries,  several  submitting  to 
ba])tism  at  the  hands  of  Zalvidea. 

Sei)tember  4th  Arrillaga  notified  Commandant  de  la 
Guerra  of  ]\Ionterey  that  instead  of  two  expeditions — 
one  from  Monterey  and  the  other  from  San  Francisco 
as  had  ajiparently  been  the  intention — one  only  need 
be  despatched  under  Alferez  Moraga,  with  Marcelino 
Ciprcs  as  chaplain.^"     Moraga's  party  of  twenty-five 

■water.  Aug.  .Sil,  south  to  Punta  do  la  Lagiina,  and  one  league  more.  Aug. 
4tli,  4  1.  south  into  the  cujon  where  two  sohliers  were  killed  some  years  ago. 
It  is  ')  1.  from  Punta  de  hi  Laguna;  5  1.  from  Buenavista;  and  7  1.  from 
Panchcria  do  los  lvio.s.  A  rancheria  of  Taslupi  mentioned.  The  stream  of 
the  cajon  contained  some  saltpetre.  Aug.  5th,  fruitless  search  over  the 
moniitains  for  a  watering-place  the  lieutenant  had  seen  before,  and  return  to 
camp.  Aug.  0th,  cast  through  the  cajon.  Aug.  7tli,  visit  to  rancheria  of 
C'asteguc.  Aug.  8th,  4  1.  east  to  a  spring;  7  1.  into  a  broad  valley.  Aug.  i)th, 
9  1.  east  througli  the  valley,  no  vater;  2  1.  to  a  spring.  Aug.  10th,  all  day 
over  hills  adjoining  the  sierra  of  S.vn  Gabriel;  0  1.  in  afternoon.  Aug.  11th, 
7  1.  east  to  Atongai;  1.5  1.  to  a  cihiega;  2.5  1.  to  Guapiabit.  Aug.  12th, 
resting.  Aug.  13th,  41.  west  to  Moscopiabit;  41.  to  an  abandoned  rancheria; 
2  1.  to  a  stream  said  to  flow  into  the  llio  Santa  Ana.  Aug.  14th,  0  1.  west  to 
Guapiana;  and  to  San  Gabriel. 

'"  iVou.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  117-18.  The  com.  of  San  Francisco  was  to 
have  a  sergeant,  corporal,  and  eight  men  ready  to  march  whenever  Guerra 
should  call  for  them.  As  Ruiz  had  marched  from  the  Laguna  de  San  Buena- 
ventura to  San  Gabriel  without  noting  anything  of  importance,  Moraga  must 
keep  to  the  eastward,  or  to  the  other  side  of  the  river  which  the  other  party 


VALLKY  OF  Till;  TULARK8. 


CI 


^-^^^v^^^^ 


Map  of  tue  San  Joaquin  Vallev. 


m 


n 


'i  i 


nmrnm 


11' ' 

:l       'i 


'  i 

:  'I ; 

:i   I:: 


52 


INLAND  EXPLORATIONS. 


men  finally  started  from  San  Juan  Bautista  the  21st 
of  September.  Instead  of  Cipres,  Pedro  Munoz  served 
us  elia})lain,  and  kept  a  full  diary  of  the  trip."  I  rc- 
jiroduce  the  diary  in  substance  as  I  have  that  of 
Zalvidea,  although  there  arc  parts  of  it  which  I  can 
not  follow  accurately,  and  although  my  condensation 
of  such  parts  will  very  likely  prevent  their  interpre- 
tation by  others  better  acquainted  with  the  regions 
exiilored,  about  which  in  a  oeneral  wav  there  is  noun- 
certainty. 

lind  not  lioon  able  to  cross.  This  I  find  well  nigh  iniintelligihle.  Oct.  2(1, 
<_luci'ia  notilicil  the  ^(jveinor  that  Aforaga  had  started  for  8.  Juan  Bautista 
with  lo  nieu  to  join  tiie  10  from  San  Francisco.  /(/.,  xix.  118-1!>. 

"  Afiihijz,  Didiii)  ill'  Id  K.rjiididoii  hnha  par  Don  (lahr'id  Mornqa,  AlfvrfZ 
ih  la  Cvi/i/iin'iniileSdii  l'rani'',.<co,  d  lo.'< ^^'^uams  JJcsciiliriniioito.'^  del  Tii/ar,  JSOG, 
MS.  Started  fnnu  S.  Juan  IJautista  Scjit.  '.!lst,  and  went  1.5  leagues  some- 
v.hat  easterly,  across  a  'famous  ])l,iin  '  to  the  Arroyo  de  los  JIuzaynias.  Sept. 
22(1,  S  1.  over  a  liad  way  to  the  edge  of  tlie  Tular  plain,  to  a  place  named  he- 
fore  hy  an  expedition  from  S.  Francisco,  San  Luis  (Jonzaga,  where  there  is  a 
gooil  sjiring  (still  called  San  Luis  Cr.?).  Sept.  23d,  (i  or  8  ).  east  to  a  place 
1)cf((re  discovered  and  called  Santa  l\itii  on  an  arroyo,  with  'many  tules  in  all 
tins  continent'  and  much  lilack  willow  on  the  stream.  Sept.  24th,  sought 
for  a  large  rancheria  in  the  .south  and  then  went  2  1.  cast  to  explore  the  gi'cit 
liver  already  discovered  hy  Moraga  and  by  him  named  San  Joa(piin;  I'cturncd 
toStallita.  Sept.  2.~)th,  moved  the  ciiinp  to  tlio  banks  of  the  S.  J(ia(piin; 
much  gooil  land  toward  the  south,  but  some  alkali;  plenty  of  bca\er  nud 
tsalmon.  Se])t.  2lith,  visited  the  rancheria  of  Nupchcnche,  chief  Clioley,  across 
tlie  liver;  '2M  souls.  Sept.  27th,  crossed  the  river;  one  league  north  through 
thick  tules;  2  1.  over  alkali  lands  to  an  arroyo  with  some  oaks  and  willows, 
plac(-  called  ^L'lriposas  (IJear  Cr. ,  name  Maiiposa  still  retained  in  thi.s  region) 
from  the  multitude  of  butterllies,  one  of  which  gave  a  sohlier  much  trouble 
by  gi'tting  in  his  ear.  Sept.  'iSth,  Sunday,  one  division  stayed  in  camp;  the 
iilfcrcz  went  north  and  the  sergeant  N.  K.,  and  both  discovered  a  "famous 
river'  with  many  timid  gentiles.  Sept.  2!lth,  'A  1.  x.  to  the  river  which  was 
luiined  Nuestra  Sefiora  <le  la  Merced  (still  called  Merced  liiver.  though  it  was 

IHissilily  JjcarCr.,  in  order  to  locate  Tahualanmc  on  what  is  now 'riiolunmc 
liver);  a  very  favorable  place  for  a  mission;  2  rancherias,  but  abandoned. 
iSej>t.  SOtli,  a  ])arty  went  N.  w.  and  discovered  a  river  similar  to  the  Pierced, 
l)ut  w  ith  steep  banks.  Another  party  went  up  the  Merced  and  found  many 
Indians.  Oct.  1st,  marched  n.  w.  7  oi- 8  1.  to  the  river  named  ])olores  from 
the  time  of  discovei'v  (the  Tnohunne  River).  Oct.  '2d,  1  1.  to  dry  bed  of 
a  stream;  2  1.  to  a  very  large  oak  grove  orforest;  1..")  i.  to  another  river  '  liko 
tiie  former  in  magnitude  and  Christia'.  waters,' with  innnense  (piantities  of 
wild  grape-vines,  named  N'"  Sii'  de  (Juadi>lni)e  (the  Stanislaus  Iviver).  Oct. 
3il  (i  1.  K.  up  the  river  to  ii  i-anehorii,of 'i'aulamneor 'rahualanme  ('J'uoluinne?) 
situated  on  inaccessible  rocks.  Oct.  4th,  0  1.  N.  w.  t(j  the  <liy  bed  of  a  stream, 
Avith  much  ash  and  grape-vino,  called  San  Francisco;  it  1.  to  a  large  river 
tilready  discovered  by  an  expedition  f  eekiiig  a  route  to  IJodega  and  named 
Kio  do  la  I'asion  (it  ■>  uld  seem  that  this  must  have  been  the  CaL'iveras 
liiver  in  the  vicinity  of  Stockton);  back  to  Kio  (iuadalupe.  Oct.  5th,  lIostil(> 
demonstrations  of  the  Indians,  wliose  fears  could  not  be  remove<l.  Oct.  flth, 
back  to  liio  Dolores,  one  p;irty  keeping  along  the  foothills.  Oct.  7tli,  b;iek 
to  Kio  Merceil;  Indians  somewhat  less  timid.  Oct.  .Sth,  visit  to  rancheria  of 
Latehitc  of  '200  souls;  another  called  Lacliuo  near  it.     Oct.  Oth,  S  1.  i:.  to  a 


the  21st 
jz served 
''  I  rc- 
that  of 
ch  I  can 
icnsation 
iiiterpre- 
)  rcijious 

is  IK)  Ull- 


le.     Oct.  2.1, 
imn  Bautiista 

w/(7,  yl //>•/•(  z 

fiilai;  JSVd, 

agues  soine- 

lyniiis.  ISept. 

•o  iiaincil  1)0- 

ic  there  is  a 

st  to  a  place 

y  tules  ill  all 

'24tli,  sou^!.''it 

)re  the  givat 

in;  retui'iicd 

S.  Jdaciuin; 

l>ca\cr  ami 

loley,  across 

rtli  through 

lind  willows, 

this  region) 

uch  trouble 

i  camp;  the 

a  •  lauious 

wliicli  was 

)ugh  it  was 

\v  'l";;oluiniie 

ihaiuloiied. 

he  Merced, 

iind  uiaiiy 

'oloi'cs  from 

Iry  bed  of 

river  '  liko 

laiitities  of 

■er).     Oct. 

uolunme?) 

f  a  stream, 

llarge  river 

laid  named 

Calaveras 

th,  Hostile^ 

Oct.  (ith, 

7th,  back 

mcheria  of 

1.  i;.  to  a 


.'lit 


s 


MORAGA'S  EXrEDITIOX. 


63 


Moraga  took  a  cour.se  somewhat  north  of  cast  from 
San  Juan,  crossed  the  San  Joaquin  near  the  ^jrescnt 
boundary  between  Merced  and  Fresno,  and  turned 
northward.  Tlie  name  Mariposas  was  appHed  to  the 
creek  or  sh)Uo-h  still  so  called  or  to  another  near  l)y; 
and  the  first  larijro  stream  crossed,  deemed  the  best 
place  in  all  tlb;  northern  region  for  a  mission,  was 

dry  creel.,  over  a  rouglx  rnd  rocky  way.  Oct.  10th,  2  1.  K.  to  a  dry  Ci-^ek  with 
oaks  and  willows,  called  Santo  Domingo;  .">  1.  K.  to  a  rivcr-licd,  place  named 
Tccolote.  (Jet.  lltli,  4  1.  I),  to  dry  creek  named  Santa  Ana;  4  1.  v..  over  a 
lictter  country  to  the  Itio  do  S.  Joa([uin  (their  course  for  several  days  had 
jirobabiy  been  considcrai^iy  sor.th  of  east,  and  they  were  now  perliaps  in  tho 
vicinity  of  Millerton).  October  12th,  rest.  Oct.  13th,  e.xploi-ations  on  tlio 
S.  .loai|uin.  One  ]iarty  went  down  tlio  river,  and  found  nothing  but  bad 
huid;  tho  other  wcnl,  up  stream  into  tho  mountains,  linding  plenty  of  pino 
and  redwood,  and  having  an  interesting  interview  witJi  tho  old  chief  Sujoyu- 
comu  at  the  rancheria  of  I'izeache.  Ho  said  that  a  liand  of  soldiers  like  tliesu 
came  from  across  the  sierra  (trom  Xew  Mexico)  20  years  ago  anil  killed  many 
of  tlio  Indians.  Across  tlie  sierra  northwaril  was  tho  sea,  10  days' jou'.-ney 
distant,  and  lio  himself  had  been  there  1  ]fe  said  that  a  great  river  ro.-^e  in 
tlie  middle  of  tho  mountains,  one  branch  of  which  tlowed  ilowii  tho  opposite; 
side  of  the  range,  and  the  other  was  the  S.  Joaijuiii.  Oct.  14th,  .")  1.  K.  to  tho 
]\io  do  los  Santos  lieyes,  discovered  in  bSO,"),  an  excellent  place  for  a  mission 
(ajiparently  Kings  Kiver,  the  translation  of  tho  name  being  still  retained). 
Oct.  l,3tli,  ihtiniied  by  rain.  Oct.  Kith  to  IStli,  explorations  up  and  douii  the 
liver.  Up  tho  stream  was  found  a  rancheria  under  Achagna  called  Ayijidche, 
where  they  heard  of  0  other  raiicherias  and  received  contirmatioii  of  the  story 
about  the  soldiers  from  Xew  Mexico.  Down  tho  river  were  'A  raiiclienas  nf 
4(H)  souls,  all  anxious  for  a  missinn.  Oct.  10th,  moved  .'?  or  4  1.  to  a  watciing- 
]ilace  and  rancheria  under  (iucayt",  with  GOO  souls.  Oct.  20tli,  2..")  1.  east- 
wardly  to  Cohochs  rancheria;  then  to  a  fine  river  discovered  by  another 
expedition  in  April  of  this  year  and  called  San  (iabricl,  witli  another  branch 
called  fcan  Miguel.  This  region  covered  with  oaks,  has  .'1,000  souls  eager  for 
conversion,  and  is  the  best  place  seen  for  a  mission.  (It  must  bo  tho  Visalia 
legion  though  details  are  very  confusing.)  Oct.  21st,  explored  7  1.  eastward 
to  the  liio  San  Pedro,  discovered  by  tho  other  expedition  and  now  <lry;  back 
to  the  rancheria  <if  1100  souls,  callcil  Telanie.  Oct.  22d  to  21t!>,  all  the  sitcf) 
of  the  Koblar  having  beer,  exploroil,  waited  for  supplies  from  Mission  8. 
Miguel.  Oct.  2otli,  2  1.  K.;  2  1.  w.  to  Itio  S.  Gabriel  (unintelligible).  Oct. 
2lltli,  4  1.  along  the  roblar  where  Hows  tho  ]lio  S.  Pedro;  and  4  1.  up  tho 
roblar  eastward,  apparently  on  tho  river.  Oct  27tli,  1  1.  up  tho  river  to 
Coyehctc;  I  1.  K.  to  arroj'o  of  San  Gayetano;  4  1.  K.  to  another  largo  arrnyo; 
through  a  Canada  to  a  dry  creek,  in  search  of  a  largo  river  discovered  by  an 
expedition  from  Sta  Biirbara  this  year  (that  of  Zalvidea).  Oct.  28th,  HI.  to 
the  river  sought,  and  doun  the  river;  foiin<l  traces  of  the  other  expedition;  a 
very  bad  country.  Oct.  2!)tli,  .S  1.  down  the  river.  Oct.  SOtli,  rest.  Oct. 
.Slst,  south  to  a  pass  in  the  sierra.  Nov.  1st,  through  tho  jiass.  Nov.  2d, 
over  a  lior.i  mountain  way  to  the  rancho  of  Mission  S.  Fernando.  The  num- 
ber baptized  on  the  trip  was  141.  There  foUows  a  list  of  raneheriaa  visited 
by  this  expedition  and  that  made  in  April.  The  names  a-e;  N'upclutiche, 
2.'>0;  Chineguis,  2,")0;  Yunate,  2.')0;  Chamuasi,  2.")0;  Latelate,  200:  Lacliuo, 
2lMt;  Pizcaehe,  200;  Aycayehc,  00;  Ecsaa,  100;  Chiaja,  100;  Xayuase,  100; 
Cajiatan,  12;  llualo  Vual,  400;  Tunctache,  2."iO;  Notonto  (1st),  H(iO;  XotDnto 
(2.1),  100;  Telaiuo  (l.st),  000;  Telamo  (2d),  200:  Uholasi,  100;  Eagnea,  .'iOO; 
C.ihoclis,  100;  Choyiioipic,  300;  Outuoho,  400;  Taliuahuimo,  200:  Coyehete, 
400. 


jl 


ll!!!ill|li 


i    1 

1      i     , 

I      I     1 


54 


INLAND  EXPLORATIONS. 


named  Merecd.  Sulxsoqucntly  the  explorers  on  a 
generally  north-western  course  in  a  distance  of  twenty- 
five  or  thirty  leagues  crossed  successively  the  rivers 
nanied  Dolores,  Guadalupe,  and  San  Francisco,  a  dry 
l>ed,  until  they  reached  the  large  river  called  by  a 
previous  expedition  Rio  de  la  Pasion.  It'  the  first 
river  was,  as  I  suppose,  the  one  still  called  Merced, 
the  distance  might  possibly  have  brought  the  travellers 
to  the  Sacramento  at  Richland  or  Freeport;  but  this 
vs'ould  require  some  of  the  intermediate  streams  to  be 
disposed  of  as  dry  river-beds,  and  there  is  nothing  in 
the  narrative  to  indicate  that  the  Pasion  was  so  very 
large  a  river  as  the  Sacramento.  On  the  other  hand, 
if  we  take  the  rivers  in  their  order  we  may  naturally 
identify  the  Dolores  and  Guadalupe  v.ith  the  Tuolunme 
r.nd  Stanislaus  and  suppose  that  Moraga  reached  the 
Calaveras, ^'■^  A  rancheria  of  Tahualamne,  doubtless 
ilie  oricin  of  Tuolumne,  was  found  on  the  second 
river  above  the  Merced,  The  natives  in  the  north 
v.'ore  uniformly  timid,  in  one  instance  even  hostile, 
and  though  on  most  of  the  rivers  they  v.ore  followed 
far  up  into  the  hills  it  was  only  in  a  few  instances 
lliat  friendly  intercourse  could  be  established;  yet 
such  natives  as  were  consulted  ])rofessed  a  willingness 
to  become  Christians.  Above  the  Pio  de  la  Pasion 
there  was  a  total  change  in  language  which  prevented 
all  intereuirse. 

The  explorers  turned  about  on  the  4th  of  October 
and  returned  to  the  Merced,  one  party  generally  keep- 
ing to  the  hills  and  another  in  the  plain.  Thence 
keeping  to  the  east,  or  more  probably  to  the  south- 
east, the}'"  reached  the  San  Joaquin  in  a  march  of 

'-  Diego  Olivcra,  ft  soldier  who  claimed  to  have  accompanied  this  expedition, 
said  they  exjilored  the  whole  ('ountry  from  tli''  head  of  tlie  San  .Joacjuin  up 
north  along  the  Saeniniento  ami  .Sierra  Nevada.  From  their  camp  on  the 
SaiTamento  many  trips  were  made  up  into  tlie  snow  mountains.  Moraga  made 
a  long  report  to  the  vieevoy.  This  was  liie  most  exten,sive  exploration  of  tiii.s 
region,  tliough  Olivora  went  vith  several  others.  He  says  that  Moraga  liad 
(10  men.  Olivera  in  Tni/lnr'ti  Di^nw.  ciikI  Foinnlcr--.  No.  'li\,  ii.  The  same  or 
a  simihir  narrative  was  published  as  the  K'niij'x  Ohl  SuUlhr^  in  C'lfiJ'oniid  — 
'riirir  Ex}nd'itious  hi  tlu  liitcvior,  in  the  .*?.  /•'.  lliillitiii,  M(ii/,.'S,  1S(14.  These 
narratives  always  exhibit,  and  very  naturally,  a  decree  of  exaygertttion. 


GENERAL  RESULTS. 


65 


twontv  leaj^ucs  or  more,  cami)ing  perhaps  in  tlie  vicin- 
ity of  Millerton.  The  rive  was  explored  for  some 
distance  up  and  down;  runi  >'■  j  were  heard  of  visits  of 
soldiers  from  New  Mexico  twent}-  years  ago;  and 
tlien  a  march  of  five  leagues  brought  them  to  the  Kio 
de  los  Santos  Reyes,  Kings  River,  discovered  in  ISOo. 
The  rivers  San  Gabriel  and  San  Miguel  explored  on 
the  20tli  were  apparently  branches  of  Kawiali  Creek 
near  Visalia,  the  region  being  pronounced  b}'  this  as 
by  preceding  parties  excellently  adapted  to  mission 
])urposes.  The  Rio  de  San  Pedro  was  perhaps  the 
Tulare  River;  and  the  next  large  stream,  not  named, 
Kern  River.  The  1st  of  November  Moraga  and  his 
party  went  through  what  Mas  probably  the  Tejon 
Pass;  and  next  day  crossed  the  southern  mountains 
to  San  Fernando  ^lission. 

Finally  in  his  mission  report  President  Tapis  states 
that  four  presidial  expeditions  accompanied  by  friars 
have  been  made  within  the  year.  The  gentiles  have 
everywhere  manifested  a  desire  to  become  Christians 
and  receive  missionaries.  Twenty-four  rancherias  have 
been  i'ound  with  5,300  inhabitants,  of  whom  192  have 
been  baptized  by  the  ex})loring  friars.  Only  four  or 
five  good  sites  for  missions  have  been  found,  all  of 
them  lying  between  the  parallels  of  San  Miguel  and 
San  Francisco.  These  |)ros|)ective  establislnnents  will 
re(|uire  a  new  presidio  for  their  protection,  because  of 
their  remoteness  and  of  the  numerous  gentiks  who 
dwell  beyond  the  regions  lately  explored.*"^ 

The  resb  of  this  decade,  so  far  as  the  topic  of  this 
chapter  is  concerned,  may  be  brieily  disposed  of.  An 
old  soldier  reports  an  expedition  of  ^loraga  witli 
twenty-five  men  to  the  San  Joaquin  and  the  Sierra 
be3'()nd  in  ]  807.  No  cimarrones  were  captured,  many 
horses  were  lost,  and  (he  party  returned  by  way  of 
Yeiba  Buena.^^  In  October  1801)  a  sergeant  and  fli- 
teen  men  spent  twenty  days  m  a  tour  of  inspection 

'•■'  Tnpis,  fii/onm'  Dinml  de  Misloiies,  lftOr,-C,  MS.,  81-2. 
"(jarcia,  in  Tiiylors  Diacor.  and  Foundi'r'^,  No.  25,  ii. 


56 


INLAND  EXPLORATIONS. 


among  tlie  ranclieiias,  no  particulars  being  preserved 
of  the  trip.^'  While  it  may  bo  deemed  very  probable 
that  several  of  these  minor  expeditions  to  the  edge  of 
the  great  valleys  were  made  in  these  years  without 
having  left  any  definite  record,  it  is  by  no  means  likely 
that  ex[)lorations  were  pushed  into  any  new  territory. 
In  1810  Alfurez  Moraga  with  Father  Viader  made 
two  expeditions  to  the  San  Joaquin,  with,  a  view 
among  other  things  to  find  mission  sites;  and  tliough 
they  did  not  even  reach  the  limits  of  previous  ex|)lora- 
tions,  Viader's  diaries  merit  preservation  by  reason  of 
the  Indian  names  of  rancherias  and  tribes.^" 

The  first  trip  was  made  in  August.  Cadet  Estrada 
was  one  of  the  party  of  eleven,  and  the  route  was 
northward  from  San  Jose  Mission  to  the  mouth  of 
the  San  Joa(|uin,  up  that  river  as  near  as  the  mire 
would  permit  for  eighty  or  ninety  miles,  and  thence 
across  the  mountains  to  San  Juan  Bautista.  They 
killed  many  bears  and  deer,  caught  plenty  of  salmon 
and  trout,  and  had  some  petty  diplomatic  intercourse 
with  the  gentiles;  but  they  found  in  all  the  region 
traversed  no  spot  deemed  suitable  in  every  respect  i'or 
a  mission.     The  second  tour  was  made  in  October.'^ 


I 


,  i  :  •] 


^'"Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  249. 

'"  Vhulcr,  JJiarii)  o  2^''oti<'i(f  drl  Viaric  que  araho  ih'  hucor  por  mnndnto  'hi 
Sr  Gohcniii'lo)- ;/  Patlrc  Prea'ulinlp,  con  cl  chjitn  tie  huxvar  jidraf/i'.i  6  Silios  ptira 
J'lmditf  Jlixioiiia,  Aijotiio  JSIO,  !M8.  August  loth,  left  Mis.siou  San.losc'  and 
went  six  lciig\ics  N.  to  a  sprinj^  in  San  Josii  Valley,  Kith,  (i  1.  x.  to  souive  of 
Nogak's  Cl'. ;  (!  1.  x.  to  month  of  same  stream  in  sloughs  extending  \.  E.  17th, 
explorations  (if  the  plains  aliout  tiic  mouths  of  the  great  rivers  in  the  land.i 
of  the  Tanpiincs  (Carqnines?),  no  facilities  for  a  mission  for  lack  of  water. 
18th,  7  1.  K.  over  range  of  mountains  to  the  l\io  do  San  Joa(|uin,  or  as  it  is 
also  called  Rio  de  los  Tulares,  in  the  land  of  the  Tulmines;  2  1.  E.  lOth,  10 
1.  S.  E.  along  edge  of  the  tules  to  a  lagoon  in  nn  oak  grove,  at  or  near  tlie 
rancheria  of  Peseadero  in  the  country  of  the  Cholbones.  20th,  .3  1.  .s.  k.  past 
Aupimis  to  opposite  Tomchom;  2.5  1.  to  Cuyens,  2lst,  .S  1.  fiast  a  dry  creek, 
toMaijeni;  2  1.  to  Bozcnats.  22d,  .3  1.  p.  e.  toTationesand  Apaglamenes;  31. 
to  some  lagoons  (all  these  rancherias  were  on  the  other  side  of  the  river,  and 
the  traveller.^  simply  arrived  opposite  them.  Most  of  the  names  were  tlwso 
of  the  chiefs^.  23d,  4  1.  to  a  lagoon.  24th,  turned  west  and  in  10  1.  rcnchcd 
San  Luis  Gonzaga.  2Jth,  explorations.  2(!th,  ,s.  w.  over  the  mountains,  9  1. 
to  Ausaymas  Cr.     21  th,  5  1.  ,s.  \v.  to  San  Juan  Bautista. 

''  Vitvk'i;  Dinrio  <le  itiui  Entnida  ul  lUo  de  Siin  Joaquin,  Octohre  ISIO, 
MS.  Octol)er  Uttli  and  2l8i,  from  .San  Joso  Mission  x.  e.  and  E.  \.  E.  to 
ranchcriaof  the  Cholbones,  or  Peseadero,  on  the  San  Joaijuin.  22d,  Corporal 
Pico  seut  home  with  captives.    Up  river  s.  e.  2 1,  to  opposite  to  Tugites.   23d, 


MINOR  TRIPS. 


67 


fin  to  'hi 

lose  aiitl 

pouroe  i)f 

ITtli, 

fie  liiiul.4 

■\\attt'. 

iis  it  ia 

Imth,  10 

Xaar  tlie 

K.  jiasb 

creuk, 

kies;  3  1. 

'01',  and 

Vo  those 

rcadicil 

lis,  0  1. 

|<?  ISIO, 

¥,.    to 

loriioral 


^Mornga  luul  ta  company  of  twcntj-tlirce  soldiers 
and  fifty  armed  neophytes,  by  wliich  force  thirty  Ind- 
ians were  cai)tiired  on  the  San  Joaquin  and  sent  back 
to  the  missions  under  a  guard.  Subsequently  the 
jiartv  crossed  the  river  between  the  jNIerced  and 
Tuolunme  to  make  a  new  examination  of  the  country. 
The  Merced  region,  although  the  best  seen,  did  not 
seem  so  favorable  for  a  mission  as  it  had  been  re{)orted 
in  1800.  Moraga  also  visited  Bodega  in  September, 
discovering  and  exploring  to  some  extent  a  fertile  val- 
ley in  that  region,  to  which,  however,  he  gave  no 


name 


13 


\l 


4  1.  up  river  s.  e.,  meeting  some  Cuyeris,  to  ^layemcs;  2  1.  to  ford,  and  crossed 
near  Taiial.imcs.  •24tli,  tried  to  reacli  tlio  ]!io  Dolores  '2  or  .S  1.  \.  w.  from 
caiiiii;  (!  1.  s.  s.  K.  up  river  past  the  Apelanieiics,  or  Tationes,  to  Rio  Mereed. 
f!."itli,  reforded  the  San  J(>a(|uiu  1  1.  alwvc  the  ^fereed;  3.")  1.  down  the  river 
to  Oro.stiinac  Arroyo  opposite  the  Apelameiies;  2  1.  to  opposite  Tauolames; 
3  1.  west  to  Arroyo  of  C'or]iu.s  Christi.  2(jtli,  0  1.  \v.  across  the  hills  to  Kl 
Tom;  (3  1.  to  sprin<,'s  and  little  plain  of  San  Gnillermo.  27th,  fi  1.  w.  to 
r;ni(ht'iia  of  the  Palefios;  5  1.  to  Slission  Santa  Clara.  It  is  to  he  noted  that 
ViailciH  original  diary  in  my  possession  nnd  tliat  copied  from  the  aroliivcii  (,f 
Santa  ISarhara  do  not  exactly  agree  in  some  details. 

'*  Mnriiijd,  l>iavk)  </>'  xii  LxfKdirioti  <d  Puerto  lie  Bode<j(t,  ISIO,  ilS.  On  tlio 
way  iiortli  tlio  'Kstcro  of  8aa  Juan  Francisco'  is  mentioned,  on  which  was 
a  ranchcria  under  Captain  Volo;  and  on  the  return  the  '  I'linta  del  Plan  do 
San  Francisco  Solano'  is  named.  Orijcirn,  E.rjiUracloit  del  Riijislfo  r/"c  hifimof 
(li'sili:  Sail  Diiijo,  MS.,  is  .a  diary  without  date  of  an  explo'ation  for  mission 
sites  hi  the  region  of  S.  IMego,  certainly  before  1800  and  pc.'haps  long  before 
1800.     Grijulva  was  not  the  writer,  but  the  commander. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

RUSSIAN  RELATIONS- VISIT  OP  REZANOF  AND  LANGSDORFF. 

180G-1S10. 

PuELiMiXARY  Ri^;srME  OF  RUSSIAN   Amekioan   Axnals — Spanish  Move- 
ments AND  Policy— EN(iT,isii  and  American  Inteuvextion — Russo- 

AMElilCAN  CONTKACTS — O'CaIN — ReZANOF's  ViSIT  TO   San  FuANCISCO  — 

ArTiioKiriES  on  the  VoyA(iE — Russian  Motives  —A  Staiivinis  Colony 
—The  'Juno'  ani>  her  Caroo— Djplomacy— An  Honest  Goveknoi!— 
Trading  Friars— DEfERiEFiS — Rumous  of  War- -Critical  State  of 

AFFA^:^^— l^OVE  AND   ROMANCE — DoSa  GONCEl'CION   ArGUELLO — ReZAN- 

of's  Departure  and  Death — Lancisdorff's  Observations — Swiit  and 
Eyeks  on  the  Coast— The  'Derby'  and  the  'Mercury'— Plans  for 
Commerce  and  a  Settlement — Kuskof  at  Bodega — Voyage  of  the 
WiNSHips — Russian  Schemes. 


iii; 


One  of  the  chief  motives  as  avowed  by  the  Span- 
iards for  the  occupation  of  San  Diego  and  Monterey 
l)y  the  expedition  of  17G9  had  been  the  fear  of  Rus- 
sian advance,  or  encroaclnnent  as  they  regarded  it, 
ironi  the  nortli.  The  Russians  were  indeed  destined 
to  ph\v  a  not  unimportant  part  in  the  kiter  history  of 
California.  On  them  she  was  to  depend  for  years  for 
lier  foreign  trade;  they  were  to  furnish  her  in  s})ite  of 
herself  with  many  things  that  she  required.  They 
were  to  plant  themselves  on  her  border,  if  not  within 
her  territoiy,  and  were  to  serve  and  annoy  her  at  the 
same  time.  It  was  in  180G  that  the  Russians  of  the 
I'ar  north  iirst  came  into  actual  contact  with  the  Span- 
ish residents  of  California,  and  in  this  chapter  I  shall 
trace  the  resulting  relations  down  to  the  end  of  the 
decade;. 

In  a  later  volume  of  this  series  devoted  to  the 
history  of  Alaska  I  shall  present  a  complete  record  of 


ANNALS  OF  ALASKA. 


09 


SDORFF. 


sir  MovK- 
N — Ilrsso- 

{ANCIHCO  — 

S(J  Colony 

)Vi;RN01! — 

,  Statu  oi' 
o— Rkz.vn- 
swiit  anu 
Plans  for 
,(;k  of  the 


Span- 
jiiterey 
Rus- 
dcd  it, 
estined 
tory  of 
ars  for 
})ite  of 
They 
within 
at  the 
of  the 
Span- 
shall 
)f  the 


-1* 


to 


the 
fd  of 


Russian  policy  and  achievement  in  nortli-M'Cstcrn 
Anieiica,  including  of  course  a  vast  amount  of  mate- 
lial  l)earin<j:  indirectlv  tm  the  motives  and  results  of 
Russian  intercourse  with  the  southern  provmces;  there- 
fi)re  the  brief  ])resentment  of  a  few  salicnit  points  of 
Alaskan  annals  will  suffice  for  my  present  jjuipose. 
The  first  discovery  of  the  American  coast  by  the  sub- 
jects of  the  Tsar  was  by  Bering  in  1741.  The  first 
permanent  establishment  on  the  coast  islands  was 
eli'ected  in  1745,  and  from  that  time  voyages  of  ex- 
ploration were  frequent  and  progress  in  settlement 
was  constant,  if  not  very  rapid,  down  to  and  beyond 
17(50,  when  the  Spanish  advance  northward  began. 
Xews  of  the  Russian  discoveries  was  forwarded  from 
St  Petersburg  via  Madrid  to  Mexico,  and  the  same 
motive  which  had  hastened  the  Spanish  occupation  of 
.}.[()ntcrey  now  prompted  the  sending  of  an  expedition 
t(^  learn  what  the  Russians  were  doing  in  the  far 
north,  that  measures  might  be  adopted  to  check  any 
dangerous  advance  of  that  nation.  Perez  was  sent  up 
the  coast  in  1774  as  we  have  seen,  and  other  vovagers 
visited  the  northern  latitudes  a  little  later.  They 
found  the  Russians  establislied  indeed  on  the  coast, 
but  so  far  north  that  their  presence  on  the  continent 
seems  to  have  excited  no  special  uneasiness,  even  in 
the  minds  of  a  nation  whicli  it  has  been  the  fasliion 
to  regard  as  extravagantly  grasping  and  absurdly 
ambitious  in  her  pretensions  to  the  owners! lip  of  all 
north  western  territorv. 

In  fact  since  the  old  ideas  of  contiguity  to  India 
and  the  Spice  Islands,  with  rich  intervening  realms, 
had  been  dissipated,  the  Spaniards  had  no  desire  tor 
possessions  in  the  extreme  north.  They  were  the  dis- 
cov(.'rers  and  first  exi)lorers  of  the  coast  up  to  oG^  at 
least,  and  they  naturally,  according  to  the  s[)irit  of 
the  time,  deemed  themselves  its  owners,  and  were  in- 
clined as  a  matter  of  course  to  ])rotest  against  en- 
croachments of  other  nations;  but  these  protests  so 
far  as  Russia  was  concerned  were  very  rare  and  faint. 


00 


RUSSIAN  RELATIONS. 


From  1770  to  1705  the  /r/»/.v  fafitus  of  intoroocanic 
comimmicatioii  by  wattsr,  of  tli(j  strait  of  Aiilaii,  was 
still  faintly  gliinincriiig  before  Spanish  eyes.  While 
it  was  yet  deemed  possible  that  the  strait  of  Fiica  or 
the  Columl)ia  might  aftbrcl  either  communication  with 
the  Atlantic  or  access  to  New  Mexico,  it  was  clearly 
important  to  keep  those  channels  for  trade  and  mili- 
tary operations  out  of  the  control  of  any  f(jreign  power. 
It  was  also  important  to  secure  a  broad  unoccupied 
northern  frontier  beyond  the  highest  Spanish  estal)- 
lishment,  and  this  necessitated  a  careful  search  for 
any  good  harbor  that  might  exist  between  San  Fran- 
cisco and  the  Columbia.  Before,  however,  these 
problems  were  solved  foreign  powers  took  possession 
of  the  intermediate  territory  which  was  the  prospec- 
tive basis  of  dispute;  Russia  was  thrown  out  of  the 
controversy  altogethei,  and  the  Spaniards  had  to  deal 
so  far  as  boundaries  were  concerned  Avith  the  English 
and  Americans  only.  With  the  complications  which 
followed  I  am  not  concerned  at  this  stage  of  the  nar- 
I'ative,  as  in  them  the  Russians  had  no  part,  except 
that  at  rare  intervals  wlien  Spain  and  Russia  hap- 
jienod  to  be  at  loggerheads  on  account  of  their  vaiious 
alliances,  precautionary  orders  against  the  north- 
western otter-hunters  found  their  way  from  ]\Iadrid 
to  Mexico  and  thence  to  California.  I  may  remark 
here,  however,  that  the  interference  of  fjreign  powtjrs 
f)n  the  coast  was  much  more  damaging  to  Russian 
than  to  Spanish  interests,  for  if  the  two  original  occu- 
pants had  been  left  to  extend  their  dominion  naturally 
north  and  south  till  they  met,  it  is  almost  certain  that 
Russia  would  have  obtained  the  lion's  share,  gradu- 
ally occupying  the  coast  line  down  to  the  Columbia, 
or  to  Trinidad  and  Humboldt  bays;  while  it  is  very 
likely  that  Spain  would  never  have  permanently  ad- 
vanced beyond  San  Francisco  or  Bodega.^ 


Ill  A: 


'  liev'iUn  Gifjfdo,  Informr  (h  12  'h'  Ahril,  1703,  is  pei-liapa  tlic  best  stato- 
meut  extant  respecting  the  Spanish  policy  of  tliese  times.  Tlie  i'ecliiij,'  of 
the  Spauiarila  about  the  extension  of  Kussian  dominion  in  the  far  nortli,  tliat 


SUBJECTS  OF  THE  TZAR  IN  AMERICA. 


61 


oecu- 
tu  rally 
that 
^radu- 

iiiibia, 
Is  very 

ly  acl- 


1st  statc- 
I'eliiig  of 
itli,  that 


The  first  Russian  operators  on  the  Alaskan  coasts 
were  of  mixed  race  and  termed  Kussians,  as  the 
Californians  were  termed  Spaniards,  thounjli  iierhajis 
somewhat  less  proj)erly.  They  were  Kamchatkan  and 
Siberian  prom ijsJi leu iks,  a  kind  of  fur-hunting  and 
trading  privateers,  under  government  control  only  in 
being  required  to  pay  tribute  on  the  products  of  their 
enter[)rises.  They  were  as  cruel,  l)rutal,  and  avaricious 
as  thuy  were  adventurous  and  brave.  J^anded  in  small 
parties,  they  fitted  out  their  little  sliiiiki,  or  sewn 
vessels,  formed  ot"  })lanks  lashed  to  timbers  and  caulked 
with  moss,  and  fearlessly  navigated  any  stormy  and 
imknown  water.  iJecimated  by  starvation,  shijnvreck, 
sciu'vy,  and  violent  death  at  the  hands  of  each  other 
and  of  savages,  they  were  never  disc(»uraged,  and  for 
years  they  had  matters  pretty  much  their  own  way. 
Tile  history  of  this  ])oriod  is  a  chronicle  of  crime, 
o]»pression,  and  bloodshed  such  as  the  pen  recoils  I'rom 
recordiii'jf.  We  read  of  women  ravished  bv  hundreds 
i'rom  tlicir  homes,  castmg  themscdves  into  the  sea  to 
esca])e  their  ferocious  captors;  of  wholesale  massacres; 
of  slaverv,  tvrannv,  and  outra<jfo;  of  fearful  retribu- 
tion  l)y  des])urate  natives;  of  drunken  brawls,  plots 
and  countei'plots,  and  hideous  [)unishmcnts.  In  short 
all  the  hoi'rors  and  wrongs  that  had  been  enacted  two 
hundred  years  ])efore  under  the  hot  sun  of  Mexico 
^\■cre  going  on  hero  under  the  bleak  sky  of  what  was 
soon  to  be  liussian  America. 

The  promyshleuik  leign  of  terror  lasted  until  about 
]"85  when  the  traders  seeing  tlie  advantage  of  work- 
ing together  began  to  unite  in  larger  com])anies,  and 
to  obtain  by  imperial  ukazes  exclusive  privileges  of 
monopoly.  The  old  rivalries  and  i'euds  were,  however, 
by  no  means  abated,  but  rather  assumed  more  formi- 

is  north  of  Xootkn,  vns  Icnniod  liy  IJiirdnof  in  1701  hy  an  interview  uith 
siinie  nicniheis  of  .Miila.s)iina's  exivjdition.  Tillnix'iicf,  ikru:  Oho'<ranii\  i.  ;i7. 
■N'iceroy  Azanza  favored  tlie  keei)in,;i-iiii  of  a  naval  force  to  jiroteet  California 
especially  against  the  Ihissians 'who  have  always  showed  a  desire  to  esta))- 
lish  themselves  in  that  eonutry.'  V'irn  in-i,  Jhs/ni'rcloiics,  ISS.  U)2.  rreeaution- 
nry  orders  iu  time  of  war.  Ht.  Paj>.i Hui:.,  MS.,  ix.  54;  i'/tiy.  /iVc,  MS.,  x. 
5;  ix.  7. 


I       :       i 


:f|i 

l! 
1 

1 

i 

■■i 

i 

G2 


EUSSIAX  RELATIONE 


(liiblo  proportions.  Claims  to  cxclusivo  rights  by  cer- 
tain companies  in  certain  districts  led  to  serious 
contlicts.  Amid  tliese  conHic\:s  tlio  natives  fared  badly, 
especially  the  docile  Aleuts.  True,  kind  treatment 
Mas  required  hy  orders  from  St  Petersburg;  but  as  the 
]lussian  proverb  has  it,  "Hea/en  is  high  and  the  Tsar 
is  afar  off."  The  fiercer  tribes  of  the  mainland  suf- 
fered less,  thanks  to  their  own  valor  and  strategy — or 
treachery  as  the  chroniclers  jto  fond  of  calling  it. 
The  llussian  yoke  had  no  charms  for  them,  as  nuiny 
a  hotly  contested  fight  and  many  a  bloody  massacre 
of  their  oppressors  testified. 

The  chaos  of  rival  companies  was  at  length  reduced 
to  unity  and  order  by  consolidation  in  171)7,  resulting 
in  the  organization  in  1799  of  the  gigantic  monopoly 
that  was  destined  to  rule  these  shores  for  so  many 
years,  the  Russian  American  Company.  Lesser  com- 
panies were  fused  into  this  or  abolished;  and  as  it  was 
under  im[)erial  protection,  and  counted  among  its  share- 
holders the  im})erial  family,  it  is  no  marvel  that  it 
flourished  and  was  all-powerful,  something  more  than 
a  commercial  company  or  a  colony,  a  practically  inde- 
pendent department  of  the  Russian  empire.  The  lot 
of  the  Aleuts,  always  a  hard  one,  was  somewhat  im- 
proved under  the  company's  rule.  True  they  were 
practically  slaves  and  animals,  but  as  such  they  had  a 
value  and  were  entitled  to  a  degree  of  protection. 
The  natives  of  the  mainland  retained  their  indepen- 
dence and  were  now  free  from  oppression,  their  trade 
and  their  services  as  hunters  being  in  demand.  Popu- 
lation in  the  colony  increased  slowly,  being  far  behind 
the  Spanish  population  in  the  Califbrnian  establish- 
ment. Furs  were  abundant  and  valuable,  and  the 
business  of  the  company  was  immensely  profitable 
from  the  beginning.  The  only  drawback  to  j)rosperity 
was  the  barrenness  of  the  country  and  the  extreme 
difficulty  of  obtaining  a  food  supply.  Transportation 
overland  through  Siberia  was  slow^  and  difficult.  The 
voyage  by  water  round  Cape  Horn  could  be  made  only 


AMERICAN  CONTRACTS. 


68 


educed 
suiting 
)n()poly 
)  uiaiiy 
?r  coni- 
!5  it  was 
s  sliare- 
that  it 
e  tliau 
y  iiide- 
':iie  lot 
lat  im- 
V  were 
had  a 
eetion. 
depen- 
trado 
PojjU- 
icliind 
bli«li- 
d   the 
fi  table 
peiity 
trcnie 
tatiou 
The 
le  only 


nt  ]o\vy  intervals,  and  the  fur-hunters,  notwithstand- 
ing' the  company's  wealth,  were  (jftm  threatened  with 
famine.  The  American  colony  was  under  the  imme- 
diate rule  of  Alexander  Baranof  as  chief  director  of 
the  company's  aii'airs. 

Spaniards  and  Russians  in  America  liad  thus  far 
seen  but  little  of  each  other,  but  the  time  was  at  hand 
when  tlu;y  were  to  become  more  intimate.  En,i;]isli 
and  American  traders  in  northern  waters  came  often 
into  contact  with  the  Russians,  who  were  always  «^lad 
to  buy  any  ])art  of  their  cargo  which  could  be  eaten, 
and  who  doul)tless  listened  eagerly  to  their  reports  of 
California  wheat  and  corn.  In  1  80i^  })eace  was  con- 
chuled  between  Russia  and  Spain,  and  was  duly  cele- 
brated in  the  American  colonies  of  both  nations.  In 
1803  the  American  captain,  O'Cain,  after  selling  Ba- 
ranof goods  to  the  value  often  thousand  roubks,  per- 
suaded him  to  furnish  a  com[)any  of  Aleuts  with  their 
bidarkas,  to  go  to  California  and  hunt  otters  on  sliares. 
]]aranof  was  reluctant  to  encourage  any  foreign  inter- 
ference in  the  fur-trade;  but  he  had  heard  wonderfr.l 
stories  of  the  abundance  of  otters  in  the  south,  and 
wliile  he  knew  that  tlie  Americans  could  accom})lis]i 
but  little  without  the  Aleuts,  he  M'as  also  aware  that 
the  Aleuts  could  not  be  sent  so  far  without  the  pro- 
tection of  a  large  vessel;  moreover  it  was  important  to 
acquire  reliable  information  about  California.  The 
result  was  that  O'Cain  carried  his  point,  and  that  Sho- 
etzof,  a  shrewd  official,  was  sent  along  to  make  obser- 
vations. This  enterprise,  which  was  most  profitable, 
and  two  others  made  under  similar  contracts,  have 
been  described  in  a  former  chapter,  and  yet  others 
will  be  noticed  in  their  chronological  order. 

We  shall  find  these  Yankee  contractors  having 
things  very  much  their  own  way  in  California  for  a 
decade  or  more,  by  the  aid  of  the  skilful  Aleuts,  and 
of  the  goods  they  carried  for  barter  by  which  the  con- 
nivance of  the  friars  was  generally  secured,  and  some- 


64 


RUSSIAN  RELATIONS. 


times  tliat  of  tlio  officials.  Tlic  Imntei's  l)cc'aino  l^oMcr 
and  bolder,  until  wu  shall  find  thuiii  takiii}^  otter  iii 
San  Fi'ancisco  ]^ay  under  the  very  noses  of  the  exas- 
])erated  Spanish  authorities,  who,  without  so  much  as 
a  hoat  in  their  ma_i,niilicent  harbor,  could  do  iiothinLf 
but  look  on,  though  they  oeoasioui.illy  cauj^jht  an  in- 
cautious Aleut.  Thouj^di  nearly  ten  thousand  skins 
were  (tbtained  in  this  manner  as  the  company's  share, 
llioui^di  the  terms  of  the  contracts  MX're  equally  favor- 
ai)le  to  American  and  Kussian,  and  thout^di  Jiaranof 
made  such  conti'acts  only  with  men  in  whose  integ- 
rity he  had  esj)ecial  confidence,  yet  the  forei,L;neis 
eventually  ])ut  the  company  to  much  trouble  and  loss 
by  occasional  sharj)  practice,  by  exactinu^  exorbitant 
])rices  for  their  furs  which  they  threatened  to  carry 
to  another  market  and  thus  create  a  com[)etition, 
and  by  exciting  tlie  animosity  of  the  Spanish  autlujr- 
ities.  This  contract  syr;tcm  seems  to  have  been  aban- 
doned about  1815,  and  there  is  some  reason  to  believe 
that  it  would  have  been  more  advantageous  for  the 
company  had  they  al\va\s  paid  cash  for  such  goods 
as  they  needed  and  kept  the  fur- trade  exclusively  in 
their  own  hands. 


^i  * 


In  September  1805  an  event  occurred  which  was 
to  have  considerable  iidluence  on  future  relations  with 
California.  This  was  the  arrival  at  Sitka  of  the  Rus- 
sian Chaml)crlain  Nikolai  Petrovich  liezanof,  in  the 
capacity  of  imperial  inspector  of  the  north-eastern 
establishments,  being  also  i)lenipotentiary  of  the  Kus- 
sian American  Company.  With  still  another  mission 
as  ambassador  extraordinary  to  the  court  of  Japan 
liezanof  had  left  Russia  two  years  before  with  the 
exjiedition  of  Krusenstern  and  Lisiansky,  who  on  the 
Nera  and  Nadcslida  made  the  first  Russian  voyage 
round  the  world.'^     Of  this  famous  voyage  there  is 

^  Kruseii/itern,  Vmjnric  round  the  World,  in  the  years  1SQ3,  ISO/f,  1S05,  and 
ISOG,  hi/  order  of  11  is  liii]i<  rial  Mnj(n!y  Alexander  the  First,  on  hoard  the  ships 
Nadeshila  and  Neva,  tinder  the  eoinnuind  of  Cujilain  A.  J.  Von  Krnseiis/irii 
of  the  Imperial  Xaci/.     Translated  from  the  oriyinal  German.     London,  1813. 


\    ■  !: 


RKZAXOF'S  MISSION. 


cn 


ii(»tIiiiiH'  to  1k'  siiid  luTC  as  lu'ithcr  of  (lie  vossols 
ivtu-Iicd  Ciilironiia.  ]{ez;iiinl'  had  left  the  XiKfcs/idti 
at  I'l'ti'opavlovsk  in  Juno,  and  arconipanicd  l)y  J)r 
Laiin'sdnrir,  (surjjfc'du  and  naturalist,  had  crossed  over 
to  tilt'  Aleutian  Islands  and  thence  eanic  down  to  New 
Ai'clian^el  on  the  island  of  Sitka. 

Jfezanofs  ohject  was  to  invosti'jfato  the  condition 
and  nianagenient  of  the  colonies,  make  what  nn[»rove- 
nients  he  could,  and  su^'i^est  in  a  full  rej)ort  sucli 
lefonns  as  iniL,dit  he  conducive  to  future  prosperity. 
TlionL,di  no  i'ault  was  found  with  ]^ar;in<»f's  administra- 
tion, yot  the  chamberlain  found  opportunity  enough 
f  »r  his  1^^)0(1  oiiices,  and  seems  to  luivo  worked  with 
nmch  zeal  and  no  little  success  to  ameliorate  the  con- 
dition of  the  em|)eror's  subjects  in  America."'  liut 
there  was  one  evil  at  Sitka  which  it  was  found  veiy 

4ti),  '2  Vdls.  Kruscnstcni  was  commandor-in-i'liiff  from  a  nnA'al  point  of  vimv, 
tliiiii,!,'li  ill  Hdiiio  ruHjieuts  siiboiiUiuiti!  to  Jiczanof;  .siiiltil  on  tliu  Xidli  n/u/ii 
imiumI  Ciiiio  Uorn  to  Kaniclmtka,  ami  tlifucc  to  .laiian  and  liack;  and  atUr 
K'!i\  iiii^  l!oz:iniif,  rt'turned  down  tlio  China  coastand  round  L'apu  (loud  iloin-, 
arriviuu'  at  ( 'ronsuult  in  August  18()(). 

l/i.-iiinski/,  A  Viijiuiji'  round  the  World,  in  thi'  i/ffirn  JSO.'l,  IflO/f,  ISO',,  and 
ISd'i;  /iiri'iinnid  l,i/  oriirr  <>/  Win  LnjKiial  Majisty  Alixandir  t/ir  J'ir-f, 
h'in/ii  rur  (ij  Jtiifisiit,  ill  till'  nhiji  Sara,  lii/  Un [i  Li-^iitnn/,;/,  <'u/i/(iin  in  Ihv  A'  ^^- 
■-iiiii  \(iri/.  London,  1S14.  4to.  'J'hu  autlior  coninianilod  tiie  Xirn,  wliicli 
(.(■Ijaiatcd  tVoni  lior  consort  at  tlie  Sandwicli  Islands,  visited  tin;  noi'tii-wrst 
coast  of  America  above  the  latitude  of  California,  and  rejoined  the  Xiidt.'i/ida 
on  the  (/liina  coast. 

Lunijxtlnrl)',  Voijaiics  and  Trairli  in  Vnrioiix  I'nrin  of  tin;  Worli),  dnrimi  the 
yi''i,-^  ISn.l,  ISO.'/,  ISDo,  ISm;,  and  1S07.  Ih/d.  II.  run  J.an>isilor[r,  Anlir  <  'omi- 
.s.  '/<,/•  III  llin  Ma ji. it II  till'  Emyitror  of  Itiimn,  ('oii.inl-(li'iiii(d  lU  l/ie  Jinr.il », 
Aiiiijlit  if  till'  Order  of  St  Ainic,  and  Meinl»;r  of  mrioiis  Ariidiinii x  ond 
liiiiiird  iSo''i(tii's.  llluatndidbii  lui'jrarinij.'ifioin  uriifinid  driiirimjH.  London, 
l.Si:^.  Ito.  '2  vols.  ])r  Langsiiorfr  was  one  of  the  natundists  on  1)(jard  the 
Xiiilislidit,  apjiointod  just  before  the  sailing  of  the  expedition  at  his  own  in- 
triccssinn  and  that  of  Kezi'inof.  He  left  his  vessel  in  Kamchatka,  and  after 
his  visit  to  Alaska  and  California,  of  which  I  shall  have  more  to  say,  returned 
to  St  I'l'tersburg  overland. 

^(ireenhow,  Ili.^t.  O,-.,  273-4,  describes  Rez.'inof  as  'a  singularly  ridicu- 
lous and  incompetent  person'  who  'after  the  failure  of  his  endiassy  to  .lapan,' 
went  to  California  and 'spent  some  time  in  trilling  at  Sau  Francisco.'  This 
criticism  though  coming  from  so  intelligent  and  able  a  writer,  I  regard  as  almost 
unfounded  and  most  unjust.  Kezanofs  faults,  even  as  portrayeil  by  his  foes, 
were  not  in  the  direction  of  incompetence  and  tiilling.  The  Russian  authori- 
ties, with  no  interest  in  perverting  the  truth  in  this  matter,  agiee  that  he  was 
a  man  of  unusual  capacity,  intelligence,  and  humanity,  ami  tliat  tlie  c<donios 
derived  gieat  benefit  from  his  visit.  This  is  ncjt  the  iilace  to  discu.ss  Lis  ae:s 
iu.Tapan  or  Alaska:  and  as  to  his  trifling  at  San  Francisco,  the  reader  will 
presently  .see  that  he  accomplished  his  purpose  there  under  circumstances 
where  success  reijuired  the  utmost  prudence  and  sagacity. 
Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  II.    0 


I  r 


CG 


RUSSIAN  RELATIONS. 


hard  to  coinbat.  Starvation  brooded  over  the  colony 
owinn'  to  the  wreck  of  one  vessel  and  the  f'aihue  of 
another  to  ari'ive.  A  pound  of  bread  issued  (haily  to 
eacli  of  the  two  hundred  men  on  the  island  would 
exhaust  the  supply  in  a  few  weeks;  fish  could  not  be 
caught,  and  the  sup[)ly  of  dried  lish,  sea-lion,  and 
seal-meat  was  very  low;  eagles,  crows,  devil-fish,  any- 
thing and  everything  were  eattni.  Scurvy,  the  cani[»- 
loUower  of  want  in  those  regions,  made  fearful  havoc 
among  the  suiferers;  a  cold  rain  poured  down  inces- 
santly; hunger,  misery,  despair,  and  deatli  ruled  the 
dismal  scene.  Xo  wonder  llezdnof  exclaims,  "We 
live  in  Sitka  only  upon  the  hope  of  leaving  it." 

In  the  midst  of  all  this  distress,  temp(^rary  I'clief 
came  in  the  American  ship  Jinw,  Captain  Wolfe, 
which  with  all  its  cargo  was  purchased  by  Re/anof 
i'or  eight  tli<mf>and  dollars.*  This  relief  being  but 
temporary  and  the  situation  of  affairs  becoming  again 
critical  in  the  spring,  llezanof  was  forced  to  device 
new  expedients  and  at  length  hit  upon  that  of  going 
to  California  for  virovisions.     Ti'ade  with  f(>reii>ners 

J.  O 

was  forbidden  there  it  is  true,  but  starvation  was  a 
hiuvler  matter  to  face  than  Spanish  law  as  adminis- 
tered on  the  Pacific.  Possibly  also  a  little  profital)le 
business  in  furs  miglit  be  triiiisacted,  "if  not  with  the 
viceroy's  permission,  at  least  in  a  ])rivate  manner 
tlirougli  tlie  missionarios."  "  The  plan  once  conceived, 
action  was  not  long  deferred.  The  Ju)io  was  made 
ready;  a  car<jo  of  i>;oods  likelv  to  temi)t  the  Calilbrnian 
taste  Avas  selected;  and  on  the  8th  of  ]\Iarch  180(», 
llezilnof,  still  accomi)anied  by  Dr  Langsdorff,  put  to 
sea.     Of  the  crew,  weakencc'  '      "      ' ' 


]so.- 


by  tnc  lammc  at  n 

^  lirzunof,  Zapkhi,  20.V.      This  letter  is  dated  New  Archangel,  Xi 


Th 


liuilt  at  liristol,   Mass.,  in   170!t,   was  a  standi 


M" 


bottomed  and  fast  vessel  of  'J(l()  tons.     Five  Anierican  sailors  entere.i  tlio 


company  s  service. 


Most  of   the  rest 


it  to  the  ilii 


]sl:i 


th. 


si. 


(/■,  which  Ke/.anof  threw  into  the  liaruain  with  the  wish  'IJod  ; 


tliat  they  niay  not  have  jiaid  too  dear  for  their  lashness'in  trusting  t  leir 
lives  to  siicli  a  craft.  Lanysihnll',  I'oijaijcn,  ii.  8S,  gives  the  American's  i  anio 
as  Dwolf. 

"  'The  missionaries  were  tlie  chief  agents  in  this  contrabanu  trade."  j'.'/t- 
miiicf,  Islvr.  Obo^rank,  i.  14(J. 


'%(► 


■fs 


VOYAGE  TO  CALIFORNIA. 


67 


^V..11V, 
uzanot' 
■j;  but 
■  a,ij;aiii 
tk'visc 

was  a 
liuis- 
tal)lo 
1,1  tlio 

vod, 
made 
tniiaii 
ISOC), 
lit  to 
Sitlva 

Nov.  (i, 
•iij>iR'r- 
•rc.i  the 
ill  th.i 

|i,:^  t'lvir 
's  )  anio 


niid  mlucod  rajiidly  by  scurvy,  lialf  were  soon  unable 
to  d«»  duty.  Thive  times  at  the  innnineii^  risk  of 
shipwreck  they  desperately  attempted  but  in  vain  to^ 
enter  the  Columbia  Kivtr.  They  .-.cgan  to  des))air  ..f 
ever  reaching-  California;  but  the  te-:ible  scurvy, 
sparini,^  none,  made  it  necessary  to  go  forward  or  die. 
A  change  of  the  moon  broU!;ht  fav()ra!)le  Avlnds.  and 
(m  the  4th  of  Ai)ril  the  mari.)';rs  had  reached  the 
latitude  of  San  Francisco  and  weic  peering-  with  pallid 
i'aces  throu^li  the  dense  fo<^'-hank  for  a  ^'hmpse  of  the 
jtroinised  land.  The  Juiio  anchored  outside  the  heads 
and  next  moinin^',  Ai)ril  ath/'  ran  straight  top  tlie 
harbor  with  tide  and  \*ind,  and  all  sails  set.  Jn  view 
of  the  critical  state  of  ailidi's  on  board,  ]Jez;lnof 
I'csolved  to  run  past  the  fort  even  at  the  risk  «:f 
receivini^'  a  few  cann<Mi-balls.  "What  shipf"  was  the 
pTeetino-  sent  to  the  strancyers  throui'h  tlu"  trumitet 
i'roni  the  shore.  "Ixussian,"  was  shouted  back.  '"Jji  t 
go  your  anchor/'  thund(.'red  the  Spaniard.  "Si  seuor; 
si  sehor,"'  replied  the  llussian,  and  the  andioi'  w;is 
drojiped — as  soon  as  the  Juno  was  safely  out  of  the 
guns'  range.' 

" LanssdorfT  lins  tlu;  clnto  April  Stli,  or  tlic  eqnivalviit  of  Vl.irch  •JSth,  i.l  1 
fctyle.     Till!  Si>aiu:^li  ari.'liivi'.s  dn  nut  give  tlic  I'xact  date. 

'  Tiic  iK'st  and  nms*-  i'mhii'IcIu  aiitiiiirity  uii  tliis  i-xiicditiim  ami  tin'  att(  n- 
daiit  iU'i,'fptiatiiiiiri  is  /;'■•'■  i/',  /((i/,i.<!,i,  •J.");i-77,  bciiiLC  tlic  I'haiiilpcrlain'.s  K'ttL'i" 
dated  New  Areiiaiigcl  .Tun,  17,  ISiKi,  a.t'ter  lii^i  return.  L'ti)'j.iili'rjJ"--<  Voiimiis, 
ii.  !)7-S,  1  ol j-'J'J I ,  i s  tik;  other  (iriLrinal  authority,  very  full  and  eoiifainiiig 
niueli  more  inf  ■'■niatioii  alicjut  C'alilornia.  than  the  other  work,  lieini;  in  lai.t 
secniid  to  that  v,  nk  only  in  its  aeeouiit  of  the  rlipldiiiatie  relatinns  iiinl  iieyiv 
tiations  Ixtweeii  ]{cxanof  ;iiid  the  C'alifoniiaii  autlmrities.  Notwitlist.imlinii 
certain  eceeiitrieities  of  jud^nient,  sonio  aiiiusiiig  Mniiders  arising  fr(,iii  iuno- 
ranco  of  the  S]>aiiish  lan,i,'u-iL'.e,  and  a  siiijiularly  un]irepossessiug  fare  as  ]iiir- 
trayecl  on  the  frontispiece  of  lii.s  Ixiok,  J.aiiusdorll's  narrative  isiu.struetiveaud 
ihleresti!)','.  I  am,  however,  hardly  ready  tore;.rard  this  .'is  '  the  most  detaile>l 
aeenunt  of  the  country  and  its  population  that,  h:id  yet  lieen  giv'en  to  tlio 
Morld,'  with  Stillmau  in  On  rhniil  Munllihi.  ii.  '.MS-dv,.  Tikhiin mf,  J.s/io:  i lUot- 
nuiicy  144-."pO,  is  a  very  t;ood  liu.ssian  n;irrativc  of  tlio  expedition,  Imt  the 
nuthorfollows  Kezanof  very  closely.  I'ltn-hhi,  Silml  /i'o.«,  and  llui-'iiio/',  S/ii-:- 
vriiiiigmiiie,  contain  lirief  resmnes  of  the  voyaf,'e.     Seala,  in  Xonv.  Aini'ilix  ili' 


r 


?xliv.  ;iS(>-l,  tells  perl 


perliaps  as  many  aiisi.rd  lie.s  ali< 


Mould  lie  possible  in  a  hrief  space,  IpuHal 
ill  the  tale.     Mofras,  i".t7</' 


out  the  snliiect  as 


d  nug'4ets  of  ,i;ii!d 


■jiloraihui,  ii.  l-.'i;  'J'lithill,  //;./.  Citl..  ll.S-l!t;  Klliot, 
in' In  rUti)(lMoiit/i'.!,  iv.  ;h:W-!I;  Cronise.  Xti/iinil  \\'</il//i,  :\~;  ami  other  writers 
liK  iitioii  the  suhject  lirieily.  taliiiL,'  their  inforiiiatinii  excl 


usneiv  lii'in 


f.an.. 


dorlf.     The  Spanish  archives  eontaiii   comparatively  little  aliout  this  visit, 
liut  I  shall  have  occasion  sometimes  to  refer  to  documcuts  IjeaiiiiLr  on  tljo 


subject 


'iiiillli! 


i 


iuMM,„a  1 


i  ^i 


!         1         1 

!               !i 
•1 

1 
i 

i          I 

'i 

I 


C8 


EUSSIAX  RELATIONS. 


The  Rib^sians  wore  now  safe  from  the  guns  of  San 
Joaquin  ]3attory,  but  tlioy  were  not  without  mis- 
giving's respecting  their  reception.  The  king  of  Spain 
to  be  sure  had  promised  to  iustruct  the  Cahfornia 
authorities  to  render  every  civihty  and  aid  to  Krusen- 
stern's  expedition,  but  had  these  instructions  arrived? 
And  if  so,  would  the  little  Jioio  and  her  disabled  crew 
luliil  the  pomp-loving  Spaniards'  expectations  of  a 
Iiussian  s([uadron?  If  courteously  received,  would 
they  be  able  to  get  the  supplies  so  much  needed  from 
San  Francisco,  not  a  port  of  entry,  in  violation  of  law? 
True  an  appeal  to  humanity  might  induce  tlie  Span- 
iards to  succor  the  distressed  colony;  but  it  would 
never  do  to  let  them  know  of  the  weak  and  miserable 
condition  of  the  Russian  settlements.  Twenty  armed 
men  came  down  to  the  shore  escorting:  Alferez  Luis 
Arguello,  commandant  in  his  father's  absence,  and 
Father  Una;  LangsdorfF  and  Lieutenant  Davidof 
went  asliore  for  an  interview,  which  was  conducted 
in  Latin  between  the  naturalist  and  the  friar;  and  all 
was  well  so  far,  for  the  king's  orders  I'especting  Krusen- 
stern's  tlcet  had  been  received,''  and  the  visitors  were 
entitled  at  least  to  a  sup[)ly  of  fresh  provisions  for 
their  present  urgent  needs.  Rezanof  and  his  officers 
were  invited  to  dine  at  the  presidio  where  they  were 
entertained  by  Senora  Argiiello  and  her  family  with 
the  aid  of  two  friars.  Don  Luis  it  is  true  asked  for 
an  explanation  of  the  »/(y»o'.s*  appearance  instead  of  the 
XcuJe.'^Iida  and  Xcva,  and  of  the  coming  of  the  ambas- 
sador extraordinary  in  so  informal  a  manner,  this 
infoi-mation  being  intended  for  transmission  to  the 
governor  at  ^Monterey.  Rezilnof  had  expected  the 
(juestion  and  he  adroitly  answered  to  the  satisfaction 
of  his  host,  in  a  manner  more  in  accordance  with  his 
designs  than  with  the  exact  truth,  and  alwavs  without 
reierojice  to  the  true  motive  of  his  visit.^  A  courier 
was  despatched  to  the  governor. 

Mnly  27,  ISO.'^,  orders  to  aid  the  expedition  of  Krusentrer  should  itarrive 
on  tlicodiiHt.   I'lnr.  Her.,  MS.,  ix.  34. 

*  llcziiuof  sstory  was  in  substance  that  Kruseusteni's  siiuadion  had  returned 


r.EZANOF  AT  SAN  FRANCISCO. 


id  all 

,.v 

u.seii- 

wcro 

i 

s  for 

ficers 

were 

with 

'.d  for 

)ftho 

iibas- 

this 

.  the 

I  the 

;| 

etioii 

3 

1  his 

hout 

Lirior 

1 

iirrive 

'■3 

;iuued 

1 

1 

Next  day  the  visitors  were  entertained  at  the  mis- 
sion, hut  thev  said  nothiuLj  of  trade,  thoU'Hi  the  iViars 
wwc  ajjparcntly  inelined  to  br<xie]i  that  suhjeet;  nor 
of  their  urgent  need,  beeause  it  was  understootl  that 
the  IJostoii  traders  were  wont  to  dilate  to  tlic;  Span- 
iards oil  the  wrotched  C(jndition  of  tlie  llussiaii  colony; 
but  on  the  coiitraiy  Kezanof  gave  ])rcsents  of  more 
or  less  value  to  marly  everybotly  at  the  presidit»  and 
mission.  His  gifts  gradually  drew  in  padres  from 
abroad  to  share  the  stranger's  bountv;  the  cargo  was 
thus  artfully  displayed;  and  the  tenn)tation  became 
so  irresistible  that  at  last  the  friars  voluntaiily  }>ro- 
posed  to  Ijarter  a  cargo  of  bread-stuffs,"'  the  very  thing 
the  Kussians  most  desired.  But  the  governor's  con- 
sent liad  to  be  gained,  and  the  chamberlain  wr<^te  to 
Arrillaga  that  he  would  come  oveiland  to  Monteivy 
f(.)r  an  interview;  but  presently  Don  Jose  Argi'iello 
airi\'ed  with  a  letter  from  Arrillaga  in  which  he  said 
he  would  spare  his  visitor  so  much  trouble,  as  it  was 
his  intention  to  come  immcdiatclv  to  San  Francisco.'^ 

!^[eanwhile  the  contrast  between  sunny  Calilbinia 
and  the  dreary  Sitka  with  its  storms  and  star\alion 
introduced  discontent  into  the  Juno's  crew.  Life  in 
California — where  to  eat,  to  drink,  to  make  hjve,  to 
smoke,  to  dance,  to  ride,  to  sleep,  seemed  the  whole 
duty  of  man — must  have  seemed  to  these  cold,  sea- 
salted  men  a  pleasant  dream.      Here  all  was  abun- 

tolinssia;  tlwit  the  Tstir  luul  intni.stcil  him  witli  the  crvniniand  of  all  liis 
Aiiieiican  jxissi's.sidiis;  tliat  lie  had  inspected  his  doiiiiiiir.ii  during  the  jiast 
year  and  had  uintered  at  Xorfdlk  Sonnil;  and  that  linally  he  had  detennineil 
ti>  visit  (/alit'iirniii  and  eonsult  with  its  (.'overnor,  as  niler  of  a  nei;.hlM)i-inL; 
country,  eouecininj,' mutual  interests.  'J'his  he  told -with  the  view  of  faeili- 
tating  iaisiuess  liy  impressing  the  Spaniards  with  iui  idea  f)f  his  iniportanee  as 
lu^  says  in  his  letter,  and  'at  any  rate  1  did  not  exaggerate  nuieh,' he  ailds, 
W  ith  the  eo\irier  sent  to  Montei'ey,  Iveziinof  sent  a  letter  to  the  governor 
expressing  thanks  for  his  courte<iiis  I'eciption  and  ainiouneing  his  jnirpose  to 
eoiue  to  Miinttifv  for  a  personal  interview  as  soon  as  repairs  oa  the  .//^/'o 
should  1k'  enniphted. 

'"1'liis  is  INzanof's  version.  LnnpsiloifT  says  the  proposition  was  tiist 
lunde,  when  the  jiadres  seemed  ready  for  it,  hy  the  llussians. 

"April  4  (error),  1>S<;(!,  Ariillaga  to  Kezanof,  in  J',fr.  lli<\.  :Ms.,  viii. 
8'J-;?.  '1  reeogiiizeil  in  vhis,'  siiys  Kez:inof,  'the  sus])ic'ions  nature  nf  tlio 
Spanish  government,  whieh  everywhere  jirevents  foreigners  from  acrpiaintin:^ 
tlunisilves  with  the  interior  of  the  ct)nntry,  and  ohserving  the  insignilicauco 
of  its  lurces,' 


,  n 


70  RUSSIAX  RELATIONS. 

(lance  and  indolence,  in  the  north  liardsliip  and  want; 
liere  ftiir  women,  there  hideous  sqiiaws;  this  was  a, 
lotus-eating  life  worth  living  tor,  that  a  struggle  lor 
an  existence  not  worth  having.  Tln-ee  Americans 
and  a  l^iussian  asked  to  remain;  llezanof  j)romised 
to  s[)cak  to  Argiiello  ahout  it;  and  wlien  permission, 
at'tur  what  was  probably  not  a  very  earnest  plea,  was 
refused,  the  men  were  sent  to  an  island  in  the  bay  to 
be  kept  until  the  vessel  should  be  ready  to  sail.  Two 
Iiussian  sailors,  liowever,  managed  to  escape.''^ 

Arrillaga  arrived  on  or  about  April  18th  and  re- 
ceived the  Russians  with  the  same  courtesy  that  had 
l)een  shown  by  his  subordinates.  His  ability  to  con- 
verse in  the  French  language  rendered  subsequent 
intei'coui'se  nuich  easier  than  it  had  been,  though 
lieziinof  unch'r  certain  favorable  circumstances  to  be 
noted  later  had  made  rapid  }>rogress  in  his  Spanish. 
Xot  a  day  was  allowed  to  pass  before  the  subject  of 
trade  was  brought  up,  but  in  this  matter  the  governor 
]>ro\ed  t(j  be  inconveniently  wary  and  honest.  In  the 
ensuing  interviews  and  discussions  he  gradually  drew 
out  of  the  Russian  plenipotentiary,  after  not  a  few 
dijtlomatic  lies  on  the  part  of  the  latter,  the  substan- 
tial trutli  that  tliQt/iiao  had  brought  a  cargo  of  goods 
t(.)  trade  tor  l)read-stutis,thouuhthe  wilvliezanof  would 
not  say  (piite  so  much  literally,  still  keeping  secret 
his  urgent  need,  ])utting  it  all  on  the  basis  of  nuitual 
benetit  from  trade,  and  professing  that  while  his  com- 
missary had  a  few  goods  he  woukl  like  to  sell,  his  own 
object  was  merely  to  collect  samples  of  California 
])roduets  to  be  distributed  among  the  noi'thei-n  estab- 
lishments in  ortler  to  ascertain  their  adaptability  to 
that  market!  Arrillaga  asked  for  some  explanation 
of  O'Cain's   trip  in    1803.     "They  hunted  otter  all 

^'-Prov.  7,'fc.,  ^IS.,  ix.  77;  Tdhmri((j\  L<tor.  Ohsnmnk\  i.  144.  Sci>t.  10, 
ISOCi.  Arnllagii  oviKts  tlio  ciiiliarciitioii  of  Ifussian  ]irisoiiers  (])iol)aljly  the 
two  (IcsL'rtfVs),  (111  llu;  Coiicf'jiciiiii  fur  San  JJla.s.  (Imrrn,  Jtac.  Hist,  (ul.,  ,MS., 
iii.  I!I4.  A  iini;^li  imto  in  tlio  arcliivutj  f.'i\fs  tlio  ftircc  (in  Ww.linio  as  Sou 
Mxcclk'licc  (k>  ('lialii)icllaii  ct  Clicvalici'  Nicdhis  do  lic/aiiotl'.  Cajit.  Kicolas  dc 
Ivliiirstdir.  l,ii  lit.  (laln'icl  dc  Itavidull',  (ico.  dc  l^anusd"!  II,  l)ri-'t  Naturali.st(.', 
I'lldtc's  llliyii  it  Aiuhvcl;  and  4;S  liiun.  Prvc.  Si.  Ph^k,  MS.,  xi.\.  l(Jo. 


DIPLOMACY. 


71 


10, 

V  the 
-MS., 

Sim 
as  (Ic! 
li.sto, 


vintor,"  snld  tlio  my.stificd  o'ovonior,  "but  \vlioro  tlicy 
liid  thcinsL'lve.s  Avas  more  tlian  wo  couid  liiid  out." 
lu'Zjuiof,  far  from  admittiDg'  tliat  tlio  1-Ju8siaiis  liad 
aiiytliiiig"  to  do  \\itli  that  c.'.\})oditioii,  full  in  witli  tlio 
liuuior  of  tlie  oovcruor,  who  was  verv  bitter  a<>aiiist 
llir  "T)Ostoniaii  suuiiX.Gi'lors  and  robb(;rs,"  and  ho  pro- 
cooded  U)  dilate  u])oH  the  trickv  nature  of  the  Yankees 
Mid  the  swindles  they  had  perjietrated  upon  tlie  lius- 
^iaiis.'^ 

.Vi'L-'umcnt,  persuasion,  and  flattery  Merc  alike  un- 
availinn'.     Arrillatjfa  admitted  tho  eiiiiviMiieiue  of  trade 
i'm'  the  people  of  California,  but  he  would  not  violate 
till'  laws,  nor  his  oath  of  otHce.      TIkj  utmost  cf)nces- 
.-ioii  he  would  make,  after  the  Kussian  liad  exhausted 
his  ol()(|U('nee,  was  to  permit  the  ])urehasc  of  Ln^raiii  f)r 
eash.     This  was  bv  no  means  satisfactory,  as  the  li-ov- 
crnor  doubtless  well  k-.new,  since  the  Juno  C(<uld  cany 
but  a  very  small  amount  of  urain  in  addition  to  her 
<ar;_;<)  of  goods.     Jlezatujf  urged  that  M'hen  cash  had 
been  paid  for  tho  grain,  and  the  [iroper  rcjioit  had 
hccn  sent  to  the  yieeroy,  surely  the  friars  might  use 
their  money  as  they  pleased,  even  if  they  chose  to 
buy  a  few  things  from  the  ./;?//o.      "Xo.      Xo,"  replied 
tlu'  honest  old  ruler,  "'that  would  be  the  same  thing; 
and  after  living  sixty  years  Avithout  reproa'-h  I  cannot 
take  such  a  trick  on   my  conscience."     X'either   did 
the  hint  that  the  holy  fathers  were  willing  enough  to 
take   it  on   theirs,   produce;    the    d'sired    elfect.      The 
jai.spect  was  decidedly  bad,  and  none  the  Ix'tter  fi'om 
the  ivpoits  that  Were  at  this  time  prevalent  in  ( 'ali- 
i<:rnia  of  probable,  perha]>s  actual,  war  between  S])aiii 
and  liussia.      The  enihusiasm  of  even  the  friars  began 
t^)  abate,  and  tluy  weri'  not  unwilling  to  admit  tliat 
they  hi'pe<l  on  the  arrival  of  a  Spanish  cniisei'  to  get 
the  Jmho  ami  her  cargo  Ibr  nothing:  yet  llieiv  v.as 
also  A  tear,  confessed  with  equal  frankness,  that  lUis- 
sian  war-ships  might  come  belbre  the  cruist>r.    lie/anof 

^•' J>'-ji)i  /,  L'fj.:.-.li,  •2'A-.\     Icttir  of  .June  -I'X   iSUSi.    I'„ii\uivl\  Shhuco- 
y  •.•(.•<r;,.7p,  7.V7. 


I 


Hi 


liL.  i 


72  RUSSIAX  RELATIONS. 

iiindo  ]ii;'litof  the  \v;irlikc  ruiiiors,  thoujjfli  ho  rc(|()u])l(xl 
vigilaiK.'o  on  board  Jiis  vessel.  lie  liad  yet  one  card 
to  ])lay  before  tlio  game  was  lost  or  woii.^* 

From  the  first  lieztiuof  bad  paid  daily  visits  to  tlio 
commandant's  house,  and  Avas  kindlv  received  bv  all 
member's  of  the  Arnliello  family.  "  Amono-  the  lovely 
sisters  of  the  commandant,"  writes  he,  "  Dona  ( 'on- 
cepcion  has  the  name  of  being  the  beauty  of  Califor- 
nia, and  your  Excellency  will  agree  with  me  wlien  I 
.say  that  we  were  sufKciently  rewaidod  for  our  suffer- 
ings, and  passed  the  time  very  pleasantly."  flow 
Dona  Concepcion's  black  eyes  wt)n  the  heart  of  the 
impe)-ial  cliamberlain  has  often  been  told  in  prose  and 
verse;  it  is  the  famous  romance  of  Spanish  times  in 
California.  I  have  no  wish  to  spoil  so  good  a  story, 
thougli  history  like  murder  Mill  cnit,  and  it  must  be; 
coni'essed  that  tliis  celebrated  courtship  had  a,  very 
solid  substi'atum  or  su])erstructure  of  andjition  and 
di])loma('y.'''  The  Californian  beauty  was  ambitit)U.s 
and  dis[)osed,  even  at  the  early  age  of  fifteen,  to  be 
discontented  in  the  land  of  her  birth,  which  in  tbeir 
joking  discussions  she  was  wont  to  depreciate.  "  A 
good  soil,  a  warm  climate,  ])lenty  of  grain  and  cattle," 
she  said,  "  Init  nothing  else."  What  wonder  that 
court  life  at  .St  Petersburg,  as  pictured  by  the  dis- 
tinguished and  handsome  stranger,^"  was  fascinating, 
or  that  this  child,  weary  of  the  sun-basking  indo- 
lence of  those  about  her,  and  fretting  under  the  dull 
monotony  of  life  at  a  frontier  garrison,  allowed  her 

"  Kozj'mof's  inon  heard  tlie  minors  .and  doclarcd  tlit'ir  intention  to  desert 
on  tlie  iir.-t  o|iiHirtunity.  ArrillMWi  is  sa'il  to  have  seeretly  transferred  ii  ])or- 
t ion  of  the  Monterey  garrison  to  Santa  Clara  witli  a  view  to  have  tlie  loreo 
near  in  ease  o  trouble.  The  urehives,  however,  have  no  record  ot  this  pre- 
eaution. 

'•'  'The  liri;,'lit  eyes  of  Donna  Conception  had  made  a  deep  impression  upon 
his  lieart;  end  he  eonceived  that  a  iui])tial  union  with  the  dau,;ihtei'  of  the 
( 'onmiandant  at  St.  Francisco  would  l)e  a  vast  step  gained  towanls  promoting 
tile  political  olijeits  he  had  so  much  at  heart.  He  had  therefore  nearly  conio 
to  a  resolution  to  saerilice  himself  hy  this  inarriagt'  to  the  Weltare,  as  lie 
hoiied,  of  the  two  countries.'  l.iiiiijsiluriT'ti  Vinjinii.t,  i\.  183. 

"'IJezaiiof.  though  no  longer  youthful,  and  a  widower,  wasof  line  presence 
and  hail  a  remarkahly  attractive  face,  if  wo  may  judge  by  Lis  portrait  in 
'likhiniiuj',  Jstui;  Oiu^raiiif,  ii. 


'■'\, 


D05fA  CONCEPCION  DE  ARGt'ELLO. 


73 


<lis- 

ilido- 

.lull 

her 

iluscrt 

a  i>or- 

li  live 

lis  pri'- 

|l  U[in)l 

>t   tlie 

kmtiiig 

t'oiiie 

I  its  lie 

lait  ill 


lieart  to  follow  her  ainhitioii  and  ivciprocatod  tlio  ad- 
vances of  one  \vho,  thoULi'li  aial'assadoi-  and  chamber- 
lain,  was  alsf)  alas  I  a  heretic! 

It  Avas  not,  however,  until  all  other  expedients  had 
failed,  that  liezanof  pressed  his  suit  so  far  as  to  pro- 
])ose  niari'ia:L^e,"an(l  herein  lies  the  evidence  that  ratiier 
un})leasautly  merges  the  lover  into  the  diplomate. 
Doha  Conc(!pcion  consented;  so  did  her  parents;  and 
so  did  the  friars  reluctantly,  on  condition  that  the  be- 
trothal should  be  kept  secret  and  bo  subject  to  the 
])ope's  ap])roval.  On  his  return  to  St  Petersburg,  as 
Langsdortf  tells  us,  liezanof  ])roposed  to  go  to  ^Ea- 
drid  as  envov  extraordinary  of  the  liiissian  court,  to 
I'emove  all  misunderstanding  between  the  two  ])owers. 
Thence  he  would  return  by  way  of  Mexico  to  Sail 
Francisco  to  claim  his  bride.  iJoha  Concepcion  hail 
before  been  very  useful  as  a  '  devoted  friend  '  in  kee[>- 
ing  the  chamberlain  acquainted  with  the  state  of  feeling 
on  commercial  topics,  and  the  pretty  spy's  occupati(»n 
was  jj^one;  but  as  Rezdnof  was  now  (-ounted  as  one  of 
the  family,  the  father  and  brother  kept  no  secrets 
from  him.  "  Fi'om  this  time,"  he  writes,  "  I  managed 
this  p(n-t  of  his  Catholic  Majesty  as  my  interests  re- 
c|uirod.  The  governor  was  very  much  astonished  to 
see  Don  Jose  intrust  me  with  the  most  })rivate  atfaii's 
of  his  household,  and  to  lind  himself  all  at  once,  so  to 


spoi 


my 


'uest. 


Now  was  the  time  to  make  a  final  effort  for  ])t'rmis- 
sion  to  dispose  of  the  Ju.nos  cargo.     With  the  new 

"  '  Secinn;  thiit  my  situation  was  wA  iin]iriiviiij,'.  expecting  every  ilay 
that  sniiu;  niisuinlcrstaiKliiiL,'  voiild  ari^e,  ami  liaviiig  Imt  little  ciiiiliileiire 
in  my  (iwii  jn'i'iilc,  1  rc'snlved  to  fhaiiL'e  my  |">lireiiess  for  a  .si'i'ioiis  tone. 
I'inally  I  iii]]i(iceiitilily  eieated  in  lirr  an  imiiatieiiee  to  hear  .something 
serious  iidin  me  on  the  subject,  Mliiclieansfil  me  to  ask  for  her  hand,  touliich 
.she  eonse:ite<l.  My  proposal  created  eonsteriiatioii  in  her  parents,  who  had 
been  reared  in  fanaticism;  the  iliUereiicc  in  religion  and  the  pros]>ective  sej)- 
aration  from  tlieir  daucjiter  made  it  a  terrible  blow  for  them.  They  ran  to 
the  "lissionariis,  who  did  not  know  what  to  do;  they  hustled  poor  ( 'oiK'e|uioii 
to  e,  'ih,  confessed  her,  aii'l  uiged  her  to  refuse  me,  but  her  resolutciuss 
finally  overcame  them  all.  The  iioly  f;«tliers  appealed  to  the  decision  of  the 
throne  of  lumie.  and  if  1  coulil  not  aeeomplish  my  nuptials,  I  had  at  least  llie 
lireliminaiy  act  performed,  the  marriage  .jontraet  drawn  iiii,  and  foi  ed  tlieiii 
to  betroth  us. ' 


r 


i 

1 

i 

' 

74 


RUSSIAN  RELATIONS. 


allinncc  in  favor  of  tlio  project  failure  was  impos^sihlo. 
Ari'illa'^a,  with  all  his  oflicial  intcg'i'itv,  ])ar('ly  aMu  to 
I'csist  the  friars,  tlic  people,  and  his  own  inclinations, 
cDiiM  no  more  i-esist  l3on  Jose  Argliello,  his  friend  of 
thirl  V  wai's  standing,  than  ]Jon  Jose  could  he  deaf  to 
the  entreaties  of  his  daughter,  the  spoiled  <larling  of 
his  family,  or  than  Doha  Concepcion  could  fail  t;) 
];;ok  at  all  ])rojects  of  trade  through  the  e^'es  of  her 
]{ussian  luxcr.  As  soon  as  Ar)illa'>'<'i  had  yielded,  a 
soniewhat  complicated  [)lan  was  devised,  hy  which  cash 
was  to  ap[)ear  as  the  medium  of  purchase  on  hoth 
sides.  That  is,  the  governor,  on  a  }>etition  heing  ])re- 
sented  to  him  hy  the  inhahitants  settintjf  forth  their 
need  i)f  the  goods,  was  to  buy  the  Jioio's  cargo  for 
nmney  l'r(>m  the  ]iussian  commi.ssary,  Ivezanof's  name 
not  ap|)eiiring  in  the  transaction  except  to  certify  that 
the  commissary  had  a  ]'iu]it  to  sell  the  n'oods.  The 
commissaiy  was  to  use  the  money  thus  ac([uired  to  huy 
grain  and  other  })royisions  from  the  i'riars;  and  the 
lattei"  could  suhseijuently  return  the  governor  his  coin 
foi-  the  Lifoods  they  needed.^^     Accordin<dy  i>Tain  was 

'"Suik  i.j  Itt'Ziiiiof'.s  own  version  of  tlio  iiirangeuient,  iind  if  not  (Hiito 
(irfunite  ill  L'vcry  ivsjioct,  tliuro  are  no  means  of  correcting  it,  for  iiatiirally  it 
's  not  e.\]ilaiiK'cl  in  the  S])aiiisli  records.  April  'JD,  ]8!)(i,  liez:iiiof  to  »\.;ii- 
lla,i;a,  u.->ks  pcnni.ssion  to  Imy  for  cash  'JOO  fanegas  of  wlieat,  liarley,  hcaiis, 
mill  pease,  1(10  arrolia.s  of  flour,  50  arr.  of  salt,  .SOO  air.  of  butter,  ami 
r.tOarr.  of  tallow.  Jhj,t.  S/.  Pap.,  J/o»^,  MS.,  i.  .'57.  .May  Kith,  ArgiielKi 
r(  ports  tliat  lie  has  siiii[ilie<l  the  Jiiiio  witli  the  articles  namcil  above  to  tho 
Value  of  .S,"), 002.  Meiehamliso  reeeiveil  in  exchange,  .S4,!(o;}.  JiL,  i.  38.  May 
'Jith,  Arrillaga  to  viceroy,  forwards  some  Itussian  despatclies;  mentions 
Jtezanof's  voyage  iu  general  terms;  speaks  with  favor  of  Iti'/.anof's  propos;:! 
for  trade  bet\v(;en  the  llussian  and  Spanish  establishments;  and  of  non- 
i'.itcrcourse  with  Knglishand  American  vessels;  and  linally  states  tliat  .S4, 000 
AMirtii  of  stores  have  been  sold  for  money  and  iinpleiiu'nts.  Prm:  Jvc.,  MS., 
i\.  7">-0.  Arrillaga  had  previously  announceil  liexaiinf's  arrival  in  his  letter 
(jf  April  lOtli,  to  which  the  viceroy  replies  .liily  -".Itli  that  he  awaits  account 
of  the  Jiiiio'i  objects  and  passports.  I'ror.  iSV.  Pup.,  ^LS.,  xix.  100.  Sept.  b"), 
ISO;!,  viceroy  acknowledges  receipt  of  the  ]iassports  and  of  de  patclics  from 
l.'ezanof  and  others,  all  of  which  lie  will  forward  to  Spain.  /</.,  /I'l  </.  J/i/., 
.\;.xvii.  .").  Communication  of  the  directors  of  tin  company  dated  St  I'eters- 
burg,  M  irch  lo,  ISIO,  referring  to  ]\ez:inof's  visit,  reception,  and  to  euiimieri'ial 
negotiations  on  which  the  governor  promised  to  report  to  the  viceroy.  /(/., 
:.ix.  'J7i--.  Klilebnikof  says  the  supplies  obtaiiucl  ^\erc  071  fanegas  if 
v.Iieat,  117  oats.  110  pease  and  beans,  with  a  little  fli.ur,  mustard,  and  salt 
V;;lued  at  .S."),.")S7.  Jl(irii/.ol\  ,'s/il~.ii(Ojiissiii>i<',  10.');  LangsdorO',  I'm/aijis,  ii.  lib"), 
f-ays  they  got  4.'J04  measures  of  corn,  with  a  birge  unantity  of  ilour.  ]H'aso, 
beans,  ami  maize,  together  with  ii  few  casks  of  .•■■aiU'd  meat,  and  a  small  )iio- 
vision  of  salt,  soap,  tallow,  and  some  other  articles,  all  amounting  to  .tiJ4,CuO. 


REZAXOF'S  DEPAr^TURE. 


iO 


Tho 


II  was 

t  (|uitc 

irjilly  it 

I)  Avvi- 

l)caiis, 

cr,   au'.l 

\rL,'iiflli) 

(■  to  Hk; 

-Miiy 

K'litiini.s 

rcipos:;! 

(if     IMIll- 

t  .^4,(!(il) 
•.,  MS., 
s  Ifttir 

H'l>t.   1"), 

IS  from 

..,.  .1/;/., 

.  IVter.s- 

murcial 

..y.   /'/., 

)i"_ras   if 

a:al  salt 

■  ii.  -J I.'), 

Jifasp, 

ill  jiiM- 

24XUO. 


broiinlit  ill  i-npidly  frf»in  all  (liredions,  and  tlio  Jimo 
was  soon  loaded.  The  question  of  mutual  trade  in  the 
I'utuit;  was  discussed,  and  Arrillat^a  spoke  strongly  in 
favor  of  it,  but  he  declared  he  could  promise  nothing 
in  the  matter  without  higher  authority.^'' 

JiaviuLj  accomplished  his  ohiect  lu'Ziinof  <lelayed 
his  departure  as  little  as  possible.  On  May  21st,  or 
as  Tikhmenef  says,  on  tho  19th,  ho  sailed  out  jtast 
the  fort,  tirinpf  and  receiving'  a  salute  as  ho  went. 
After  a  stormy  and  tedious  vo^ao'o  he  arrived  at  Sitka 
on  .luiie  lUthand  learned  that  durin*;'  his  absence  tho 
s(ur\  y  had  raged  dreadfully,  l)ut  tlianks  to  the  aj)pear- 
aiiee  of  tho  herrinn's,  was  now  much  abated. 

J  u  describing  Kozanof's  visit  I  h.'ive  called  attention 
almost  exclusi\ely  to  tin;  topic  of  lvusso-S|)anis]i  rela- 
tions; but  in  doing  so  I  have  also  presented  all  that 
need  be  said  of  it,  oxcopt  certain  local  and  personal 
observations  of  Langsdorff,  which  may  bo  more  con- 
veniently noticed  in  another  chapter;  and  tho  same 
writer's  general  observations  on  the  country  with  its 
]ieople  and  institutions,  which  were  by  no  means  xcvy 
extensive  or  im])ortant.  As  "a  naturalist  he  names 
son:e  sjiecies  of  animals,  birds,  and  fishes,  which  cam(! 
under  his  notice,  but  as  ho  says,  his  o|»portunities  for 
scientitic  investigation  wore  limited.  As  a  surgeon  lu.' 
notes  tho  wholly  inadequate  measures  ado]»ted  in  the 
Spanish  establishments  for  tho  treatment  of 'the  sick; 
the  lack  of  phvsicians  and  medicines;  the  iu'uoranco 
of  the  friars  and  tho  indiflerence  of  tho  neo})hytes 
respecting  all  curative  processes;  the  ri'inarkable 
iecundity  and  case  of  childbirth  among  tho  Spanish 
women;  tho  almost  universal  prevalence  of  sy[)hilitit; 

'"  It  is  to  l)c  iiotcil  that  notwithstanding  Rczi'inof's  enthusiasm.  Lan^sdoill' 
did  not  ifi.'ard  the  ostaMislinifnt  of  (viniuK-rcial  relations  as  ]irai'tif.ilpli' or 
]'rolltal)lo  I'Vun  if  ]icniiittud  liy  the  S]iaiii>h  court.  'J'lu!  oli.staclcs  in  liis 
o|iiiiioii  wiTc  the  ditiicultiu.s  of  conmniiiication;  tlit;  ditlicnlty  in  obtaining.' 
artielrs  suited  for  the  California  trade,  the  artiele.s  most  desired  there  lirin;4 
id.^o  searce  in  the  norLli;  and  tho  hi;'h  price  of  corn  in  California  coni]iareil 
V  ith  that  at  Croiistadt.  True  the  otterdiunting  might  he  prolitable,  tmt  the 
aullior  did  not  lielieve  the  Sjumiards  would  ever  ]ieruiit  it.  A  Russian  colony 
in  file  south  was,  he  lielieved,  the  only  iiraeticablo  way  of  taking  advantage 
of  California's  fertility.    Voijaye.f,  ii.  184-G. 


■m 


i|^ 


76 


RUSSIAN  RELATIONS. 


nflectioiis;  and  the  tein])or,'iry  ravages  of  the  iiieaslos. 
There  was  no  attempt  to  j^atlier  histoi'ieal  niateiial, 
tliouiih  sonic  ideas  of  inland  ueorjrai»liy  were  colleeted 
as  they  I'xisted  vaguely  in  the  *Si)anish  mind.  Jndiau 
maimers  and  customs  were  .studied  somewhat  elosuly 
at  San  Francisco  and  ^Mission  San  Jose,  the  natives 
of  the  latter  j)lace  beinj^  va.stly  su])erior  to  those  of 
the  former.  Of  the  character  and  zeal  of  the  mis- 
sionarit's  Langsdorff  speaks  hii,ddy.  lie  believes  the 
neophytes'  condition  to  be  better  than  that  of  the 
(••entiles,  attributing;  their  tendency  to  run  away  to 
national  character  rather  than  to  ill-treatment.  To 
their  iid'erioi'ity  as  a  race  he  also  attributes  the  success 
of  the  Spaniards  in  keeping  in  sul)jection  so  large  a 
number  with  so  small  a  ibrce.  The  mission  system  is 
quite  accurately  described.  This  author  has  less  to 
.say  than  other  visitors,  of  the  Spanish  poverty,  shift- 
lessness,  and  lack  of  all  ])rogressiyc  and  precautionary 
characteristics,  though  the  failure  to  use  boat*  in  San 
Franciscc*  Bay  struck  him  as  very  remarkable;  neither 
is  he  so  enthusiastic  in  praise  of  California's  natural 
advantages  and  pi-ospects  for  a  glorious  future  as  have 
been  some  travellers  before  him  and  many  since. -'^ 

It  is  necessary  to  add  the  unhappy  ending  of  the 
romance  which  [)layed  so  prominent  a  part  in  the  nar- 

20  <  Fi'ieiulsliip  anil  harmony  reigned  in  the  whole  behaviour  of  these  worthy 
kind-hearted  iieojjle.'  '  None  of  tliese  missionaries  ean  acqnire  any  inniierty, 
so  that  tiie  idea  of  enriching  tlieinselve.s  ean  never  divert  tlieir  tliougiits  fnini 
their  religious  avocations.'  'Tlie  monks  conduct  themselves  in  general  with 
BO  nuicli  prudence,  kindness,  and  jiaternal  care,  towards  tiieir  converts,  tliat 
peace,  happiness,  and  oliedience  universally  prevail  among  them.'  '  I  was 
jiresent  at  the  time  of  delivering  out  tlie  sonp,  and  it  apjjeared  to  nic  incom- 
prehensible how  any  one  could  tin'ee  times  a  day  eat  so  large  a  portion  of  such 
nourishing  food. '  '  One  cannot  suiiieiently  admire  tlie  zeal  and  activity  \\  hicli 
carrier,  the  friars  through  so  arduous  a  task,  or  forbear  wishing  the  most  com- 
plete success  to  their  undertaking.'  'Xone  of  the  men  that  we  .saw  (hidiansat 
San  Francisco)  were  above  live  feet  higli;  they  were  ill-proportioned,  ami  hail 
sudi  a  dull  heavy  negligent  appearance,  tluit  we  all  agreed  we  had  never 
seen  a  less  pleasing  si)ecinien  of  the  human  race.'  'I  believe  them  wholly 
incapable  of  forming  among  themselves  any  regular  and  condjined  plan  fur 
tlieir  own  emancipation.'  '  As  the  padres  have  more  men  and  Monien  under 
their  care  than  they  could  keep  constantly  employed  tiie  whoh;  year,  if  laiiour 
were  too  nmcli  facilitated,  they  are  afraid  of  making  them  idle  by  the  intro- 
duction of  mills.'  .Luwjfdorjj's  Voi/iKjvti,  ii.  153-71. 


END  OF  THE  ROMANCE. 


77 


Isc  wiirtliy 
]liioiiiTty, 

t,'lits  fniiii 
ILlill  witli 

lurts.  tlmt 

|1(!  lllCOlll- 
j)II  <>\  SlR-ll 

|ity  M  liich 

liost  l-M)!!!- 

liidiaiiK  at 
iiuil  had 
|a<l  iievtT 
a  wholly 
plan  l'<ir 
■11  uiidt'i" 
if  lalioiu" 
lie  iiitro- 


i-ativc  just  prosentcd.  Haviiiij^  rrossod  over  to  Kain- 
cliatka  ]{i'/.;in(>r  startwl  in  Si-pteuibcr  from  Okliotsk 
I'oi'  an  ovL'ilaiid  trij)  to  St  Pctt'rsluii'^'.  ]j('t  us  lio[te 
tliat  lie  ^vas  true  to  his  ('alifornian  love,  tliat  liis  ])ur- 
|ins('  was  sti'oiiLC  to  elaini  liis  hritle,  that  liis  j)rouusL'(l 
diplomatic  sacritiee  ot"  himself  in  matrimonv  was  vet 
a  swict  dream  as  iKMvas  whirled  over  Sil)eiian  snows, 
that  no  adverse  inihienee  was  in  wait  at  the  im[>erial 
niuj't  to  shake  his  purpose,  i'or  his  constancy  was  ncvtr 
to  ex[)erience  a  final  test,  liis  constitution  luid  heen 
weakened  hythe  liardships  of  the  pre(,-eding  year,  and 
he  was  unal)le  to  endure  his  lonu'  winter  iournev.  lie 
was  seized  with  a  violent  fcvei-  and  was  carried  into  a 
Yakout  hut.  Ivecovering,  he  ])ressed  on  for  twelve 
days,  when  exhaustion  caused  liim  to  fall  from  his 
horse.  The  combined  effects  of  the  fall  and  the  fever 
kept  him  for  sometime  bedridden  at  Yakutsk,  whence 
he  started  too  soon,  but  succumbed  at  Krasnoyarsk, 
wlure  he  died  on  ^Marcli  1,  1807.-^ 

Dona  Concepcion  Argtiello,  the  sincerity  of  whose 
affection  for  the  Russian  chamberlain  there  is  no  reason 
to  doubt,  did  not  learn  of  her  k>ver'.s  death  i'or  several 
years.  Yet  she  was  constant  to  his  memory,  refused 
to  listen  to  words  of  love  from  other  suitors,  and 
finally,  when  it  became  evident  that  her  betrothed  was 
either  dead  or  false,  she  t(X)k  the  rohca  o{'  n  heat  a,  and 
detlicated  lu^r  life  to  deeds  of  charity.  Probably  she 
accom))anied  her  parents  to  Lower  California  in  1815 
from  Santa  Barbara;  at  least  she  was  at  Loreto  in 
1818.  Next  year  she  returned  to  Santa  Barbara;  l)ut 
subse(iuently  rejoined  her  j)arents  at  Guadalajara. 
Here  her  mother  died  in  1821),  a  year  or  two  after  her 
fatho's  (loath,  and  then  Dona  Concepcion  came  back 
once  more  to  California,  where  she  lived  in  the  Guerra 
family,  busied  in  caring  for  the  sick,  and  in  other  g(»od 
Avorks.  Here  Simpson  met  her  in  1842,  and  it  Was 
from  him  that  she  is  said  to  have  learned  the  particular 

•"  Tikhmenif,  Istor.  Obosranie,  i.  1G2. 


^ 


y). 


v^ 


^;. 


'^ 


91 


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^ 


7 


>^ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


'  m 

m 


1.25 


1.4 


M 

2.0 

1.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


;^"Q 


,<> 


78 


RUSSIAN  IlELATIONS. 


canso  and  circumstances  of  hor  lover's  death."  Wlien 
the  D<niiiiiicans  founded  their  convent  of  8t  Catheiine 
at  Benicia,  L)ona  Conccjicion  entered  that  cstahhtsli- 
nient,  an<l  there  she  died  in  1867  at  the  age  of  sixty- 
seven.  Slie  enjoyed  the  respect  and  vent^ation  of  all 
who  knew  her,  and  there  were  few  families  who  could 
nc.t  remember  some  act  of  kindness  at  her  hands. -^ 


After  Reziinofs  return  to  Sitka  there  seems  to 
have  been  no  intercourse  between  the  Russian  settle- 
ments and  California  for  some  time,  unless  we  may 
so  regard  the  otter-hunting  expeditions  of  Americans 
made  under  contract  with  Baranof,  on  terms  similar 
to  those  formerly  obtained  by  O'Cain,  Winshij),  and 
Campbell.  In  1807  Swift  in  the  Dcrbi/,  with  twenty- 
five  bidarkas  and  fifty  Aleuts,  hunted  on  the  coast 
with  results  which  are  not  known."*  Jonathan  Win- 
ship  likewise  came  down  from  Kadiak  in  the  O'Cuiu 

^-  iS/jtj/j'OmV  Xarmtire,  i.  .377-0. 

'■"  ]>()?-'i  lit  Sail  Fmiu'isco  and  Imptized  on  Feb.  20,  1790.  San  Frunc'iHco, 
I.ih.  ill'  Jiim»i,  MS.,  "J.")-!),  (.'onimandunt  Zt'ifiiirn.  of  San  Diego,  ai;t(Ml  as 
(^'iilfather,  tlirongh  -Manuel  IJoromla,  wlio  li  'Wer  of  attorney  for  the 

iniriiosc.     Vallejo,  J/isf.  Ca!.,  MS.,  i.  l(»'2-l  aiulo,  J/IkI.  Crtl.,  MS.,  iv. 

4.1-1;  and  Koinero,  Mimorinn,  MS.,  !),  allB|"  i  the  lady  in  terms  of  the 

highest  respoct,  dwelling  on  lier  many  acts  ot  ihiirity  and  religion,  her  minis- 
trations to  the  sick,  her  teaching  of  children,  hotli  Indian  uiul  Spanisli;  lar 
hahit  of  carrying  always  a  bottle  of  holy  Avatcr,  her  visits  to  the  ditierent 
iiiissions  and  presidios,  and  her  persistent  rejection  in  the  early  days  (jf  all 
offers  of  marriage.  Gov.  Alvarado  believed  that  by  a  mysterious  warning 
she  saved  his  life  at  Santa  Barbara  in  ISUS.  No  writer,  however,  says  any- 
thing of  her  having  ever  left  California,  which  fact  I  learn  from  her  own 
correspondence  preserved  in  the  family  archives  of  Don  Jos6  do  lii  (Juerra  y 
Noriega.  April  '20,  IS18,  she  writes  from  Loreto  to  her  brother.  She  is 
evidently  in  considerable  trouble  from  the  ardor  with  whicli  one  Don  .San- 
tiago, Jnines  Wilcox  Smith  presses  his  suit  for  her  hand,  and  the  reports 
euri-ent  on  the  subject  among  her  friends  in  (.'alifomia.  She  denies  hitving 
given  Don  Santiago  any  encouragement  tliat  she  would  marry  him,  though 
siie  admits  it  did  once  occur  to  her  that,  as  he  promised  to  change  his  religion, 
by  consenting  siic  might  save  his  soul;  but  she  had  reflected  that  if  his  con- 
version was  sincere  he  had  no  need  of  her.  Whatever  interest  she  had  shown 
in  iiini  has  been  from  gratitude  for  favors  to  her  family.  She  is  anxious  tliat 
tlie  matter  be  explained  to  Josd  de  la  Ciucrra  and  Pablo  Sola.  Guerra,  JJoc, 
Jli<l.  Cal.,  MS.,  vi.  i:U-'2.  Oct.  10,  1810,  she  writes  at  Sta  IVubani  to 
( iiierra,  that  she  is  in  a  despondent  mood;  declares  her  intention  to  live  hero 
until  her  death,  which  she  believes  to  bo  near,  and  begs  the  pardon  of  every 
member  of  the  househohl  for  the  trouble  she  has  caused.  Jan.  ,30,  1820,  elio 
writes  again  from  (iuaddajara  about  her  mother's  desire  to  return  to  Cali- 
forni:i.  tliough  wholly  unable  to  make  the  journey.  /</.,  vi.  133-4. 

'''  Tikhinen^',  Istor,  Obo<ninie,  i.  171;  Prov.  Ike,  viii.  80. 


PLANS  FOR  A  SETTLEMENT. 


7'J 


■with  fifty  native  hunters,  making  a  veiy  idolitahlu 
limit,  o.sj)ecially  in  Lower  California.^'  Geoi'n'o  Eyres 
ill  the  Mercury  in  1808-9  brought  back  l,U40  f^kins 
as  the  company's  share,  though  he  lost  some  men  l)y 
desertion.-*'  The  considerable  i>rofits  of  these  and 
preceding  cx])editions  made  Baranof  think  of  sending 
out  one  on  the  sole  account  of  the  c<>m[)any.  The 
procuring  of  furs  was  not,  however,  his  only  motive 
as  will  be  seen. 

l\ez:inof  had  come  back  from  the  south  with  two 
doniinant  ideas.  One  was  the  establishment  on  a 
permanent  basis  of  trade  with  California;  the  other 
was  the  acquisition  by  the  company  of  some  portion 
of  the  Xew  Albion  coast,  where  an  agricultural  and 
trading  establishment  might  be  formed  to  serve  as 
a  sup[)ly-dep6t  for  the  northern  settlements.  It  is 
noticeable  that  his  original  plan  was  to  introduce 
Chinamen  into  California  as  agricultural  labnicrs  for 
the  colony.-^  With  regard  to  conmierce,  the  (•onn)any 
on  receijit  of  Rezdnofs  reports  sent  a  jietition  to  the 
emjieror  setting  forth  the  great  advantages  to  l)e  de- 
rived, and  re(|uesting  imperial  intercession  with  the 
Spanish  government.  The  llussian  minister  at  ^la- 
drid  was  instructetl  to  open  negotiations,  but  owing 
to  political  changes  in  Spain  the  matter  dro[>[)ed  out 
of  sight  for  a  timo;-^  or  at  least  Spain  gave  no  r('[)ly. 

Concerning  the  Xew  Albion  settlement  it  was 
doubtless  dcemcvl  unnecessary  to  apply  at  first  to  the 
government,  because  the  emi)eror  had  already  author- 
ized the  company  to  establish  llussian  sovinvignty 
as  far  south  as  was  possible  without  infringing  on  tlic 
rights  of  other  nations,  and  it  was  easy  to  ignori.'  any 
claim  of  Spain  to  the  country  north  of  San  Francisco 
Bay.     lleziinof,  however,  had  higher  aims  tlian  the 

'•  Ilnnton  in  (he  XorthweM,  MS.,  20-7.  From  the  log-liook.  Not  luintiDiu'l 
by  Kussiuus  or  in  Spanish  records.  More  details  will  Iju  giviii  in  tlic  iu:>t 
cha])ter. 

"^  Jiaruiiof,  Shizneopmanie,  112;  Khlibuikof,  Zujii^Li,  il;  /'roc.  A'cc,  MS., 
viii.  07-S;  xii.  '',\. 

'-'  Letter  of  .June  1800,  in  TlLhmi'iicf,  Istor.  i)hoi>.,  ii.  app.  2(57. 

^  Pottchin,  Sdcnit  liosii,  3,  4;  Tikloiunc/,  htoi:  Oboarunlc,  i.  204. 


80 


RUSSIAN  RELATIONS. 


mero  occupation  of  an  unsettled  regit)n.  He  hoped 
to  found  .settlements  at  the  mouth  of  the  Colundna, 
thence  to  extend  llus«ian  [)ower  gradually  southward, 
and  eventually  to  wrest  from  Spain  a  lar<^e  part  of 
Alta  California.-'  These  schemes  the  cliamberlaiu 
confided  to  the  chief  director,  and  succeeded  in  inspir- 
ing Baninof  with  a  portion  of  his  own  enthusiasm. 
Tlius  it  was  that  when  the  latter  resolved  to  despatch 
a  hunting  expedition  to  southern  waters,  he  also  in- 
tendeil  it  to  keep  a  sharp  lookout  for  a  favorable  site 
ior  the  [>rojccted  settlement. 

The  important  mission  was  intrusted  to  a  well  tried 
officer  of  the  company  named  Kuskof.  Two  vessels 
were  fitted  out.  The  Nikolai,  IMaster  Balygin,  with 
Tarakiinof  as  store-keeper,  sailed  for  the  Cohunbia  in 
October  1808,  but  was  wrecked.  JMost  of  the  men 
were  captured  by  the  Indians;  but  Tarakanof  with  a 
few  hunters  was  rescued  by  an  American  ship  two 
years  later.  Kuskof  sailed  on  the  Kddiak,  master 
Petrof,  October  2G,  1808,  and  first  touched  at  Trinidad 
Bay.  Finding  neither  otter  nor  natives  here  he  con- 
tinued liis  voyage  to  Bodega  Bay,  where  he  arrived 
January  8,  1801).  I  append  the  original  Spanish  map 
made  at  the  discovery  of  the  bay  by  Bodega  y  Cuadra 
Here  the  Kadiak  remained  at  anchor  until 


in  1775.^"' 

the  2*Jth  of  August.  The  adjoining  region  was  some* 
what  carefully  ex[)lored;  friendly  relations  were  es- 
tablished with  the  natives  by  the  distribution  of  gifts; 

*"Iii  a  letter  to  the  company  dated  New  Archangel,  Feb.  1.'),  18(H>,  and 
marked  'secrvt,'  Keziinof,  after  recommending  a  settlement  on  the  Columhia 
and  an  apinnach  thence  to  San  Francisco  ]$ay,  'which  forms  the  boundary  uf 
California, '  lie  goes  on  to  say:  '  If  we  can  only  obtain  tiio  means  for  the  begin- 
ning of  this  plan,  1  think  I  may  say  that  at  the  Columbia  \vu  could  attract  a 
jMipulation  from  various  parts,  and  in  the  course  of  ten  yeai's  we  should  become 
strong  enough  to  make  use  of  any  favorable  turn  in  Kuropeiui  politics  to  in- 
clude the  coast  of  California  in  the  Russian  possessions. .  .The  Spaniards  are 
very  weak  iu  these  countries,  and  if  in  ITi'S  when  war  Mas  declared  by  Spain 
our  company  had  had  a  force  corresponding  to  its  proportions,  it  would  have 
been  very  easy  to  seize  a  piece  of  California  fram  84"  to  Santa  RiirlMira. .  .and 
to  appropriate  this  territory  forever  since  the  geographical  position  of  Mexico 
would  have  prevented  her  from  sending  any  assistance  overland.'  Jltzdnof, 
ZapUki,  'l-X\-\. 

'"'/'/■or.  St.  Pap,,  Bin.,  MS.,  i.  21.  This  map  should  have  appeared  iu 
vol.  1. 


EXPLORATION  OF  BODEOA. 


81 


some  temporary  l)uildiii,L,'.s  woii'  civctod;  over  2,000 
(•ttt'i-skiiiH  were  secured;  and  iive  or  six  men,  Kiis- 
sians  and  Amerieans,  deserted.  Tlie  return  voyajjjc 
was  tedious,  but  Sitka  was  reached  in  October. ^^  The 
Sjianiards  did  not  lonj;"  remain  ignorant  of  Ku.skofs 
piisence  at  Bodel,^•^.  Tlie  deserters  math'  straii,dit  for 
the  settlements,  told  all  they  knew,  and  were  i^^athered 
into  jail  for  theii-  pains.  The  Aleuts  also  were  seen 
huntinijf  on  the  hay  of  San  Trancisco,  whither  they 
had  carried  their  hidarkas  oveiland.  and  where  several 
of  their  number  were  caj)tured.''" 

Kuskof  aftei-  his  long  stay  was  able  to  render  a  very 
full  rej)ort.      He  had  found  a  tolerable  harbor,  a  line 


Cauipu  Vvrdo 


Ptii.  lit-  MungvM 


Pta.  del  Cordon 


MU  It   mm:iw~ 

III'"   I.,        "Pta  Arenas 
,,'v~       i,; 


IkiDKGA  Bay  in  177.>. 

^^K/d'hiiHo/,  Znphl'i,  10,  \?r,;  liiiiuilio/,  Sfir.iifO)iiii<aii!r,  110-11;  Pntprhh), 
S'li'iiif  J'iiss.,  o;  Tikhtni  iuj\  J.ilar.  i ihonruiiii ,  i.  'JDT-S.  Thu  liai'l>or  is  calletl 
Ivduniijiiitzuf  ]5ay  in  tliu  last-iiRiitioiu'd  wdik. 

'■^I'll).  !»,  ISO!),  Airillaya  to  coinniaiKlaiit  (if  San  iM-ancisen,  the  natives 
rcpnit  laigo  lliis.sian  slii|is  at  Bodoga,  the  crt'ws  of  wliioh  liave  irt'ctnl  luiilil- 
iiigs.  A  <.'a|ituri'(l  Indian  says  lio  lifhtngs  to  tlio  AVc/.  ('anocs  llsliing  on 
tlio  liay.  I'rov.  I'lC,  MS,,  xii.  'JSO.  Fili.  KitJi,  coinniandant  to  governor, 
among  the  natives  Mho  came  from  the  other  siih.'  on  I'eli.  i-ltii  ;ire  two  Anier- 
i.aii  deserters  from  the  sliij>  at  Bodega.  Tliey  are  of  the  four  eontineil  liy 
lieziinof  on  an  island  during  liis  visit.  The  vessel  is  the  Cun'iic-h,  ('apt. 
(ioosehfli,  with  40  lUissians  and  l.'iO  Indians  including  'JO  women.  Fifty 
canoes  have  lieen  crossed  from  lluymene.s  Ikiy  to  I't  Bonetes.  The  strangers 
must  have  had  miuh  trade  with  the  Indians  to  judge  from  the  ell'ects  seen, 
'^'esterday  three  Itussinns  came  to  San  .lose  and  were  sent  to  the  jiresitlio. 
I'ri'i:  UK  I'liji.,  MS.,  .\i.\.  "JOll-S.  March  Slst,  Arrillaga  reports  these  facts 
to  the  vicerciy;  two  wouud.ed  captives. 
lilHT.  Cal.,  Vul.  II.     C 


m 


82 


IIUSSIAN  RELATIONS. 


buildiiiijf  site,  tilhihlc  lands,  a  mild  cliniato,  al»undanre 
of  lish  and  tiir-l)eariiiyf  aiiiin.als,  and,  above  all,  a  rogiou 
unoccupied  by  any  European  power.  Accordingly 
the  eini»eror  was  again  petitionetl  to  induce  Sj^ain 
to  open  the  California  trade;  and  the  imperial  per- 
mission was  also  asked  for  a  settlement  on  the  coast 
of  New  Albion,  uitli  assurance  of  the  hi<:^hest  j>ro- 
tection  in  case  of  opposition  by  the  Americans. 
Nothing  was  said  of  8i)anish  opposition,  since  it  war* 
best  not  to  admit  even  indirectly  that  the  Spaniards 
had  anything  to  say  in  the  matter.  His  majesty  did 
not  see  fit  to  enter  into  any  negotiations  with  the 
couit  of  Madrid,  but  adopted  the  simj)ler  plan  of  in- 
forming the  comi)any  that  with  regard  to  connnerce 
they  might  arrange  the  matter  as  best  they  could, 
while  as  to  the  settlement  they  were  at  liberty  to 
found  it  on  their  own  account,  relying  on  the  highest 
protection  when  "occasion  should  require  it."*^ 

Upon  receiving  this  encouragement  the  general 
administration  instructed  Baninof  to  send  a  shij)  to 
California  with  a  car<j:o  of  suitable  u'oods;  and  at  the 
same  time  forwarded  to  him  a  written  [)roclamati()U 
addressed  by  the  comjnuiy  to  the  inhal)itants  of  Cal- 
ifornia. This  proclamation,  though  dated  ]\[arch  If), 
IMIO,  did  not  leach  California  for  several  yeais;  for 
although  Kuskof  attempted  a  new  expetlition  to 
] bodega,  he  was  unsuccessful  and  was  obliged  to  return 
fi'om  Queen  Charlotte  Island  where  his  hunters  were 
attacked  by  the  Indians.''^  Meanwhile  Jonathan  Win- 
shi|)  made  an  otter-catching  contract  at  the  end  of 
1  800,  and  sailing  in  the  C/Caln  in  1810-11  he  brought 
back  over  5,400  otter-skins  to  share  from  the  Calil'or- 
nia  coast.  His  brother,  Nathan  Winship  of  the  Alha- 
fross,  also  made  a  contract  in  October  1810  and  brought 
l)ack  1,1 '20  skins."'  I  have  more  to  say  of  these  voy- 
aLjes  in  their  chronolosjfical  order. 

'•'  Tillinit'iiff,  fnfor.  OhoKravie,  i.  204-7;  K/ihhnihof,  Zainskl,  107. 
"'  Til.hnii  iii'j\  lutitr.  Ohtisruhic,  i.  '208. 

*■■  Khhiiiiikof,  Zujiiik'i,  0,  10;  Barunof,  HhiziieopUaauie,  120-30;  AlbatroM* 
Loj-bwk;  MS. 


ndance 
,  region 
rclinii^ly 
Sjtaiii 
lal  i)<-'i- 
A»  c<»ast 
■st  }»i'o- 
cricaiis. 
}  it  ^va^4 
aniards 
•sty  (lid 
ith  tlic 
II  of  in- 
minorco 
{  could, 
lorty  to 
highest 

13 

«jfeueral 
[  ^;hi|)  to 
I  at  the 
uiiati«>ii 
of  Cal- 
Tcii  IT), 
lis;  ior 
:iou  to 
rctiini 
Irs  were 


111 


W 


leni 


111- 


l   of 
iii'lit 


alitor 
Ad. 


•  ht 


kroiii 


^e  voy 


Alhutrosa' 


CHAPTER  V. 

CHRONOLOGICAL  NARRATIVE  OF  EVENTS. 

1807-1810. 

pRECArTinNs— A  Spanish  Crpiser— The  'Derby' akd  the  'O'Caiv,'  Cap- 
tains SwiiT  AND  WiNSHip— Holy  On.— A  Strange  Fi.Afi— ^VAnMM;^^ 
against  the  FiiENCH — TiiE  'DuoMo'— TiiE  'Mercuri','  Cai't.  Kykks— 
Ameuican  Desertkhs — TiioruLES  in  Svain — Fernando  VII.   Recoc- 

NIZEIJ    IN    CaLIF(iRNT.V — CoNTRIBHTION    FOR  WaR  AGAINST   NaPGI.EON- - 

Phesident  Tapis  Reelected — Drought  of  1809 — Neophyte  Laikir- 
ERs— Indian  Troubles  in  1810 — Moraoa'h  Battle  at  Suisun— REVot.T 
AT   San   Gabriel — Otter-hunters — The   Winship   Brothers — The 

'O'CaIN,'  'ALBATB0.SS,'  'ISABELLA,'  'MeKGURY,'  'CATHERINE,'  'A.ME- 
TIIYST,'  AND   'ChAKON,'  ON   THE   CoAST,    1810-1*2— SmITU   AND  GaLK— A 

TuANSi'ORT  Captured  by  Insurgents. 

Returning  to  the  ehronolof;ical  order  of  events  and 
to  the  year  1807,  we  find  the  record  of  that  year  hy 
no  means  an  exciting  one.  The  Princesa,  armed  as  a 
cruiser,  returned  to  California  to  convoy  the  transport 
Actlvo,  and  to  guard  the  coast  against  foreign  craft,^ 
hut  no  foe  appeared,  and  there  is  no  naval  battle  to 
i-ecord.  At  the  suggestion  of  Arrillajja  the  Sun 
Carlos  was  ordered  north  for  the  next  year's  cruise, 
being  better  fitted  for  the  .'service  than  the  other 
vessel.*''  The  provincial  authorities  were  warned  against 
the  American  ship  TJfi(/le  of  1,000  tons,  fitting  out  at 
New  York  for  some  Spanish  ]iort  in  the  Pacific;  and 

'  The  vessels  arrived  at  Monterey  in  May,  and  were  at  San  Diego  in  .In!  v. 
Prov.  7.Vc.,  MS.,  ix.  08;  xii.  .'»4,  00,  270-1.  Doc.  lOtli,  they  anchored  sit  Sua 
Bias,  l)ringin>{  hemp,  tallow,  lard,  hides,  deer-skins,  otter-skins,  wool,  suliiiou, 
sardines,  shoes,  bear-skins,  oak  planks,  etc.  O'lintaa  t(e  Mcr.,  xvii.  40. 

_''  Aug.  28tli,  Oct.  0,  1807,  viceroy  to  Arrillaga.  Pror.  St.  Pap.,  ilS.,  xix. 
197,  204.  A  few  ot  the  artillerymen  seem  to  have  sailed  for  Mexico  this 
year,  to  be  replaced  by  others.  Id.,  xix.  200,  217. 

(83) 


84 


CHRONOLOGICAL  NARRATIVE. 


also  nccjuDst  an  Kii«(li.«sh  squadron  soon  off  Pananiil;' 
Imt  tlio  ])oaoo  of  Caliioiiiia  was  not  (listiirl)o(l  ox- 
(•o|tt  l)V  Aloiit  otter-liuntors  of  the  JJcrhi/  and  the 

Of  Swift's  visit  in  tlio  Dcrhi/  svo  onlv  know  tlirouLfh 
Bussian  autlioiitios  that  suoli  a  visit  was  nuido;*  but 
»l)out  Jonatlian  Winsliip's  visit  in  the  (fC<nn  witli 
liis  lnotlior  Xatlian  as  mate,  we  arc  bettor  informed, 
tlioui,di  the  Kussian  records  do  not  mention  it,  or 
rather  ]>erha|)s  include  it  in  tlie  mention  of  the  same 
oaptMin's  |»receding  trip.  The  OCnln  left  Kadiak 
January  I'>,  1807,  witli  fifty  native  hunters,  and  in  a 
month  leached  the  Farallones,  the  south  island  bciiiLC 
explored  at  this  visit,  perha})s  for  the  first  time,  anil 
seals  I)eing  found  in  <jjreat  numl)ers.  ()btainin<^  su,- 
])lies  from  the  Sjianiards  at  San  Pedro,  Winship 
hunted  otter  for  a  time  fit  Santa  Catalina  Island, 
whore  he  found  forty  or  fifty  Indian  residents  who 
had  grain  and  vecretablos  to  sell;'"  on  March  Gth  ho 
Avas  off  Todos  Santos  Bay.  For  a  month  the  hunt, 
extensive,  adventurous,  and  successful,  was  piosecutod 
on  the  piMiinsular  coasts  and  islands,  with  which  both 
captain  and  hunters  were  already'  familiar;  and  on 
April  IDth  the  O'Cain  sailed  again  for  the  north,  with 
one  hundri'd  and  forty-nine  Indian  hunters  on  board, 
liosidos  twilve  women  and  three  Ilussians.  Peaching 
Xew  Archangel  after  a  stoiiny  voyage,  Winship  sailed 
for  China  in  October  with  a  cargo  worth  ij?  130,000, 


'^  Sl.  Ptip.,S<i':^  ix.  71-2;  Proi:  Ht'C,  ix.  97:  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  xi\.  227. 
July  1.S(I7,  11(1  I'Xi'lmiijre  of  iirisoiicrs  witli  iiriviitccv-s  to  be  allowed,  iiiilesii  two 
tliiids  of  till!  (.'ivw  lire  Kiiglish.  Prov.  Ji'ec,  ix.  100. 

■•  Tikhmi  i(<j\  I-fiir.  Olms.,  i.  171. 

'•' '  Tlie  Spnnianls,  vitli  a  pretended  jiirisdictionl  I),  attempted  to  proliiliit 
otliiT  nations  from  taking  fur-bearing  animuLs  on  tlieir  coast;  consei|UCKtly 
vlii'ii  the  ship  was  at  anchor  in  the  ])ort8  on  the  main,  it  was  ostensil)ly  for 
the  purpose  of  trade  with  the  Spaniards;  and  the  eanoe  luintera  were  kept 
nw.iy  from  the  ship,  giving  the  appearance  of  not  being  connected  with  lier. 
The  SiKiniards  would  soinetimcs  capture  and  confiscate  a  straj'  canoe  witli  its 
contents;  and  the  Indians  of  the  missions  would  occasionally  meet  with  tlio 
Koiliaks  and  have  a  scrimmage.  A  number  of  such  are  recorded  in  the  log, 
in  wliiili  a  few  were  killed  and  wounded  on  both  sides,  the  fortune  of  war 
gcneraTy  terminating  iii  favor  of  the  Kodiaks.'  lioston  in  the  A'orthwegt, 
Sis.,  22. 


ITKMS  OF  1807. 


85 


and  in  the  lU'xt  Juno  tlio  vessel  was  biiek  at  Tloston 
t<t  prepare  lor  another  venture  tl»e  following'  year." 

AmoiiL,'  local  happeninj^fs  of  this  year  there  may  Ix^ 
noted  in  the  extreme  north  an  Indian  ti;^dit  near  Car- 
ijuines  Strait  in  which  twelve  or  thirteen  neophytes 
were  kilK'd  l»y  the  t,aMitiles;  and  in  the  south  a  (juar- 
rel  hetween  lieutenants  Ruiz  and  (jruerra  y  Xorie^ja, 
in  which  the  latter  was  knocked  down,  and  as  a  lesult 
ol"  which  hotli  were  reprimanded  by  governor  and 
viceroy.     This  was  at  San  Diego. 

Missionary  events  and  corresponilenco  were  not 
more  sensational  than  secular  doings.  The  hisln»p  of 
Sonora  made  a  deman<l  tor  payment  in  masses  lor  lioly 
oil  i'nrnislied  through  the  Dominicans;  but  Tapis 
declaivd  that  the  Franciscans  received  annually  an 
arrohd  of  holy  oil  from  Mexico,  consecrated  by  the 
ar<hbisho[)  ami  ])resentcd  by  the  dean  y  cabildo  of 
!Mexico.  The  Dominican  president  admitte<l  tlie 
receipt  from  tlie  '*  simple-mindiid  secretan'  of  the 
bisjiop"  of  a  few  bottles  "with  corn-cob  st(>ppers,"  the 
contents  of  which  had  to  be  eked  out  with  connnou 
olive-oil.'' 


In  August  1808  a  gentile  Indian  from  the  Tular 
region  anived  at  San  Fernando  with  a  Hag,  not  rec- 
ognized by  the  friars,  which  he  said  had  been  sent 
*'  through  a  s|)ace  of  ten  captains,"  that  is  through  a 
Cordillera  of  ten  tribes,  by  a  captain  whose  name  the 
messenger  <lid  not  know,  but  who  wanted  to  know  if 
it  were  true  that  there  were  pa<lres  and  'jciife  f/c  rn-jut 
west  of  the  Sierra.     Father  Munoz  thoui^ht  that  the 

^ /in.ifoii  ill  the  Xorlhi'-est,  20-7,  from  the  log-book  of  the  V(iyaj,'c,  Tlicro 
is  iiotliiiii,'  in  till'  Sjuiiiisli  archives  al)i)ut  the  visits  of  eithiT  tlic  /hrli./nv 
O'^'ii'ii  tiiis  year  unless  it  may  he  the  iiitiitiou  of  a  vessel  at  IJoih-ga  in  May 
to  .June.   /Voc.  J,'<c.,  MS.,  viii.  St). 

'  Arrfi.  S/a  J!.,  .MS.,  xii.  ■_'72-(>.  Nov.  .SO,  1807,  Tapis  nnnouiiocs  in  a  lii-- 
cular  that  tlie  hishop  has  granted  him  for  30  months  power  to  remove  tho 
impediincnt.s  of  lid  antl  4tli  degrees  of  consanguinity.  Id.,  xi.  l,j(i.  NDv.  •_';{, 
iStiS,  Tapis  to  padres.  The  procnrador  has  ;i.(X)0  masses  at  one  dollar  eaeii 
on  his  hands  to  lie  said  in  six  month*.  Let  each  say  how  many  he  will  tiike. 
Let  each  mission  also  say  a  misit  da  roi/aHni  for  remedy  of  evils  in  Spain 
until  the  king  returns  to  his  throne.  Id.,  xii.  30{^10;  x.  273-4. 


8G 


CHRONOLOniCAL  NARRATIVR. 


U  ; 


m  i|'''M<^  i ' 


Indian's  reports  of  a  sea  in  the  north  miglit  bo  true, 
and  proposed  to  write  to  the  mysterious  captain. 
Ar^j^iiello  pronounced  the  ihv^  Knjjflish,  and  found  the 
Indian's  talc  soniewliat  contradictory  and  inii)rol)able/ 
The  year  was  not  without  its  alarms.  The  gov- 
ernor was  instructed  to  seize  any  French  vessel  that 
mi;jjht  appear,  if  it  were  possible,  but  otherwise  the 
knowledge  of  war  must  be  kept  from  the  Frenchman 
so  that  he  might  fall  into  Mexican  hands  at  Aca[mlco." 
N<»  French  conunander  ventured  to  approach  the 
California  ports  and  to  assume  such  risks.  A  warn- 
ing came  also  against  the  ]3oston  ship  Dromo  coming 
]iresumably  to  engage  in  contraband  trade.  She  was 
to  be  seized  and  ke[)t,  the  rudder  being  removed  and 
the  cargo  deposited  under  inventory.  The  Dromo 
was  nuich  nearer  caprture  in  some  port  of  Alta  Cali- 
foiiiiathan  was  the  possible  French  craft;  for  she  actu- 
ally came  to  Lower  California,  where  this  year  and 
the  next  she  engaged  in  profitable  barter  for  furs;  but 
s!ie  did  not  reach  San  J3iego.^°  In  ])ccember  five 
American  sailors  made  their  appearance  at  San  Jose, 
claiming  to  have  been  shipwrecked  but  in  reality 
deserters,  as  they  confessed  later,  from  a  vessel  seen 
on  the  coast,  which  was  doubtless  the  Mercury,  Cap- 
tain Evres,  which  vessel  visited  the  coast  in  1808-9 
under  a  Russian  contract,  touching  according  to  Rus- 
sian authorities  at  Trinidad,  Botlega,  San  Francisco, 
and  San  Diego."  The  Spanish  vessels  of  the  year 
v.ere  the  Concepcion,  Princcsa,  and  San  Carlos,  the 
latter  armed  as  a  cruiser.'^     The  missions  were  called 

^  Arch.  Arzohi»pado,  MS.,  ii.  03-5. 

"Oct.  20,  1808,  viceroy  to  governor.  Pror.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  238. 

'"  Little's  Life  on  the  Ocean.  Baltimore,  1843;  /Vol'.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix. 
2-l.".-7;A7.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  vi.  134-0;  7 Voi'.  Jlec.,  MS.,ix.   111. 

"  y^/or. /(Vc,  MS.,  ix.  110;  xii.  283-4.  Tlie  Americans  were  as  usTial  set 
to  work  at  the  presidio  to  earn  their  living.  Tliey  were  sent  to  San  Bias 
next  year  with  two  Imlians  from  same  vessel,  called  Macure  or  Mucara.  Id., 
viii.  U7-8.  For  Russian  authorities  see  chap.  iv.  April  20,  1809,  Arrillaga 
to  commandant,  is  infonned  that  24  cayucos,  with  40  men  and  a  pilot,  belong- 
ing to  the  ship  Geonje  lying  at  San  Pedro,  had  come  to  San  Juan  Capistrauo 
to  catch  otter  and  were  driven  off.  Pror.  Ile.c,  MS.,  xii.  73. 

"  Prov.  Rev.,  MS.,  ix.  107;  xi.  128-9;  xii.  OS-9,  278,  280;  Extudilh,  Doc. 
Hint.  Cat.,  MS.,  i.  72;  Gaceta  de  Mex.,  xviii.  92.     The  San  C«r/o8  and  t'o»t- 


FF.ItXAXno  VII.  IN  (  ALIFDUXIA. 


87 


\\\)im  to  <'ni)t>ll)iit('  Mccftnliii'H'  ti»  tlirir  nijo  to  tlic  pay- 
iiiciit  of  a  (Icaasid  .siiulico's  di'licit,  that  no  sliadu  of 
(lislioiior  uiiufht  ri'st  upon  the  older  or  tht'  coIIi'lci';'' 
and  as  wo  have  st'i-ii  the  friais  wi'ic  ivcjuircd  to  strive 
taiiK'stlv  in  prayer  for  the  eh'ariui;-up  of  the  political 
atmosphere  in  Spain.  J^ocally  the  most  inifxtrtant 
occurrenco  was  a  series  of  vi(tlent  eai'th<juakes  at  San 
]"'raneisco  in  June  and  July. 

Tiic  startling  events  in  Spain  produced  but  slight 
effect  in  the  more  distant  American  ])rovinces.  CMr- 
los  1  \'.  abdicated  in  March  1  80H  in  favor  of  his  son 
l'\iiiando  VII.,  and  in  June  Napoleon  made  bis 
brother  Joseph  kinj^  of  Spain  and  the  Indies;  but  in 
(  aliiuinia,  as  elsewhere  in  America,  Joseph  was  never 
itconiiized.  News  of  the  chanj^es,  of  peace  uith 
]^i!L;laiid,  of  the  so  considered  war  with  France  came 
to  Califoi'nia  at  the  end  of  the  year,  with  a  call  for 
jirayers  from  the  missionaries  and  for  a  money  contri- 
bute.n  from  all."  On  March  5,  1809,  Fernando  VJ  I. 
seems  to  have  received  the  formal  allej^iancc  of  Cali- 
i'ornia  so  far  as  it  could  be  rendered  by  the  [)resi(lio 
UMiiisoiis  and  mission  guards.  The  troops  at  <'ach 
place  beini;'  drawn  up  under  arn)s,  the  couunanding 
ojhcer  lead  the  general  order  and  called  out  thrice 
'•A'iva  el  liev  Nuestro  y  Senor  Natui'al  Don  Feinan- 
dol"  then  he  re|)cated  thrice  "Castilla  ])or  el  Senor 
Don  Fernando  A'^II.,"  and  on  each  occasion  all  the  men 
lesponded,  "Long  live  our  king  and  natural  lord  Fer- 

crjtcioii  were  at  San  Francisco  and  Monterey  in  Maj-;  tlic  Sun  Ciirlox  ami 
J'riiii-i  ■"'  at  San  IMugo  in  (k'tobcr;  anil  tUv  S>ui  dii-litu  rcaclii'il  San  ]>lan  Nov. 
Ist.  The  coinniunilcrs  were  Kanion  ile  Moja,  Agustin  liocalan,  and  .lost^ 
Mai'ia  Xarvae/. 

'^  .1/r/i.  Sin  /.'.,  MS.,  xi.  157-8.  Circular  of  Tapis  dated  June  .10th.  Also 
mArcli.  oliir'/iinio,  MS.,  7,8. 

'*  Sept.  I),  1808,  vieerc/y  decrees  general  amnesty  on  accession  of  Fernando 
VII.  I'rdi:  St.  /'«/(.,  MS.,  xix.  '_'43.  Sept.  l'4th,  viceroy  sends  pnic'.aniatinn 
of  peace  between  Spain  anil  Kngland.  Id.,  xix.  '2i'2.  Oct.  Jl'tli,  V.  ]{.  calls 
for  a  war  contribution.  All  classA  to  he  appealed  to  in  the  name  of  reli^'ion, 
king,  and  country.  /</.,  xix.  2.'19.  News  of  war  said  to  have  been  leceived  at 
Monterey  in  Octolier.  Prov.  Htc,  MS.,  ix.  101).  Nov.  2:id,  circular  of  Tajiis 
to  padres.  Arch.  Stu  B.,  MS.,  x.  274.  Nov.  24th,  Anillaga  calls  upon  the 
padres  for  prayers.  Prov.  AVc,  xii.  0.3-4.  The  viceroy's  decree  and  proclamu- 
tiou  of  Oct.  3d,  4th,  are  also  alluded  to.  San  Joiii,  Arch.,  MS.,  iii.  83. 


r 


mi 


88 


CllRONf>LOC;l('AL  XARRATIVE. 


fliiKMul  till'  Seventh!"  Tlio  saino  djjy  salutos  wiio 
i\\vi\  and  clmrcli  servit'cs  held.  Suhse<jueiitly  on  tho 
10th  of  Anj^nist,  in  aceordancu  with  orders  tVoin  Mex- 
ico, (iovernoi*  ArriUaj^'a  I)efore  I*resident  Tapis,  I'atlieis 
An)oi<'»s  and  Sarri'a,  Sur^'eon  Quijaiio,  and  Cadet  Ks- 
trada  at  San  Carlos,  plaeinj^'  one  hand  on  the  hihle, 
the  other  on  the  cross  of'liis  sword,  ami  kncelinjLr  hel'oie 
the  crucitix,  swore  loyaHy  to  Fernando  VII.  and 
ohedience  to  the  Junta  Superior  (lohernativa  in  (h;- 
t'ence  of  his  country.''  Meanwhile  the  missionaries 
may  he  supposeil  to  have  been  zealous  in  their  suppli- 
cations for  <livine  assistance  in  hehalf  of  their  legiti- 
mate sovereiijn  and  a<'ainst  the  machinations  of  the 
I>onapartes;  and  the  work  of  collectinjjf  pecuniary 
assistance  was  also  advanced,  the  contribution  from 
the  tntops  amounting  to  $1,080."'  Another  contribu- 
tion was  UKule  in  1810,  but  respecting  it  few  details 
have  been  }»reserved. 

The  presence  of  Kuskof  at  Bodega  and  that  of 
Capt.  A3'ers  on  the  southern  coast  in  the  eaily  part 
of  ISO!)  have  been  already  noticed.^"  In  October  three 
more  Americans  were  arrested  at  San  Gabriel,  who 
may  be  supposed  to  have  deserted  from  tho  Mcrcuri/ 
in  tho  spring,  since  there  is  nc  record  of  any  other 
American  vessel  on  the  coast  tins  year.^^  The  Priii- 
i-rsa  and  San  Carlos  brought  the  year's  supi)lies,  ar- 
riving at  Monterey  and  San  Francisco  in  May  and 

^'^Enfiiilillo,  Doc.  Jlist.  ('ill.,  MS.,  i.  81.  Circular  of  commandant  of  Mon- 
terey diittd  FeV).  '2(i,  1800.  March  5tli,  mention  of  ceremonies.  Pror.  L'<<., 
MS.,  ix.  111.     Oath  of  tlie  governor.  Prov.  St.  Pop.,  MS.,  xix.  2(i'2~'A. 

"•Fel).  '2(t,  1800,  comandante  of  Monterey  calls  for  a  contribution  in  his 
jurisdiction.  Sun  jouc.  Arch.,  MS.,  iii.  83.  San  Joso  and  Branciforte,  .^.VJS. 
Prov.  St.  Pap.,  Dcii.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlvii.  3.  July  3d,  viceroy  sends  thaidvs  for 
^l,mj  from  the  four  presidios.  Prov.  St.  Pnp.,  MS.,  xix.  '250-1.  Aug.  1800, 
governor  has  ordered  chanting  of  litany  after  high  mass  during  war.  /Voc. 
ViVc,  MS.,  ix.  IHi.  April  '2."),  1810,  among  King  .Joseph's  agents  in  Anioric.i 
Ih  niimed  Santiago  Parreno  for  New  Mexico  •nd  California.  Prov.  Si.  Pup., 
MS.,  xix.  303.  Aug.  10,  1810,  more  donativo^  asked  for  by  the  nudiencia 
gtibernadora.  Id.,  xix.  204.  Dec.  31,  1810,  soldiers  of  San  Francisco  contiib- 
utcd  .S-200.  Proc.  St.  Pop.,  lien.  Md.,  MS.,  xliv.  4. 

'"  See  chap.  iv.  of  this  vol. 

^^  Pror.  llci'.,  MS.,  xi.  2.  March  27th,  Indians  forbidden  to  bi-ing  sailors 
from  foreign  vessels  under  severe  penalty.  /'/.,  xi.  131.  October,  deserters 
from  foreign  vessels  to  be  put  to  work  repairing  the  presidio.  Id.,  ix.  117. 


EVENTS  OF  ISOO.  80 

.Tunc,  n\u\  sailinuf  fVoin  Sail  I)i<  «r,)  in  Xovciulu'i-.'''  In 
iiiissioiiary  annals  of  tlu;  year  I  may  note  the  ni'lcc- 
tioii  of  I'lvsidisntTaiilsattlic  colh'iji' of  San  rtinaiido; 
un<l  sonif  r(!j;ulationsissui'ilivs|)i'ctini,' mission  lilu-arics 
and  tli<'  l)ooks  of  (K-ad  friars.  I^adi  I)ook  was  to  Kc 
plainly  markud  as  luinif  tlio  proiicrty  of  tlit)  rolli'<r,., 
so  that  in  the  event  of  secularization,  which  was  always 
kcjtt  in  view^  l)y  the  Franciscans,  it  mi^ht  he  taken 
awa\'.'"  Local  i(en>s  inclu<le  the  ccmsecration  of  new 
mission  churches  at  8an  liuenaventura  and  *"'  n  Jose, 
the  heginninj^  of  another  at  San  Antonio,  a  i-i  somo 
new  trouhlu  about  boundaries  at  Santa  Chiia.  The 
year  1809  was  one  of  drouth  and  shor*  "ro|i.^,  oven 
W(»rs«.>  than  I  807.  The  loss  in  yield  of  hailey  anl  <  >m 
was  le^;>j  I'.an  in  that  of  wheat;  and  theoxtrenit  '»uth- 
ern  missions  sutfered  as  a  rule  more  than  tlios.  in  the 
iKi'th.  The  total  fallin^-oii*  in  all  cro[)s  was  about 
tliiity  \)Ci'  cent  from  the  averai^e,  and  not  more  than 
ten  |>er  cent  from  the  cro[)s  of  1807.  These  con- 
clusions rest  on  the  mission  statistics,  since  the  corre- 
spondence of  the  time  shows  little  beyond  the  fact 
that  it  was  a  hard  year."^ 

There  was  a  proposition  in  M';xico  to  admit  to  new 

'9 /•/•or.  Pfr.,  MS.,  viii.  97;  ix.  113,  11.5;  xii.  70.  In  ('<ni;„,-\-<  L<,»t 
Tni]iiier.i,  144-(i}),  I  tiiiil  nn  nccount  of  the  \vaii<kiings  of  two  hniit'.Ts,  Wmk- 
iiiiiii  anil  SiwnctT,  who  crossed  the  country  from  tlie  Arknnsas  to  the  Colo- 
rado, fell  in  with  a  eai'avnn  from  Stint^i  I'V,  and  accompanied  the  Spanish 
traders  to  Los  Angeles,  spending  the  winter  of  1S()!(-10  in  California.  <'o.V- 
ner"s  narrative  as  a  whole  beai's  marks  of  having  Iteen  written  in  good  faiih, 
liiit  he  does  not  claim  to  liavo  seen  any  diary  of  this  trip,  and  he  is  eertaiidy 
in  error.  No  sncii  men  came  to  California  in  1S(K(,  and  the  trade  lietween 
Santa  Fe  and  California  did  not  l)egin  until  much  later.  The  author  has 
douhtlesa  antedated  an  occurrence  of  later  yeais. 

-"On  July  8tli,  Agustin  (iarijo  was  elected  guardian,  Tapis  reelected 
president,  and  Joseijiuilez,  procurador.  Announced  on  .July  'Jli,  l.S(l!l.  An  li. 
Ohls/.ni/n,  MS.,  10;  J)oc.  JIM.  Ctl.,  MS.,  iv.  |<J,V  S.  Tlie  seal  of  the  collc-e 
was  changed  also  at  the  same  time.  April  'I'M,  Tapis  to  the  padres,  makiii;^ 
known  the  regulutious  respecting  books  and  libraries.  An-h.  Olifjuiilo,  -MS., 
9,10. 

^'  Pro,:  St.  Pap,  MS.,  xix.  2^1,  2r)2-.1;  lit.,  !>■  >.  J/)7.,  xxxix.  G:  SfaCnr., 
Ari'h.,  MS.,  14.  In  the  annual  reports  of  several  missions  the  ligures  lea- 
ISOy  are  omitted  altogetiier.  The  correspondence,  espeeiatly  in  the  north, 
complains  of  greater  want  than  the  tables  would  indicate.  A  .i-riter  in  the 
6.  /•'.  liiilk'tiii,  March  19,  1804,  obtained  an  account  of  this  drought  from  an  old 
resident  of  Santa  Barbara,  who  said  that  scarcely  any  rain  fell,  uud  that  both 
crops  and  live-stock  sutiered  severely. 


[ 


00 


CIJ I  OXOLOniCAL  NARRATIVE. 


Calilurniiin  foundations  tlic  friars  from  another  Fran- 
ciscan colli'L'c'  {it  Orizaha;  but  respoctinij  it  we  know 
only  tliat  the  authoiities  of  San  Fernando  at  hist 
resolved  not  to  admit  the  strangers.-''*  An  important 
industrial  tojtic,  involving  the  employment  of  neo- 
])hytes  as  lahorers,  came  up  for  discussion  in  1810, 
though  it  seems  to  have  occasioned  no  very  heated 
controversy.  The  settlers  of  Los  Angeles,  encour- 
aged  hv  the  government  to  engage  in  the  hemp-culture, 
had  obtained  from  San  Juan  Capistrano  a  hundred 
Indians.  Father  Suiler  for  some  reason  not  given 
recalled  the  Indians  to  their  mission.  The  settlers 
through  the  alcalde  and  other  ])romincnt  men  peti- 
tioned lor  an  order  ctmipelling  the  service  of  the 
laborers,  and  it  was  also  rej)ortcd  that  the  president 
had  forbidden  such  service.  Tapis,  when  the  matter 
was  referred  to  him  by  the  governor,  replied  in  a  clear 
argument  which  throws  much  light  on  the  labor 
(piestion  at  this  epoch.  He  denies  that  he  has  given 
any  orders  against  the  Ictting-out  of  the  Indians,  or 
that  he  has  any  desire  to  prevent  it;  but  argues  also 
that  he  has  no  authority  to  require  Suncr  to  comply 
with  the  settlers'  wishes.  His  argument  was  first, 
that  by  royal  order  of  1713,  newly  converted  Indians 
were  not  to  serve  private  persons  except  voluntaiily, 
the  pivsum}»tion  being  that  the  neophytes  would  not 
often  work  of  their  own  accord  in  the  j)uel)los.  Second, 
that  even  where  repartimientos  were  legally  permitted 
Indians  nnist  not  be  taken  over  ten  leagues  from  their 
homes.  Third,  the  Indians  had  a  right  to  spiritual 
care  not  given  them  at  the  pueblo;  and  fourth,  the 
making  of  repartimientos  belonged  to  the  governor 
and  not  to  the  president.  If  Arrillaga  chose  to  assign 
to  each  mission  a  certain  nuniber  of  laborers  to  bo 
furnished  for  hemp-culture  the  president  would  do  all 
he  could  to  render  the  measure  a  success.  But  still 
he  uiged  that  the  missions  as  well  as  pueblos  were 
engaged  in  that  branch  of  industry  and  needed  laborers, 

^'Fcb.  20,  1811,  guaidiau  to  Tapis.  Arch.  Sta  li.,  vi.  218. 


i- 


i 


MOr.AGA'S  FIGHT  AT  SUISUN. 


01 


and  that  a  little  more  hard  M'ork  was  hy  no  means 
liki'ly  to  injure  the  settlers  and  their  iamilies.'-"' 

The  Indians  were  somewhat  more  troublesome  in 

IHIO  than  they  had  been  before,  both  in  the  north 

and  south;    and   Alferez  Moraga,  preeminently  the 

Indiiin-tisj^liter  of  the  time,  was  kept  very  busy  in  the 

Sj>anish  acceptation  of  the  term.     In  ^Fay  he  was 

siiit  with  seventeen  men  to  punish  the  gentiles  of  the 

Sespesuya  rancheria  who  lived  across  the  bay  from 

San  Francisco,  apparently  near  the  strait  of  Canpii- 

nes  in  the  region  of  Suisun,  an<l  who  for  several  years 

had  connnitted  depredations,  killing  sixteen  neophytes 

fiom  San  Francisco.     The  Spaniards  crossed  the  strait 

in  a  boat  and  after  a  hard  fight  with  one  hundred  and 

twenty  pagans,  captured  eighteen  of  the  munber,  who 

were  icleased  as  they  were  almost  sure  to  die  of  their 

Mounds.     The  survivors  retired    to  their  huts   and 

made  a  brave  resistance,  wounding  twa  corporals  and 

two  soldiers.     The  occupants  of  two  of  the  three  huts 

were  defeated  and  all  killed;  but  when  the  other  hut 

was  set  on  fire  with  a  yiew  to  drive  out  the  occupants 

they  bravely  preferred  to  perish  in  the  ilames.     Arri- 

llaga  havinn'  sent  an  account  of  this  brilliant  aflfair  to 

]\Ic.\ico,  and    the  viceroy  having  transmitted  it   to 

S[)ain,  tliere  came  back  a  r(;  al  order  expressing  the 

satisfaction  of  the  council  of  regenc}^  in  the  king's 

name,  at  the  glorious  action  of  ^la}-  22,  1810.     IJy 

the  terms  of  this  oi'der  Moraga  was  promoted  to  a 

brevet  lieutenancy.    Corporals  Herrera  and  Francisco 

Soto,  wounded,  were  made  sergeants;   the  wounded 

soldiers,  Antonio  Briones  and  A\'ntura  Ziiiiiga,  were 

given  a  slight  increase  of  pay,  while  the  others  who 

shared  in  tlie  action  were  rewarded  with  the  thanks 

(»t"  the  nation."* 

'•■'  Taph,  Pairrrr  snfnr  Pfpartimientos  de  Indios  Trahajadon'n,  ISKI,  MS. 
Dntcil  Oct.  r)tli,  !it  San  FraiiciHco. 

'■"Jiiiif 'JS,  l.SIO,  Arrillagii's  report  to  viceroy.  Prnr.  /,Vr.,  MS.,  ix.  ]'2'2-.1. 
Nov.  I'J,  ISI  I,  viceroy  to  jiov.,  enelosiny;  royal  order  of  Auj;,  liHli.  J'r'ji:  S/. 
/'";>.,  MS.,  xix.  ;U4.  .lune  '2(),  18I'J,  governor  to  Com.  Kstmlillo,  transmitting 
v:Lcr(iy"»  conminnijation.  Prov.  Pit.,  MS.,  xi.  '2-2-2-X  ^'allejo,  //A*/.  Cnl., 
Ms.,  i.  lol-")  in  describing  a  fight  in  the  same  region  by  Jose  Sauciiez  ia 


!i '  ' 


92 


CHRONOLOGICAL  NARRATIVE. 


■    'i; 
.    i 


r  ii 


!Moraga's  two  expeditions  to  the  San  Joaquin  Val- 
ley and  another  to  Bodeija  from  Ausjjust  to  ( )(tober 
of  this  year  have  already  been  mentioned  in  a  chapter 
on  inland  exploration.  During  the  second  exploration 
to  the  San  Joaquin,  sixteen  Christian  Indians  were 
recovered  and  eighteen  gentiles  captured  l)y  a  sudden 
attack  on  a  ranchcria,  to  say  nothing  of  filty  womcu 
taken  and  set  free — all  without  bloodshed.-''  In  No- 
\eml)cr  there  was  trouble  at  San  (jrabriel,  where  an 
attack  was  deemed  imminent,  and  Moraga  was  ordered 
south.  Though  the  archives  contain  several  connnuni- 
cations  on  the  subject,  it  is  impossible  to  learn  exactly 
what  took  place;  but  the  danger,  whatever  it  may 
have  been,  was  averted  throu<_»h  Moraicja's  efforts  and 
those  of  the  company  of  militia  artillery  at  Los  An- 


geles. 


Other  local  events  of  1810  include  nothing  more 
important  than  a  slight  misunderstanding  l)etween 
Los  Angeles  and  the  padres  of  San  Gabriel,  caused 
by  the  action  of  the  latter  in  cutting  off  the  pueblo's 
water-supi)ly  and  in  neglecting  their  spiritual  attend- 
ance on  the  settlers. 


i 


I  have  already  mentioned  briefly  tlie  otter-hunting 
voyages  made  under  Russian  contracts  by  the  Winship 

1817  ajrainst  the  Suisunes  under  cliiuf  >rii!aca,  statos  that  the  Indians  set  the 
to  the  huts  and  t<  >n"scalrii  in  which  tlioy  hail  taken  refuge,  and  perished  in  tlio 
llanies.  It  is  possililc  tiiat  the  autiior  lias  confounded  two  ditl'erent  hattles. 
Alvarado,  ili.ff.  Vol.,  MS.,  i.  tit)-70,  makes  the  date  1S17,  hut  puts  (iahriel 
Moraga  in  eoniniand,  and  says  that  Saniyetoy,  afterward  known  as  Solano, 
was  ea]itured  on  this  occasion. 

'^'•'  Viwltr,  Jiiario  6  Xotk'm,  MS,;  A/.,  Dlario  dc  nna  Entrcula,  MS.  Seo 
chapter  iii.  of  this  volume. 

■'"Xov.  ri,  ISIO,  Sergt.  Cota  with  IS  men  to  go  every  15  days  in  pursuit 
of  fugitive  Indians  of  San  (iahriel  and  San  Fernando.   Pror.  /tec,  MS.,  xi. 

8.  Nov.  "27111,  Moraga  to  go  to  San  (Jahriel  and  investigate  the  causes  of  dis- 
onlcrs  and  the  rising  of  Martinez,  who  with  50  men  holds  that  place,   hi.,  xi. 

9.  Dec.  .'il  t.  '1\  (,'liiistian  Indians  and  IvI  gentiles  in  prison  for  complicity  in 
the  revolt.  A/.,  xi.  Hi.  Before  Juno  ISU  Moraga  captured  all  the  leaders 
and  proceedetl  so  wisely  that  4(K)  gentiles  were  converted.  Ziilrhlta,  in  Dor, 
Hint.  i'(tl.,  MS.,  iv.  175.  Tiie  hostile  Indians  were  .iie  Amajahas  (.Mojaves), 
and  came  within  two  leagues,  but  retired  on  hearing  the  mission  was  defended, 
killing  one  neophyte  on  the  way.  Anli.  Sla  Ji.,  MS.,  iii.  '271.  Tlie  reliels 
intended  to  attack  hotli  San  ( lahriel  and  Angeles,  Names  of  the  artillery- 
men and  settlers  who  served  during  the  crises  from  Oct.  '28,  1800,  to  Juii.  4, 
ISll.  i'lov.  at.  Piqi.,  MS.,  xix.  32t-8. 


■* 


WINSHIP  AND  GALE. 


08 


[iiin  Yal- 
Oetober 
\  <*linptor 
ploratioii 
a  lis  were 
a  sudden 
y  Momeii 
In  No- 
where an 
s  ordered 
•oniimnii- 
n  exactly 
r  it  may 
[I'orts  and 
Los  Ail- 


ing more 
;  between 
el,  (?ansed 
0  pueljlo's 
\\  attend- 


r-hunting 


Winshii 


dians  sot  tiic 
I'lisliiMl  iu  tho 
•rent  liattlc'S. 
put.s  (iabiiol 
n  us  Soliiuo, 

^a,  MS.     Seo 

Ij's  in  pursuit 
|iVc.,  MS.,  xi. 
:a»ises  of  «lis- 
llftcc.  /'/.,  xi. 
Ijoinplicity  in 
till!  IfatltTS 


,le 


Dor 


|is  (Mojavus), 
iisdefoiukMl, 

L'1)l'ls 

I'tilloiy- 


Th 


-a. 


tu  Jun. 


l)rotliers,  AYilliam  Davis,  and  George  Eyres  on  tlie 
O'Cain,  Alhatrosst,  IsdhcHa,  and  Mcreun/.  The  log- 
hook  of  the  A/hatro.ss,  Captain  Nathan  Winship,  ])i-e- 
scnts  many  interesting  particulars  respecting  tho 
ojieiations  of  all  the  ileet  on  the  California  coast  in 
1810-11.-'  The  journal  was  written  by  the  captain's 
clerk,  William  A.  Gale,  afterward  prominent  in  the  Cal- 
ifornia hide  trade.  William  Smith  was  chief  mate,  and 
the  crew  consisted  of  twenty-two  men.  Winship  went 
with  instructions  from  a  Boston  company  to  form  a  set- 
tlement on  the  Columbia  Rivcr,and  sailed  in  July  1809. 
])<)iihling  Cape  Horn,  and  touching  at  the  Hawaiian 
]sl;iiids,  the  Albatross  entered  the  Columbia  in  ^Tay 
1810.  The  attempt  to  found  a  settlement  was  not 
successful,  but  the  details  do  not  belong  here.  In  the 
north  was  met  the  Mercury,  Eyres,  master,  from 
Calitoinia,  and  on  July  19th  the  vessels  parted,  Win- 
ship sailing  south,  and  anchoring  near  the  south  Fara- 
lloiies  at  the  end  of  July.  Hei'e  were  two  gangs  of 
sealers,  one  belonging  to  the  Mercurij  and  the  other 
to  the  Jsahclla.  Seven  men  were  left  there  in 
cliai'ge  of  Gale.  Tha  AU)atross  continued  southward; 
touched  at  the  Santa  Barbara  Islands,  where  were 
found  few  seals,  but  many  sea-otters,  which  in  the 
{djseiice  of  Aleuts  apparently  could  not  be  caught, 
and  left  another  o"aii<»'  of  sealers  on  Cedros  Island. 
]{eturning  northward  she  arrived  at  Norfolk  Sound 
()<-tober  22,  1810. 

Bej)airs  were  here  made  and  a  contract  entered  into 
with  iiaranof  for  thirty  bidarkas  and  fifty  Kadiak 
hunters,-'^  with  which  reenforcement  the  Yankee  cap- 
tain saik'd  on  the  IGtli  of  November.  A.t  I^rake 
Bay  at  the  end  of  November  he  found  the  O'Cain, 
the  Isahclhi,  and  the  Memtrt/.  Early  in  ])ecember 
communication  was  hail  with  the  party  on  the  Fara- 

"''  Alhiilro<ii,  Loij-hook  of  n  Vnyanc  In  the  Xnrthirenf  Coast  in  JS09-I .',  I.r/il 
In/  U',11.  (I'lili;  MS.  'J'lic  substance  only  of  the  journal  is  givfu  with  oi.ca- 
t-ioual  (|Uotations.     Set' also  //itiit'n  Mirrh.  Mit;/.,  xiv.  iJO'J. 

•"Contract  also  nicntioucd  iu  Khkbuikvj,  ZiqiUki,  \),  lOj  and  Uuninoj', 
li^lihiU'DjiiHsdii  ir,  1  "JD-SO. 


I 


! 


I  i' 


HI     '   V 

H 


liiiii 


04 


CHRONOLOGICAL  NARRATIVE. 


lloiics  who  had  already  taken  30,000  seal-skins,  and 
who  were  now  reenforced  by  six  Kanakas.  Next  the 
Albatross  repaired  to  San  Luis  Obispo  for  wood, 
water,  and  beef,  and  a  party  of  hunters  took  sixty 
jirinie  otter-skins.  At  San  Quintin  the  CJCain  was 
rejoined  and  the  two  Winshi})  brothers,  Nathan  and 
Jonathan,  carried  on  a  profitable  business  duriniif  the 
lest  of  the  year,  keeping  parties  of  hunters  on  differ- 
ent islands,  and  also  obtaining  furs  from  the  peninsular 
missionaries. 

Though  it  will  carry  us  beyond  the  limits  of  the 
decade,  it  is  best  to  conclude  this  narrative  here.  ( )u 
April  1,  1811,  the  Albatross  sailed  for  the  north,  leav- 
ing the  CJCain  to  look  after  affairs  on  the  lower  coast, 
and  returned  to  the  Farallones  to  leave  supplies. 
Then  she  went  to  Drake  Bay,  where  she  was  joined 
by  the  OCahi  and  Isabella  on  the  11th  of  May. 
ITere  the  two  vessels  remained  .a  month,  often  com- 
municating with  the  different  gangs  of  hunters  by 
means  c^  boats.  In  June  the  Albatross  went  south 
again,  and  was  occupied  in  picking  up  for  finnl  de- 
])arture  the  hunters  and  the  product  of  their  labors 
for  both  ships;  and  on  the  19th  she  sailed  ibr  the 
north,  arriving  at  the  Russian  settlements  in  August. 
After  repairing  the  ship  and  discharging  his  In<lians, 
Winslii[)  returned  down  the  coast,  and  anchored  on 
the  27th  of  September  at  the  south  Farallones.  The 
2d  of  Octoljer,  taking  on  board  all  the  hunters,  except 
Brown  with  seven  Kanakas,  the  Albatross-^  sailed  Ibr 
the  Islands,  so  loaded  with  furs  that  some  water-casks 
liad  to  be  broken  up  and  the  hemp  cables  carried  on 

"'  An  account  of  all  the  ilificrcnt  kinds  of  skins  obtained  for  the  AlhafrosH 
to  this  (hi to,  Oct.  I,  1  SI  I,  ill  the  k)g-book  cited,  p.  iu  :  Fur  seal  skins  taken 
l.y  Calo,  If^lO,  :W,740;  fur  seal  .skins  taken  by  (Jale,  1811,  21, IM;  fur  seal 
t^kins  taken  by  Lrown,  18,50!);  total  from  Farallones,  'i',\,AO'l;  total  from 
Lower  California,  1,124;  total,  74,r)2G.  Sea-otter,  ship's  share,  taken  liy 
Kadiaks,  .'lOl  tail.s(?),  581;  sea-otter,  bought,  70  tails(?),  58;  total  otter,  (i.'il 
tails(?),  03i).  IJcsides  248  beaver,  21  raccoon,  (J  wild-cat,  l.")3  land-otter,  4 
badger,  5  fox,  58  mink,  8  gray  squirrels,  1  skunk.  11  musk-rat,  and  \'M  mulo 
skins.  Estimated  vahie  of  all  at  Canton  prices,  .^157, .'5117.  Tiio  Russian  au- 
thorities (sec  note  24)  agree  with  the  American  us  to  the  product,  5(JU  skins 
being  the  comiMiuy'a  share. 


VOYAGE  OF  THE  'ALBATROSS.' 


05 


ins,  aiul 
J^ext  the 
r  \voo(l, 
)k  sixty 
Jain  was 
liaii  and 
riuff  tho 
in  ditfer- 
■n  insular 

s  of  tlio 
ore.  On 
■til,  leav- 
er coast, 
supplies. 
IS  joined 
of  May. 
ten  coni- 
[iters  l)y 
it  south 
final  de- 
ir  labors 


lor 


tl 


10 


Aujj;ust. 

lllKl 


lans, 


koretl  on 

The 

.'xeept 

liled  for 

ler-easks 

ried  on 


Ic  AlhalroifS 
Ikiiis  tiikcn 
i;} ;  fur  seal 
Itotal  from 
taken  liy 
otter,  (ilil 
liul-otter,  i 
Id  1H7  iniilo 
fussian  au- 
•OOU  skills 


deek.  She  arrived  at  Oahu  early  in  Xoveinbor,  and 
v.-as  soon  joined  by  tho  (J Cain  and  I.sahc/la,  the  results 
of  wIkiso  trip  are  not  so  fully  recorded,  but  which, 
accordiuL,'  to  llussian  authorities,  carried  north  as  tho 
company's  share  of  their  'catch'  2,7'2S  and  1,488  sea- 
otter  skins  respectively.  The  three  vessels  formed  a 
kind  of  partnershi[)  with  the  intention  of  returniuL,^  to 
California;  but  after  a  voyage  to  China  this  })lan  was 
abandoned  in  favor  of  a  sandal-wood  contract  with 
tho  king  of  the  Ifawaiian  Islands.  The  Alhatrosa 
accordingly  came  over  to  California  to  take  oft' a  party 
of  sealers  and  close  up  the  business.  She  was  at  the 
Farallones  in  August,  and  thence  went  to  Drake 
Uay,  where  one  Jeriy  Bancroft  was  nearly  killed  by 
a  grizzly  bear.  Winship  was  back  at  the  Islands  in 
October,  where  the  journal  ends  on  October  '25th,  and 
where  the  three  vessels  were  blockaded  for  nearly 
tliree  vears  durinij  the  war  with  England."''^  We  shall 
hear  of  the  Mercury  again. 

'"  The  proceedings  of  nil  tlicso  vessels  on  the  coast  in  1810-12  have  left  Imt 
little  trace  in  tho  S(ianish  arcliives.  I'Vljruary  1810,  declarations  taken  from 
deserters  of  tho  Morn,;/.  J'rov.  life,  MS.,  ix.  I'JO.  Sept.  'IS,  1810,  or  Oct. 
l^tll,  three  deserters  sent  away  on  the  J'rinrcsa.  Xono  of  tlieiii  were  really 
Americans.  Id.,  xi.  7,  8.  Sejit.  lit,  1810,  Com.  of  San  Francisco  to  governor. 
Several  iishing-canoes  seen  guing  toward  San  Jose  where 'J4  c'f(i/»<v/.s  and  % 
Ipoat  ai'c  reported.  A  big  vessel  nt  IJodega,  and  many  canoes  between  I't 
linnete  and  S.m  Antonio.  Sei)t.  'JOth,  three  Ivussian  (islierman  captured  ia 
the  estuaries  of  San  Jose.  I'rnv.  Si.  Pap.,  M.S.,  xix.  27.')-(J.  .Sept.  -\,  1810, 
.seven  captives  taken  and  live  more  on  Oct.  4th,  thought  to  belong  to  tho 
liussian  ship  FalarUtu,  all  put  to  work.  Pmv.  St.  Pitp.,  JJai.  Mil.,  MS.,  xliv. 
o;  xlviii.  Mi;  Prov.  /.'-r.,  MS.,  viii.  211-12;  ix.  12.j.  Sept.  28,  1S|(),  a  small 
American  vessel  at  Bodega,  with  (iO  men.  The  crew  had  built  three  huts  on 
siioro.  Morwja,  Diar'io  ile  sii  i:.tyi(L,  ISIO,  MS.,  278.  Nov.  20,  ISIO,  1,1 
canoes  .seen  fnjm  San  Mateo  to  Sun  Bruno.  .Some  say  20  canoes  left  tho  island 
nt  V  !Mateo  this  morning.     Indians  report  two  big  vessels  between  I't 

Bcyi  ■  JO'cl  San  Antonio.  J'ror.  St.  P(ip.,  MS.,  xix.  2s0-i.  Bations  suiijilied 
in  ISlOto  Seven  Kussian  Indians  and  four  deserters,  .^(JIO.  Pr<iv.  St.  Pcji.,  B<  n. 
Mil.,  MS.,  xl.  Jan.  20,  1811,  commandant  of  S.in  Diego  to  governor,  an 
American  vi'ssid  touched  at  San  Juan  Capistrano  and  left  on  Jan.  ;id,  forced 
by  wind.  Arch.  Ar.oh.,  MS.,  ii.  8.'1.  May  ;<(>,  ISl  1,  Com.  of  San  Framisco  to 
<iov.,  the  otter-lishing  canoes  still  in  the  bay;  as  many  as  50  .'seen  together. 
Indians  report  I.'IO  of  them  between  I't  Bonete  and  San  Antonio.  TJie  lish- 
eiinen  had  detained  the  Indians  on  suspicion  of  being  siiies.  A  number  of 
canoes  also  toward  San  I'edro  and  I't  I'llares.  A  ]iarty  sent  to  surpri>e  them, 
but  vithout  success.  J'rar.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  ;i(»7-H.  July  .'{(>,  IMI,  tlici 
fdijncoH  have  retired  from  the  bay.  A  corpse  found  on  the  Stii  Cruz  beach. 
No  vessels  at  Bodega,  hi.,  xix.  .'109.  ]>r  Taylor  tells  us  that,  according  to 
('apt.  Cooper's  statement,  old  Cai>t.  Bully  (Billy?)  Smith  went  to  the  I'ara- 
Uonea  in  1808  Mith  a  party  of  Kudiuks,  stayed  there  two  years,  and  caught 


I 


1 


Mli 


i 


90 


CIIRONOLOfJiCAL  NARRATIVE. 


In  ISIl  Tlioiiuis  Muck  in  tlic  Atiwtln/sf  and  "Will- 
iam ]jlan('hard  in  tliu  Catlicrliie  wore  on  the  coast 
inidui"  llussian  contracts,  each  carrying  back  over 
seven  hundred  otter-skins  for  the  company,  which  is 
all  that  is  known  of  these  expeditions.  Whittemore 
in  the  Charon  shared  nearlv  nine  hundred  skins.  He 
was  found  at  the  Farallones  by  Winship  at  the  time 
of  his  last  visit  in  1812.=^' 

The  sup))lies  for  IS  10  were  brought  ])y  the  Pn'n- 
ccsd.  and  ^ictii'o,  arrivinj*'  at  jNIontercv  on  Julv  and 
leaving  the  coast  late  in  the  autunni.  The  schooner 
3fos((i  also  touched  at  Monterey  in  June  on  her  way 
from  !Nfanila  to  San  l^las.^'^  Thousjfh  the  Mexican 
authorities  in  August  instructed  Arrillaga  to  put  the 
("alifornian  forts  in  a  state  of  defence  by  purchasing 
new  cannon,  there  seems  at  the  same  time  to  have 
been  an  ordei'  for  the  withdrawal  of  the  artillery  de- 
tachment. At  any  rate  we  find  the  governor  at  the 
end  of  the  year  protesting  against  such  withdrawal.^' 
When  the  Princem  reached  San  Bias  on  her  return 
she  ibund  that  town  in  possession  of  the  insurgents, 
and  was  herself  caj)tured  and  held  for  a  short  time. 
'J'hus  slightly  was  California  involved  in  the  great 
revolution  in  its  first  year.^* 

1.30,000  sonls  licsiilcs  ninny  otter.  He  took  them  to  Chinti  in  the  AlhatroHg, 
(ilitaiiu'il  S-_'..")0  for  soal-nkins  and  8.10  or  .^40  for  otter;  loaded  two  sliips  with 
tt-'iv  and  silk,  and  sold  the  cargo  in  I'xtston  during  the  higli  prices  of  the  wjir 
of  1<S1'J.  />/.-■(•(;)'.  (I ii<l  Foiiiidi  )■■■<,  No.  '2\,  i.  We  have  seen  that  AVin.  Suiitli  was 
first  mate  of  the  Alltcfioss,  and  we  shall  hear  of  him  ugaiu,  for  he  afterward 
lived  and  died  in  California. 

""  See  ri'ferenee  to  J-iiissian  authorities  in  note  24. 

"'Prov.  />•"•..  MS.,  ix.  1-_M;  xii.  81  :{,  -JIO. 

i"/V.w.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  •-'!«;  Prov.  y.Vr.,  MS.,  ix.  120. 

"  l'el>.  -JO,  ISII,  guardian  to  president.  Arch.  SlaB.,  vi.  210.  The  port 
had  already  Ijeeu  retaken. 


-^ 


CHAPTER  VI. 


LOCAL  EVENTS  AND  PROGRESS- SOUTHERN  DLSTRICTS. 

1801-1810. 
San  Dieoo  Presidio — Officials— Jose  Foxt — Manpel  Rodriouez — Qitar- 

RKL  BETWEEN'  RCIZ  ANdGtERRA — RaIMUNDO  C'aRRILLO — LuJAX— POPU- 
LATION— Finances — Forts — Visits  of  American  Traders — Pablo  Gri- 
JALVA — San  Diego  Mission— Irrigation  Works — Earthquake— New 
CiiiRcii— Statistics— Jose  Panella— San  Luis  Rey— New  Church — 
Jdse  Garcia — Domingo  Carranza — San  Juan  Capistrano — Fire — 
Church— Josi  Faura — Los  Angeles — Ranciios — Puj.blo  and  Mis- 
sion— San  Gabriel — Pedro  de  San  Josife  Estevan — Antonio  Cru- 
ZADO — IsiDORO  Barcenilla — San  Fernando — NicoLis  LizARO — Jose 
Antonio  Vuix — Martin  Landaeta — Santa  Barbara  Presidio — 
Captain  Goycoechea — Population — Finances — Earthquake  and 
Storm— Criminal  Cases— Santa  Barbara  JIission- Epidemic—  Padre 
Cortes — San  Buenaventura — Santa  MarIa — Puiusima — Fernan- 
dez— Payeras'  Report. 

We  will  here  take  up  the  thread  of  local  annals 
whore  it  was  dropped  in  1800.^  With  a  glance  at 
each  presidio,  mission,  and  pueblo,  throughout  the 
lengtli — it  can  hardly  be  said  to  have  had  any  breadth 
— of  the  land,  I  shall  present  the  meagre  narrative  of 
events  at  each  establishment,  name  the  persons,  mis- 
sionary, inilitarv,  or  civil  officials  who  directed  the  des- 
tinies  of  each,  give  biographical  sketches  of  [)romineiit 
men  who  died  or  disappeared  from  the  field  of  their 
labors  in- California,  condense  from  voluminous  records 
statistical  views  of  progress,  or  in  a  few  cases  of  deca- 
dence, tell  what  gentile  souls  were  saved,  what  build- 
ings were  erected,  what  crops  were  harvested,  wliat 
cattle  were  branded,  and  say  whatever  it  is  desirable 

•See  vol.  i.  chap,  xxx.-xxxii.,  for  local  record  from  1700  to  ISOO. 
Hist.  CAt.,  Vol.  II.    7  (97/ 


Hi'h 


r      ! 


OS 


LOCAL  EVEXTS-SOUTIIERN  DLSTRICTS. 


and  ]K>.ssiM(;  to  know  of  California's  twenty-six  sot- 
tlenitnts  during  the  llrst  decade  of  the  nineteenth 
century. 

1  Ini^in  as  before  in  the  extreme  south,  at  San  Dieci^o. 
Here  I  lieutenant  Font  connnanded  the  [tost  till  his 
departure  with  his  volunteer  company  in  1808;'-  and 
Maiuiel  llodriguez  was  commandant  of  the  company, 
as  of  the  post  after  Font's  dcparturi',  till  I  SOO,  when 
lie  was  promoted  to  be  caj)tain  of  the  San  Francisco 
company.  lie  never  went  north,  howevei',  for  before 
the  end  of  the  year  he  was  api»ointed  hal)ilitado  gen- 
eral ibr  the  Californias  to  reside  in  Mexico,  and  sailed 
in  Xovendjer  ti)  assume  the  duties  of  his  new  and 
resi>onsible  position,  which  he  held  until  his  death, 
Sei?tend)er  28,  1810.'' 

Cajttain  Rodriguez  was  an  intelligent  man,  a  good 

-Of  .Josi')  Font  I  have  not  hecii  abU;  to  Ivarn  niiything  bcyoml  tlio  fact  of 
his  ri'siiluiu'o  in  Calitoniia  with  tlie  Catalan  vohiiiti'crs.  lli;  was,  liuwevtT, 
proiuoteil  til  lie  eai)tMiii  on  June  10,  ISO,'!,  just  hefofe  his  departure  from  the 
L'ountiy.  l'i:i\  SI.  I'd/I.,  MS.,  xviii.  '2'M.  .June  l;t,  I.SOU.  he  wa.s  present  at 
tlie  laying,'  <»f  tlie  corner-stone  of  a  new  church  at  San  Juan  J»autista.  <b'.  Jiinn 
liuiiNslii,  L'lh.  .Vision,  MS.,  1-2,  KJ. 

•'-Manuel  Ro(higuez  lir.st  appears  in  California  history  A))ril  'J.*?,  1704, 
when  fioni  Mexico  he  applied  to  (iov.  l>orica  for  a  cadetshii)  in  the  company 
of  lioreto  or  Monterey.  Jli^  was  then  L'li  yeais  ohl.  A  cadet  wa.s  ohliiied  to 
live  as  a  gentleman  on  a  soldier's  pay;  hut  Jlodriyucz  had  the  patronage  of 
his  relative,  Uahilitado  (ieneral  t'lircuha,  who  not  only  leconmiended  him 
Init  otl'ered  to  make  him  an  allowance  of  S-0  or  i}'2'>  a  month.  April '23,  17!(4, 
Kodriguez  to  governor.  I'roi:  St.  I'ttp.,  M.S.,  xii.  ISO.  lie  was  admitted  to 
the  Monterey  company  and  came  to  (.'alifornia  in  I7!'">.  Pror.  St.  J'<i/>.,  lien. 
Mil.,  MS.,xxii.  5.  InAugust  17i)S,  liy  jjrovisional  order  of  the  viceroy  lie  was 
niaileulfcrezof  iheSan  Francisco  company,  and  honored  w  ith  thetitleof  Alcalde 
dehi  Santa  Hermandad  duCahallerosllijos  dalgo.  Aug.  14,  17'.IS,  governor  to 
commandant  of  Monterey.  Prm'.  J'cc.,  MS.,  iv.  '2.")4 ;  v.  1 1 1 .  llisconunission 
was  senthy  the  viceroy  .Tan.  4,  1790.  J'rur.Si.  /V/p.,  MS.,  xviii.  l!i7.  llenevir 
.served  at  S;;n  Francisco  hut  was  hahilitailo  at  San  l)ii'go  from  July  1708 
till  his  promotion  to  the  lieutenancy  and  ecjmmand  of  the  San  Diego  company 
in  ISOO.  Appointment,  Feh.  11,  ISOO;  droiipetl  from  rolls  of  San  Fiancisco 
company.  Xov.  SOtli,  Pror.  St.  Pap.,  Il<ii.  Mil.,  MS.,  xxviii.  l.">;  xxxiii.  1'2. 
('omiiiissi(Ui  forwarded  hy  the  viceroy  .luly  17,  ISOI.  Pror.  St.  /'(t/).,  MS.,x\iii. 
0!».  For  t'levelanil's  expeiience  at  SanlJiegoand  his  opinion  of  Itodriguez  see 
chapter  i.  this  volume;  alsoCA '•(7f///(/'.'<  AVo-.,  i.  '21()-21.  llcassumed  theotlieo 
of  hahilitado  general  in  Mexico  after  .Ian.  "21,  1807.  The  exact  date  of  liia 
election  in  1S()()  is  not  recorded.  Pror.  J,'ir.,  MS.,  ix.  04;  Pror.  St.  Pap., 
Jlni.  .1/(7.,  MS.,  xxxvii.  37;  Pror.  St.  Pop.,  MS.,  xix.  lo;!.  May  .31,  ISIO, 
the  governor  notilies  tht 


■ni!''iiM 


CARRILLO  AND  GUERRA. 


f)fficor,  and  a  skilful  accountant.  Cleveland  foinid 
him  to  be  "an  exceedingly  vain  and  })onn)ou.s  man;" 
in  fact  "a  most  arrant  coxcomb,"  and  altogether  a 
most  disagreeable  personage;  but  the  Yankee  smug- 
gler's judgment  ot'a  man  who  could  be  tempted  neither 
to  trade  himself  nor  permit  trade  in  violation  of  tho 
laws  may  l>e  taken  with  allowance. 

Captain  Kaimundo  Carrillo  was  named  as  the  suc- 
cessor of  Ilodriguez,  but  as  he  could  not  leave  ISanta 
Barbara  innne<liatelv,  Alferez  Francisco  Mar/a  limz 
«)f  Santa  liarbara  was  promoted  to  be  lieutenant, 
transferred  to  the  San  Diego  company',  and  thus 
became  acting  connnandant  at  the  end  of  1 30G.  Lieu- 
tenant Jose  do  la  Guerra  y  Xoilega,  similarly  pro- 
moted, was  sent  down  to  be  habilitado,  a  position 
which  during  180(>  had  been  held  by  Ignacio  Mar- 
tinez. It  chanced  that  (jiuerra's  connnission  as  lieuten- 
ant was  a  few  days  older  than  that  of  Ruiz;  therefore 
the  former  had  to  be  made  commandatit  of  the  post. 
The  result  was  jealousy  and  bickering  between  tho 
two  officials,  not  diminished  probably  by  the  fact  that 
while  (iuerra's  promotion  had  l)een  most  rapid  from 
the  position  <jf  cadet,  Kuiz  had  had  to  work  his 
way  up  in  the  usual  slow  method  from  the  ranks. 
Xor  did  the  fact  that  they  were  related  by  marriage 
he][)  matters.  Tiie  [irogress  of  the  quarrel  in  its  ear- 
lier stages  is  not  recoi'ded;  l)ut  on  March  15,  1807,  it 
]'e;ic]ied  a  climax.  Kuiz  disreijarded  an  order  <>iven 
by  Ills  rival  in  an  insulting  tone,  whereupon  Guerra 
ordered  the  soldiers  to  arrest  him  and  to  load  tlieir 
aims  to  supj)ort  his  authority,  lluiz  re[)lied  by  knock- 
ing Don  J(jse  down  and  calling  upon  the  troops  to 
say  whom  they  recognized  as  their  su])erior  oiHcer. 
(Juerra  drew  his  sword  and  rushed  ujjon  his  ^oo;  Init 
Father  Sanchez  and  others  interposed  and  prevented 
liloodshed.  Tliis  aflair  came  to  the  ears  of  Arrillaga 
who  ordered  Captain  Jose  Argiiello  to  investigate; 
and  the  report  went  to  Mexico.  There  it  was  decided 
that  both  otncers  were  nmcli  to  blame,  but  as  they  had 


r 


[  1^ 


.*• 


■  ii 


!|      ^:|ii 


100 


LOCAL  F-VENTS-SOUTHERN  DISTRICTS. 


cooled  down  i)oforo  blood  had  boon  spilled,  a  severe 
rojuiinand  was  doeined  a  sufficient  punishment.  The 
cooling-down  process  had  been  hastened  by  the  action 
of  fiiends  who  made  the  lujt-bloodcd  lieutenants  under- 
stand that  they  were  likely  to  lose  their  commissions 
or  be  tlirown  oat  of  the  line  of  j)romotion.* 

Carrillo  arrive<l  and  took  connnand  late  in  1807; 
but  he  died  in  November  1801).''     Ignacio  Corral  was 

*Prnv.  St.  Pop.,  Jim.  Mil,  MS.,  xxxviii.  3-0;  Feb.  28,  1808.  ArrillaRa 
givi'M  a  mild  version  to  the  viceroy  and  suggests  tliat  Ruiz  ))0  retired  witli  tlio 
ranii  of  eaptain,  Maitorona  heing  put  in  liis  place.  Pror.  Her.,  MS.,  ix.  l()i)-(i. 
•Joaij  Antonio  de  Noriega  wrote  to  liis  cons'"  Jo8t5  from  Mexico  u  very  curnest 
letter  on  tiio  risk.s  he  wa.s  running  by  hi;-,  conduct.  Oitcrra,  J)or.  Ilint.  Cnl., 
MS.,  vi.  {);}.  After  (^'iri'illo  took  command  there  seem  to  have  been  other 
trouliles  not  clearly  e.\i)laincd,  in  which  C^arrillo,  Ruiz,  Martinez,  and  Sergt. 
I'ico  wcro  more  or  less  involved.  Ariillaga  through  (iuerra  warned  Carrillo 
to  have  the  quarrels  settled  privately  and  to  avoid  an  investigation  which  was 
likely  to  result  badly  to  the  parties.  /<!.,  iii.  '2()0-l'2. 

^  .lose  Rainnindo  (.'arrillo  was  the  son  of  Ililario  Carrillo  and  was  born  at  Lo- 
reto  in  1 740.  He  probably  eanie  to  California  with  the  Hrst  expedition  in  17<)9. 
According  to  the  S.  JUcjo,  Lilt,  di  Minion,  MS.,  0,  ho  was  a  soldier  at  San 
Diego  before  the  middle  of  1T7-;  but  in  Ina/wjdde  i<crvlcioit,  in  Pruv.  Sf,  Paj)., 
Pi-fsidiiis,  MS.,  ii.  11-14,  it  is  stated  that  ho  enlisted  on  May '28,  1773.  In 
I77'»  he  took  part  in  seven  campaigns  against  hostile  chiefs  in  tlio  San  Diego 
mountains,  lie  was  made  corporal  March  8,  1778,  serving  for  a  time  in  the 
Monterey  company.  On  April  '23,  1781 ,  Corporal  Carrillo  was  married  at  San 
Carlos  by  Jiuiipero  Scrra  to  Tomas.i  Ignacia,  daughter  of  the  soldier  Fran- 
cisco Lugo.  Arrh.  Ar.ol).,  MS,,  ii.  74.  Ho  served  as  a  sergeant  at  Santa 
Barbara  for  12  years  from  May  20,  1783.  His  first  son  Carlos  Antonio  was 
biipti/ed  at  Santa  IJarbara  Feb.  17,  1784.  Sla  Durhara,  Lih.de  Misiou,'Sl>>., 
3.  In  170.')  ho  was  transferred  to  ftlonterey,  and  on  Ai)ril  27,  170.5  was  com- 
missioned alferez  of  the  Monterey  company,  taking  the  place  in  August.  St. 
Pui>.,  Sac,  MS.,  i.  .V);  Prov.  /fee,  MS.,  iv.  22,  101;  v.  '230.  His  appointment 
was  api)rovcd  by  tlie  king  Nov.  1st.  Carrillo  (Dom.),  Doc.  Hint.  Cat.,  MS., 
1  0.  ()n  tlio  recommendation  of  An-illaga  ho  was  made  a  lieutenant  Dec. 
2.'{,  1800,  and  became  commnndant  of  Monterey  from  Dec.  8th,  to  succeed 
Sal,  the  king's  approval  being  dated  Feb.  10,  iS02.  /(/.,  4;  Prov.  St.  Pap., 
-MS.,  xxi.  48,  .'iO;  (imrtd  de  Mex.,  x.  '240.  In  August  1802  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  command  of  Santa  Barbiira,  though  still  lieutenant  of  the  Mon- 
terey company.  Hero  as  elsewhere  he  kept  the  company  accounts  as  liabili- 
tadomuchof  the  time.  He  was  present  Sept.  17,  1804,  at  the  founding  of  Santa 
lues.  Libra  di'  Minion,  MS.,  3.  On  Oct.  1,  1806,  still  by  recommendation  of 
Arrillaga,  Carrillo  was  promoted  to  be  capUiin  of  the  San  Diego  company, 
royal  approval  bearing  the  date  of  March  22,  1807.  St.  Pap., Sac.,  MS.,  i.  41-2; 
Carrillo  (I)oni.),  Dor.  Jlint.  Cal.,  MS.,  4;  Arch.  ArMb.,  MS.,  ii.  73.  He  was 
buried  in  the  presidio  chapel  by  Padro  Iturrate  on  Nov.  10,  KSOO.  Id.,  ii.  74; 
S.  Diri/o,  Lib.  dr  Minion,  MS.,  92;  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  Urn.  Mil.,'Mfi.,  xl.  14.  His 
A\ill,  given  verbally  to  Don  .Jos(5  de  l.a  Gucrra  y  Noriega,  was  sent  to  the  gov- 
ernor on  Dec.  19,  1800.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  JIS.,  xix.  '201.  July  13,  181G,  the 
viceroy  decides  that  Dofia  Tomasa,  the  widow,  Avas  entitled  to  the  montepio 
mililar,  since  iier  marriage  had  been  with  royal  permission.  LI.,  xx.  \2o.  It 
is  evident  that  Carrillo  was  an  intelligent  man  and  an  efficient  officer;  but  of 
his  private  character  we  have  only  Arrillaga 's  significant  remark  that  he  was 
at  times  'masculine, '  "  v  prueba  deello  cs  do  ijuc  par.a  curar  ,1  su  hijo  la  madre 
necesita  liccncia. '    His  daughter,  Maria  Autonia,  married  Josti  de  la  Guerra 


SAN  DIEGO  COMPAXY. 


101 


nppointod  coiiunaiulant  in  liis  place!;  Imt  for  soino  uii- 
cxplaiiu'd  reason  hv  never  came  to  California." 

Kuiz  Ijecaine  acting  connnantlant,  tliouf^li  he  did  not 
ol)tain  his  captain's  commission  till  1821,  when  ho 
nominally  succeeded  Corral  as  full  commandant  of  the 
company,  Jose  Lujan  continued  as  alferez  until  1  BOfi, 
when  he  left  the  country/  and  was  succeedetl  hy  Igna- 
cio  ^lartinez,  lately  cadet  at  Santa  Barbara.  Acebedo 
was  succeeded  by  Joaquin  Arce  as  company  sergeant 
before  1804;  and  after  1805  there  were  two  sergeants, 
Jose  Maria  Pico  being  advanced  to  that  position. 

The  presidial  company  numbered  usually  fifty-seven 
men  besides  the  officers  down  to  1805,  after  which  date 
eighteen  additional  men  were  recruited,  chiefly  from 
the  pueblo  of  Los  Angeles  and  surrounding  ranchos; 
but  as  the  twenty-five  Catalan  volunteers  had  departed 
in  1 80J5,  the  actual  force  was  rather  smaller  than  larger 
than  in  the  preceding  decade.  The  invalids  of  the 
com})any  varied  from  fifteen  to  twenty-four,  and  u 
few  of  these  remaineei  on  duty  at  the  })residio.  There 
were  also  four  or  five  artillerymen  at  the  fort;  but  as 
in  180G  the  viceroy,  having  relieved  San  Diego  from 
the  care  of  Mission  San  ]Mi<;uel,  transferred  five  men 
to  the  Lorcto  company,^  the  eftective  force  of  the  pre- 
sidio was  in  1810  about  eighty  men,  twenty-five  of 
whom  composed  the  four  mission  escorts  of  San 
Diego,  San  Luis,  San  Juan,  and  San  Gabriel.     The 


y  Noriega;  ami  his  sons  Carlos  Antonio,  Josc'i  Antonio,  Anastasio,  and  Do- 
mingo, were  proniinunt  men,  as  wc  shall  sec,  in  the  later  history  of  the  coun- 
try. 

"March  10,  ISIO,  Rodriguez  to  governor,  speaks  of  the  appointment  of 
Corral,  who  was  a  lieutenant  in  the  Corona  regiment,  and  says  thi'  vii  eioy 
must  he  urged  to  send  Corral  forward  to  his  post,  else  he  would  surely  remain 
in  Mexico.  Prov.  St.  Pup.,  lien.  Mil.,  M.S.,  xliv.  1. 

'  Lujan  was  regarded  hy  Gov.  Borica  as  unfit  for  his  position,  being  of  weak 
mind  and  body,  and  ignorant  of  military  duties.  Prw.  St.  J'op.,  MS.,  xvi. 
174.  Idle  and  disposed  to  feign  sickness.  Pror.  It'cc,  MS.,  v.  '21',i.  Pro- 
nounced by  Arrillaga  wholly  incompetent  to  command  a  pi'esidio.  /(/.,  .\. 
17.  June  ;?C,  ISOC,  Lujan  writes  from  .San  Luis  Iley  that  he  would  demand 
a  court-martial.  Ho  left  San  Diego  for  Lower  California  on  Aug.  oth,  and  on 
Sept.  21st  writes  from  Velicata  tliat  llodriguez  had  insulted  iiim,  retiirded 
his  promotion,  and  exiled  him.  Prov.  St.  Pop.,  MS.,  xix.  121-2,  147.  Noth- 
ing is  known  of  his  subsequent  career. 

'  Dec.  23,  1800,  viceroy  to  governor.  Prov,  St.  Pa]).,  MS.,  xix.  103. 


ii  i 


(;  !! 


lO'J 


I/)CAL  IIVFXTS-SOUTHERN  DISTRICTS, 


Soldiers  willi  tlu'ir  fjiiuilii's,  not  iiiclii(lin»(  tlic  invalids 
^vllo  were  ii'sidciits  of  An^jfoles  nor  the  }^uard  of  San 
(Jaltricl,  ina<l('  ii  total  jiopulation  of  al»out  '.120  in  the 
district,  a  j^ain  of  70  since  Ww  year  IHOO.  Tlic  nco- 
I)liytc  Indian  population  of  the  jurisdiction  liad  in  the 
mean  time  im-rcascd  from  [5,000  to  4, .'500  iit  round 
ninnhers.  Of  live-stock  and  ajjfi'ioultiui!  at  t]\r.  presi- 
dio no  riicords  I'xist  for  this  dcca<l(^;  there  is,  ho\v(^ver, 
no  evidence  that  there  were  any  Jirivate  lanchos  w  ithin 
the  district,  or  that  any  atjjri cultural  operation.s  were 
carried  on  round  San  Diei^o  Bay." 

( )f  I'epaiis  executed  on  the  presidio  buildiniifH,  or  of 
conij)laints  respectiuijf  repairs  needed,  usually  a  most 
pi'olilic  tojiic  of  coirespondence,  we  read  ahsolutily 
iiothiuLj  durinjjf  this  decade.  There  appear,  however, 
a  fev,'  minor  items  respectini^  the  fort  or  hattery  at 
Point  Guijarros,  which,  like  the  flathoat  which  ]»lied 
between  it  and  the  presidio,  was  ke])t  after  a  fashion 
in  repair  at  the  ex])ensc  of  the  divers  hundreds  of  dol- 
lars drawn  from  the  king's  exchequer. ^'^     Slialer  and 

•Appropriations  in  Mexico  from  tlic  roviil  ircn^'.iry  for  San  Dioj;o  varied 
froni.«!l,".,(MH)t().«!-Ji,()()0;  iiivoiira  of  jiooils'froiu  .*S,()(K)  to  .SIH,(MIO  ))i'r  year; 
the  Jialanee  in  favor  of  tiio  eonipaiiy  from  .*!."i,(H)0  to  .Slli.OOO;  tin;  totals  of  tlio 
Iiiil)ilita(lo'H  accounts  from  S.'J4,(HK)  to  8.'i(),(l<H>;  anil  tiie  yearly  inventories  of 
j!o(m1s  in  the  varehouso  from  8-0,(MK)  to  §'_'.">,0(K).  Mission  supplies  to  the 
jresidio  wen-  84,«XK)  in  1804;  ^.n.'KK)  in  18(M);  and  $7,7()0  in  1807,  litit  there 
aie  no  records  for  other  years.  Tiie  iiniount  in  tlie,/'('//'/o  </«  nti  iniou  lield  in 
trust  for  tile  soldiers  vas  from  .*.'<. 000  to  S!4,flflO.  The  amount  deducted  from 
);ay  for  the  Joii'lo  (/c  iiiriilidds  from  l~*.iH  to  1805  was  $H,07-;  that  for  iiiontc- 
piii  forthesamc  tinio§21-.  Net  proceeds  of  salesof  live-stock  from  the  rancho 
del  rcy  were  from  ^JIOO  to  !i?.")0<)  per  year.  The  rancho  contained  1,1S.'>  animals 
in  1802.  The  avera},'e  net  revenue  from  postage  after  dv  Ineting  10  per  cent 
commissions,  was  .?!)()  per  yea       Tithes  at  the  presidio,  presmnalily  on  the 

■oi'agetl  .*n0;  hut  for  the  whole  district  they 

^ipal  bulls  for  the  few  yeai's  recorded  hrought 

uie  at  San  Diego  was  more  important,  yield- 

•.     Net  yield  of  the  presidial  f')rgo  in  1807, 

O'csidial  accounts  from  1801  to  1810  in  I'rov. 

iv.  i>assini;  JJi'iif.  SI.  I'o/i.,  Jliii.  Mil.,  MS., 

wiiliox,  MS.,  i.  :VJ-40;  I'rov.  SI.  P<i]>.,  lim. 

.,   n<;ii.,  MS.,  ii.  !»;  7V»c.  St.  Paji.,  MS., 

Cnl.,  MS.,  iii.  31-1';  vi.  li'S. 


catth^  of  the  rancho  del  rey,  i 
t;ccui  to  have  exceeded  ^400. 
!?7,'>  I'cr  year.     The  tobacco  re 
ing  (in  an  average  .?l,7ti4  jier  j 
S2i!,'!.     Sec  company  rosters  am. 
.S7.  J'd/i.,  Jim.  Mil.,  MS.,  xxix.- 
Ixxxvii.  50,  .58;  Pior.  St.  J'fi/i., 
MIL,  MS.,   i.    14;  Prov.  St.   Pc 
xviii.  240-51;  (liicrra.  Dor.  J/im 

'"Repairs  on  the  battery  in  .801,  §183.  Prov.  St.  Pop.,  MS.,  xviii.  278. 
Jan.  10,  1804,  comandante  to  governor,  .?(i88  has  been  appropriated  by  the 
viceroy  to  the  construction  of  a  boat  25  ft.  long  for  the  luse  of  the  garrison. 
III.,  xviii.  3<l(>.  July  3,  1805.  governor  orders  a  light  on  I't  tJuijarros.  I'rov. 
I'll-.,  MS.,  xii.  2!).  1805,  0  six-pounders,  5  of  which  useless.  Pn.v.  Si.  Pcip., 
lieu.  Mil.,  MS.,  xxxiii.  21.     April  1,  ISOt!,  Corporal  Muriauo  Fcniandez  to 


1 

ill  !i 

|l|l         r 

ill: 

liii        'D 

i. 

kititoMll. 

CLKVELAXn  AT  SAN  lUKCO. 


10.') 


Cli'vc'liuwl  in  IWO;;  fumid  "  i'i;^lit  hiass  iiiiic-po -.ndors, 
iiiouiitcd  on  caniniLit's,  wliidi  jipjicjiicd  to  l)c  in  i^odd 
(irdi-f,  and  a  plcntirul  supiily  <>!"  Ijall,"  and  tluir  visscl 
tin'  Ldiii  Jii/nt  a  little  later  served  as  a  tarL,^'t  for 
those  same  l>alls,  niuch  to  her  dania<jfe,  as  iilsewlu'ru 
iclated."  In  I'aet  the  hattery  in  its  baptism  of  fire 
under  the  eommand  of  Coi'poral  .)os('  \\la/(|Me:! 
nearly  won  the  honor  of  sinkin;^  the  Yankee  smtiij^- 
Lder;  tlioniih  Shaler  savs  of  it,  "there  is  a  sori'v  hat- 
tery  of  eii^ht-poundi'i's  at  *'\c  entranee;  at  )»resent  it 
doc-s  not  merit  the  least  consideration  as  u  I'ortilication, 
hut  wifh  a  little  e.\j)ense  might  be  made  ea[)able  of 
(li'ftnding  this  tine  hai'bor."  '^ 

Cleveland  s  visit  in  the  Lc/ia,  and  that  of  the  Alcj- 
(iiiiJrr,  Captain  Brown,  a  few  days  earlier  in  ^larcli 
J  80;),'^  were  the  most  exeiting  events,  and  indiu'd 
almost  the  only  events,  to  be  noted  in  ten  years.  No 
I'oreign  ship  eared,  aller  the  Bi/rd's  ex[)ei"ience,  to  run 
the  gauntlet  of  the  guns,  though  oneo  or  twice,  as  we 
have  seen,  a  vessel  anchored  outside  and  sent  in  bv 
land  the  oft-told  tale  of  want  and  sufterin«;.  It  was 
safer  and  more  agreeable  to  anchor  at  San  ()uintin, 
or  San  Juan  Ca])isti'ano,  or  San  Pedro,  where  there 
were  no  guns;  and  thus  the  good  ])eople  of  San  Diego 
enjoyed  less  opportunity  for  contraband  trade  than 
their  neighbors  north  and  south.  And  contraband 
trjide  was  well  nigh  the  only  excitement  of  the  epoch; 
for  the  Indians  kej)t  i)erfectly  quiet,  and  the  enlist- 
ment of  a  reeidorcement  to  take  the  place  of  the  vol- 
unteers hardly  created  in  the  dull  sea  of  monotony  a 
ripple  sufficient  to  sliow  itself  in  the  official  records.'* 

take  charge  of  the  battery.  Piov.  Sf.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  ITO.  A  flathoat,  Iruicha 
]'lini(i,  i'luining  in  LSOIi.  hi.,  xix.  l.'JT.  1S07,  ;,'ihh1.s  devoted  to  f(jrt  and  boat, 
that  is  to  |)ay  for  voik  tiiereon,  §410.  /(/. ,  JJeii.  Mil.,  xxxvii.  4.'i.  Kxpeuses 
in  ISIO,  ,S-H)8.  III.,  xliv.  18. 

"  Clirefuiid'.f  Xarnttive,  i.  211-17;  chap.  i.  of  tliis  volume. 

^- lihakr's  Journal  of  a  Voyoijc,  luS. 

"  See  than.  i.  of  this  vol.  The  Enlcriirine  had  also  obtained  supplies  in  1  SOI . 

'M'"roni  tlie  correspondence  in  Prov.  St.  Pop.,  MS.,  xix.  178-0,  it  would 
seem  tliat  the  recruiting  of  IS  men,  attempted  by  Liijan  in  1805,  was  accom- 
l.lif  lied  only  with  great  diliiculty ;  the  veeinos  of  Angeles  manifesting  very  little 
military  ardor. 


!•■ 


104 


LOCAL  EVENTS— SOUTHERN  DISTRICTS. 


One  by  one,  however,  the  old  pioneers  were  dropping 
off',  and  in  the  list  of  deaths  at  San  Diego  I  have  to 
note  that  of  the  veteran  Lieutenant  Pablo  Grijalva 
which  occurred  on  June  21,  1806.^^ 

The  first  year  of  the  decade  the  rains  were  late  and 
there  was  great  want  of  grain  at  the  mission,  as  also 
in  1803;  though  statistical  tables  show  the  crops  of 
1809  to  have  been  much  smaller  than  in  either  of 


! 


'I" 


m 


|i| 


'^  Juan  Pablo  Grijalva  came  to  California  in  1776  with  Anza's  colony  as  a 
sergeant.     He  had  before  served  12  years  as  a  private  and  a  few  months  as  a 
coi'poral  in  the  i)residial  company  of  Terrenate,  Sonora,  where  he  had  been 
engaged  in  nine  campaigns  and  1 1  maniscadaii  against  the  Indians,  being  twice 
wounded,     (irijalva  was  present  at  tlio  founding  of  San  Francisco,  and  served 
there  for  ten  years.     Oct.  1,  1780,  the  governor  recomnended  him  for  promo- 
tion, and  liis  commission  as  alferez  of  the  San  Diego  company  was  issued  on 
July  20,  1787,  by  General  Ugarte.     He  aided  in  many  explorations  for  mission 
sites,  founded  San  Pedro  Alartyr  in  Lower  California  in  1794,  and  was  en- 
gaged in  ten  expeditions  agahist  fugitive  or  aggressive  Indians.     Feb.  1,  179."), 
Borica  placed  hini  in  the  second  place  among  tiie  three  names  of  the  tenia  for 
promotion  to  a  lieutenancy.     In  Dec.  of  the  same  year  Grijalva  asked  for  re- 
tirement on  account  of  inlirmities  contracted  during  his  long  service.     Borica 
emlorsed  his  petition  with  the  recommendation  tiiat  lie  bo  retired  as  lieuten- 
ant with  half-pay  as  alferez.     April  17,  1790,  Borica  wrote  that  as  a  reward 
for  his  services  to  tlic  king  the  viceroy  would  be  u'-ged  to  give  him  an  iionor- 
able  position.     Dec.  2,  1790,  Grijalva  was  put  on  the  retired  list  as  invalid 
alferez  of  tlie  San  Diego  company  with  $200  a  year;  and  Nov.  7,  1797,  lie 
was  notified  that  his  retirement  with  rank  of  lieutenant  had  been  allowed. 
Ho  continued  on  tlie  retired  list,  receiving  his  pension  until  his  death  in  18(MJ. 
^Vhether  he  lived  at  the  presidio,  at  Los  Angeles,  or  had  a  temporary  grant 
of  land  is  not  known.     It  has  been  thought  tliat  he  may  have  been  tlie 
original  occupant  of  the  Santiago  de  Santa  Ana  Rjincho  subsequently  granteil 
to  his  sons-in-law;  but  I  deem  this  not  likely.     (See  vol.  i.  chap,  xxx.)     He 
acted  as  habilitado  of  the  San  Diego  company  for  brief  periods.     He  brouglit 
his  wife,  Dolores  Valencia,  and    two  daughters  to  California.     One  of  the 
daughters,  Maria  Jo.sefa,  was  married  May  17,  1782,  at  San  Francisco  to  the 
Catalan  corporal  Antonio  Yorlja.     Tlie  other,  Maria  del  Carmen,  was  marrit^d 
Oct.  27,  1785,  to  Pedro  Peralta,  a  soldier  of  San  Francisco.     P.oth  have  de- 
scendants living  in  California,  though  I  believe  tlie  male  line  and  name  of 
Yorl)a  is  extinct.     Grijalva  made  liis  will  on  the  day  of  his  death,  June  21, 
1800,  at  San  Diego.     He  possessed  700  head  of  cattle,  25  horses,  and  (i  droves 
of  mares,  .')4  mules,  arrears  of  pay  amounting  to  §140,  and  a  few  small  creil- 
its  due  from  private  persons.     After  ordering  the  payment  of  certain  trifling 
debts,  §10  to  tlie  '  lioly  places  of  Jerusalem,'  a  liberal  sum  for  masses  for  the 
rest  of  his  .soul,  and  50  head  of  cattle  to  a  grandson,  he  gave  the  remainder 
of  liis  jiroperty  to  his  wife.     He  was  urged  Ijy  P.ciilriguez  to  remember  his 
daughters  in  his  will,  since  it  was  feared  he  couM  not  legally  omit  them;  ))ut 
he  refused,  saying  that  his  daughters  had  btcn  fully  provided  for  at  their 
marriage.     He  also  refused  to  state  w  hat  money  and  jewelry  he  possesscnl. 
He  was  about  05  years  of  age  at  the  time  of  his  death.     These  items  on  tlio 
life  of  (irijalva  I  have  gatheied  from  St.  I'uji.,  Sue,  MS.,  i.  55,  10(1;  v.  80-1; 
vii.  05;  xvii.  7;  I'lVr.  ,St.  Pap.,  MS.,  vii.  45;  I<1.,  Bcii.   Mil.,  xxiii.  4;  xxv. 
10;  xxvi.  2;  xxxiii.  7;  xxxvii.   1;  lUit.  St.  J'(i]>.,  Hen.   Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxxvii. 
52;  Pror.  LW.,  MS.,  v.  244,  200:  S.   Praiirisr,,,  Lib.  de  Mi.tion,  MS..  0,  24, 
50,  58;  S.  JJi('<ir>,  J'H).  J/i'.ficiyf,  MS.,  25,  30;  Sla  Cruz,  Lib.  Miiiioii,  MS.,  41; 
Arch.  Arr.ob.,  MS.,  i.  37. 


.1 


MAP  OF  SAN  DIEGO. 


lOB 


>or 


171)7,  ho 

allowed. 

th  ill  18()(>. 

•ary  grant 

been  the 

ly  granted 

XX.)    He 

brought 

no  of  the 

SCO  to  the 

married 

have  dc- 

nanic  of 

June  '21, 

(>  droves 

iiall  crcd- 

n  trifling 

ea  for  tho 

•cmainder 

:niber  his 

iL'in;  ))ut 

[it  their 

lossessed. 

lis  on  tho 

V.  80-1 ; 

4;  XXV. 

Ixxxvii. 

i.,0, -24, 

MS.,  41; 


Sa.v  Diego  District,  ISOO-IJO. 


|!  ' 


it    I 


'f  }!■■ 


W  ':   i 


I     i 


liii 


IK 


106 


LOCAL  EVENTS-SOUTHERN  DLSTRICTS. 


tliosc  ycars.^"  I  suppose  it  may  have  been  those 
drouijflits  tliat  impelled  the  friars  to  construct  an  ex- 
tensive system  of  irri<jfating  works,  and  that  the  works, 
the  remains  of  which  are  yet  to  be  seeii,  were  probably 
completed  during  this  decade,  though  there  are  no 
definite  records  on  the  subject,  and  though  I  suspect 
the  ditch  was  never  practically  a  great  success.  S(^me 
tlin'c  miles  above  the  mission  the  river  was  dammed  by 
it  solid  stone-wall,  thirteen  feet  in  thickness,  and  coated 
witJ!  a  c(Mnent  that  became  as  hard  as  rock.  In  the 
centre  was  a  gate-way  twelve  feet  wide  lined  with  brick. 
The  dam  was  standing  in  1874,  thouj^h  the  water  had 
washed  out  a  channel  at  one  end,  and  the  sand  left 
but  a  few  feet  of  the  height  of  the  structure  visible. 
From  this  dam  an  aqueduct  of  til(!s,  resting  on  cob- 
ble-stones in  cement,  and  carryinij  a  stream  one  foot 
deep  and  two  feet  wide  at  the  surface,  was  built  down 
the  stream  through  a  precipitous  gorge,  impassable 
on  horseback,  to  the  mission  lands.  The  aqueduct 
often  crossed  gulches  fifteen  or  twenty  feet  wide  and 
dee]),  and  was  so  strong  that  in  places  it  supported 
itself  after  the  foundation  was  removed." 

On  ^Tay  25,  18011,  an  earthquake  slightly  damaged 
the  mission  church.''^  Padre  Sanchez  in  a  letter  to 
Arrillaga  states  that  work  was  begun  on  a  new  church 
September  29,  1808;^'^  yet  in  the  desciiption  of  a 
ceremony  that  took  place  in  1804  the  'new  church'  is 
als(^  mentioned.  This  ceremony,  conductc^d  by  Father 
]*ayer;(s  jind  other  I'riars  in  tht  presence  of  Com- 
mtindant  ]io(higue/  and  the  ti'oops,  was  the  transfer 
of  the  remains  of  the  three  deceased  padres  of  tlu; 
mission,  Jaume,  Figuer,  and  !^^ariner.  The  bodies — 
oi-  bones  onlv  in  the  case  of  the  martyred  Jaume — 
weri'  taken  from  their  okl  resting-})laces  and  deposited 


"■•/V-.r.  ,SV.  Pnp.,  MS.,  xviii.  .%7;  xix.  140,   !44;  Iif..  J!,n.  Ml/.,  xxix.  X 
''   This  rmimiH  work  is  ilcscribtd  from  iicisunal  t'Xaiiiiimtiuii  hy  llajes. 

£■/«;./.  y<./(K,  h">;{,  co.'t. 

'^  Pi'V.  y.Vc,  iMS..  xii.  2L 

'"  Airh.  Ai:.i.h.,  ii.  tio.    Anillaga's  I't'ply,  Oct.  2Tth.  Piov.  liic,  MS., 
xii.  It4. 


SAN  DIEGO  MISSION. 


107 


in  one  j:^ravo,  but  in  separate  boxes  between  the  altars 
of  the  now  church.-'^ 

Gaiiiinj^  in  ncophj-te  population  from  1523  to  1011 
a  gain  of  only  live  per  cent  as  against  75  per  cent 
for  tho  preceding  decade,  the  death-rate  increasing 
from  50  to  80  per  cent  as  compared  with  baptisms — 
San  Dieu'o  was  still  the  largest  mission  at  the  end  of 
1810;  though  I  have  already  explamed  why  this  was 
not  a  gauge  of  pros})erity.'^  In  other  resj)ects,  how- 
ever, except  that  it  lost  nearly  one  half  of  its  cattle, 
the  mission  was  tolerably  prosperous."  ]3arona  I'e- 
niained  as  minister  throughout  the  decade ;  but  Panella 
k'i't  the  country  in  1803,^^  and  was  rejilacod  Ibr  about 
a  year  by  Mariano  Payeras,  and  then  Jose  l^ernardo 
Sanchez  took  the  place  in  1804.  Pedro  do  la  Cueva 
from  ^Mission  San  Jose  was  here  for  a  short  time  in 
ISOG,  and  Jose  Pedro  Panto  came  in  Septend)er  1  810. 

In  the  general  mission  report  of  1801-2  it  is  stated 
tliat  the  adobe  church  of  San  Luis  Key  had  been 


^"(5.  D'lcfin,  Lih.  jV/n/o)),  !MS.,  80-00.  Jiuimc  was  jilaccd  in  tlic  siiiiillcst 
l)ox  iK'aiX'st  to  tlio  iin!i,i,'e  of  tlie  vir^'iii;  MuriiKT,  in  the  largest  near  StJaiiie:*' 
iihaj.'e,  anil  I'iguer  farthest  south.  Three  stones  wei'e  ereeteil  over  tiie  grave. 
Ill  An/i.  (ih'ispdlo,  MS.,  (iS,  there  is  iin  undateil  note  to  tin'  elleot  that  under 
tlir  iiiciie  of  St  Fi'ancis  i.s  deiiosited  the  ofl'eling  of  Capt.  l''ons  (I'\nit)  of  the 
Catalan  volunteers.  ])ee.  '_'.">,  1804,  a  neojihyte  eauglit  jla;irnii/r  (lili<lo 
threw  a  stone  at  the  pa<h'e  who  eaught  him.  Arcli.  Stii  llnrlnirii,  MS.,  vi.  H4. 

-' ]Iodrigiiez  in  1807  says  that  it  vas  the  jiraetiee  to  tiiin  the  Jiidlans  into 
the  )iioiuitains  whenever  there  was  a  short  crop.  I'ruc.  SI.  J'aji.,  Ikii.  Mil., 
Ms.,  xxxvii.  ,'{7.     See  chap.  xxix.  vol.  i. 

■-'(lain  in  neophvtes,  1,.'>'J.S  to  l.(ill;  haptisnis,  1,0113;  lowest  year  ISO',) 
Mith  'Jl,  highest  1808,  with  140;  deaths,  8J0;  lowest  •!'.)  in  KSO.'C  hi;:liest, 
lli'-'  in  180(1;  lai-ge  stoek,  decrease  from  0,0(10  to  .'{,7-0;  horses,  mules, 
and  asses  in  ISIO,  7-JO;  small  stock,  gain,  (1,0-28  to  0.740;  crojis  in  l.S(K),  •.>,(UjO 
liusiicls;  in  1810,  1  ,.")40  hushels;  smallest  eroji,  :{ti(»  l.ushrls  in  1800;  largest, 
.'(.."lOO  hushels  iti  l80(i;  average,  'i,.'<(K)  hushels.  ]t  will  he  noticed  that  the 
gain  in  population  is  nnich  less  than  the  clillcrenci'  hetwt'en  liaptisms  and 
deiiths.  'J'he  same  is  true  of  most  other  missions,  and  tlu^  discrejiancy  can 
n'  t  he  satisfactorily  ex]ilained.  I  can  tind  no  sullicieut  evidence  that  the 
jiamcs  of  runaways  were  erased  from  the  registers  or  omitted  in  the  icgula" 
rejiorts,  though  tliis  may  have  heen  the  case. 

-^  Of  .losr  rjinella  we  know  only  that  he  came  to  the  iimidry  ie  i/07, 
served  at  i^an  l>iego,  was  accused  of  undue  h.'ilshness  in  his  tre;iti'.<iit  of  the 
I'ldiaiis,  iiiid  took  his  dejiarture  in  Octolier  ISO.'l.  He  scms  to  iiii\c  served 
lor  a  short  time  in  1708  at  San  Lids  Key,  hut  his  methods  I'f  m.;uagement 
nearly  caused  u  revolt,  and  he  was  sent  hack  where  the  lu'liaiis  vere  hettcr 
accustomed  to  his  rule  with  a  rejirimanil  from  I'resiileiil  l.asuen.  Was  at 
San  (iiil.riel  in  .July  170!>.  S.  (luhrUI,  Lib.  Misloii,  MS.,  51.  Allowed  to 
depart  lor  Mexico  Oct.  4,  IbOa.  J'ror.  A'tc,  MS.,  vi.  20. 


I  i!';! 


iiij 


108 


LOCAL  EVENTS— SOUTHERN  DISTRICTS. 


completed,^*  and  this  is  all  we  may  know  of  the  growth 
during  this  decade  of  what  was  the  most  imposing 
pile  of  mission  structures  in  Califor  iia,  better  known 
to  the  world  than  any  of  the  rest  through  the  draw- 
ings of  Duflot  de  Mofras,  made  in  1840.^'  Padre 
Antonio  Peyri,  the  founder  of  this  establishment,  pre- 
sided over  its  fortunes  throughout  the  ten  years. 
His  associate,  Josd  Garcfa,  left  California  in  1808  and 
was  succeeded  at  San  Luis  by  Domingo  Carranza, 
who  himself  retired  in  1810,  when  President  Tapis 
came  here  to  aid  Peyri  for  a  time.^^  Under  these 
shepherds  the  neophyte  flock  increased  from  337  to 
1,519,  a  larger  gain  than  that  of  any  other  mission, 
with  by  far  the  lowest  death-rate,  28  per  cent.  In 
population  San  Luis  was  now  second  only  to  San 
Diego;  in  cattle  third  on  the  list  and  a  tie  wath  San 
Gabriel;  in  agriculture  its  best  crop  was  exceeded 
only  by  that  of  San  Fernando. ^^ 

San  Juan  Capistrano  was  a  favorite  stopping-place 
for  the  American  traders  in  search  of  provisions  and 
opportunities  for  barter;  but  few  details  of  their  visits 
are  known.  Captain  Brown  in  the  Alexander  touched 
here  in  the  spring  of  1803,  and  in  the  autumn  Rowan 
in  the  Hazard;  in  July  1804  there  appeared  the  Leila 

^* Ldsiien,  Informe  Bienal  de  Misiones,  1801-2,  MS.,  69. 

^^  Mofraa,  Exploration  Atlas.  The  front  view  and  ground  plan — both, 
and  especially  the  latter,  very  inaccurate — have  been  several  times  repro- 
duced. 

'■'''  Josd  Garcia  was  assigned  to  duty  in  California  Feb.  3, 1800,  and  arrived 
at  Monterey  in  August  of  tlie  same  year.  On  his  way  south  he  officiated  at 
several  missions;  but  his  only  regular  ministry  was  at  San  Luis  Rey  from 
1S(X)  to  1S08,  when  he  was  allowed  to  retire  on  account  of  impaired  health, 
which  had  caused  liim  to  ask  for  license  as  early  as  1804.  His  qualities  have  left 
no  trace  in  the  records.  Domingo  Carranza  arrived  at  Santa  Barbara  May  7, 
1798,  on  the  Cmicepcion  with  seven  companions.  He  officiated  at  Santa  Cruz 
from  November  171)8  till  August  1808,  and  at  San  Luis  Rey  until  late  in  1810, 
when,  having  Ber\'cd  his  term  and  more,  he  sailed  on  the  San  Carlos  and  with 
that  vessel  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  insurgents  at  San  Bias.  By  them  he  is 
said  to  liav'j  been  sentenced  to  death,  though  the  sentence  was  never  exe- 
cuted. 

'■"  Increa.sc  in  population,  337  to  1,519;  baptisms,  1,451 ;  lowest  number,  42 
In  1809;  liighest,  4;i-2  in  1810;  deaths,  411;  lowest,  23  in  1802;  highest,  104 
in  1800;  large  stock,  gain  from  019  to  10,570;  horses  in  1810,  770;  small 
stock,  gain  fiom  1,000  to  9,710;  haiTcst  in  1800,  1,000  bush.;  in  1810,  4,225 
bush.;  smallest  crop,  2,800  bush,  in  1809;  largest  in  1808,  10,875  bush.; 
average,  5,250  bush. 


■1 


SAN  JUAN  CAPISTRANO. 


109 


B]ir(l,  Captain  Shaler;  in  September  Kowan  returned; 
and  in  1806  four  men  from  the  Peacock,  Captain  Kim- 
ball, were  seized  and  sent  to  San  Diego  as  prisoners.'^ 
If  we  credit  the  Spanish  reports  of  these  visits  we 
must  believe  that  the  foreigners  were  uniformly  sent 
away  without  supplies  and  were  given  no  chance  to 
trade ;  but  it  is  implied  in  the  reports  of  the  Ameri- 
cans and  Russians  that  there  was  never  any  great 
difficulty  in  getting  fresh  provisions'or  in  trading  with 
the  friars,  though  it  was  deemed  wise  to  keep  away 
from  the  forts. 

In  March  1801  the  store-room  was  set  on  fire  by 
a  servant's  carelessness,  and  the  mission  lost  2,400 
bushels  of  grain  besides  more  than  six  tons  of  tallow, 
some  damage  being  done  also  to  church  property.'^* 
Tlie  only  other  event  to  be  noted,  and  a  most  impor- 
tant one  in  the  mission  annals  of  San  Juan,  was  the 
completion  of  the  new  church  which  had  been  in 
l>rocess  of  construction  since  1797.  It  was  the  finest 
church  in  California,  built  of  stone  and  mortar,  sur- 
mounted by  a  lofty  tower,  with  five  interior  arches  of 
cut  stone;  and  it  was  regarded  with  equal  pride  by 
missionaries  and  neophytes,  who  had  accomplished 
the  work  with  the  aid  of  a  master-mason.  The  con- 
secration took  place  September  7,  1806.  President 
Tapis  was  assisted  by  the  ministers  of  the  mission 
and  by  Urresti,  Victoria,  Zalvidea,  Pcyri,  and  Cueva 
from  other  missions.  Governor  Arrillaga  was  present 
with  Captain  Rodriguez,  Lieutenant  Ruiz,  Alfcrez 
]\Iaitorena,  and  many  soldiers  from  San  Diego  and 
Santa  Barbara.  Crowds  of  neophytes  from  all  the 
country  round  witnessed  the  rites,  which  are  not  par- 
ticularly described.  Next  day  Victoria  said  mass  and 
Urresti  preached  a  sermon.  On  the  0th  the  bones 
of  the  former  minister,  Vicente  Fuster,  were  trans- 
ferred to  their  final  resting-place  within   the   new 

'"  See  chap.  i.  and  ii.  of  this  volume. 

^Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xxi.  08-9;  xviii.  94;  M.,  Rm.  Mil.,  xxix.  13.  The 
soivaiit  in  question  went  with  a  caudle  to  get  some  fat,  and  amused  himself 
by  killing  bats. 


110 


LOCAL  EVENTS— SOUTHERN  DISTRICTS. 


edifice.  Cuova  on  this  occaf  lon  eliantcd  a  solonm 
requiem  mass,  and  the  sermon  was  dehvered  l;y 
Faura.  Meanwhile  Padre  Sanchez  and  Alferez  Ig- 
nacio  Martinez  had  come  from  San  Diego  to  join  in 
the  festivities.  The  three  days  formed  an  epoch  long 
to  bo  remembered  in  southern  California.^" 

Father  Santiago  remained  in  charge  of  San  Juan 
until  1810  when  he  retired  to  Mexico  ;^^  but  his  asso- 
ciate Faura  retired  in  1809;^'^  Francisco  Sufier  came 
in  1809;  and  Jose  Barona  began  his  long  ministry  in 
1810.  Those  missionaries  baptized  1,040  Indians  and 
buried  748,  but  increased  the  number  of  registered 
neophytes  by  only  92,  or  from  1,04G  to  1,138.  The 
number  of  sheep  at  this  mission  was  greatly  dimin- 
ished, but  was  still  larger  than  elsewhere.^* 

The  annals  of  Los  Anjjeles  and  the  surrounding 
ranches  present  f(3r  this  decade  almost  an  utter  blank. 
I  cannot  even  give  a  complete  list  of  pueblo  officials. 
Sergeant  Javier  Alvarado  was  the  comisionado  in  1809, 
and  perhaps  in  all  the  preceding  years,  but  was  replaced 
by  Guillermo  Cota  in  1810.  Mariano  Verdugo  was  al- 
calde in  1802,  with  Fructuoso  Ruiz  and  Ramon  Buelna 
as  regidoros;  Guillermo  Soto  in  1809,  and  Francisco 
Avila  in  1810,  with  Anastasio  Avila  and  Teodoro  Silvas 

"',5'.  Jiirn)  Cnphstrmio,  Lib.  Mixion,  MS.,  26-9;  S/.  Pap.,  Mhn.,  MS.,  iv. 
22-3;  Arch.  Sta  liurbara,  MS.,  xii.  GO,  71,  70.  The  first  baptism  iii  the 
iiuw  chnruli  tooli  place  on  Oct.  IStli. 

^'.rimn  Norberto  do  Santiago  came  to  Mexico  from  Spain  in  178."),  and  was 
sent  to  California  the  next  year.  Hi.s  signature  appears  in  the  books  of  San 
I'rancisco  often  in  178G-7;  but  his  only  regular  ministry  was  at  San  .Juan 
Capistrano  from  17S9to  1810.  He  sailed  with  Carranza  on  the  San  Ciirlns, 
and  was  captured  by  the  insurgents  at  San  IJlas.  In  February  1811  he  writes 
to  tlie  preyident  from  Guadalajara  that  ho  has  been  through  great  dangers, 
having  even  been  sentenced  to  death.  Arch.  Sta  liiirhara,  ^IS.,  xi.  302-Ii. 

^-'  .b)se  I'aui'a  was  a  native  of  Barcelona;  arrived  at  Santa  Barbara  May  7, 
1708;  served  at  San  I.,uis  lley  from  -Tuly  of  that  year  till  1800;  and  at  San 
.Juan  Capistrano  till  October  1800,  when  he  was  allowed  to  retire,  his  term  of 
service  having  expired. 

''^Increase  in  population,  1,040  to  1,1.^8;  bapti-sms,  1,040;  .smallest  num- 
ber. .")8  in  1S02;  largest,  329  in  1805;  deaths,  748;  largest,  210  in  bSOd; 
smallest,  20  in  ISO.");  large  stock,  gain  8,r);i9  to  10,21;>;  horses,  003;  small 
stock,  decrease  17,030  to  n,.")00;  crops  in  1800,  0,240  bushels;  in  KSIO,  .'>,300 
bush.;  smallest,  1,170  bush,  in  1809;  largest,  10,400  bush,  in  ISOO;  average, 
5,570  bush. 


ANNALS  OF  LOS  ANGELES. 


Ill 


solemn 
red  ly 
rez  Ig- 
join  ill 
cli  loiij^ 


n  Juan 

is  asHo- 
T  came 
istry  in 
ms  and 
mistered 
I  The 
'  dimin- 


ounding 

V  blank. 

officials. 

in  1809, 

eplaoed 

was  al- 

Buelna 

:-aneisco 

Silvas 


.,  MS.,  iv. 
ism  in  the 

[>,  and  was 

dUs  of  San 
J  San  Juan 
§rtii  Cdrhit, 
ho  writes 
It  (lanj^ers, 

l3o_>-;<. 

Ini  May  7, 
lul  at  San 
lis  tenn  of 

llcst  niun- 

in    KS()(!; 

|0:<;  small 

Vio,  ."),:wo 

avurayo, 


as  rogidores.^*  Population,  including  the  ranchcros  and 
their  families,  increased  oidy  from  315  tc)  3G5 ;  though  it 
is  probable  tliat  the  soldiers  recruited  for  the  presidios 
from  Los  Angeles  represented  a  further  gain  of  over 
tifty.^''  Cattle  and  horses  decreased,  by  intentional 
slaughter  for  the  most  part,  from  12,500  to  G,l75  head. 
Sheep  were  still  less  than  2,000  in  number,  and  crops  of 
wheat  and  corn  varied  from  3,000  to  4,000  fanegas. 
In  1805-G  the  people  are  represented  to  have  suft'ered 
considerably  and  to  have  been  despondent  by  reason 
of  the  increasing  devastations  of  locusts  on  corn  and 
beans. '^''  It  was  hoped,  however,  that  hemp-culture 
miglit  better  their  condition,  and,  as  we  shall  see,  some- 
thing was  actually  accomplished  in  that  direction. 
In  1809  Comisionado  Alvarado  reported  gambling, 
(h-unkenness,  and  other  excesses  to  be  alarmingl}'  on 
the  increase.  Despite  his  efforts — and  the  stocks  at 
his  office  were  rarely  unoccupied — the  people  wx're 
becoming  more  vicious,  scandalous,  and  intolerable 
every  day,^' 

Los  Angeles  was  still  within  the  jurisdiction  of 
Santa  Barbara,  though  many  citizens  were  invalids 
of  the  San  Diego  company.^^  In  August  1802  Goy- 
coecliea  mentions  the  ranchos  of  the  jurisdiction  as 
being  those  of  Nieto,  of  Dominguez,  of  the  two  Vor- 
dugos,  and  of  Felix,  held  under  concessions  of  Borica 
or  his  predecessors;  Simi  held  by  Luis  Pena  and 
Santlajxo  Pico,  and  Las  Virixenes  by  Miufuel  Ortei^a, 
under  provisional  grants  by  Arrillaga.  It  will  be 
noticed  that  this  list  agrees  with  that  of  tin)  last  decade, 
the  Encino  Rancho  having  been  a[)[)r(»priated  by  the 

"Aw.  St..  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  258,  .m"),  .328;  A/.,  Bni.  MU.,  xl.  25-G;  Ardi. 
Sta  /}.,  MS.,  ix.  181;  St.  Pap.,  MU".,  MS.,iii.  '.io. 

•''  Sue  a  list  of  many  citizens  in  a  militia  artilleiy  roll.  Pror.  St.  Pop.,  Jkii. 
^^ll.,  MS.,xl.  17---'(). 

'•'''  Prov.  Pec,  MS.,  ix.  81-2,  180.").  All  the  corn,  beans,  and  pease  destroy ei I 
by  tlie  chapule.  Pror.  St.  Pap.,  Pen.  Mil.,  MS.,  xxxiv.  27. 

^'  Pror.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  M.S.,  xl.  25-0. 

''^Tlie  invalids  have  no  further  dependency  on  the  (omnmlanrta  of  San 
Diego  than  that  of  getting  their  pay  there,  being  subject  to  the  comisionado, 
wh(»  was  a  sergeant  of  the  Santa  Bdrbara  Company.  Uoycoechea,  Ojicio  liidruc- 
tiro,  IM.,',  MS.,  124. 


Em 


112 


LOCAL  EVENTS-SOUTHERN  DISTRICTS. 


friarfi,  except  in  adding  the  Felix  Rancho  mentioned 
only  in  this  document,  and  that  it  confirms  my  idea 
respecting  the  other  three  ranches,  since  it  makes  no 
mention  of  either  the  Santiago  or  the  Refugio  ranchos, 
and  shows  Siml  not  to  have  been  granted  as  early  as 
1795,  as  was  claimed  before  the  land  commission. 
Since  1800  Las  Virgenes  had  been  granted  to  Miguel 
Ortega,  and  El  Concjo  had  been  asked  for.  The  latter 
was  granted  in  1802  or  1803  to  Jose  Polanco  and  Ig- 
nacio  Rodriguez,  In  1809  Santiago  de  Santa  Ana 
was  granted  to  Yorba  and  Peralta,  and  I  suppose  that 
El  Refugio  was  occupied  by  the  Ortegas  before  1810, 
though  I  have  seen  nothing  more  definite  on  the  sub- 
ject than  the  mention  of  two  Ortega  boys  as  resi- 
dents of  Refugio  in  a  militia  list  of  1809.** 

There  were  two  controversies,  neither  of  them  very 
bitter,  between  the  settlers  at  the  pueblo  and  the  friars, 
both  occurring  in  1 8 1 0.  The  missionaries  were  accused 
of  having  cut  off  the  town's  supply  of  water  by  damming 
— the  only  instance  of  profanity  on  record  against 
them — the  river  at  Cahuenga;  but  it  seems  that  they 
were  willing  to  remove  the  dam  if  it  could  be  proved 
that  the  settlers  were  really  injured.^"  The  other 
difficulty  arose  from  complaints  that  the  padres  refused 
to  attend  to  the  spiritual  care  of  the  sick  at  Angeles. 
President  Tapis  in  a  private  letter  warned  the  mis- 
sionaries that  it  would  be  extremely  prejudicial  to 
Franciscan  interests  if  such  complaints  were  to  reach 
the  superior  tribunal.  He  urged  them  not  to  fear 
hard  work,  and  threatened  to  change  places  with  one 
of  them.     The  friars  replied  that  on  the  two  occasions 

^' For  map  of  Loa  Angeles  district,  see  chap.  x\n.  Qoycoechea,  Oficio  In- 
siriicth-o,  1S02,  MS.,  124;  Gucrra.  Doc.  Jlist.  Cal,  vi.  30-1;  Prov.  St.  Pap., 
Ben.  MIL,  MS.,  xl.  18,  19.  In  the  same  list  Nieto's  Rancho  is  called  Sta 
Gertrudis.  See  also  vol.  i.  chap.  xxx.  of  this  work.  Goycoechea  says  that 
many  persons  have  asked  for  San  Vicente,  but  it  has  heen  refused  for  the 
general  good.  Permission  has  been  refused  even  to  the  padres  to  establish 
corrals  in  various  places.  According  to  the  land  commission  cases — No.  308 — 
San  Antonio  was  granted  to  Lugo  in  1810;  and  a  claim  was  made--No.  483 — 
for  Topanga  Maliba  granted  to  Tapia  in  1804. 

♦"March  26,  1810,  commandant  of  Santa  BArbarato  Arrillaga.  Prov.  St. 
Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  304-5. 


li 

iiii 

\ 

ii 

^iijMtiiiilii 

SAX  GABRIKL  MISSION. 


US 


itioned 
ay  idea 
ikes  no 
anchos, 
jarly  as 
iiission. 
Miguel 
e latter 
and  Ig- 
ta  Ana 
>se  that 
e  1810, 
he  sub- 
as  resi- 


sm  very 
B  friars, 
accused 
imming 
against 
lat  they 

proved 
3  other 
refused 
.ngeles. 
lie  mis- 

cial  to 
reach 

0  fear 
th  one 
3asions 

)/7r!0  In- 
1st.  Pap., 
tailed  8ta 
Isays  that 
for  the 

1  establish 
No.  308— 
Ko.  483— 

^rov,  St. 


wlien  they  had  refused  attendance  one  of  them  was 
absent  and  the  other  busy  with  sick  neophytes.  They 
claimed,  however,  that  it  was  not  possible  for  the  two 
niiuisters  to  properly  care  for  the  pueblo  and  the 
i-anchos  so  far  away.  The  supreme  government  could 
not  blame  them  for  not  neglecting  their  neophytes,  and 
tlie  settlers  could  bring  their  sick  to  the  mission  until 
a  chaplain  coukl  be  employed.*^ 

At  San  Gabriel  Mission  we  left  three  friars  in 
cluirge  at  the  end  of  the  last  decade,  Antonio  Cru- 
zado,  Miguel  Sancliez,  and  Pedro  Estevan.  The  last- 
named  left  the  country  at  the  end  of  1802.*-  Cruzado 
and  Sanchez,  both  missionary  pioneers,  who  for  thirty 
years  had  served  together  at  San  Gabriel,  died  at 
their  post,  the  former  in  1804,  the  latter  in  1803." 

*'  Correspondence  of  March  and  May  1810,  in  Arch.  Sta  B.,  MS.,  ix.  181- 
90. 

■•^  Pedro  de  San  Josii  Estt^-van  was  a  native  of  Castile,  became  a  Franciscan 
at  llabima  in  178.3,  jr)ined  the  college  of  San  Fernando  in  1793,  and  was  sent 
to  California  in  1794.  He  was  at  San  Antonio  for  some  months  in  1795; 
served  at  San  Diego  from  April  179G  to  July  1797;  and  at  San  Gabriel 
till  October  1802.  He  was  often  at  San  Juan  Capistrano,  wliei'e  he  buried 
I'adrc  Fuster  in  October  1800.  He  also  visited  San  Buenaventura  and  other 
nii.ssions.  His  license  from  the  viceroy  was  dated  Feb.  8,  1802,  and  that 
from  the  governor  Aug.  21st.  He  sailed  before  Oct.  20th.  Arvh.  Sta  li., 
MS.,  xi.  248;  St.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  i.  GG;  Prov.  lite,  MS.,  vi.  18;  xii.  IG;  also 
registers  of  tlie  missions  named  above. 

"  x\ntonio  Cruzado  was  a  native  of  Alcarazegos,  bishopric  of  Cordova, 
Andalucia,  and  was  bom  in  1725.  Coming  to  Mexico  before  1748,  he  served 
ill  the  Sierra  Gorda  missions  for  22  years;  was  assigned  to  California  in 
August  1770;  sailed  from  San  Bias  Jan.  21,  1771,  and  arrived  at  San  Diego 
Miirch  12tli,  and  again  July  14th,  after  a  trip  by  sea  to  Monterey.  He  was 
assigned  to  San  Buenaventui'a,  but  tliat  foundation  being  postponed,  he 
ri'mained  at  San  (iabriel  as  supernumerary  from  Novemlier  1771  until  May 
1772,  and  as  regular  minister  from  that  date  until  his  death  which  occurred 
on  Oct.  12,  1804.  He  was  79  years  old,  and  had  labored  for  55  years  as  a 
missionary  in  America.  He  received  the  sacrament  of  extreme  unction,  the 
others  being  omitted  on  account  of  his  feeble  condition,  at  the  hands  of 
Francisco  Dumetz,  who  lia<l  come  to  California  on  the  same  vessel  with  him, 
and  who  buried  him  iii  the  mission  church.  San  Gabriel,  Lib.  Alinion,  MS., 
28;  Arrh.  Sta  Jl,  ]M8.,  x.  412,  483. 

Francisco  Miguel  Sanchez  was  a  native  of  Aragon,  and  of  the  Franciscan 
province  of  San  ^Iiguel.  He  left  Mexico  in  Oct.  1770,  and  sailed  from  Tepic  in 
IVl).  1771.  He  wasoneof  tjic  company  often  rcferied  to  in  preceding  chapters, 
driven  \>y  adverse  winds  to  Manzanillo,  whence  he  returned  overland  to  Sina- 
Ina,  and  iinally  reached  Loreto  Nov.  24,  1771.  He  was  assigned  to  the  mis- 
sion of  Todos  Santos;  and  in  August  1773  when  the  other  Franciscans  came 
ncji'th  he  was  left  by  I'alou  at  Loreto  to  attend  to  sending  forward  some 
cuttle.  He  started  northward  in  April  1774,  left  Velicatii  in  August  with 
I.icut.  Ortega,  and  arrived  at  San  Diego  Sept.  2Cth.  He  wa."  minister  of 
iSiin  Gabriel  from  Sept.  1775,  though  from  1790  to  1800  he  spent  most  of  his 
Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  II.    8 


III      i 

111!   h  i>i 


:! 


U.    .!!! 


1   II 


114 


LOCAL  EVENTS-SOUTHERN  DLSTRICTS. 


I.sidoro  Karcenilla  served  hero  from  1802  until  1804, 
when  lie  retired  to  his  college.**  Dunietz  lived  hero 
most  of  the  time  from  1803  and  Jose  Antonio  Urresti 
served  from  1804  to  180G;  but  the  regular  successors 
of  Cruzado  and  Sanchez  may  be  regarded  as  Joso  do 
Miguel  who  came  in  1803  and  Jose  Maria  Zalvidea  in 
November  180G. 

J^esides  the  slijjfht  misunderstandings  with  the  set- 
tiers  of  Angeles  about  water  rights  and  chaplain  ser- 
vice in  1810,  and  the  threatened  revolt  of  Indians  in 
the  same  year,  which  have  been  already  recorded,''^ 
there  are  no  local  occurrences  to  be  noted.  The  mission 
was  within  the  jurisdiction  of  San  Diego;  that  is  the 
six  soldiers  of  the  guard,  who  lived  here  with  their 
families,  belonged  to  the  San  Diego  company.'"'  Tho 
mission  church  had  been  completed  with  an  arched 
i-oof,  but  after  cracks  had  appeared  and  had  been  once 
repaired,  they  were  again  opened  wider  than  ever  by 
an  earthquake,  so  that  the  arches  had  to  be  toiii 
down  and  a  new  roof  of  timbers  and  tile  substituted 

time  at  San  Diego,  Santa  Clara,  and  Soledad,  visiting  also  S.  Francisco,  8. 
Jos(5,  and  S.  Luis  Obispo.  Li  ITS'?  with  a  view  of  retirement  he  asked  for 
and  obtained  from  the  governor  a  certificate  of  hia  missionary  services;  but 
lie  decided  to  remain  in  tiie  country,  and  finally  died  at  Sail  Gabriel  July  27, 
1803.  lie  was  buried  by  Padre  Santiago  in  the  mission  church  under  tho 
steps  of  the  main  altar  on  the  epistle  side.  S.  (lahrlel,  Lib.  Mlsion,  MS., 
27,  and  other  mission-books;  St.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  vi.  92-3,  95;  St.  Pop.,  Miss., 
MS.,  ii.  77,  102. 

**Isidoro  Barcenilla  came  to  California  in  1707;  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  Mission  San  Josc'^;  and  served  there  as  minister  from  Juno  II,  1707,  till 
April  1802.  Ho  was  a  very  irascible  man,  always  in  trouble  with  tiie  soldiers 
of  the  guard;  but  this  charactoristic  was  due  mainly,  it  is  believed,  to  a  cere- 
bral allection  ami  to  piles,  which  so  impaired  his  health  that  in  July  1800  he 
obtained,  after  repeated  applications,  permission  to  retire.  On  account  of 
some  informality  in  the  document  he  did  not  use  it;  but  again  in  July  1804 
he  received  his  license  and  sailed  in  October.  After  leaving  San  Jos6  in  1802 
he  lived  at  San  Francisco  a  few  months,  and  then  went  to  Sau  Gabriel  where 
he  lived  until  his  departure.  He  was  regarded  as  an  intelligent  and  zealous 
missionary.  S.  Gnhrid,  Lib.  Mi.iio»,  MS.;  S.  Jast',  Lib.  Mision,  MS.;  Arch. 
Sta  R,  lis.,  X.  400;  xi.  03-4,  G7;  Arch.  Arzob.,  MS.,  ii.  40;  Prov.  St.  Pap., 
MS.,  xvi.  35-0;  xxi.  44. 

*•<  Sec  pp.  02,  1 12,  of  this  volume. 

'"'  One  corporal,  live  soldiers,  and  four  wives  made  their  annual  confession 
in  1800.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  101.  Xov.  24,  1801.  Goycocehea  of  Santa 
IJiirbara  says  to  Carrillo  that  an  order  of  this  date  makes  the  church  at  San 
Gabriel  counnon,  as  regards  imnmnity,  to  persons  of  San  Diego  and  Los 
Angeles,  it  being  the  parish  chmxh  of  the  pueblo.  Doc.  Hist.  Cat.,  MS.,  iv. 
124. 


I 


HUSSION  SAN  FHRNANDO. 


113 


In  1804/'  Tliu  neopliyto  population  increased  from 
1,1.']0  to  1,201,  San  Gabriel  now  occu|)yin;^  the  sixth 
plate  in  this  respect,  and  the  death-rate  tor  this  dec- 
ade heing  eighty  per  cent  of  baptisms.  The  ii<i;v\- 
cultural  product  in  1810  was  much  larger  than  had 
ever  been  known  in  California;  and  the  average  cro[> 
was  liho  larger  than  at  any  other  establishment/^ 

At  Sau  Fernando  Hey,  one  of  the  new  establish- 
ments, an  adobe  church  with  tile  roof  was  consecrateil 
in  J  )eceniber  180G/^  Father  Dumetz  left  the  mission  in 
A|)ril  1 802,  though  he  was  back  for  a  time  in  1804-3. 
Fiancisco  Javier  Uria,  the  other  founder,  left  the 
country  in  1805;  but  subsequently  returned  to  Cali- 
fornia, though  not  to  this  mission.  In  1805  there 
came  Nicolas  Liizaro  and  Jose  Maria,  Zalvidea,  the 
latter  transferred  to  San  Gabriel  in  180G,  while  the 
iornier  died  at  San  Diego  in  August  1807.'"  They 
Avere  succeeded  in  1807  by  Jose  Antonio  Uria  and 
Pedro  Muhoz.  The  former  retired  in  November 
1808,''^  and  was  replaced  by  Martin  Landaeta,  who 
died  in  1810.^-    Meanwhile  Jose  Antonio  Urresti  had 


*'  Ttijii.%  Informe  B'icnol  de  Misione.9, 1S03-//,  MS.,  71. 

■"  I'upulatidii,  giiin,  l,i;]0  to  1,'201;  baptianis,  1,.'](J4;  largest  number.  212  in 
isnt);  siiiallcst,  ;J7  in  ISOS;  deaths,  1,0!),');  smallest  iinniber,  ")!)  in  1810;  lar^'est, 
21)1  ill  ISOti;  larpc  stock,  gain,  7, 000  to  10,070;  horses,  etc.,  in  1810,  770;  small 
,«ti.ik,  los.s,  12,;{U0  to  9,7.")0;  croiis  in  1800,  !),420  bushels;  largest  crop  in  1810, 
l!l.l  K)  busliels;  smallest  in  180,"),  .3, .'WO  bushels;  cotton  iittcnipted  by  Tapis  in 
1808  witliout  success  on  account  of  colil.  I'ror.  St.  I'<ip.,  MS.,  x.k.  281. 

*"  'J'api.i,  In/ormc  li'ioial  de  Mi>iio)ieK,  1SV5-G,  MS.,  70.  (.'orp.  Guilleniio 
Cota  commanded  the  guard  in  1800.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  lien.  Mil.,  MS.,  x.x.xvii. 
21. 

^"  Xioolas  L;1zaro,  anativo  of  Fmrgos,  Spain,  ari-ivcd  in  California  Ant,'.  31, 
ISO"),  and  served  at  San  Fernando  from  September  of  that  year  until  .Juno 
]>S()7.  Ho  then  Went  down  to  San  Diego,  hoping  that  a  change  of  climate 
iniiriit  bonelit  his  health;  but  lived  only  two  months,  dying  on  Aug.  l.Stli. 
Arch.  S/a  11.,  MS.,  x.  424;  Prov.  Per.,  MS.,  xii.  57;  S.  bicjo,  Lih.  Mision, 
Ms.,  01.     lie  was  buried  in  the  San  Diego  cliurch. 

^' .lose  Antonio  Uria  an-ivcd  at  Monterey  .Inly  28,  1700;  served  at  Mis- 
sion San  Joso  from  August  o?  that  yr.ir  until  July  1800;  at  Santa  Ciu/  in 
lM)(i-7;  and  at  San  Fei-iiando  until  November  1808.  Jn  November  1800  ho 
wiote  from  Mexico  to  Capt.  Guerra  that  he  was  in  good  health  and  hoped  to 
remain  attached  to  his  college.  His  name  appears  fre(iuently  in  the  nii.ssion 
books  as  having  oliiciatcd  at  San  Francisco  and  San  Juan  IJautista.  Langs- 
diiilfmet  him  at  San  I'rancisco  in  1800  and  found  him  a  very  intelligent  but 
very  serious  man. 

"'-Martin  dc  Landaeta  came  to  California  in  1701,  and  after  a  very  short 
residence  at  San  Luis  Oliispo  was  assigned  to  San  Francisco,  where  he  served 
until  1708,  when  sickness  compelled  him  to  retire  to  Mexico.     Kecovering  his 


116 


locjVL  evexts-soutiiern  districts. 


como  in  1809  and  became  the  associate  of  Mufioz. 
Neoj)liytes  increased  threefold  from  810  to  955,  and 
d(.'atiis  were  but  little  more  than  half  the  ba[)tisnis." 
The  excitement  over  a  strange  Hag  brought  in  from 
the  Tulares  has  been  noted.  In  1804  tliere  was  a 
controversy  about  lands,  the  friars  protesting  success- 
fully against  the  granting  of  Camulos  liancho  to 
Francisco  Avila. 


i:l¥. 


Captain  Felipe  de  Goycoechoa  commanded  the  com- 
pany of  Santa  Barbara'*  till  August  31,  1802,''^  when 
] lieutenant  Kaimundo  Carrillo  was  appointed  to  suc- 
ceetl  him,  and  he  sailed  for  Mexico  in  October  to  take 
the  position  of  habilitado  general  of  the  Californias 
to  which  he  had  been  elected  by  his  brother  officers. 
lie  was  the  oldest  of  the  presidial  commanders,  having 
held  the  place  since  1784,  and  he  was  also  one  of  the 
ablest,  subsequently  becoming  the  first  governor  of 
Lower  California.^"  Carrillo  during  the  term  of  his 
conunand  was  lieutenant  of  the  Monterey  company, 
since  Goycoechea  retained  that  lank  in  the   Santa 

licalth  lie  returned  to  Ciilifornia  in  ISOO  and  again  servetl  at  San  Francisco 
until  the  end  of  1807.  In  Jainuiry  1808  he  waa  transferred  to  San  Fernando, 
•where  he  died  iu  1810.  Vaneouvcn-  found  him  a  very  genial  man  in  1702  as 
did  J^ingsdorll' in  1800.  Arch.  Anoh.,  MS.,  i.  52;  Arch.  Sta  li.,  M8.,  x.  423; 
iS'.  Franc'ifvo,  Lib.  J/ixion,  MS.,  42. 

*' Population,  gain  310  to  Ooj;  baptisms,  1,408;  highest  number,  3G1  in 
1803;  lowest,  42  in  1800;  deaths,  707;  higlicst  number,  200  in  180(!;  lowest, 
30  ill  1810;  large  stock,  gain  527  to  8,282;  liorsesand  mules  in  1810,  802;  sm.all 
stock;  gain,  0(M)  to  3,204;  crop  in  ISOO:  1,800  busliels;  in  1810,  8,730  bushels; 
largest  crop,  in  1800, 11,580  bush.;  smallest,  1  350  bush,  in  1807;  average,  5,220 
bush. 

*'  For  map  of  Sta  Brtrbara  district,  :-co  chap.  \xvi. 

^'^  Gojicovchcn,  Ofirin  Iiisfntrtivo  jvtra  cl  Tfi'kntf  Don  Ji(iimiin(?o  CnrrUln, 
]S0..',  MS.  This  original  document  in  tUi,  oi.'nor's  own  handwriting  is  dated 
Aug.  31,  1802,  the  day  on  MJiicli  the  coniiuuid  was  tm'ued  over.  It  is  devoted 
til  details  respecting  the  condition  of  affairs  in  the  district,  some  of  wliich  I 
have  utilized  elsewhere. 

^"Felipe  de  Ooycoeehea  was  born  in  1747,  probably  at  Alamos,  Sonora, 
St.  P(i]>.,  J/(.s.*.,  MS.,  i.  4,  5;  J'omcro,  jf/cmorian,  MS.,  13.  He  was  an  alferez 
in  the  presidial  company  of  15uenavista  in  Jan.  1783,  when  a  connnission  as 
lieutenant  was  sent  him  witli  orders  to  take  connnand  at  Santa  IJarbara  in 
Alta  California.  J'luv.  lice,  MS.,  ii.  55;  St.  l^up..  Sue,  MS.,  i.  5.5.  May 
23,  1783,  Gov.  Fages  from  Lorcto  notifies  Soler  tliat  Goycoechea  will  com- 
mand on  the  frontier  until  the  company  has  been  reviewed.  Juno  20th, 
Fages  announces  to  Goycoechea  that  he  shall  start  for  Cnlifornia  July  15tli, 
and  hopes  to  find  him  in  possession  of  the  command  which  Soler  had  refused 
him.  Frov.  Ike,  M.S.,  ill.   101,  111.     He  arrived  at  8au  Diego  Aug.  2fith, 


FELIPE  DE  GOYCOECHEA. 


117 


conii)aiiv 


liiirbara  company  duriiij^  liis  term  as  liaMlitado  f^en- 
eral.  Carrillo  hold  the  command  until  I  807,  when  ho 
wont  to  San  Dioj^o  as  ca})tain,  and  Josd  Ar^niollo  waa 
made  cai)tain  un<l  conmiandant  of  Santa  Jiiirhara. 
Moanwhilo  in  March  IHOG,  Josu  do  la  (jiuorra  had 
hoon  promoted  to  the  lieutenancy  of  tlii.s  comjjany, 
when  (loycoechea'H  name  was  dropped.  Francisco 
^Mari'a  ]{uiz  was  the  comi)any  alferez  until  1800  when 
Jose  Joaquin  Maitorcna,  formeily  cadet  at  San  ])ieL'(t, 
was  promoted  to  take  his  place.  The  [)osition  of 
luihilitado  dui'inj^  this  decade  was  held,  soniotinies  hy 
tlie  coniandante,  sometimes  by  the  alferez,  and  onco 
hy  the  cadet  Gorvasio  Argiiello  in  1807.  Santiago 
Argiiello  was  also  cadet  in  1808;  and  the  company 
sergeant  in  180G  \\as  Josd  Palomares. 

with  a  gu.ard  of  five  men,  startdl  two  days  later  for  his  (lostin.ation,  and 
iisMUtneil  tlie  coniinand  at  Santa  IJiirhara  .Ian.  '2'>,  l~S4,  .siifciedinj^  Lieut. 
Oitoga.  In  I7S7  and  the  foHowinj,'  years  he  wiia  often  reprimanded  by  I'ages 
for  eareh'ssness,  nej,deet  of  duty  in  minor  matters,  and  arbitrai'y  actions;  and 
Kagea  left  him  to  his  BUecessor  Konieu  as  an  olfieer  that  must  i»e  wateiit'd. 
J'nir.  ..■!.  J'a/i.,  ^IS.,  vii.-viii.  passim;  x.  14S.  Goyeoeeiiea's  excuses  were  ill- 
health,  forget  fulness,  haste,  etc.;  and  it  appeal's  that  he  made  an  unsuccessful 
elluit  to  he  transferred  to  some  other  province.  /(/. ,  ix.  7S.  After  Fages  left 
the  country  we  hear  no  further  conijilaint,  aiul  it  is  evident  that  Ooyeoechea 
performed  his  duties  as  commandant  and  hal>ilitado  with  zeal  and  ability. 
Several  ollicial  papers  from  his  jien  are  found  in  my  list  of  authorities,  and 
their  contents  have  been  put  before  the  reader.  C)ct.  '2S,  17!*7,  the  viceroy 
iiiforuied  the  governor  of  his  promotion  to  the  rank  of  brevet  I'liptain,  and 
IJorica  sent  him  his  eonunission  ou  Jan.  20,  1708.  Prov.  ]i<r.,  MS.,  iv.  !Ki; 
\\.  70-1;  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  liai.  Mil.,  MS.,  xv.  '2('}'>.  There  appear  to  have 
been  no  votes  against  him  for  habilitfulo  general  in  .Tune  1802,  except  his  own, 
\xliich  was  cat;t  for  Jose  Argiiello;  and  he  sailed  for  Mexico  Oct.  l.'Uh,  his 
aiipoiutment  by  the  viceroy  bearing  date  of  Aug.  .Slst.  Id.,  xxxii.  (i,  HI-IK; 
J'l-iv.  /'((•.,  MS.,  xi.  00-2.  The  records  throw  no  light  on  his  adniinistra- 
tiuu  of  the  general /(f('y(7(7f((7"o»,  during  which  he  continued  to  Imlil  his  r.mk 
as  brevet  captain  of  the  ilanta  Barbara  company,  leaving  it  to  be  inferred 
that  no  fault  was  found,  since  in  1805  he  was  made  governor  of  I'aja  ( 'ali- 
tnriiia,  though  he  did  not  take  possession  of  the  otlicc  until  July  ">,  ISOCi.  Prov. 
,">'.  J'np.,  MS.,  xvi.  80;  xix.  (iO-70;  /(/.,  ncii.  Mil.,  MS.,  xxxix.  (i;  Prov.  /.Vc., 
MS.,  ix.  02.  In  1811  Gov.  Ooyeoechea  was  impeached  for  oflicial  misconduct, 
being  accused  of  speaking  ill  of  the  superior  government,  permitting  illegal 
trade,  neglect  of  otlieial  duties,  in  favor  of  private  business,  inattention  to 
religion,  and  defrauding  the  soldiers.  Little  is  recorded  of  details,  but  the 
governor  is  Si.vl  to  ha\c  successfully  refuted  each  charge.  At  any  rate  he 
held  his  jM)sition  until  his  death  which  occurred  on  Sept.  7,  1814,  at  Loreto. 
/;•'-/■.  iSV.  Pa/).,  MS.,  xix.  ;{I3,  317-20;  xxii.  27.  Jose-  Maria Komero,  M(i)ir,r!aif, 
MS.,  13,  describes  Goycoechea  as  a  tall,  stout  man,  of  light  ruddy  complexion, 
atlalilc  to  his  men.  Vancouver,  Voy.,  ii.  4.")2,  4.">7,  speaks  in  liigli  terms  of 
him  and  named  Tt  Felipe  in  his  honor.  Ifc  was  a  bachelor,  Prov.  Itc\,  MS., 
iy.  .'il;  but  not  a  womandiater  so  far  as  I  can  judge  from  an  entiy  in  the 
.Santa  Barbara  mission-book  of  baptisms  to  the  etiect  that  a  certain  widow 
had  presented  him  with  a  son. 


1 11 T 


6l| 


118 


LOCAL  EVENTS— SOUTHERN  DISTRICTS. 


The  presidial  company  by  recruiting  in  1805-C  was 
increased  from  fifty-nine  men  to  sixty-six.  Invalids 
increased  to  tliirtv-five,  most  of  whom  still  lived  at  the 
j)residio,  and  the  total  population  de  razon,  including- 
the  guards  of  Santa  Barbara,  San  Buenaventura, 
l^urisima,  Santa  lues,  San  Fernando,  and  San  Ga- 
bi'iel,  had  increased  from  390  to  4G0,  not  including 
Anijcles  and  the  ranches.  Includinof  these,  as  all 
were  within  the  same  military  jurisdiction,  the  total 
])()pulation  of  the  district  was  825,  a  gain  of  150  during 
the  decade.  The  neophyte  population  of  the  jurisdic- 
tion, including  San  Gabriel,  was  in  round  numbers 
G,500,  a  gain  of  2,500.  There  are  no  reliable  statistics 
of  presidio  li^e-stock"  or  agriculture.  Reports  of 
weatlier  and  crops  were  sent  with  considerable  regu- 
larity l)y  the  commandant  to  the  governor,  but  these 
reports  contain  nothing  noticeable  beyond  the  almost 
total  destruction  of  the  corn  and  bean  crop  at  Los 
Angeles  and  San  Fernando  l)y  the  chapuUi,  or  locust,'"'^ 
in  1805.  In  a  note  I  append  such  items  of  financial 
affairs  at  this  presidio  as  niay  be  gathered  from  the 
records.^" 

Tlie  records  say  nothing  of  the  presidio  buildings 
during  this  decade  till  180(5,  when  on  the  24th  of 
!March  at  midnight  an  eartliquake  cracked  the  cliapi'l 
'aces.     Carrilh 


V 


3por 


May  11th,  asking  permission  to  obtain  njaterial  for 

^' Tliprc  were  1,300  head  of  stock  in  the  rancho  del  rcy  in  1804,  besides 
210  licad  of  iI'kziikm.  The  site  Mas  Ijad  and  tlio  iiiisisions  wore  often  applied  to 
for  cattle.  P,;,v.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xviii.  :«>0-l. 

'*rrov.  St.  Pup.,  Bill.  Mil.,  MS.,  xxxiv.  '27. 

^"Annual  appropriations  were  from  !?!(), 000  to  .S'20.000;  invoices  from  Mex- 
ico and  San  IJlas,  from  ^7,000  to  !?20,000;  supplies  fiom  missions  on  an  aver- 
a,!,'e  S,"i,O0O;  totals  of  liabilitiulo's  accounta  ^iol.OOO  to  !?( 17,000;  balance  from 
§800  aLjainst  to  S7,000  in  favor  of  tlie  company;  invcmtories  of  goods  in  Avare- 
house  ^SlO.dW  to  S'2:i,000.  Net  rcvemic  from  tobacco  sales,  §'2,(t00  per  year. 
(In  ISO.'t,  ~>.',]4'>  papers  of  cij,'ars  and  'J.'), .31(1  of  cigarritos  were  consumed.  Kai  b 
invalid  bad  Sl.TiO  wortb  of  cigarritos  per  month.  Prov.  St.  Pup.,  Pienldiox, 
JiS.,  i.  ;!;  S.  ./ov'.  Arch.,  ]\1S.,  iii.  7"));  Jiostal  revenue  !?S,')  per  year;  tithes 
$1,S7'J  in  I.S04;  ]iapal  indulgences  aboutSlOO  per  year;  net  proci-edsof  playing- 
cards  and  gunjiowdir  in  ISO!),  cil.'n);  amoiuit.s  (liscountod  on  pay  for  ,/()»'/os 
<le  Monti  pin  c  Jiiniliiln.'i  ajjout  §.");"()  per  year.  See  company  rostcr.s  and  liabi- 
litados' accounts,  in  Pror.  SI.  Pap.,  liiii.  Mil.,  MS.,  xxix.-xlviii.  passim; 
l>i]pt.  St.  Pop.,  Bin.  Mil.,  JIS.,  Ixxx.-lxxxvii. 


SANTA  BARBARA. 


iia 


)5-C  was 
Invalids 
0(1  at  the 
neluding 
i.vciitura, 
San  Ga- 
includini^ 
e,  as  all 
the  total 
30  durinj^ 

JLirisdic- 
nunibers 
statistics 
eports  of 
.bio  rcgu- 
but  those 
le  almost 
p  at  Los 
ii-  locust,'"'^ 

financial 
from  the 

iiildings 
24tli  of 

ho  cliapcl 
niisha}> 

torial  for 


repairs  from  the  mission,  and  on  May  21th  a  violent 
storm  almost  entirely  destroyed  the  chapel  and  did 
further  damage.^'  The  presidio  had  eiglit  guns,  all 
but  jnc  of  brass,  from  one  to  six  pounds  in  calibre, 
half  of  which  M'ore  distributed  among  the  missions, 
but  none  of  which  were  used  for  purposes  offensive  or 
defensive,  as  the  Indians  were  quiet  and  no  hostile 
foreigner  made  his  appearance  within  range.  N(jt- 
withstanding  the  armament,  Shaler  declares  that 
Santa  Barbara  "  has  only  the  show  of  defence,  and 
would  fall  an  easy  conquest  to  the  smallest  ship  of 
war.""'  The  remarkable  criminal  case  of  Jose  Antonio 
Kosas  and  his  execution  by  shootinu'  and  burninijf  at 
Santa  Barbara  on  February  11,  1800,  have  already 
])een  narrated."^  There  were  three  other  cases  tried 
bufore  1810  which  caused  considerable  local  excite- 
ment. In  two  of  thcni  men  were  accused  of  incest 
with  daughters,  and  in  the  other  of  blasphemy;  but 
in  neitlier  case  is  the  final  sentence  recorded,  tliouu'li 
more  than  one  hundred  and  fifty  pages  of  manuscrij)t 
are  filled  with  the  testimony  and  lileadinos."^  llowau 
in  the  Hazard  obtained  sup})lies  at  Santa  Bar1)ara  in 
1803;  but  though  the  Channel  islands  w-erc  visited 
by  tlie  Lclia  Bijrd,  OCain,  and  Albatross  in  1805, 
1807,  and  1810,  respectively,  it  does  not  appear  that 
any  of  these  vessels  ventured  within  range  of  the  pre- 


sidio guns. 


ci 


1804,  bcsiik's 
|ii  applied  to 


Is  from  Mcx- 
\  on  an  avc'i- 
ilanco  from 
Inls  in  waiv- 
lO  per  y(!ar. 
linoil.    Kavli 

I,  J'lTsidio'i, 

k-oar;  titln's 
lof  playiii;,'- 
for  jhii<li"< 
Is  and  lialii- 
liii.  passim; 


Pj-ogress  in  building  at  the  nn'ssion  is  quite  fully 
recorded.  Eacli  yt'ar  from  1801  to  1805  from  tliirty 
to  fifty  ado1)e  dwellings  f<)r  neophytes  were  erected, 
until  there  were  2;)4  of  these  structures,  enclosed  (>\\ 
throe  sides  b}-  an  adobe  wall  built  in  1802.  Inuring 
these  years  there  were  also  erected  a,  tanneiy,  a  inajof- 

«"P»-or.  St.  Pap.,  ■SIS.,  xix.  I'Jfi;  P;y)l,  n^c,  MS.,  xi.  109. 
«'  Pror.  SI.  J'<i/i.,  P,r.},i:os,  MS.,  i.  .-,,  (1,  1!)-'J4;  Proi\  St.  Pap.,  Jkii.  Mi'., 
JIS.,  xxxiv.  '2?>;  Shuli  r'a  .InuriKil nf  a  Voijivji',  \'~t. 
"'-' Soo  cliaj).  xxviii.  of  vol.  i, 

'^/Voc.  SI.  Pap.,  lit,,.  Mil.,  MS.,  xxxvii.  21-35;  xxxvri.  1-3;  .\li.  1,  2. 
"Sco  chaptera  i,,  ii, ,  and  v,  of  this  vulumc. 


120 


LOCAL  EVENTS— SOUTIIERX  DISTRICTS. 


domo's  house,  and  throe  largo  warehouses,  besides 
several  other  buildii)gs,  one  of  whicii  was  18  by  GO 
feet,  divided  into  many  apartments,  nicely  plastered, 
and  furnished  with  a  corridor.  A.nothcr  was  twice  as 
long.  In  ]  803  a  church,  or  chapel,  of  adobes,  27  by 
00  feet,  was  built  at  the  San  Miguel,  or  ]\Iescaltitlan, 
rancheria,  five  or  six  miles  from  Santa  Barbara;  and 
in  1807  oi<;hteen  adobe  dwellinofs  seem  to  have  been 
erected  at  the  same  place.  In  1800  a  reservoir  of 
stone  and  mortar,  120  foot  square  and  seven  feet  high, 
was  added;  in  1807,  a  stone  prison  and  four  houses; 
in  1808,  a  fountain  with  laundry  accommodations,  a 
pottery,  and  an  addition  to  the  ministers'  house  includ- 
ing a  Htone-archod  corridor,"' 

In  1801  an  epidemic  pulmonary  disease  carried  off' 
a  large  number  of  Indians,  whereupon  Chupu,  the 
deity  of  the  Channel  coast,  appeared  to  a  neophyte 
in  a  dr(;am  or  trance,  and  revealed  that  all  gentiles 
who  were  baptized  must  become  victims  to  the  epi- 
demic, and  so  must  those  already  baptized  unless  they 
made  offerings  to  Chupu  and  washed  their  faces  with 
a  certain  water.  Within  an  hour  the  revelation  was 
known,  and  nearly  all  the  neophytes  hastened  to  the 
j)roplu!t's  house  with  l)eads  ami  grain  to  renounce 
Christianity.  The  movement  spread  through  all  the 
Channel  rancheri'as,  while  the  missionaries  remained 
in  ignoi'ance;  for  Chu})u  had  foretold  death  to  any 
who  miglit  inform  them.  Subsequently  wlien  the 
trouble  was  past  the  secret  canio  out,  and  the  friars 
realized  how  narrow  had  been  their  escape,  for  they 
were  sure  that  their  lives  would  have  been  lost  had 
Chupu  ordered  the  sacritice."" 

We  left  tlie  mission  at  the  end  of  the  last  decade 
in  chjjrge  of  Ta[)is  and  Cortes.     The  former  after  he 

'•■•Arrh.  Sfn  n.,  MS.,  v.  CO,  70-7,  8S,  1'20,  141,  144,  14S,  l.-:,l()l,  in 
aiimiiil  and  liiLiiiiiMl  ivpoi'ts  of  the  luiHsioii.  J'rnr.  lire.,  MS.,  xi.  (Mi.  Tlio 
iiKiioiiloiiios  of  tlu!  mission  ilown  to  ISIO  wlto,  Ivufail  (Jcrixnlo,  Nov.  17!>'!  to 


.liin.    17!»4;  lunacio  Ui'mi'ia,  Fl1>.   17!l!t  to  Nov.    ISUI;  .l( 


il(^  Santa  Ana 


;'w ' 


4'* 


Avila,  Doc.  iSOl  to  Oi't.  ISOd;  Airh.  Sta  li.,  MS.,  ix.  4.SS-<t.     Tiiu  pay  was 
iVoni  S7'2  to  S144  a  year  with  certain  cattle,  grain,  rations,  anil  aK,sistance. 
«"Muicli  1,  1805,  Ttipia  to  Arrillaga.  .I»c7».  Sta  li.,  MS.,  vi.  3;{-4. 


I'  li 
r  11 


SAN  BUENAVENTURA. 


121 


became  president  in  1803  made  this  mission  his  head- 
quarters until  the  beoinning  of  180G,  and  the  latter 
retired  in  1805.^''  Marccs  Amcstoy  began  his  min- 
istiy  in  November  1804,  and  Luis  Gil  y  Taboada  in 
1801),  after  Marcos  Antonio  Victoria  had  served  in 
1804-5,  and  Jose  Antonio  Urrcsti  from  180(5  to  1801). 
The  increase  of  the  decade  in  neophyte  population 
was  from  8G4  to  1,355;  but  the  number  had  l)een 
1,71)2  in  1803,  the  liighest  figure  ever  reached,  and  in 
this  respect  the  period  of  decadence  had  begun  for 
Santa  Barbara.  In  the  total  of  baptisms  for  the  dec- 
ade, and  in  the  highest  number  for  one  year,  this 
mission  was  in  advance  of  all  the  others,  and  progress 
ill  other  respects  was  satisfactory.*''*  That  ground- 
s(juirrels  had  already  proved  a  pest  to  the  farmers  at 
tliis  early  day,  is  shown  by  the  ftict  that  about  a 
thousand  of  these  animals  were  killed  in  nine  days  of 
May  1808.*"' 

At  San  Buenaventura  Father  Scnan  served  till 
1810  and  long  after;  but  his  associate,  the  venerable 
founder  of  this  mission,  Santa  JMaria,  died  in  180G,'" 


•'".ruan  Lope  Cort(!^s  was  assigned  to  duty  in  Califnniia  on  Ful).  24,  1700. 
Ho  si'i\((l  at  San  (lalu-it'l  from  August  of  tliat  year  until  Juno  ITOS;  and  at 
Sunta  liai '.'.'.>;>  till  Sept.  ISO."),  when  he  obtained  license  to  retire  anil  sailecl 
inini  San  J-'Jegi  on  Nov.  Gth.  From  Sept.  181S  to  May  IS'JT  lie  seems  to  have 
Ijoen  piri  ui-.'le.  of  San  Foniaiido  college;  and  in  June  IS'27  lie  was  siiulico  of 
the  s!i>au  iiis'.i '■utioa. 

''*J  opnli'..,.!!.  gain,  804  to  1,3.");  highest  number  1702,  1,.S03;  l)aptisms, 
2,0". 'J;  hiubno  number,  831  in  1803;  lowest,  32  in  ISOit;  deaths,  1.337;  higliest 
niMniiur,  "Jlii  ia  y6i)ii;  lowest,  89  in  1810;  largo  stock,  gain,  2,4!)2  to  r),()7i); 
liorsi.?  auil  'viule;-  [a  1810,  .,300;  small  stock,  gain,  f),[\\'y  to  8, 100;  ero])s  in 
ISdO,  3,u7."  u  ^.  in  1810,  3,000  bu.sh.;  largest  crop,  10,150  bush,  iu  1804; 
siiia'lcst,  2,8li0bush.  in  1803;  average  J,2U»  i>ush. 

'fArrh.  Sl(t  ndrhnra,  MS.,  ix.  400. 

'"  \'iceiite  do  Santa  Maria  was  a  '  son'  of  the  Franciscan  province!  of  ]>iir- 
gos,  Spain,  lie  left  San  Fernando  college  in  Oct.  1770  and  sailed  fioni  Tcpio 
in  February  1771.  He  was  one  of  the  company  ilriven  by  thi'  winds  dnwu  to 
Maiizanillo,  returning  to  Sinaloa  by  land,  and  arriving  at  Loreto  Xov.  24, 
177b  He  at  lirst  served  at  Loreto;  was  minister  at  San  .bivii'r  in  Dec.  177'.'; 
and  sailed  from  Loreto  for  Mexico  on  May  27,  1773.  Jii  the  summer  of  1770 
he  c  lie  to  Alta  California  as  chaplain  of  the  Skii  ( 'tirlm.  He  liveil  as  sujier- 
nw'i.  vary  at  San  Francisco,  San  Antonio,  an<l  Santu  Clara  until  1782,  in  Nhiy 
of  V  '.',  l\  yeiii-  lie  became  one  of  the  founders  of  San  l>Uena\entura,  w  here  ho 
Bi.'v  !  t  II  iiis  death  July  1"),  18(H),  His  remains  were  interred  in  the  mission 
ehuviM.  lid  thrtc  years  later,  on  Sept.  11,  1800,  tliey  were  transferred  vith 
all  possiile  solemnity  to  the  newly  dedicated  church  and  deposited  in  a  recci-s 
in  the  wall  on  the  gospel  side.     Vancouver  met  him  at  Santa  Barbara  iu  1703 


122 


LOCAL  EVENTS-SOUTHERN  DISTRICTS. 


and  war^  succeeded  by  Padre  Marcos  Antonio  de  Victo- 
ria. Homualdo  Gutierrez  came  here  from  Santa  Incs  in 
1800  in  search  of  health,  which  he  failed  to  find,  as 
already  narrated.  The  construction  of  the  new  church 
seems  to  have  proceeded  slowly.  We  have  seen  that 
it  was  half  finished  in  1794,  and  nearly  completed  iu 
1707;  but  in  1807  it  is  still  described  as  about  beinuf 
finished,  very  capacious,  of  stone  and  brick,  a  part  of 
the  roof  only  being  covered  with  tiles.'^  Finally, 
however,  it  was  done,  and  on  September  9,  1809,  was 
duly  dedicated  iy  Sefian,  who  was  assisted  by  five 
other  friars  an  .  priest.     Next  day,  which  was 

Sunda}'-,  the  first  .  5  was  chanted  by  tlie  presbyter, 
Jose  Ignacio  Argiieilo,  son  of  Don  Jose;  and  a  ser- 
mon was  preached  by  Urresti.  On  the  11th,  as  before 
mentioned,  tlic  ceremonies  Nvere  completed  by  the 
transfer  of  Santa  Maria's  remains.'^ 

The  fact  that  Shaler  in  the  Leila  Byrd,  and  Rowan 
in  the  Hazard,  touched  at  San  Buenaventura  in  1804 
is  barely  mentioned  in  the  records,  with  no  ])articu- 
lars  whatever.'^  The  neophytes  increased  during  the 
decade  from  715  to  1,297,  the  largest  population  over 
reached.  In  its  herds  of  cattle  and  horses  this  mis- 
sion was  still  far  ahead  of  all  the  other  establish- 
ments, and  the  average  crops  were  among  the  best  in 
California.'* 

The  new  foundation  of  Santa  Ines,  belonging  to 

ami  carried  Iiim  tlown  to  his  own  mission  by  water,  the  friar's  adventures  on 
that  trij)  having  heen  elsinvhcic  descri))ed.  TIic  Knylish  navigator  speaks  in 
teiins  of  the  liiyhest  connnendation  of  the  padri;'.s  character  and  zeal.  He 
sjiolce  tlie  native  language  iluently.  One  of  his  diaries  of  an  exploration  for 
mission  sites  appears  in  my  list  of  authorities.  Saiila  M(tri(i,  Iii't/istro  do. 
l'(fruijcs,  lyjo,  MS.;  Vawuuvcr^t  ]'oyaijc,  ii.  4o4-Gl;  S.  lliiciiarottara,  Li'i. 
M'lKion,  MS.;  S.  Frunciaco,  Lib.  Misloii,  MS.,  37,  09;  I'rov.  Jlcc,  MS.,  xi. 
111'. 

''  Prar.  St.  Pap.,  Z>V«.  JPiL,  MS.,  xxxvii.  40;  see  vol.  1.  chap.  xxx.  of  this 
Work. 

'•'■S.  Dmimvcntiira,  Lib.  Mision,  MS.,  17,  18. 

"^  See  eliap.  ii.  tliis  volume. 

"'  I'opidation,  gain,  71.")  to  1,297;  baptisms,  l,i")4n;  highest  number,  210  in 
1803;  lowest,  92  in  1.S09;  deaths,  977;  highest  number,  100  iu  KSOO;  h)\vest, 
77  in  ISO,");  large  stoek,  increase,  l(),ll.'l  to  21,221 ;  horses  and  nudes  in  1810, 
3,270;  small  stoek,  increase,  4,022  to  8,."i43;  crops  in  1800,  9,420  bushels;  in 
1810,  4,27.")  bush.;  largest,  9,4o0  bush,  iu  1800;  smallest,  3,130 bush,  iu  ISOJj 
average,  0,400  busli. 


1 
4 


JEi 


■fw 


PURISIMA  MISSIOX. 


123 


this  jurisdiction,  lias  already  been  noticed  in  another 
chapter.'^  Of  Puri'sinia,  the  only  remaining  mission 
of  the  district,  there  is  little  to  say  beyond  recording 
the  fact  that  the  church,  of  adobes  and  roofed  with 
tile,  was  completed  before  the  end  of  1802,'"  present- 
ing the  usual  statistics,  and  naming  the  ministers  in 
charcfc.  The  increase  in  neophytes  was  small  for  the 
whole  period,  from  950  to  1,022  only;  but  the  number 
in  1804  was  1,522.  Thus  wo  see  that  Purisima  like 
tlie  other  Channel  missions,  Santa  Barbara  and  San 
Bucnaventuia,  reached  its  greatest  strength  in  con- 
verts in  this  decaf'e.  In  all  kinds  of  live-stock  this 
mission  was  one  of  the  foremost  in  California."" 

Father  Cal/.ada  served  hero  until  1804  when  he  was 
replaced  by  Mariano  Payeras.  Gregorio  Fernandez 
left  California  in  1805,"**  and  his  place  at  Purisima 
was  taken  by  Juan  Cabot,  followed  in  180G  by  Gero- 
nimo  Boscana.  In  1810  Payeras  made  a  full  report 
to  tlio  president  on  the  condition  of  his  mission. 
With  the  aid  of  interpreters  ho  nad  m;ule  a  complete 
catechism  and  manual  of  confession  in  the  native 
idiom ,  by  the  aid  of  which  the  neophytes  were  becom- 
ing more  or  less  perfect  in  their  s[)iritual  knowledge. 
He  had  found  many  errors  in  matters  of  faitli,  and 
even  idolatry  at  first,  but  had  made  })rogress  in  uproot- 
ing the  worship  of  Achup,  or  Chupu,  in  favor  of  the 


"Cliap.  ii.,  this  volume. 

'J^Arch.  SlaJi.,  MS.,  xii.  G9;  Prov.  .?,'.  Pap.,  Don.  MIL,  M.S.,  xxxvii.  40. 

"l\>l>uliitioiigiiin,  9.')0  to  1.0'J'J;  lii^licst  iiuiiilier,  l..")i!2iii  ISO);  l);iiitisiiis, 
1,11,");  hijihcst  muiilior,  4.")1  in  l.SO,'?;  luwist,  '27  in  1M)S;  dfjiths,  !»!»1 ;  liiuiu'st 
nuniliui-,  L'JO  ill  ISOd;  lowest,  40  in  JSO'J;  ]iu;uc  slock,  ,u;iiii,  l.SllSto  Kl.di."); 
horses  and  inuk's  in  l.SIO,  l,"_'l,");  sniiill  stocU  gain,  4,()'J(I  to  1(>,(I4'J;  ciops  in 
ISdO,  2,170  bush.;  in  KSiO,  the  largest,  5,070  bush.;  tiie  smallust,  l,OV,o  bush, 
in  I.S(i;>;  avcraLTe,  .S,:i00  l)ush. 

''(iiTgorio  Fornaniloz  was  born  at  I'l'ir^os,  ,S]i,Tiii,  in  17")4;  bccanip  ii  Fr.'in- 
ciscan  in  177-;  came  to  Anicrioa  in  17^0,  and  to  «':ditornia  in  1704.  lie 
8ervfd  at  San  i^uis  Obispo  from  Xovcndnr  1704  \intil  1700,  and  at  I'uilsinia 
from  May  1700  to  Septvinber  ISO."),  lie  solicited  bcense  to  retire  on  the  cx- 
niration  of  his  term  in  1804,  and  sailed  for  Mexico  on  Nov.  (I,  ISOo.  lie 
came  to  tlic  country  with  an  excellent  rejiutation;  '  es  un  iinjj;el,'  writes 
MuLrarterrui;  and  there  is  nothing  to  show  tiiat  hi.s  an.uelie  ((ualities  deterio- 
rated in  California.  A)y/i.  S/ti,  Jl.,  MS.,  xi.  247;  J'or.  //;>/.  Cnl.,  MS.,  iv.  ItO- 
40;  Mission-books  of  Nm  Luis  and  Turisima.  lie  olliciated  at  San  Francisco 
in  Jiuiu  1704.  <!>'.  Fi-uiic!dco,  Lib.  Miaiun,  MS.,  42. 


124 


LOCAL  EVENTS— SOUTHERN  DISTRICTS. 


true  God.  Nearly  all  mothers  gave  birth  to  dead 
infants;  preaching,  teaching,  and  even  chastisement 
had  been  powerless  to  arrest  the  evil,  or  even  to  make 
known  its  direct  cause.  There  remained  no  nujre 
gentiles  to  be  baptized  except  at  a  long  distance  of 
twenty-five  or  thirty  leagues.  The  natives  were 
docile,  industrious,  and  not  inclined  to  run  away.  It 
was  a  joy  to  see  them  work  and  sing  and  pray,  and 
especially  to  see  them  bear  their  sufferings,  beg  for 
confession,  and  die  like  good  Catholics.  For  five 
years  not  a  kernel  of  grain  could  be  raised  without 
irrigation;  but  certain  springs  had  been  found  which 
promised  well  for  the  future.  The  rancho  of  Reyes 
instead  of  being  an  injury  to  the  mission  as  many  are 
had  been  its  salvation  in  at  least  one  year,  and  recently 
it  had  been  purchased  by  the  mission  for  $2,000.  A 
large  amount  of  liv^e-stock  had  also  been  purchased, 
and  the  prospects  for  meat,  tallow,  and  wool  were 
excellent,  A  $5,000  invoice  of  goods  was  expected 
from  Mexico.  Trade,  especially  that  in  skins,  which 
took  the  friars'  time  and  did  harm  perhaps  to  the 
Indians,  had  been  abandoned,  though  in  his  own  time, 
as  the  author  seems  to  say,  it  had  yielded  over 
$10,000.  The  vines  at  Salsacupi  had  been  transferred 
to  a  place  called  San  Francisco,  where  they  were 
cared  for  by  the  Ortegas  on  shares  and  promised  to 
yield  for  the  mission  wine  and  brandy  "  which  your 
reverence  will  yet  drink  some  day  without  scum  ov 
dregs  or  bad  taste,  pure  and  clear  as  its  mother  gave 
it  birth."^'' 

''■'  Pni/erns,  ComHiumnon  mhre  rl  E»tado  dr  la  Mifsiondc  La  Pur(s'nnu, 
ISIO,  MS.,  (lilted  .liin.  I;H1i.  The  writer  also  states  that  the  old  liousc  had  been 
newly  roofed  and  whitewashed. 


CHAPTER  YII. 


LOCAL  EVENTS  AND  PROGRESS— NORTHERN  DISTRICTS. 

1801-1810. 


Sax  FFv^vxcisco  Pkesidio — Officials,  Forces,  and  Population' — Finances— 
BciLDiNGS — Langsdokff's  Visit — Eaktiiquake  of  1808 — Affairs  at 
THE  Mission— Ministers— Statistics— PcEBLO  of  San  Jose— Jcrisdic- 
TioN — Population — Comisionado  and  Alcalde — Chapel — Boundary 
Troubles — Santa  Clara — Mission  San  Jose — Pedro  de  la  Cueva — 
New  CiiURcu — Monterey — Statistics  of  Population  and  Finance- 
Bears— Silver-mines — San  Carlos — Buenavista— Relic — Pujol — 
San  Luis  Obispo — San  Miguel — Poisoned  Padres— Fire — San  An- 

•JONIO— SiTJAR    and    MeRELO — SoLEDAD — SaN    JuAN    BaUTISTA — SaNTA 

Cruz— Branciforte. 

Brevet  Captain  Jose  Dar^o  Arguello  was  co- 
niandanto  of  San  Francisco  until  180G,  in  Ausfust  of 
uliich  year  he  turned  over  the  command  to  his  son 
Luis  Antonio  Arc^iiello,  and  soon  after  went  to  Santa 
Barbara.^  Don  Luis  with  the  rank  of  hcutenant 
C()mmanded  the  company  throughout  the  decade  and 
much  longer  as  we  shall  see.  His  brother  Gervasio, 
however,  was  habilitado  after  1808.  San  Francisco 
was  entitled  to  a  captain,  and  Manuel  Rodriguez  held 
that  rank  in  the  company  after  180G,  but  he  never 
came  here  in  person,  serving  in  Mexico  as  habilitado 
general.     The    company  altcrcz   was    Luis  Arguello 

'The  lieutenant's  commission  of  Don  Luis  was  datcil  March  10,  1800;  ho 
received  the  liabUitacion  July  8th,  and  the  eoniniand  on  Any.  jth.  J'rof.  »SV. 
J'lip.,  lien.  Mil.,  MS.,  xxxvii.  .'i,  !">.  Don  Jose  was  commissioned  ca]itain  of 
tile  Santa  Barbara  company  March '22,  1807.  /'/.,  xxi.  12;  tit.  Piip.,!ii(c.,  MS., 
viii.  '2'.i.  His  instructions  to  his  successor  were  dated  Aug.  utii,  anii  were 
contined  for  tlie  most  part  to  tlic  minor  details  of  routine  duty,  tlicrc  l»ing 
no  attempt  to  explain  tiie  actual  condition  of  affairs  at  the  presidio,  since  the 
new  connnandant  needed  no  instruction  on  that  matter.  Ar'juello,  /iixtnicrloii 
que  ha  de  oh<(rrar  el  TenieiUe  1).  Luis  Anjilello  durante  nu  maiido  de  .*>'.  Fran- 
cinco,  ISOG,  ^IS. 

(125) 


i 


126 


LOCAL  EVENTS-NOnTIIERX  DISTRICTS. 


until  March  180G,  and  Gabriel  ;Mt)raga,  promoted 
lr(nn  the  Monterey  company  afterward.  Amador  was 
retired,  probably  in  1801,  and  Luis  Peralta  took  his 
place,  having  Jose  Sanchez  as  associate  sergeant  after 
^s"(A'eniber  IBOG.^  The  company  for  some  years  con- 
sisted of  thirty-six  men;  the  volunteers  were  with- 
drawn in  1803;  but  in  April  1805  an  increase  of 
thirty-four  men  was  authorized/ and  before  1807  the 
ranks  were  full,  with  seventy  men. 

There  were  also  five  artillerymen,  and  from  nine  to 
eleven  invalids.  These  men  with  their  families,  in- 
cluding the  guards  of  San  Francisco,  San  Jose,  Santa 
Clara,  and  Santa  Cruz  missions,  but  not  those  inva- 
lids of  the  company  who  lived  at  the  pueblos,  made  a 
total  population  of  gente  de  razon  within  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  330,  or  a  gain  of  105  in  ten  years.  Adding 
the  population  of  the  two  jmeblos,  both  of  which  were 
under  the  military  jurisdiction  of  Monterey,  we  have 
a  total  of  500,  with  a  neophyte  population  of  3,440. 
A  more  convenient  division,  and  one  which  I  shall 
hereafter  follow,  is  to  join  Santa  Cruz  and  Branciforte 
to  Monterey,  and  to  retain  Santa  Clara  and  San  Jose 
pueblo  in  the  San  Francisco  district.  On  this  basis 
tlic  population  de  razon  in  1810  was  435  and  the 
Christian  Indians  numbered  2,930.  I  append  in  a  note 
some  items  of  financial  and  other  statistics.* 

'  It  is  probable  also  that  Gervasio  Argiicllo  held  the  place  of  company  ser- 
geant with  I'eralta  for  a  time  in  1805-U,  jireceding  Sanchez,  but  then  chang- 
ing his  place  for  that  of  cadet.  It  is  somewhat  diilicult  to  follow  all  the 
movcr.ients  of  all  the  mcndjeis  of  this  Argiicllo  family  as  they  were  so  often 
shifted  about  by  the  advice  and  inlluence  of  their  father  in  search  of  the  beut 
lin'-  of  promotion. 

^  July  '2'J,  iSOi"),  Arguello  to  governor,  will  proceed  to  recruit  the  new  force 
according  to  viceroy's  instructions  of  April  .Sd;  but  fears  it  may  be  diilicult 
to  get  i-o  many  men.  Kcconmiends  his  son  Cervasio  for  sergeant.  Froc.  SI. 
J'ap.,  MS.,  xix.  30-1. 

*  The  San  Francisco  nppi'opriation  from  the  treasury  increased  from 
$10,000  to  !i5iy,0(K)  in  round  numbers;  invoices  of  goods  from  Mexico  and  ,"■  an 
]51as  varied  from  §d,000  to  IJl.'i.OOO;  supplies  from  the  missions,  from  )j;j,OOU  to 
§0,000;  inventories  of  goods  in  warehouse,  from  §4,000  to  §17,000.  Average 
annual  I'evcnue  from  sales  of  tobacco,  $1,'2G0;  from  post-oUiee,  !;G5  per  year; 
tithes  .SlOO;  papal  indulgences,  §110;  i)laying-eards  in  IcSOS,  §70;  144  packs 
sold.  In  /b/jt/o  (/c  n/^t'/Hv'ow  from  §1,500  to  1,800.  Hancho  del  rey,  average 
net  product  of  sales  of  cattle,  §'J0O.  In  1802  there  were  1,172  head  of  cattle 
iji  tlic  rancho,  07  having  been  found  dead  or  killed  by  wild  beasts.     March  10, 


SAN  FRANCISCO. 


127 


In  the  annals  of  this  decade  as  of  the  precedinj^, 
the  condition  of  the  San  Francisco  buildings  and 
defences  gave  rise  to  more  correspondence  than  any 
other  local  topic;  but  the  conmmnications  on  the 
subject  were  always  complaints,  or  petitions,  or  sug- 
gestions, and  practically  nothing  was  accomplished  in 
the  direction  of  construction  or  repairs.  Early  in 
February  1802  a  hurricane  made  wild  worK  with 
many  of  the  presidio  roofs ;^  and  two  years  later,  after 
hasty  repairs  had  given  the  garrison  one  winter  of 
comparative  protection,  the  heavy  gales  and  rains  of 
January  1804  again  wrought  havoc  with  the  fx'ail 
structures.*'  The  next  storm,  in  November  of  tlie 
same  year,  devoted  its  surplus  of  energy  to  the  battery 
of  Yerba  Buena,  levelling  the  palisade  which  enclosed 
that  woi-k,  and  doing  other  damage.  Commandant 
Argliello  was  now  convinced  that  the  battery  was  use- 
less in  its  original  location,  and  ought  to  be  moved  to 
the  hill  nearer  the  anchorage  proper  of  Yerba  Buena, 
perhaps  to  the  slopes  of  what  has  since  been  called 
Telegraph  Hill.''  Fort  San  Joaquin  was  also  reported 
to  be  in  a  deplorable  condition,  though  some  exj)ense 
had  been  incurred  in  repairs  in  1802;  and  accordingly 
in  1805  the  fortification  was  surrounded  with  three 
sides  of  stone-wall  and  one  of  palisade,  and  a  new 
casemate  was  built  three  hundred  yards  away,  all  by 
the  labor  of  Indian  captives  without  cost  to  the  king."* 

1S03,  order  to  send  to  Monterey  all  cows  Ijut  25  or  .30  to  avoid  complaints 
fiuni  tlic  mission.  ISO,"),  stock  much  mixed  with  th;it  of  mission.  Many 
Klray  cuttle.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  3"2.  hSfMj,  man  in  charge  lit  Ijiirilnni 
warned  to  tame  the  oxen  n.'cded  for  jiresidio  work.  Weatlier  repoils:  KsO:?, 
rains  slight;  Jan.  IS04,  copious  rains  and  strong  winds;  180."),  weather  change- 
ahle— nioderute  rains  in  last  months  of  previous  winter — snunner  windy  wich 
the  usual  cold  fogs— present  winter  began  with  slight  rains,  strong  winds, 
and  frost— crops  fair;  ISOO,  good  rains  and  crops;  1807,  past  winter,  slight 
rains  in  later  months  with  frosts  and  north  winds — crojis  fair— summer  ci)ld 
with  varying  winds— present  winter  began  favorably.  See  company  rosters, 
haliilitado's  accounts,  etc.,  in  Prov.  St.  Pup.,  Bin.  Mil.,  MS.,  xxix.-xliv. 
p.issim. 

^Feb.  2,  17,  1802.  Prov.  Si.  Pnp.,  MS.,  xviii.  221. 

"Jan.  i:5  to  20,  1804.  Prov.  .St.  Pnp.,  Bat.  MIL,  MS.,  xxxiv.  .S. 

'  Nov.  2'.t,  1804,  Arguello  to  Arrillaga.   Pror.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xvili.  302-.*?. 

^Sept.  28,  180j,  Arguello  to  ^Vi'rillaga.  Prov.  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  xix.  31; 
Prov.  lice,  MS.,  X.  20. 


12S 


LOCAL  EVENTS— NORTHERN  DISTRICTS. 


To  L<in*(S(lorff  in  the  spring  of  1806  San  Francisco 
liad  "the  appearance  of  a  German  metairie.  The  low 
wooden  houses  consist  of  one  quadrangular  room. 
The  home  of  the  commandant  is  small  and  mean.  A 
sort  of  pai'lour,  with  only  white-washed  walls,  very 
scantily  furnished,  and  about  half  the  floor  covered 
witli  straw-matting,  served  as  the  apartment  for  re- 
ceiving company."  On  the  arrival  of  Arrillaga  "we 
heard,"  says  LangsdorfF,  "not  only  the  guns  of  the 
fort  with  which  we  were  already  acquainted,  but  a 
discharge  from  behind  another  point  of  land  within 
the  harbour,  which  was  at  the  entrance  of  a  little  creek 
to  the  south-east.  We  were  not  a  little  surprised  at 
this,  as  we  had  never  seen  any  fort  there,  nor  had  an 
idea  that  such  a  thing  existed;  it  was  in  fact  not 
visible  from  our  anchoring-place,  for  it  is  so  situated 
as  to  be  quite  concealed  by  the  projecting  point  of 
land.  An  enemy's  ship  attempting  to  run  into  the 
harbor,  deeming  itself  quite  safe  by  steering  out  of 
reach  of  the  fort  at  the  entrance,  might  be  very  much 
surprised  at  being  saluted  with  a  discharge  of  artillery 
at  the  moment  when  such  a  salutation  was  least  to 
be  expected."" 

In  July  of  the  same  year  Arrillaga  in  a  report  to 
the  viceroy  represented  the  buildings  as  in  a  sad  state. 
The  connnandant's  house  was  covered  with  tiles,  but 
not  those  of  other  officers.  The  barrack  had  only  half 
a  roof  and  was  not  secure  for  the  convicts.  At  Yer- 
ba  Buena  there  w^as  not  even  a  hut  for  the  gunners, 
and  tlie  guns  were  useless  from  ex^wsure.  Fort  San 
Joaquin  was  well  located,  but  needed  repairs.  Only 
three  of  the  ten  ijuns  were  in  sfood  condition.^"     For 


'  LandHdorfTs  Voyaneif,  ii.  ir)2-3,  170-7,  180.  The  author  also  describes 
the  locution  of  the  bdttery  by  sayiny  '  Mhen  we  had  reached  the  point  of  land 
lyinj;  iiortli-eastwardof  the  presidency  (thus  Langsdorfl'orhis  translator  sagely 
rentiers  the  word  jinniilin),  we  saw  the  battery  of  five  cannon  wliich  defended 
the  south-south-eastern  and  south-western  division  of  the  bay.' 

•Muly  18,  1800,  Arrillaga  to  viceroy.  Prov.  lier.,  MS.,  ix.  90-1.  State- 
ments of  armament  from  ISO'2  to  1809,  showing  that  there  were  in  all  at  San 
Francisco  1.1  guns,  3  of  which  were  iron  24:-])0undei-s,  rusty  and  useless,  and 
only  5  or  G  of  the  rest  were  in  tolerable  condition.  Prov.  St.  Pax>.,  MS.,  xviii. 


EARTHQUAKES. 


1-23 


two  years  we  find  no  special  record  respecting'  the 
])rcsi(lio  buildings;  and  then  in  Juno  and  July  1808 
iliero  came  the  most  severe  earthquakes  that  San 
Francisco  had  over  experienced.  On  July  17th  Argii- 
cllo  wrote  to  the  governor:  "  I  notify  you  that  since 
the  twenty-first  day  of  June  there  have  been  felt  at 
this  presidio  some  earthquakes,  eighteen  shocks  to 
date,  and  among  them  some  so  violent  that  as  a  result 
of  them  the  walls  of  my  house  have  been  cracked, 
being  badly  built,  so  tliat  one  of  its  rooms  was  ruined; 
and  if  the  shocks  have  done,  until  now,  no  fur-ther 
(lamage,  it  is  because  they  found  no  chance  for  lack  of 
dwellings.  The  quarters  of  Fort  San  Joaquin  threaten 
ruin,  and  I  fear  that  if  the  shocks  continue  tliere  may 
liMppen  some  unfortunate  accident  to  the  troops  sta- 
tioned there."" 

Arrillaga,  who  was  accustomed  to  an  earthquake 
country,  is  said  to  have  replied  to  this  report  and  to 
1^11  is  Argiiello's  verbal  account  of  the  temhlorcs  by 
advising  the  commandant  to  go  home  and  repair  h' 
house  for  winter  and  not  mind  such  trifles  as  cartn- 
(juakes,  sending  also  a  box  of  dates  as  a  consolation.'- 
Finally  in  1810  Argiiello  sent  in  the  last  complaint  of 
the  decade,  stating  that  continuous  storms  had  reduced 
the  granary  and  four  soldiers'  houses  to  a  "vvoful  state; 
also  the  old  barracks  and  the  other  structures,  includ- 
ing the  chapel,  the  merlons,  and  esplanade  at  Fort 
San  Joaquin  were  entirely  destroyed.  The  artillery 
l);maek  and  cavalry  quarters  were  in  so  bad  a  condi- 
ti< )!!  that  serious  accidents  were  to  be  feared;  the  ware- 


2J;!--,;  Prnr.  J?ec.,  MS.,i\-.  114,  125;  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  xxxiii. 
].-_'l);  XXX iv.  4. 

"  Avgiiollo  to  Arrillnga.  Pror.  Sf.  Pcip.,  MS.,  xix.  Sn.Vfi.  Mentioned  in 
/'/.,  III')).  Mil.,  xxxviii. !).  Aug.  1st,  Arrillaga  fonvai'iU'd  tho  news  to  the  viee- 
11  ly,  /'roc.  J'ec,  MS.,  ix.  10.S;aiicl  it  waspuliiislu'd  in  the  d'nnfn  (//■  Mr.v.,  win. 
fS(li2,  with  f>onic  exa;.'gcration  of  the  damage,  Avhieh  was  not  I'eportod  as  eonlined 
to  S;ni  I'Vaneisco.  This  sei'ies  of  earthquakes  is  referred  to  in  /'aiii/j/ji/rs  < hu- 
I'Oii.  211;  Ti-asL;  in  Cal.  Acail.  Srinio',  Prorcl.,  iii.  134:  Tuthill's  lli.-:t.  CuL, 
1 1(1;  FJIint  in  Orvrlmid  Muulhlii.  iv.  ;13!(;  anil  various  newpapers;  Imt  the  first 
translator  of  Argiiello's  eonnnunication  raised  the  number  18  to  21  and  all  tho 
rest  have  repeated  the  error. 

'^  Vullcjo,  Hist.  (ML,  MS.,  i.  107-8. 
Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  II.    9 


13^ 


130 


LOCAL  i:VEXT,S-NOIlTnnRX  DISTRICTS. 


house  witli  its  zacat''  roofliatl  hcen  rohhc'd,  jind  there 
vcrc  no  \v(»rkiucii  i'or  rt'])!iirs  oi*  rchuihJiiinr.''' 

TIiL'  visits  to  Sail  Fi-aiicisco  of  Brown  and  Ilowau 
in  IH0;5  and  1804,  that  of  Kozdnof  in  180G,  and  tlioso 
of  tho  Alhatross  and  otlicr  vcssfl.s  to  the  Faralloncs 
ill  IHIO,  luivc  ah'L'ady  hcen  mentioned  and  retjuiro 
no  i'urtlier  notice.'*  The  onlv  foi'ei<ni  visitor  wiio 
jj^avo  to  the  woi'ld  liis  observations  respectinsjf  tlie 
bay  settlement  was  Lanji^sdorlf,  wlio  came  with  llez- 
anof,  and  many  of  liis  remarks  liave  been  given  in 
connection  witli  sjK'(Mal  topics.  Tlie  Gorman  was 
much  surprised  to  liav'3  (himer  at  the  conunandant's 
house  served  f)n  silver  plate,  notwithstanding  the 
humble  nature  of  the  rest  of  the  furniture.  The 
variety  of  birds  chiefly  attracted  the  scientist's  atten- 
tion. The  visitors  often  went  shooting  'crested  par- 
tridges,' or  quail,  and  rabbits  on  the  sand-hills;  and 
there  were  bear-hunts  which,  lujwevor,  were  always 
unsuccessful.  \  bear  was  once  brought  in  by  the 
soldiers  ibr  a  bull-light,  but  it  died  before  the  fight 
came  off.  There  was  dancing  at  the  Argiiello  home 
nearly  every  afternoon,  to  the  music  of  violin  and 
guitar;  and  the  Sj^anish  ladies  were  greatly  interested 
in  learning  the  English  countr3'-dances  as  a  supple- 
ment to  their  favorite  horrajo.  In  returning  from  a 
bidarka  vcn'age  to  Mission  San  Jose  Lanijsdorfi'  had 
some  rather  exciting  night  adventures  among  the 
bulls  and  bears  of  the  San  Mateo  shore.  No  geo- 
grajihical  information  of  any  value  was  obtained  re- 
specting the  bay  region.  The  measles  was  rapidly 
carrying  off  the  ncojihytes,  but  the  Spaniards  were 
but  slightly  affected.*' 

Keziinof  and  his  J)art}'  were  also  entertained  at  the 
mission  by  Landaeta  and  Abella,  aided  by  Uri'a  of 
San  Jose,  and  were  shown  all  that  was  to  be  seen 
about  the  establishment,  which,  however,  is  not  very 

'2  Miirch  .SO,  LSIO,  Arguollo  to  governor.  Pror.  Sf.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  28i.'. 
^*  Hvf  chap.  i.  ii.  iii.  and  v.  this  volume. 

'•'  LuiKJHibVll's  Voi/CllJVfi,  ii. 


MISSION  SAN  FRANCISCO. 


131 


minutely  doscrihcd.  In  the  cliuiL'li  was  a  paintin;^ 
of  a  maguey  from  which  rose;  a  virj^nn,  an  in»a;,'c  a.s 
the  friar  <4;ravcly  assured  tiie  visitors  wiiieii  had 
M  roun'ht  many  miraeulous  cures.  Tiie  dweHinji;  of  the 
missionary  consisted  of  several  sj)acious  apartments, 
and  tlu'  refi'cshments  oftered  were  keenly  relished  hy 
the  well  salted  navinjators.  Behind  that  dwellin^^  was 
a  larjue  court  surrounded  by  buildini^^s  in  which  the 
neophytes  were  employed,  chieily  in  the  preparation 
of  wool  and  the  weavin^^  of  their  coarse  fabrics. 
About  a  hundred  yards  from  the  mission  was  the  ran- 
clien'a  composetl  of  eight  long  rows  of  dwellings  for 
the  Indian  I'amilies.  Buildings  for  melting  tallow 
and  making  soa[),  smiths'  sho[)s,  and  shops  for  car- 
jienters  and  cabinet-makers,  magazines  for  storing 
tiilltiw,  soap,  butter,  salt,  wool,  and  hides,  wi'li  st(^re- 
houses  filled  with  grain  were  duly  ins])eeted.  The 
wine  served  was  of  very  ordinary  quality,  being  a 
j)i-oducti()n  of  the  country.  The  kitchen-garden  was 
a  poor  affair,  the  high  winds  and  drifting  sands  of  the 
peninsula  not  being  well  adapted  to  horticulture.  La 
I'erouse's  haml-mill  had  disappeared,  })erhaps  because 
it  had  been  left  at  ]Monterey  instead  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, and  corn  was  ground  between  two  stones  by 
hand.  It  seemed  strange  that  there  were  no  wind- 
mills. The  visitors  were  very  favorably  impressed  by 
their  experience  at  the  mission,  and  had  nothing  but 
good  to  say  of  the  friars. 

liamon  Abella  served  at  San  Francisco  throughout 
the  decade,  but  Martin  Landaeta  went  south  in  1807, 
and  was  succeeded  by  Juan  Saenz  de  Lucio,  who  had 
coine  here  the  year  before.  ^lartiarena  in  1801, 
(jiil  y  Taboada  in  1801-2  and  1804-5,  and  Barcenilla 
in  1802  are  the  other  names  of  resident  friars  that 
appear  on  the  mission  registers.  The  missionaries 
had  less  trouble  with  their  neophytes  than  in  former 
veai's,  though  2.30  of  them  died  in  three  months  of 
1 8U(>  IVom  ej)idemic  measles.  Twelve  or  fifteen  of 
the  San  Francisco  converts  were  ulao  killed  in  Febru- 


i:52 


LOCAL  EVE>  TS-NORTIIERN  DISTRICTS. 


[<      i'  '  it 


ary  1807  by  tlio  gcntilos  in  a  fight  that  seems  to  have 
occurred  in  tlie  region  of  Carquincs  Strait,^**  Moraga's 
famous  batth^  in  the  same  region,  belonging  locally 
])erha])s  to  San  Francisco,  has  been  mentioned  else- 
where.^'' San  Francisco's  gain  of  04  per  cent  in 
neophyte  population,  from  G44  to  lOoO,  was  larger 
than  that  of  any  other  of  the  old  missions  except  San 
JJuenaventura.  The  total  number  of  baptisms  in  the 
decade,  1,978,  was  greater  than  in  any  other  mission, 
and  it  nmst  l)e  added  that  the  total  of  deaths,  l.f^JO, 
was  only  slightly  exceeded  at  one  establisliment, 
Santa  Clara.*"*  In  horses  and  cattle  San  Francisco 
stood  second  on  the  list  of  missions;  in  sheep,  fourth; 
while  in  the  average  product  of  agriculture  it  was 
excelled  at  this  period  by  only  a  few  establishments. 

Shortly  after  1790,  the  exact  date  not  being  re- 
corded, the  jiueblo  of  San  Jose  had  been  transferred 
from  the  military  and  judicial  jurisdiction  of  San 
Fi'ancisco  to  that  of  Monterey';*"  and  in  1805  there 
•was  the  faintest  shadow  of  a  controver-sy  on  the  sub- 
ject.  In  September  and  October  1804,  Sergeant  Luis 
Peralta  made  tWo  unimportant  raids  in  this  region 
after  gentile  assassins  of  Christian  Indians.  He  acted 
of  course  under  the  orders  of  tlie  comandante  of  San 
Francisco,  Santa  Clara  and  Mission  San  Jose  still 
belonging  to  that  jurisdiction;  but  it  seems  that 
Comisiunado  Castro  also  furni.shed  men  or  other  aid 
I'or  the  expeditions  without  consulting  his  superior 
nfficor,  wlio  in  January  1805  i-e[)rimanded  him  for  so 
acting,  reminding  him  that  nothing  could  bo  done  at 

^^AhcJla,  Xoflriii  (Jc  una  llataUd  iiitrr  Crisfiniwx  y  Ocntiks,  1S07,  MS.  This 
is  a  nitlicr  cdiifuscil  ii;ii''ativo  in  a  I'lmiimmiL'iitidii  to  tlie  governor,  dated  Fel). 
UStii.     Tlie  ti;,'lit  took  place  Feb.  3d  to  8th,  n|)parcntly. 

"riia])tci  \.  this  volume. 

'T  )[)iil;ition,  };ain,  (144  to  LO.')!);  luiflisnis,  l,f(7S;  largest  nnmlier,  ^20  in 
lSO:i:  .smallest.  1)4' in  18(17 ;  deaths,  l.-ViO;  largest  number,  371  in  18(M);  siiuill- 
est,  f)0  in  1801;  lari^e  .stock,  increase,  8,'2(1.")  to  l"J,'_'."iO;  horst's,  mules,  etc.,  in 
1810,  1,010;  small  slock,  increase,  (),-j;?S  to  10,(M)0.  Crops  in  1800,  4. ISO  bush.; 
in  1810,  7,080  Imsh.;  largest,  8,700  bush,  in  ISOo;  smallest,  3,720  bush.; 
average  yield,  0.320  bush. 

'^Si'e  map  of  San  Francisco  di.striet  in  chapter  xvi. 


PUEBLO  OF  SAX  JOSf!. 


133 


tlic  pueblo  witliout  his,  Gucrra's,  consent.  Tliorcu|X)a 
Arjr"i^''i'>  ^i^^od  the  ij^overnor  that  both  the  coniisionado 
Miul  Guerra  be  instructed  to  render  him  such  assistance 
as  he  might  need  against  the  Indians.^'^ 

The  town  was  not  prosperous.  The  population  de- 
creased during  the  ten  years  from  170  to  125,  tins 
ialling-oft'  being  largely  attributable  to  the  enlistments 
of  1895-G  by  which  the  presidial  companies  of  San 
Fi'anciisco  and  Monterey  were  increased  to  the  extent 
of  sixty  men,  representing  about  230  persons,  half  of 
whom  may  be  supposed  to  have  come  from  San  Jose, 
Had  it  not  been  for  the  loss  oi'  these  recruits  and 
their  families  the  total  population  in  1810  would  have 
bi'cn  250  at  least."^  Horses  and  cattle  fell  off  iVom 
G,5iS0  to  3,717,  though  much  of  this  decline  was  owing 
to  a  general  slaughter  in  180G  and  the  following  years, 
intruded  to  reduce  the  herds  and  keep  them  under 
c(  tutrol."  Respecting  the  shee[)  the  records  are  scanty, 
but  tlie  nund»ir  remained  aT>parently  less  than  400. 
Crops  were  4,2G0  Imshels  in  1800,  and  3,52G  in  1810; 
but  there  exist  no  reliable  statistics  for  most  of  the 
intermediate  years.-^  The  lithe  accounts  are,  how- 
ever, very  complete  from  1604  to  1810.  The  average 
of  grain  was  300  bushels,  (»f  cattle  103  head,  and  of 
total  value  $370.  ]>y  multiplying  each  one  of  these 
items  by  ten  we  should  obtain  an  a[)[)roximation  to 
avi'i-age  crops  and  increase  in  cattle.-'  Of  the  results 
of  hemp  cultivatit)n   still   carried   on   in   the   pueblo 


■"  rcivilta's  iiaiTative  of  his  salida.  Pror.  Sf.  Pap.,  MS.,  xviii.  .3.")l-'2,  Xr,. 
Jiui.  !!■_•,  ISO."),  (liiLiTti  to  Castro.  S.  iVr<,  Anh.,  !MS.,  ii.  84,  Jan.  ;!lst, 
Ar^'i'uUo  to  governor.   Pmv.  St.  Pap.,}i\S.,  xix.  ."7. 

-'  In  lS(i(i  the  govi'nior  say.s  to  tlio  v.c'eroy  lliat  San  .Tosr  lias  Imt  fiw  iiicn 
K'ft  to  woik;  and  pagan  hihorors  aro  also  hocoining  verj-  scarce  so  rajiiilly  aro 
tiny  liciiig  converted.  Pmv.  Ji'cc,  MS.,  ix.  81-2.  List  of  many  citizens  in  a 
militia  roll  of  ISO'.).   I'ror.  S'ul.  I'np.,  Pxn.  Mil.,  AIS.,  xl.  17- -'0. 

"May  14,  LSOCi,  a  meeting  held  at  San  .Tost''  de.'ided  on  killing  all  man'M 
except  "J.")  to  each  ri'diio,  or  SOO  in  .all.  Seven  thousand  <iv»:  hundred  wiro 
accordingly  .slaughtered.  Pnir.  S/.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  77-S;  x\xxi.  (i,  7.  Tho 
dLscrejianey  lietw'cn  this  slatenielit  and  the  decre.-ise  indicated  in  the  annual 
statistical  reports  a!<  given  in  my  text  is  a]iparent  and  inexji'icalile. 

^•^  In  ISOl  the  wheat  crop  Mas  short  hy  reason  of  the  chnlniisllc,  or  rust. 
N.  ,/n.sr.  Arch.,  MS.,  v.  17. 

-'Tithe  accounts  1804- 10,  in  S.  Josi<,  Arcl'.,  MS.,  vi.  .VJ. 


134 


LOCAL  EVEXTS— XORTHERX  DISTniCTS. 


irW 


Avitli  more  or  less  success,  I  shall  speak  in  the  next 
chapter. 

Sergeant  ISIacario  Castro  was  in  charc^c  of  the 
pueblo  as  the  governor's  coniisionado  till  1807,  when 
he  was  succeeded  hy  Sergeant  Luis  Peralta.  The 
coniisionado  was  projierly  responsible  to  the  governor 
directly;  yet  most  of  his  orders  came  practically  from 
tlie  comandante  of  ]\[ontcrey,  and  no  misunderstand- 
ings arose  with  Argiiello  so  far  as  the  rec(Tds  show. 
The  alcaldes  were  ]\Iiguel  de  Osuna  in  1801,  Til)uroio 
Vasquez  in  18()-2  and  1807,  Ignacio  Archuleta  in  180:1 
and  1800,  Ignacio  Castro  in  1804  and  1809-10,  and 
dose  ^[aria  Martinez  in  1805.^' 

The  settlers  determined  that  tlieir  spiritual  welfare 
demanded  the  erection  of  a  chapel  in  the  town;  and 
accordingly,  in  the  person  of  Coniisionado  Castro,  tliey 
ap[)lie(l  at  the  end  of  April  1802  for  permission  to 
carry  out  their  relii]fious  scheme.  (Vmnnandant  Car- 
rillo  forwarded  the  petition  to  Arrillaga  at  Loreto  in 
]\lay,  and  the  latter  official  replied  favorably  in  June. 
( 'arrillo  was  directed  to  go  in  ])erson  to  San  Jose,  con- 
\(>ke  the  ]>eople,  listen  to  tlie  proposals,  and  I'educe 
them  to  writing.  Then  if  the  amount  contributed  were 
sutlicient  he  might  oi'der  the  work  to  be  begun  and  com- 
mission some  suitahle  person  to  superintend  the  same. 
For  the  preservation  and  jiroper  adornment  of  the 
chapel  each  farmer  would  stipulnti  tlie  amount  of 
grain  he  would  give  each  year,  and  Jialf  a  faiicga  iVom 
t'ach  ought  to  suffice.  "To  the  willing  mind  ways 
and  means  are  easy,  and  a  oift  to  the  church  inii)ov- 
dishes  no  man,"  writes  tlu'  govern(»r.  It  is  toljc  pre- 
^-umed  that  all  preliiuinaiy  details  were  satisfactorily 

'■'■' Tlie  rcgidorcs  \vcrc,  Apolinnrio  Benial  and  Fi-nncisco  Valencia  in  1S02; 
IkriiMi'do  Ik'itdiaiind  I'ram  i.-.io(  ion/alcz  in  ISC.'i;  Clam  Ho  Alviius  and  N'icoho' 
Mi'sa  in  lR(l."i;  Ihiluics  Mfsa  anil  Manml  Anu/i]uita  in  1S(1(I;  Antonio  S  to 
and  .luau  ('.  Altamirano  in  l.SOl);  and  Soto  aii<l  I'udro  JSnjui'ycs  in  ISIO. 
Names  of  oiiiuial.s  lol'  this  doeadc  natlii  red  tVonuS'.  ./()«■.  .1  rrli.,  MS.,  i.  lli;  ii.  iSO, 
H4;  iii.  JH.it-t,  !l(V-S,  101;  v,  .'I,  .")',  IT-l't;  vi.  .51;  I'rov.  ,Sf.  I'fi/>.,  MS.,  xviii.  7, 
1!I7:  >i\-.  T7.  KH).  '2:i~;  /-/.,  Jl'ii.  Ml/.,  \xxvii.  (i.  7:  J'ror.  J,',,:,  MS.,  xi.  lr_>, 
17i>,  l!l(j;  at.  I'iiji.,JJU^.,  MS.,  iii.  '20,  X'l;  Esttidillo,  Doc.  JJi-t.  Cid.,  MS.,  i. 
80,  'M. 


A  PUEBLO  CHAPEL. 


135 


tlic  next 

;e  of  the 
07,  when 
Ita.  The 
governor 
•ally  from 
derstand- 
rds  show. 
,  Tiburcio 
:ain  1H0:3 
9-10,  and 

n\  welfare 
own;  and 
stro,  they 
iiission  to 
dant  Car- 
Lorcto  in 
in  Jnne. 
Jose,  eon- 
id  lednee 
luted  were 
and  corn- 
he  same, 
it  of  tho. 
iioiint   of 
cu'a  iVoui 
ind  ways 
inipov- 
o  \h)  })re- 
faetorily 


Heuiiu  1802; 

mill  Nii'dhi^' 
Uitoiiio  S  ti> 
4CS  ill  isin. 

i.  1(1;  ii.  SO, 
[ilS. ,  xviii.  7. 

IS.,  xi.  ]?-', 

•ill.,  MS.,  i. 


arranged,  for  next  we  find  tlie  eomisionado  inviting 
Alferez  Jose  de  la  Guerra  y  Noriega  in  the  name  of 
the  people  to  act  as  sponsor  of  the  chapel.  This 
Avas  eai'ly  in  July  1803.  Don  Jose  could  not  come  in 
pci'son,  but  he  gave  Cadet  Jose  Maria  Estudillo  a 
power  of  attorney  to  act  for  him  at  the  ceremony  of 
laying  the  corner-stone,  which  took  place  on  July  Titli 
with  great  solemnity  under  tlie  direction  of  Jose  A'ia- 
(lt;r  from  Santa  Clara.  Under  the  stone  Estudillo 
dc[)osited  certain  coins,  and  also  a  sealed  bottle  con- 
taining a  copy  of  the  document,  signed  by  himself, 
A'iader,  and  Castro,  from  which  I  gather  these  facts. 
The  structure  was  dedicated  to  the  patriarch  San 
Jose  and  to  the  virgin  of  Guadalupe.  There  is  no 
record  of  further  progress  on  tlie  building  during  this 
decade,  but  it  was  sufficiently  advanced  to  have  its 
walls  cracked  by  an  earthquake  late  in  1804."*' 

Tlie  old  dispute  with  the  mission  of  Santa  Clara 
resi)ectin!T;  boundaries  having  been  settled  in  the  last 
decade  as  already  related,  there  arose  a  new  and  some- 
what similar  one  in  this  with  the  mission  of  San  Jose. 
After  some  slight  difficulties  about  the  encroachmc'nts 
ot"  cattle  the  bcjundary  between  pueblo  and  niissioii 
was  established  by  Ai'rillaga  in  person  abuut  Juno 
I80G.-"     In  1809  the  dispute  arose,  both  parties  claim- 

-'^  April  :iO,  1S02,  Castro  to  Ciirrillo;  May  M,  Carrillo  to  governor.  Pror. 
Sf.  J'dp.,  Ms.,  xviii.  Km.  Juno  lltli.  Arrillaj,'a  to  Carrillo.  S.  Joxr,  Air/i., 
.Ms.,  iv.  :r>.  July  7,  ISDH,  Ciarra  to  CantroT  /-/.,  iii.  itS.  July  I'J,  I.S();{, 
arcoiiiit  of  laying  tlio  corner-stunt'.  /'/.,  iii.  OS.  Damage  l)y  lartliiniaUo  in 
JMIl  in  letter  of  .T..;..  ',  ISO.").  ,S7.  r>tj>.,  .!/;«.,  MS.,  iii!  :!.").  Aecording  to 
llidl's  /fit/.  S.  Josr,  87-!),  tlie  eli:tinl,  Imilt  of  atlolies  witli  a  roof  of  tiilcs, 
slodtl  iMitil  is;?.").  All  article  in  tlie  ,S'«rt  Fnnirisro  Alia,  A\m\  '_M,  IS77,  ile- 
.'icriliiiig  the  (kclication  of  a  new  clinrch  in  KS77,  say.s  the  original  chapel,  at 
th.'  ccirner  of  Marki't  ami  Feriiamlo  street.s,  .stood  until  IS,")'). 

'-'Oct.  "24,  IS07,  Macario  Castro  certilies  th.it  in  Jiiiie  ISOd  he  wa.s  onlereil 
tn  meet  Arrillaga  at  the  I'liiita  ilo  Ion  Ksteros  in  front  of  La,  Calera  (tin'  lime- 
kihi,  or  j)o>ssihly  La  CaU'ta,  the  little  eovc)  with  Alcalde  .Vrclmleta.  'I'lio 
giiveinor  came  late  ^\ith  ('ajit.  Jose  Argiiello,  Cadit  Estudillo,  Sergeant  I'].s- 
trada,  and  I'adie  (Jonzaga  ((iii)  y  'I'ahoaila.  -Vrrillaga  indicated  us  tiie  diviil- 
ing  line,  or  its  initial  point,  a  certain  little  I'afiada  coming  down  fnnii  tlio 
.■^hrrilii,  about  midway  tictween  the  honse  where  i.ario.s  fdrineily  lived  and 
the  little  lirodk  where  dwelt  the  deceased  Ignacio  lligueia.  1'lie  line  was  to 
run  to  the  imint  of  the  lir.st  (sh'ro  where  the  road  fr<itii  Santa  Clara  to  Laiins' 
house  crossed  that  from  San  JoM'  to  the  r.iission.  \o  written  memniaiidum 
of  the  agreement  wis  made  at  the  time.  .S'.  Jour,  Aich.,  MS.,  v.  IS.     May  !>, 


i.^  !  IS 


136 


LOCAL  EVENTS-NORTHERN  DISTRICTS. 


f^       1 


ing  that  the  lands  known  as  Las  Calaveras  were  on 
its  own  side  of  the  line.  The  comisionado  was  sus- 
tained by  the  commandant  of  Monterey  in  his  position 
that  Las  Calaveras  belonged  to  the  pueblo,  and  Arri- 
llaga  took  the  same  view,  but  Father  Duran  refused 
to  conform  to  the  decision,  though  his  side  of  the 
argument  has  not  been  preserved.  The  result  was 
an  order  to  drive  out  the  mission  cattle  and  substitute 
those  of  the  pueblo,  a  guard  being  established  to  pre- 
vent any  interference  by  Duran,  a  man  who  as  we 
shall  see  later  was  always  disposed  to  have  his  own 
way.^* 

At  Santa  Clara  there  was  consecrated  on  August 
12,  1802,  the  day  of  the  titular  saint,  a  grand  high- 
altar  which  had  been  obtained  in  Mexico  for  the  mis- 
sion church.'^''  There  were  also  some  troubles  with 
the  Indians,  beginning  in  1801,  when  Bartolo  Pacheeo 
narrates  an  expedition  in  search  of  a  chief  resulting 
in  a  fight  and  the  killing  of  five  gentiles.^''  In  April 
1804  the  friars  sent  twenty  neophytes  to  bring  in 
some  fugitives,  but  the  party  was  attacked,  one  Cliris- 
tian  was  killed,  and  the  rest  came  running  back  with- 
out a  captive.^^  Again  in  May  1805,  a  neophyte  and 
a  pagan  of  the  Seunenes  were  caught  on  the  roof  of 
the  missionaries'  house  reconnoitring  for  a  projected 

1805,  Uria  to  Castro,  thci'c  will  lie  a  In'anding  on  the  13th  nncl  the  settlers 
had  better  look  out  for  their  euttle  or  the  mission  brand  will  be  put  on  them. 
Id.,  ii.  74. 

'■'^Jan.  28,  1809,  Arrillaga  to  comisionado,  waniing  him  that  the  vecinos 
must  look  out  for  their  lands  by  day  and  for  their  live-stock  by  night.  If 
cattle  are  killed  on  mission  lands  no  compensation  can  be  detained.  The  set- 
tlers wished  the  padres  to  kill  encroaching  cattle  but  to  pay  for  them,  but  the 
pa(h"es  refused  any  such  reiiitoiro  and  were  sustained  by  the  governor.  iS'.  ./oxc, 
Pat,ntc«,  MS.,  '27-0;  S.  Jost',  Arch.,  MS.,  iii.  70;  I'roi:  lie,  MS.,  xi.  LM."). 
Sept.  2:\  1809,  Estudillo  to  Peralta.  S.  Jos(f,  Arch.,  MS.,  iii.  92.  Oct.  2  to 
Nov.  12, 1809,  correspondence  .about  Calaveras  between  Estudillo,  Duran,  and 
Arrillaga.  The  boundary  line  is  described  as  running  from  the  Lomfi  dc  la 
Canada  to  the  first  creek  or  cstcrito.  The  com.'iudante  .speaka  in  very  severe 
terms  to  Duran.  Estudillo,  Doc.  Hi»t.  Cat.,  MS.,  i.  85-92.  May  14,  ISIO,  tlie 
comisionado  is  ordered  not  to  prevent  the  neojihytes  of  Santa  Clara  from 
fencing  and  cultiv.ating  their  gardens  at  Calaveras,  they  having  the  mission- 
aries' permission.  S.  Jose,  Arch.,  MS.,  iii.  102. 

'^•^  Arch.  Sta  IL,  MS.,  xii.  09. 

»"  Narrative  dated  March  15th.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xviii.  C5-(!. 

s'  /Voc.  i.Vc.,MS.,ix.43. 


SANTA  CLARA. 


137 


wore  on 
,vas  sus- 
position 
ad  Arri- 
refuscd 
J  of  the 
iult  was 
ibstitute 
I  to  pre- 

0  as  we 
liis  own 

August 

iid  liigli- 

tbc  iiiis- 

iles  with 

Pachcco 

resulting 

In  April 

bring  in 

le  Chris- 

ck  with- 

lyto  and 

roof  of 

rojocted 

1  the  settlers 
lut  on  them. 

I  the  vecinos 
night.  If 
The  set- 
em,  but  the 

|or.   «S'.  Jam'-, 

.,  xi.  21."). 

Oct.  2  to 

[Duran,  and 

joma  (le  la 

kX'ry  severe 

L  1810,  the 

L'lara  from 

lie  mission- 


attack  in  which,  as  was  rumored,  the  mission  build- 
ings were  to  bo  burned  and  the  padres  killed.  Five 
or  six  other  accomplices  were  arrested.  The  alarm 
was  great,  and  all  the  available  forces  of  San  Fran- 
cisco with  reonforcements  from  Monterey  were  sent 
in  haste  to  the  rescue.  After  a  campaign,  however, 
of  a  month,  in  which  the  whole  region  was  carefully 
examined  by  Alferc;z  Luis  Argiiello,  it  was  ascertained 
that  the  rumors  of  impending  hostilities  were  without 
fcjundation,  some  discontented  neophytes  having  ut- 
tered threats  with  a  view  to  frighten  the  friars  and 
avoid  certain  imminent  floixii'ings.^''  Magin  Catala 
and  Jose  Viader  were  the  ministers  here  throughout 
this  decade,  apparently  without  the  aid  of  supernu- 
merary associates.  Tliough  the  number  of  bai)tisms 
v;as  larger  than  at  any  other  establishment  except 
Santa  Barbara  and  San  Francisco,  the  number  of 
deaths  was  nowherp  exceeded,  and  the  net  increase  in 
the  mission  community  was  only  from  1,247  to  1,.332, 
Santa  Clara  now  standinij  fourth  on  the  list.  In  live- 
stock  and  agriculture  this  mission  had  more  than  an 
average  prosperity.^^  Santa  Clara  was  one  of  the 
only  two  missions — Soledad  being  the  other — where 
the  greatest  number  of  deaths  did  not  occur  in  180G. 
Barcenilla  remained  at  Mission  San  Jose  until 
April  I  802,  when  Luis  Gil  y  Taboada  took  his  place, 
and  in  1804  was  succeeded  by  Pedro  de  la  Cueva. 
Jose  Antonio  Uria,  who  had  served  here  since  171)9, 
and  Cueva  both  left  the  mi.ssion  in  180G,  the  latter 
retiring  to  Mexico  the  same  year.^*     Their  successors 


'-  Prov.  St.  Paix,  MS.,  xix.  .30,  42;  Id.,  Ben.  Mil,  MS.,  xxxiii.  1.".,  10. 

^^  Population,  gain,  1,217  to  1,.132;  baptisms,  1,724;  largest  niiinlier,  ."Wf] 
in  1805;  smallest,  84  in  1810;  deatlis,  l,."iSO;  largest  numher,  2.")8  in  ISUJ; 
smallest,  101  in  1S09;  large  live-stock,  increase,  4,807  to  8,li.");!;  Jiorscs,  etc., 
in  ISIO,  2,0:J2;  small  stock,  increase,  .5,(X)0  to  10,027;  crops  in  ISOO,  4,i;>() 
hushcls;  in  1810  (and  largest),  G,i")2o  bush. ;  smallest,  2,S.')0  Itusli.  in  1807; 
average,  4,070  bush. 

''  I'cilro  de  la  Cueva,  commonly  called  in  California  Padre  Cuevas,  left 
<!ua(lalajara  on  April  2.3,  1804,  ami  arrived  in  California  Aug.  14tli.  Some 
iiicli.scieet  action  on  Iiis  part  while  vn  route  caused  him  to  be  rcportccl  to  the 
\irtsi(k'nt  as  a  friar  whom  it  would  bo  well  to  watch;  but  during  his  brief 
SI  rvice  in  California  the  only  fault  found  with  his  conduct  was  that  of  rasli- 
ncss  in  connection  with  the  affair  elsewhere  related,  in  which  he  was  shot  in 


liil 


I 


133 


LOCAL  EVENTS— NORTHERX  DLSTRICTS. 


wore  Buonavontura  Fortiiiii  and  Xarciso  Duran,  who 
Avcro  new  arrivals  from  JNTcxico,  and  who  bcg'an  their 
long  ministry  here  in  Juno  1800.  Tlic  number  of 
neophytes  increased  in  ten  years  from  280  to  545,  but 
it  required  nearly  1,400  baptisn)s  to  effect  this  result. 
In  its  agricultural  and  stock-raising  industries  San 
Jose  was  tolerably  prosperous.^^ 

There  is  a  vague  record  that  as  early  as  1802  Uri'a 
and  his  escort  were  attacked  by  the  gentiles  of  the 
sierra,  and  that  a  military  force  was  sent  to  teach  the 
savages  a  lesson;  but  no  particulars  are  known. ^^  A 
subsequent  affair  of  the  kind  is,  however,  bettor  re- 
corded, and  I  have  told  the  story  in  another  place.^^ 
It  was  in  Januarv  1805,  and  in  it  a  soldier  and  three 
neo])hytes  were  killed;  Cueva  and  a  soldier  were 
wounded.  The  horses  were  all  killed,  and  the  sur- 
vivors of  the  party  were  di-iven  back  to  the  mission. 
In  retaliation  Sergeant  Peralta  made  a  raid  and  killed 
eleven  gentiles. 

Early  in  May  180G  Langsdorff  from  the  Juno  vis- 
ited this  mission,  coming  down  the  bay  in  an  Aleut 
l)idarka.  This  was  the  first  time  a  foreiii'ner  had  trod 
these  south-easterji  bay  shores  or  navigated  the  tor- 
tuous channels  which  made  approach  to  the  mission  by 
water  very  difficult.  Father  Cueva  had  before  met 
the   naturalist  at  San  Francisco,  and  received  him 

tlie  head  l>y  the  Lulinns  wliilc  on  a  visit  to  a  distant  rancheria.  Ill-health, 
not  relieved  l»y  a  fi^w  months'  stay  at  San  Diejio,  compelled  him  to  retire  to 
his  ccillege,  and  h(!  sailed  from  San  Diego  in  Xoviiuher  ISOO.  Langsdorlf  met 
this  friar  l)oth  at  San  Francisco  and  at  liis  o\\n  mission  in  the  spring  of  liSOO, 
and  found  him  '  always  gay  and  cheerful,  and  indeed  a  most  agreeable  coni- 
jianion,'  besides  being  ever  ready  for  biirter. 

3'' I'djndation,  gain,  "JSO  to  .")4.");  b.iptisms,  1,.'?S1;  largest  number,  247  in 
1S02;  smallest  inimlier,  '1\  in  ISOS;  deaths,  1,10-1;  smallest  nnmber,  <J"2  in 
l.M)il;  lai'gest,  107  in  1H0(J;  large  stock,  inciease,  ■S(i7  to  7,100;  horses,  etc.,  in 
IMO,  1,100;  small  stock,  incrc'iise.  1.000  to  7.00--';  crops  in  ISOO,  l.o.iO  busiiels; 
ill  ISOO.  4,070;  largest,  7,4.jO  in  180.3:  smallest,  2,000  in  1800;  average,  4,04J 

bush. 

Inventory  of  sacred  vestments,  vessels,  and  other  church  cfTccts  from  1807 
to  1S24,  in  a.  Joxr,  I'nfciUifi,  .MS.,  .'}(i(j-70.  Fir-st  marriage  of  'jciifi'  de  rairm  at 
tills  mission  on  .lune  I,  LSO.S,  when  Joaijuin  Sota  was  married  to  Maria  de  la 
Luz  lierreyesa,  both  natives  of  >Siin  Francisco.  S.  Josr,  Lib.  Jli^tiioii,  MS.,  21. 

'"Dec.  1),  IS02,  Argiiello  to  comisionado  of  San  Jose.  S.  Jose,  Arch.,  MS., 
iv.  .3j. 

^'  Chap.  ii. ,  this  volume. 


MISSIOX  SAX  JOSfi, 


139 


^vitll  the  greatest  liospitality,  giving  liis  neophytes  a 
hoHday  witli  instructions  to  prepare  for  a  grantl  dance, 
since  the  visitor  was  particuhirl}'  interested  in  study- 
ing the  manners  and  customs  of  the  natives,  to  whom 
lie  devotes  much  of  his  narrative,  representing  tlieni 
as  in  every  way  superior  to  those  of  San  Fiancisco, 
and  u'ivinij  to  the  world  an  enij^raviu'jf  which,  shows  six 
iinely  formed  men  and  women  decked  in  all  their  hol- 
iday paint  and  finery. 

The  rarity  of  foreign  visits  to  interior  missions 
Viill  justify  nic  in  quoting  Langsdorff's  description 
of  San  Jose  : 

"Although  it  is  only  eight  years  since  they  were 
hcgun,  the  buildings  and  grounds  are  already  of  very 
considerable  extent:  the  quantity  of  coi-n  in  the  gran- 
aries far  exceeded  my  expectations.  They  contained 
at  that  time  more  than  2,000  measures  of  wheat,  and 
a  proportionate  quantity  of  maize,  barley,  pease,  beans, 
and  other  grain.  The  kitchen-garden  is  extremely 
well  laid  out,  and  kept  in  very  good  order;  the  soil  is 
cNcrvwherc  rich  and  fertile,  and  yields  ample  returns. 
The  fruit-trees  are  still  very  young,  but  their  produce 
is  as  good  as  could  be  expected.  A  small  rivulet  runs 
through  the  garden,  which  preserves  a  constant  moist- 
ure. Some  vineyards  have  been  planted  within  a  few 
years,  Avhich  yield  excellent  wine,  sweet,  and  resem- 
bling ^Talaga.  The  situation  of  the  estal)lishment  is 
admirably  chosen,  and  according  to  the  universal  opin- 
ion this  mission  will  in  a  few^  years  l)e  the  richest  and 
best  in  New  California.  The  only  disadvantage  is, 
that  there  ai'o  no  largo  trees  very  near.  To  conq)en- 
sate  this  disadvantage,  there  are  in  tlie  neighbourhood 
()f  the  mission  (.-halk-liills,  and  excellent  bi'iek-earth, 
so  that  most  of  their  buildings  are  of  brick.  Their 
stores  of  corn  are  nuich  greater  than  of  cattle,  conse- 
quently the  nund)er  of  oxen  slaughtered  every  week  is 
consideral)]y  smaller  than  at  St.  Francisco,  but  their 
consumption  of  corn  and  puis:  is  nuich  greater.  The 
habitations  of  the  Indians,  cas  Iki  richer  las,  are  not  yet 


111! 


1!  ; 


UN 


I 


i'M 


'Hi 


140 


LOCAL  EVENTS— NORTHERN  DISTRICTS. 


finished,  so  that  at  present  they  live  chiefly  in  straw 
huts  of  a  conical  forni."^^ 

Meanwhile  work  on  the  mission  church  was  pressed 
forward,  and  on  April  23,  1809,  President  Tapis  came 
to  hold  the  vigil  of  Saint  Joseph  and  to  bless  the  new 
structure.  Next  day  he  preached  and  Father  Arroyo 
do  la  Cuesta  said  mass  in  the  presence  of  other  friars, 
of  several  military  officers,  and  of  many  people  from 
the  adjoining  pueblo.  On  the  eighth  of  the  following- 
July  the  new  cemetery  was  blessed  with  the  custom- 
ary solemnities.** 

Raimundo  Carrillo  remained  in  command  of  tlio 
Monterey  company  until  1802,  though  Alberni  as 
already  stated  was  commandant  of  the  post  until  his 
death,  in  March  of  that  vear.  Carrillo  was  then 
transferred  to  the  command  of  Santa  Barbara,  though 
still  lieutenant  of  the  ISIonterey  company;  and  Alferez 
Jos(5  do  la  Guerra  became  acting  connnandant.  In 
180G  he  also  was  transferred  to  Santa  Barbara,  and 
fi'om  the  middle  of  that  year  Lieutenant  Jose  Maria 
Estudillo,  who  had  lately  come  up  to  California  with 
Arrillaga,  assumed  the  command.  Guerra's  place  as 
alferez  was  taken  by  Josd  Mariano  Estrada,  who  had 
also  come  from  Loreto  with  Arrillaga,  The  habilitado 
was  Carrillo  in  1801,  Guerra  in  1802-6,  Estudillo  in 
180G-7,  and  Estrada  in  1807-10.  The  surgeons  were 
Juan  do  Dios  Morelos  in  1801-2,  Manuel  Torres  in 
1802-3,  Jose  Maria  Benites  in  1803-7,  and  Manuel 
Quijano  from  1807  to  1824.  The  company  sergeant, 
Castro,  was  retired  as  an  invalid  about  1801,  when 
Gabriel  Moraga  took  the  place.  Ignacio  Vallejo  was 
made  a  sargento  distinguido  of  the  company  in  1805 
and  held  the  place  throughout  the  decade.  jMoraga 
was  succeeded  by  Francisco  Alvarado  in  1807,*'  who 

"'  Lnnqsdorff'a  Voyaqe  and  Travels,  ii.  190-9,  with  platfi. 

3».b\  Josf',  i'atentes,  ']\)S.,  31-2.  In  Arch.  Jlmones,  MS.,  i.  704,  is  tho 
design  of  a  mural  decoration  of  the  churcli. 

■"'Tims  these  tliree  men,  Alvarado,  Castro,  and  Vallejo,  whose  sons,  or 
grandson  in  Castro's  case,  bom  about  this  period,  were  to  be  tiie  mostprouii- 


AXXALS  OF  MONTEREY. 


141 


on  liis  death  in  1809,  was  replaced  by  Miguel  Espi- 

41 

iiosa. 

The  presidial  force  at  Monterey  was — besides  the 
offiecis,  a  bleeder,  two  or  three  mechanics,  and  per- 
luips  a  few  servants — 57  men  until  1805,  when  it  was 
increased  in  three  days  by  enlistment  to  82  men. 
There  was  also  an  artillery  detachment  of  from  five  to 
seven  men.  The  invalids  numbered  from  23  to  27, 
and  lived  for  the  most  part  at  San  Jose  and  Branci- 
i'orte,^"    The  total  population  of  the  jurisdiction  reck- 

iKiit  figures  in  the  later  history  of  California,  were  now  sergeants  of  tlio 
siiino  company.  Jose  Francisco  Alvarado  was  a  corporal  in  the  Lorcto  uoni- 
p.iny  in  Si'pt.  1805,  when  ho  received  orders  to  go  to  Monterey  with  jn-oino- 
tiiiii  to  sergeant.  He  was  a  native  of  iSinaloa,  his  parents  having  been  .liian 
I'l.iiiti.sta  Alvarado  and  Maria  Dolores  Castro.  It  is  not  unlikely  tliat  Ids 
father  wan  tlio  soldier  of  the  same  name  who  came  to  California  with  the  first 
»  xpi'ditioiis  of  17(ii'-73.  Soon  after  his  arrival  at  Monterey  Francisco  married 
,](..sifa  Vallejo,  daughter  of  Don  Ignacio,  who  l)orc  him  a  son  named  like  his 
.maiidfather  Juan  IJautista,  afterward  governor  of  California,  who  died  in 
JSS'2.  Tlie  sergeant  only  lived  three  years  in  his  new  home,  as  he  was  buried 
on  "Slay  "JO,  ISO!),  in  the  cemetery  of  the  mission  of  San  Luis  Obispo.  Ilia 
widow  married  Jose  Ramon  Estrada.  Prov.  Jli'C,  MS.,  x.  4;  S.  Liiii  Ohiyio, 
j.ih.  Mi-'ioii,  MS.,  o-t.  In  Shuck's  Ik  preventative  Men  of  Cat.,  503,  wc  read 
of  '( Jeneral  Francisco  Alvarado,  chief  adviser  and  adjutant-general  of  ( iov, 
Arrillaga,' which  is  rather  amusing  considering  that  Arrillaga  himself  was 
never  more  than  colonel.  Of  course  the  book  referred  to  is  not  worth  this 
iiutice,  but  I  give  it  as  an  illustr.ation  of  the  trash  that  has  circulated  in  Cali- 
i'urnia  as  biography.  Jo.S(5  ^lacario  Castro,  grandfather  of  the  famous  .lose 
(astro  and  of  tlie  somewhat  less  famous  Manuel  Castro,  does  not  appear  in 
the  records  after  he  ceased  to  be  comisionado  of  San  Josi?  in  1807,  though  I  am 
nut  eerUun  that  he  died  duruig  this  decade.  He  v.as  born  in  1753,  entered 
the  military  service  in  1778,  came  north  from  Loreto  in  time  to  have  a  son 
born  at  Santa  Barbara  in  March  1784,  was  made  a  corporal  before  August 
]  7^5,  commanded  the  escolUis  of  San  Juan  Capistrano  and  Soledad,  and  was 
iiiaile  ;i  sergeant  in  1704.  He  was  comisionado  of  San  Jose  in  17!*2-4,  ami 
fiom  1700  to  1807,  being  a  sni-jiriifo  iiivdiido  after  1801.  His  wife  was  Maria 
I'otenciana  Ramirez  and  in  17!*3  tliey  liad  five  children.  St.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS., 
vi.  8,  0;  i.  ,m;  S.  J^!<;in,  LUi.  Minion,  'MS.,  123;  Sta  Barbara,  Lib.  Mis'wn,  MS., 
4:  S.  Juan  C'aji.,  Lib.  Mision,  MS.,  10;  Soledad,  Lib.  Jilixion,  MS.,  3;  Pror. 
SI.  Pap.,  MS.,  viii.  98;  xviii.  313;  Prov.  Pec,  MS.,  v.  413;  iv.  18.5. 

*'  In  giving  the  succession  of  the  various  ofiicials  I  liave  generally  not 
attempted  to  lix  the  day  and  month  of  changes,  because  there  is  often  much 
(•Diifiision  between  the  dates  of  promotion,  order  to  depart,  departure,  and 
dropping  from  the  rolls  in  the  case  of  each  individual.  I  add  however  n  few 
I  lutes  lesiiecting  the  positions  of  comandante  and  habilitado:  Carrillo's  ap- 
linintment  approved  by  government,  March  23,  1801.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS., 
xviii.  70.  Orders  himself  recognized  April  0,  1801.  S.  Jom^,  Arch.,  MS.,  v. 
(i,  Guena  as  habilitado  from  January  1,  ISOil,  to  June  30,  1800.  Prov.  St. 
P't)).,  lUii.  Mil.,  MS.,  xxxiii.  0,  10.  tiuemi  left  ^lonterey  Xov.  22,  ITOG. 
/'/•«(•.  .SV.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  110.  Estudillo  succeeds  (J uerra  as  liabilitado  Juiy 
1,  1800.  /(/.,  Bdi.  Mil.,  xxxiii.  8.  Proclaims  himself  commandant  Dec,  3, 
1800.  S.  Jour,  Arch.,  MS.,  iii.  78;  Prov.  Pec,  MS.,  ix.  90. 

'-After  the  departure  of  the  vol mteers  in  1803,  and  before  the  increase  of 
1S05,  the  invalids  were  called  upc ii  to  come  to  the  presidio  for  service.  S. 


II 


M 


142 


LOCAL  EVENTS-NORTHERN  DISTRICTS. 


onod  on  tlio  same  basis  as  in  the  last  decade,  excluding 
the  invalids  at  the  })Uebl()s  and  includinu^  the  <(uard.s 
of  San  CVu'los,  San  ]\Iit^nel,  Soledad,  San  Antonio, 
San  Ijuis  Ohispo,  and  San  Juan  Bautista,  amounted 
in  IS  10  to  480;  or  it*  we  add  IrJrancilbrtc  and  Santa 
Ciuz  Ibr  a  more  convenient  classilication,  leaving  San 
Jose  and  Santa  Clara  to  the  northern  district,  we 
shall  have  a  total  de  razon  of  about  550,  with  a  lu'o- 
pliyte  po])ulation  of  5,130.  As  in  the  case  of  other 
iHstricts  I  refer  the  reader  to  a  note  for  various  sta- 
tistics.^^ 

The  bears,  wolves,  coyotes,  and  other  wild  beasts 
were  responsible  for  what  little  ex(.'itement  was  known 
about  j\[onterey  in  the  early  years  of  this  decade. 
The  bears  became  so  bold  as  to  kill  and  eat  cattle 
every-day  in  full  view  of  the  herdsmen;  the  W(jlves 
attacked  work-horses  on  tlicir  way  fr(^m  Carmelo  Val- 
ley to  the  presidio.  The  Indians  were  (;ften  chased  by 
the  bears,  and  one  was  killed  by  a  grizzly.  More  than 
fifty  bears  were  killed  in  1801-2,  including  one  who 
had  distinguished  himself  by  eating  live  mules  and 
seven  cows.     She-asses  were  so  attractive  to  bruin 

Jow',  ArrJi.,  MS.,  iii.  07.  The  di.sti-ibiition  of  the  inviiliils  in  ISOGwa.s;  ]2  at 
feaii  J()S<';  T  at  ]5raiici forte;  4  at  San  Jligiiel;  ami  1  at  San  Carlos.  Pmr. 
St.  Puii.,  Bf'ii.  Mi/.,  MS.,  x.xxv.  ;l;  x.xxvii.  1!).  Full  list  of  the  conipiiny  on 
Aug.  1,  180(1,  in  O'lKiTd,  Dor.  Jli.sf.  (ML,  MS.,  i.  140-r>.  Aug.  3,  ISO.'),  the 
coniinaiiilant  says  he  enlisted  the  1!)  new  men  in  three  days.  Prov.  tSt.  Pop., 
!MS. ,  xix.  Al-'A.  In  ISO,")  at  the  ])icsidio  ilS  men  and  7S  women  complied  with 
tlieir  religious  oliligations.  Id.,  JJi'n.  Mil.,  "SIS.,  xxxiii.  1. 

''^  Tlie  linaneial  reeords  are  less  complete  and  satisfactory  for  Monterey 
than  for  the  other  presidios.  Animal  apjiropriations  varied  from  617,000  to 
.<  j;!,O0l);  invoices  from  .Mexico  and  San  lilas  .Si:?,()()0  to  848,000,  those  of  goorls 
from  San  lilas  being  about  S-,00();  totals  of  habilitado's  accounts  $oS,0()0  to 
tl()4.000;  inventories  of  goods  in  warehouse,  SI4,000  to  ?41,0()0;  balances 
fi-.im  .S4,(KW  in  favor  of  company  in  180.1  to  !ji!ir), 000  against  it  in  1810;  supplies 
f;i>in  missions  about  i^JjCOO  ])er  year.  Revenue  from  post-ofllcc,  .^170  per 
year;  fromsalcsof  tobacco  8 l.o.'iO;  tithes  about  6400;  papal  indulgences  .81. ')(). 
A^uiount  deducted  from  pay  lov /uii(lo.i  dc  iiivuHdo-i  y  montcpio,  6'200  to  8<100  a 
j'ear;  ;\n\om\t\n  JuikIo  dc  rdt  iicion,  $3,000  to  .84,000.  Net  proceeds  of  sales 
of  cattle  from  rancho  del  rey  .8'>00  a  year,  1,.")"21  cattle  branded  in  1801.  Prm: 
Sf.  J'(i/i.,  MS.,  xviii.  4(1.  Stock  in  the  raucho  in  180'2;  ."),'2()0  hor.ses,  57  nudes, 
•2."»asi,es,  and  •->,-i84  cattle.  /(/.,  Jim.  Mil.,  xxx.  '20.  Over  400  animals  killed 
by  wild  beasts  in  180.").  LI.,  xxxiii.  19.  On  the  king's  land  at  Salsipuedcs, 
near  (,'orralitos,  oOO  broken  horses  were  kept  for  the  troop.s.  Sfn  Cnr.,  Arch., 
MS.,  14.  See  company  rolls  and  habilitado's  accounts  for  this  decade  in 
Pror.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  MIL,  ]\1S.,  xxix.-xli.;  Si.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  i.-ix.  xvii.- 
Viii. 


PRKSIDIO  BUILDINGS. 


143 


that  all  liad  to  bo  brouLjlit  to  tlu;  presidio  for  protec- 
tion. Traps  and  [)oison  pi'ovint,''  inadequate,  the  yov- 
eruor  was  called  upon  to  authoiize  the  use  of  1,000 
cartridufes,  and  a  regular  military  canijiait^n  was  un- 
durtal^'U  against  tlie  enemy.  That  the  Ibe,  if  tem- 
])orarily  checked,  was  not  entirely  routed  is  shown  by 
the  record  that  in  IHOf)  some  four  hundred  head  «»f 
live-stock  wei'o  killed  in  and  about  the  ranclio  del  rev, 
altliouuh  about  thirty  mares  were  slaus'-htered  and 
tluir  ])()isone(l  carcasses  used  against  the  beasts.''* 

In  I'V'hruary  1801  the  viceroy  was  informed  that 
the  ^[onterey  buildinujs,  ])articularly  the  presidio 
chapel,  were  in  a  ruinous  condition,  the  hard  labor  of 
troojjs  and  Indians  I'or  twenty  years  bein<^  rendered 
useless  by  reason  of  orif,nnal  faulty  construction.  In 
^larch  a  storm  of  wind  and  rain  demolished  the  prin- 
cipal gate  of  the  presidio.  In  December  the  coiu- 
iiiandant  represented  the  urgent  necessity  of  new 
rooms  in  the  barracks,  of  a  better  jail,  and  of  a  new 
warehouse  to  stand  on  the  foundation  of  the  old  one 
at  the  landing-place,  now  in  ruins.  Three  lunidred 
dollars  were  spent  in  repairs  this  year.  In  June  1802 
Carrilio  announced  his  intention  to  rebuild  the  com- 
mandant's house,  demolished  several  years  ago  at  the 
(Uath  of  Hermenegildo  Sal  to  avoid  contai^ion.  The 
local  authorities  were  evidently  desirous  of  a  chance 
to  rebuild  the  presidio  at  the  cost  of  the  ro^-al  trcas- 
ur}^  with  a  view  among  other  th:"ngs  to  revive  business 
and  circulate  money  in  California;  but  the  viceroy  and 
his  advisers  paid  but  very  little  heed  to  such  requests 
except  when  aroused  by  the  fear  of  inmiinent  danger, 
real  or  imaginary,  of  foreign  invasion.'*'     Slialcr  says 


**  ^^o)lfrr('1/,  Di"rto  <!<•  Si'rr.ioi,  ]S!00~2,  MS.  This  Viilna1)lc  orifxiiitil  inaini- 
ecript  is  veiilly  a  lilottrr  of  the  ooiimiunicatitms  of  cfiniuiaiiilaiits  ('anillo  Jiiul 
Kstuilillo,  addrcssuil  to  the  govcnior  from  >"ov.  -Jit,  l.SOO.  to  i\  h.  •!',,  ISOl'.chiiMly 
ill  tlie  handwriting  of  the  two  ollicuis  intntioncd.  Cairillo's  i-c]ioits  to  Airi- 
llaga,  in  Proi:  St.  Pitp.,  MS,,  xviii.  44-7.  Aug.  .SI,  INOI,  Arrillaga  aiitluir- 
izc's  the  use  of  1,000  cartridges.  J'mv.  I'cr.,  MS.,  xi.,  luO.  Ituvages  of  beasts 
in  ISO,-).  Prov.  S/.  Pup.,  Boi.  JUL,  MS.,  xxxiii.  10. 

'■■'/Voc.  .SV.  P<ip.,  MS.,  xxi,  T)!);  xviii.  107,  IGO;  Prov.  Pec,  ]MS.,  x.  1'-', 
lo;  MoHdirj,  Diario,  ^LS.,  '20,  Ho.     Dec.  31,  1S03,  Guerra  describes  the  inv- 


144 


LOCAL  FA'EXTS— NOlITHEllN  DISTIIICT.S, 


4\ 


ill  IHO')  "there  1m  a  iiiiscrublc  hattery  on  a  lilll  tliat 
('(>iiiinan<ls  tlio  aiK'lioraj^c,  l)Ut  it  is  alto<if(^tlit'r  iiuule- 
(|iiat(!  to  what  it  is  intended  for,"  a  remark  that  was 
(louhtless  true,  thf)ngli  there  is  no  proof  that  it  was 
founded  on  tlie  writer's  own  observations.  The  "•uns 
wer(!  ii'ii  in  luunber,  of  eijjjlit,  six,  and  three  jxmnds 
<'Mlil>i'e;  and  there  were  occasional  complaints  that  tlio 
armament  was  in  bad  condition.''" 

In  February  1 802  a  minin<^  export  came  on  one  r»f 
the  transports,  and  made  with  such  poor  apparatus  as 
was  available  an  assay  of  a  small  quantity  of  ore 
obtained  from  a  mine  near  IVTontercy.  The  vein  had 
been  discovered  before  l^orica's  departure  by  Ignacio 
Ortega  opposite  the  king's  rancho  north-w'csterly 
toward  t  lie  Sierrita.  Lead  had  already  been  obtained 
from  tlie  ortj,  .'i  small  quantity  of  which  now  yielded 
six  ounces  of  fine  silver  as  weighed  by  Carrillo  with 
his  own  liands.''"  Also  in  1802  Sergeant  Jose  Koea 
was  accused  by  Carrillo  of  having  insulted  him  j)ub- 
licly  in  the  j)laza,  and  bawled  loudly  i'r  justice.'^ 
Brown  in  the  Alexander,  who  touched  at  Montere3'in 
August  1803,  is  the  only  foreigner  known  to  have 
braved  the  terrors  of  the  prcsidial  battery  during  the 
decade;'"  and  beyond  the  departure  of  the  Catalan 
volunteers  in  the  same  year,  the  increase  of  the  cav- 
alry company  in  1805,  the  arrival  of  Arrillaga  at  his 
capital  in  180(),  the  occasional  changes  in  military 
officials,  and  the  regular  arrivals  of  the  supply -vessels 
from  San  Bias,  all  occurrences  that  have  been  noted 


fiidio  ns  110  varas  square.  On  tlic  north  is  the  principal  gate  witli  barracks 
and  ;j  warehonses;  on  the  west  tlicjiovernor'a  house  with  ]iarlor,  8  small  rooms 
and  kitchen,  also  '2  houses  for  otlicers,  and  1  for  the  surgeon;  on  the  south  !) 
houses  for  fiiniilics  witji  tlie  chapel  in  the  centre;  and  on  the  east  !l  houses  for 
families,  a  blacksmith  shop,  and  a  small  gate.  I'roi:  St,  I'ap.,  Ben.  JUL,  MS., 
xxxi.  I'J. 

*''Shnlcr^s  Jouriicd,  157;  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  lien.  Mil.,  MS.,  xxxiii.  2;  Prov. 
Rec,  MS.,  xi.  l'_'();  St.  Pa,).,  Sac,  MS.,  v.  '2X  Sept.  2(1,  ISIO,  the  governor 
states  that  Monterey  has  a  cemetery  near  tiie  presidio  walls  and  the  shore. 
Prov.  i;<'i\,  MS.,  viii.  103. 

*'■  Moulin II,  DUrno,  MS.,  .58;  ,S7.  Pnp.,  M'l.is.  a w^  CWoji.,  MS.,  i.  42-3. 
The  mine  was  at  Alisal.  Jffnr-K'  Scraps,  Mininij,  v.  3;  Yolo  t'o.  Hid.,  22. 

*^Pnw.  St.  Pap.,  xMS.,  xviii.  204-8,  216. 

**Suo  chap,  i.,  this  volume. 


CEXTRAL  CALIFORNIA. 


ii:> 


)g  the 
italau 
cnv- 
at  his 
ilitary 
.'cssols 
noted 


42-3. 
22. 


Monterey  District. 
HWT.  Cal.,  Vol.  II.    10 


la 


140 


LOCAL  EVENTS-NORTHERN  DISTRICTS. 


elsewhere,  I  find  nothing  further  in  Monterey  annals 
requiring  notice  here. 

At  the  mission  of  San  Cdrlos  there  were  rumors 
current  in  1801  of  a  plot  formed  by  the  Indians  to 
kill  Father  Vinals  and  burn  the  buildings.  The  ran- 
c'hen'a  was  accordingly  surrounded  and  all  the  Indians 
were  captured;  but,  as  was  usually  the  case  in  such 
alarms,  the  rumor  proved  to  have  no  foundation,  hav- 
ing be  on  circulated  by  a  neophyte  for  purposes  of 
reven<jce.°'^  In  1802  the  friars  made  an  effort  to  obtain 
possession  of  the  Buenavista  Rancho  on  the  ground 
that  it  was  clearly  in  mission  territory,  that  it  was 
now  needed  for  mission  uses,  that  the  occupants  had 
only  a  provisional  permit  and  not  a  grant,  and  finally 
that  Borica  had  }»romised  to  I'cstore  the  land  when  it 
.should  be  lequired  foi*  the  mission  cattle.  Arrillaga 
declined  to  take  any  definite  action  in  the  matter  on 
the  plea  that  he  was  only  governor  ad  interim.  The 
friars  threatened  to  appeal  to  the  supreme  govern- 
ment; the  governor  advised  them  b}''  all  means  to  do 
so;  and  we  liear  no  more  about  the  matter.^^  This  is 
the  only  reference  that  I  find  in  the  archives  to  tlie 
private  ranches  of  this  district  between  1801  and 
1810,  except  in  the  case  of  Castro's  grant  of  La  Brea 
to  be  mentioned  in  connection  with  San  Juan.  Of 
the  mission  buildings  nothing  is  recorded,  but  we  learn 
that  in  the  church  was  preserved  in  a  case  of  gold  a 
fragment  of  the  hat  of  San  Carlos  Borromeo,  the 
patron  saint,  deemed  a  most  precious  relic." 

Padre  Lasuen  died  at  his  post  in  June  1803  as 
elsewhere  related.'^  Pujol  died  in  1801,  under  cir- 
cumstances indicative  of  poisoning,  while  seiving  tem- 
porarily at  San  Antonio  and  San  Miguel.^*     Vinals 


^"/Vor.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xviii.  63. 

"' CoiTespondeiico  l)i!t\voi"u  Anilliiga  nnd  Vifials  and  Carniccr,  April  to 
June  1802.  Arrh.  A)-zoh.,  MS.,  ii.  !)-!•;.  Prov.   '!<r.,  MS.,  vi.  10. 

^- Moiiioraiidum  of  Amon'is  1808.  The  aulliouticity  of  the  relic  was 
duly  certified  by  liishop. I osf''  Lamiiniof  l'orpluyrea(?).  Arch.  Anob,,  MS.,i.  1. 

•'•'/•'ee  oliap.  i.  tills  volume  for  Ijiograpliical  note  of  Lasuen. 

'"'' FriiiKisco  Pujol  y  I'ujol,  written  I'ujol  l>y  himself  liut  often  Puyol  liy 
others,  was  the  sou  of  Juan  I'ujol  y  Soulie  and  Jusefa  I'ujol  y  Duruus,  bap- 


3y  annals 

G  rumors 

idians  to 

The  ran- 

3  Indians 

;  in  such 

tion,  liav- 

■poses  of 

to  obtain 

c  ground 

it  it  was 

jants  had 

lid  finally 

1  when  it 

Arrillaga 

natter  on 

im.     The 

)  govern- 

ans  to  do 

This  is 

!S  to  the 

801  and 

La  Brea 

lan.     Of 

we  learn 

f  gold  a 

Ineo,   the 

1803  as 
hder  cir- 
[ing  tem- 
Yinals 

cr,  April  to 

Ic  relic  was 
|».,MS.,i.  1. 

In  Puyol  liy 
l)uraus,  bap- 


MISSION  SAN  CARLOS. 


W 


kTt  California  in  1804.''^  Pujol  was  succeeded  by 
Caniicer,  who  came  back  to  this  mission  in  1801  and 
served  until  1808  besides  being  chaplain  at  the  pie- 
sidi 


() 


'"     Yiuals    was   followed    by  Juan   Amoros    in 
1804;  Caniicer  by  Francisco  Suher  in  1808;  and  the 

tizcd  Miircli  7,  1702,  at  Alos.  Catalonia,  Spain.  He  took  the  Franciscan  lialiit 
]\'h.  1,'i,  17S7,  ami  came  to  San  Fernando  colle^'c  Aug.  19,  1793,  after  having; 
'  sulliTcil  terrible  imprisonments  among  the  enemy'  in  consiecpieneo  of  the 
war  with  France.  Ho  came  to  (.'alifornia  in  179."),  and  served  as  minister  at 
S:ui  Ciirlos  from  17' '7  to  1801.  A  'hen  at  the  end  of  1800  tlio  ministers  at  ii'aii 
Antonio  and  San  iliguel  were  r>u'ldenly  taken  ill,  Pujol  volunteered  to  aid 
tliem,  tliougli  the  danger  of  being  himself  jwisoned  was  l)elieved  to  be  great. 
He  .served  at  San  Antonio  till  Jan.  17,  1801,  and  tiicn  went  to  San  Miguel. 
Hero  he  was  attacked  witli  tlie  same  .nalady  tliat  liad  prostrated  the  others, 
iiiid  was  brouglit  back  suficring  terably  to  Sau  Antonio  on  Feb.  '27,  where  ho 
(liid  Sunday  iiKirning  March  loth.  His  death  was  witnessed  l)y  Cipres,  Sitjar, 
iiiid  Mercio,  by  Sergt.  lioca,  Cadet  Fernando  Toba,  and  Surgeon  ilorelos. 
It  Mas  intended  to  make  a  posi,-;"ortem  examination,  but  the  body  was  in  such 
a  ciiiiditiiin  that  it  was  not  pi'acticable.  There  seems  to  have  been  been  no 
(liiubt  in  tlie  minds  of  the  people  that  his  death  was  the  lesultof  poisoning 
liy  the  Indians.  His  body  was  buried  March  10th  in  the  church  with  mili- 
tary honors,  rarely  accorded  in  tlie  ease  of  a  simple  missionary;  but  it  is  not 
unlikely  that  he  was  the  company  ciiaplain  at  Monterey,  On  .)uno  14,  181.1, 
I'ujiirs  Ijody  was  transferred  with  that  of  Sitjar  to  a  grave  in  tlie  presbyteiy 
of  the  new  ehurc)i  at  San  Antonio,  on  tlic  gospel  side.  He  was  generally  re- 
garded as  a  martyr,  or  a  victim  to  his  own  zeal  ami  eiithusiasm  for  missionary 
duty.  .S'.  Aiitoiho,  Lib.  Minion,  MS.,  29-42;  I'mr.  J,'kr.,  }>lri.,  xi.  l.").'>;  Monf-- 
ri  11,  ]>i(irio,  MS.,  30.  According  to  the  List  authority  an  examination  was 
made  and  the  intestines  found  to  be  black  and  putrid, 

^•' Jose  Vinals  came  to  California  in  May  1798.  He  served  at  San  Ciirlos 
from  August  1798  till  1804,  in  August  of  which  year  he  obtained  license  on 
the  ground  of  threatened  impairmeat  of  Imililyand  mental  health,  and  somi 
iifter  retired  to  his  college  where  he  was  yrt  living  in  1809,  intending  to  go 
to  Spain  in  1811,  as  he  wrote  to  his  friend  Cajit.  (Juerra,  since  (lod  would  not 
permit  him  to  speml  the  rest  of  his  days  in  California.  He  askeil  (iuerra  for 
iiiDuey  to  )iny  his  travelling  expenses  and  to  relieve  the  wants  of  his  aged 
p:iivnts.  He  soon  left  his  cf)llcge  to  join  anothei",  and  before  ISll  had  luought 
suit  against  .San  Fernando  because  his  certiticittc  of  dismissal  did  not  show 
that  III'  had  acted  lonhlcmc/i/i'.  He  is  supp(jsed  to  Ikivc  ended  his  days  ii:  a 
*  'artliusian  monastery.  Ho  was  of  an  ardent,  gay  temperament  while  in  Cali- 
fiiiiiia,  being  a  line  singer  and  performer  on  tlie  guitar.  It  is  necessary  to 
add  that  the  moral  character  of  Miials  was  not  wliolly  above  suspicion,  for 
lie  was  at  one  time  accused  before  the  alcalde  of  Sau  .lose  of  having  been  the 
fatlii  ;•  of  th.ree  children  brought  into  the  world  by  a  certain  sehora  of  that 
locality.  Prov.  Ihr.,  MS.,  vi.  20;  Airli.  Sin  JJ.,  MS.,  vi.  218;  xi.  08,  .'103; 
/'/•or.  Si.  I'lip.,  MS.,  xviii.  373-U;  Arc/i.  Ar^h.,  MS.,  ii.  41;  Ord.  Oa:iin>u- 
ciits,  MS.,  ,Si-2. 

^"l>altasar  Caniicer  came  to  California  early  in  1797.  He  served  at  Solu- 
ilad  from  .lunc  of  that  year  to  171I8;  at  Sau  Carlos  in  1798-0;  at  Sau  iliguel 
iii  1799-1801;  and  then  at  San  CMilos  until  1808,  in  Aug.  or  Sejit.  of  whicli 
year  he  got  permission  to  retire.  He  was  one  of  the  padres  supposed  to  have 
liee'i  poisoned  at  San  Miguel,  but  recovered  his  health.  He  served  as  chap- 
lain from  ISd.j  until  his  departure,  coming  to  the  presidio  every  Friday  or 
Siiturday  and  remaining  until  Monday  morning.  Proi\  St.  P((j>.,  MS.,  xx. 
277  8;  Anil.  Ar::iih.,  MS.,  ii.  02;  mission-books  of  San  Miguel,  Sun  Antonio, 
Solcdail,  and  San  Carlos,  as  also  of  other  northern  missions  wheru  he  occa- 
sionally otliciated. 


148 


LOCAL  EVENTS-NORTHERX  DISTRICTS. 


latter  by  Francisco  Vicente  de  Sarrfa  in  1809.  Presi- 
dent Tapis  also  lived  here  much  of  the  time  after 
1806. 

In  neophyte  population  San  Cdrlos,  the  missionary 
capital  of  California,  had  reached  its  highest  figure, 
,')27,  in  1794;  and  during  this  decade  it  declined  from 
758  to  513,  the  number  of  deaths  exceedinfj  that  of 
baptisms  by  over  a  liundred.  In  other  respects  the 
mission  was  more  uniformly  prosperous  than  several 
other  establishments.  It  was  by  no  means  the  fault 
of  the  friars  thai  there  were  no  more  Indians  to  con- 
vert."' 

At  San  lAiis  Obispo,  the  southernmost  of  the  mis- 
sions subject  to  the  military  jurisdiction  of  Monterey, 
tlie  friars  were  commended  in  1805  for  their  cool  re- 
ception of  d  foreign  vessel,  probably  the  Ldia  Bijrd, 
which  came  in  pretended  need  of  fresh  provisions,  but 
really  in  quest  of  opportunities  for  illicit  trade.  Let  us 
credit  the  missionaries  with  this  law-abiding  act,  and 
let  the  credulous  of  my  readers  believe,  if  they  can, 
tliat  such  was  the  reception  always  given  to  traders 
at  San  Luis,  for  there  is  no  record  of  this  decade  to 
])rove  the  contrary,  save  Winship's  statement  that  he 
obtal.ied  supplies  for  the  Albatross  in  1810.''^'^ 

In  1809  the  governor  approved  the  building  of  a 
(•Impel  at  San  Miguclito,  one  of  the  rancherias  of  this 
mission."'''  Luis  Antonio  Martinez  served  continuously 
for  these  ten  years  and  twenty  more.  Jose  de  Miguel 
left  the  mis.si on  in  1803  and  Mareelino  Ciprcs  came 
the  next  year;   but  he  left  California  in  1801,"°  and 

■'"  Population,  loss  758  to  513;  Imptlsms,  4r)4;  largest  number,  71  iu  ISOO; 
.•^nijillest,  17  in  1801;  deaths,  580;  largest  nunibei',  K]  in  180G;  smallest,  .1!)  iu 
liV()7;  large  stock,  increase  "2,180  to  "i.o.'lO;  lioises,  etc.,  in  1810,  4;{0;  small 
st<»ck,  increase  4,100  to  0,04."i;  crops  in  1800,  5,!)40  bush.;  in  1810,  ;{,075; 
largest  crop,  (),.'>S0  in  1801 ;  smallest,  •_>,080  iu  1807;  average,  4,000  bush. 

■'•'('liap.  ii.  anil  v.  this  volume. 

•'»/'(•(,(•.  /.Vr.,  MS.,  xii.  07. 

''"Mareelino  CiprOs  was  a  native  of  Hnesca,  Aragon,  Spain,  took  the  Fran- 
ciscan habit  at  Saragossa,  stiidled  philosopliy  at  Teruel  ami  theo.ogy  at  Tar- 
ragona, and  came  to  San  Kernanilo  -  oUege  in  179."?.  In  1705  he  was  assigned 
to  (.'alifornia,  s'.rving  from  October  of  that  year  until  tiie  enil  of  1804  at  San 
Antonio,  and  thenat  San  I^uiji  Obispo  until  his  death  in  1810.  lie  was  a  very 
zealous  missionary,  learned  the  native  language  at  San  Antonio,  and  de\  otcd 


SAN  LUIS  AND  SAN  MIGUEL. 


14a 


]\[arcelino  San  Jose  y  Marquinez  took  his  place.  The 
iiuinber  of  neophytes  of  the  San  Luis  conmiunit}'"  de- 
creased from  726  to  713  in  these  ten  years;  but  the 
highest  figure,  854,  had  been  rea,  Ind  in  1803.  This 
was  the  smallest  of  the  old  missions  except  San 
Ciirlos.  In  its  live-stock  it  held  a  place  far  above  the 
axerage,  but  its  grain  crops  were  somewhat  more 
varl''le  than  in  most  other  establishments,**^  and 
gradually  decreased. 

At  San  Miguel,  next  northward,  Juan  Martin  was 
the  senior  minister.  Carnicer  left  the  mission  in  1801, 
Adriano  Martinez  served  from  1801  to  1804,"-  Pedro 
Muhoz  in  1804-7,  and  Juan  Cabot  entered  upon  his 
long  term  of  ministry  at  the  beginning  of  1807.  It 
was  in  February  1801  that  Carnicer  and  Martin  were 
attacked  with  violent  pains  in  the  st(^)mach,  supposed 
to  have  been  the  result  of  poisoning  by  the  neophytes. 
These  two  friars  recovered  their  health,  but  Father 
Pujol  who  came  down  from  San  Carlos  to  relieve  the 


liimsclf  most  assiduously  to  the  work  of  caring  for  the  sick  nnd  attendiiif,'  to 
tin.'  f^piiitual  welfare  of  his  neophytes.  He  \va«  always  i-eady  to  stiirt  \\  lieu 
siiiuuKined,  regardless  of  the  iiour,  thedistanee.  or  the  ditiioulties  of  the  way. 
In  l.SOl  ho  had  trouldo  with  ills  mission  guard,  and  was  in  i^onseijuence  the 
sulijei  t  of  certain  charges  wluch  jiioved  to  lie  unfounded.  He  siiti'ered  with 
his  associate  in  1S(H)  from  the  illness  attributed  to  poison,  iiut  iceovered. 
>\fter  nine  years"  service  at  San  Antonio  his  health  broke  down  iwrtially,  and 
iit  Ills  (.w  n  rc([uest  he  was  transferred  to  San  Luis  Obispo,  wlu're  lie  would 
have  easier  woik  and  more  leisure  for  study.  It  was  hi^  who  is  credited  v.  itii 
the  extraordinary  act  of  having  coolly  received  an  American  smugglei' w  ith 
goods  to  dis[)osi'  of.  At  the  beginning  of  1800  he  made  a  visit  to  .Monterey, 
and  on  Ids  return  arrived  on  Jan.  2(itli  at  San  Miguel,  where  lu;  was  attacked 
byacnte  inllannuatory  disease  anil  died.  He  was  buried  on  Feb.  1st  l)y  I'aye- 
ras,  Martin,  and  the  Cabots,  in  the  church  of  San  Miguel.  S.  Mijiinl,  l.'ih. 
Misldii,  MS.,  l.->-17;  iS\  Lidy  Oliisjio,  Lifi.  Miy/oii,  MS.,  Arrli.  OhlKpwlo,  MS., 
K~t;  Autograph  signature  in  S.  Ai/faiiio,  I)nr.  Siirl/n.':,  MS.,  ',V2-'A. 

'■'  I'dpulation,  loss  7"J0  to  Tl.'i;  hii.die^st  uundier,  8.")4  in  bSO.'i;  baptisms,  GOO; 
largest  number,  S-J  in  180;2;  smallest,  10  in  ISIO;  deaths,  (id.";;  laigest  num- 
ber, "Sin  b80();  smallest,  42  in  ISIO;  largo  stock,  gain,  (i..")2l  to  7,0o0:  horses, 
etc.,  hi  islO.  l.O.V);  small  .stock,  gain,  (),ir)()  to  !».().">4;  crops  in  ISOO,  :5,m14 
bu.sh.;  in  ISJO.  -J.OIO;  largest  crop,  7,."t{)0  in  ISd'J;  smallest,  •J,7L")  in  ls;!l»; 
average,  4.4."i(i  bush. 

''- -Vdriano  Martinez  was  one  of  the  tirst  ndnisters  of  San  Juan  Bautista, 
though  not  ])ersoiially  jiresent  at  its  fi>;"ul;Ltion  on  •lune'JI.  1707,  and  he 
served  there  until  the  end  of  ISOO,  snbsv'i,nenlly  serving  at  San  Migui  1  until 
August  LS04,  when  he  cibtained  license  to  retire  to  his  colhge,  of  which  hi' 
Was  chosen  procurador  in  July  1S1,'{.  His  name  appears  on  the  register.^  as 
having  oliiciated  at  nearly  all  the  northern  estaiili.-.liments  on  dillurent  occa- 
sions. Aixh.  Anal).,  MS.,  ii.  40;  Airh.  Sta  B.,  MS.,  xi.  07. 


156 


LOCAL  EVENTS— XORTHERN  DISTRICTS. 


:l|:: 


sick  missionaries,  died  from  a  similar  attack  as  already 
stated.  There  is  no  special  lack  of  recorded  informa- 
li'/n  respecting  this  event.  But  from  all  that  was 
written  on  the  subiect  we  can  leather  notliinf*-  bevond 
the  facts  that  the  friars  were  ill;  that  jwisoning  was 
suspected;  that  a  small  military  force  was  sent  down 
to  investigate,  and  that  three  Indians  were  arrcsted.^^ 

In  January  1804  the  stream  at  San  Miguel  rose 
suddenly  and  a  servant  was  drowned  while  attempt- 
in  ij:  to  ford  it  on  horseback."^  In  the  same  month 
Father  Martin  went  with  a  soldier  to  Cliolan  rancheria 
fourteen  leagues  awa}'  and  asked  Guchapa,  chief  of 
all  the  rancherias  in  that  region,  to  let  him  have  some 
of  his  young  men  to  make  Christians  of  them. 
Guchapa  refused  and  repulsed  the  friar  and  his  escort 
M'ith  threats,  declaring  that  he  had  no  fear  of  the  sol- 
diers  since  he  knew  perfectly  well  that  they  died  like 
other  men.  It  was  important  to  modify  this  chief- 
tain's views,  and  Gu^rra  despatched  a  sergeant  with 
thirteen  men  to  arrest  Guchapa,  which  was  effected 
after  a  brave  resistance;  and  as  a  captive  the  chief,  be- 
ing duly  rewarded  with  beads,  accreed  to  brintj  in  all 
the  Christian  fugitives  in  his  jurisdiction,  and  left  his 
son  as  a  hostage  for  the  fulfilment  of  his  contract."' 

In  August  180G  there  occurred  a  fire  which  burned 
tliat  portion  of  the  mission  buildings  which  was  used 
for  manufacturing  purposes,  destroj'ing  all  tlie  imple- 
ments and  raw  material,  including  a  large  quantity  of 
wool,  with  hides,  cloths,  and  (5,000  bushels  of  wheat, 

"^  ^Itirch  7,  1801,  Cariillo  writes  to  Airillaga  that  he  has  sent  Moraga  to 
iiivi'stigato,  who  husbioiiglit  hack  three  Imlians  accused  hy  Ciiiri's.  Siiigeoii 
]Morek)s,  Cailet  Tolia,  auil  .scvt-ii  iiieu  uill  start  to-morrow.  Aju  il  7lh,  Cairillo 
sjiys  the  throe  lihlians  escajieil  at  Soletlad,  through  the<U'Uiiheiiiiess  of  a  avn- 
tiuch  though  two  of  them  were  found  in  tlie  church  ekiming  tlie  right  of 
sanctuary.  Moiikni/,  JJlurio,  MS.,  28,  32,  ?A.  All iirni  to  governor.  Pror. 
iSf.  I'dji.,  MS.,  xviii.  (;l-4.  April  lOth,  ArriUaga  at  J.oreto  has  received  tlio 
ihst  despatch.  J'rvv.  Ih'c,  MS.,  xi.  131  2;  J'fov.  St.  J'ap.,  Bni.  MIL,  MS., 
xxxii.  !).  M;iy  Slst,  anotlnr  ktter  from  the  governor  ordering  investij:a- 
tions.  /(/.,  xxxii.  '2.  In  IMO".'  vho  padrea  siicmed  dcsirons  that  the  prisom  is 
shouhl  Ije  released  after  ))cing  Hogged  in  presence  of  tlieir  fiimiUe.^  for  'their 
boast  of  l)a\ing  ])oi.soned  the  pa(he's.'  Prov.  St..  Pap.,  MS.,  xviii.  '200,  202. 

fi'  Prot:  St.  Pep.,  MS.,  xviii.  .'{U-l. 

"5  Jan.  21!,  1801,  Ouerra  t  j  Arrillaga.  Prov.  St.  Pan.,nai.MiI.,^lS.,  XNxiv. 
7.8. 


SAN  ANTONIO. 


1-1 


oa 


besides  Inirning  a  portion  of  the  roof  of  the  church 
Statistically  San  ^[i^'ucl  gained  a  larger  percentage 
in  ])Opulation,  from  3G2  to  1)73,  than  any  other  mis- 
sion excepting  San  Fernando  and  Luis  Key;  and  its 
death-rate,  41)  per  cent  of  baptisms,  was  less  than  that 
of  any  except  San  Luis  Roy.  In  its  ilocks  of  sheep 
it  was  excelled  only  by  San  Juan  Capistrano.*'' 

San  Antonio  de  Padua  reached  its  highest  limit  of 
neophyte  population  with  1,21)G  souls  in  1805.  Dur- 
ing this  decade  it  increased  from  1,118  to  1,124  and 
was  now  eightli  in  the  list  where  it  had  at  one  time 
stood  at  the  head.  .  The  lands  were  reported  by  the 
friars  as  barren,  necessitating  frequent  changes  i.i 
stock-ranges  and  cultivated  liclds;  yet  while  there 
was  not  a  single  mission  in  California  which  did  not 
in  some  year  of  the  decade  excel  San  Antonio's  best 
crop,  there  were  five  that  fell  below  its  lowest, ^^  xV 
new  and  iurg^^r  mission  church  of  adobes  was  begun 
in  1809  or  the  following  year.""  The  venerable  Buena- 
ventura Sitjar,  one  of  the  earliest  Franciscan  pioneers 
and  founder  of  this  mission,  where  he  had  toiled 
almost  continuously  for  tliirty-sevon  years,  died  at 
his  post  in   September   1808.'°     Father   Ciprcs   was 


^Kirch.  Ohhpado,  MS.,  ->2;  Arch.  Stn  B.,  ^IR.,  xii.  70-80.  Au>%  .Slst, 
circular  of  jircsiclciit  calliiii,'  it|ion  tho  pailros  to  coiitriliuto  for  tlie  r<:lit  f  uf 
t!ie  )mnic(l  mission.  Id.,  xi.  LVJ-Jf.  Statuiu'jiit  of  contiilmtioiis  of  San  Luis, 
I'lirfsima,  Santa  Ijiirhura,  San  ( Sabricl,  Sau  .luan  C;i[)istiano,  and  San  Antonio 
for  San  i\li;^ucl  froTU  its  foundation  down  to  18()G,  including  '20  yoke  of  oxen, 
I  l(i  head  of  cattle,  S3  horses  and  mules,  and  iJdU  sheep.  Arch.  Obtupado,  MS., 
.-);i-4. 

'"Population,  gain,  302  to  [)73;  liaptisma,  1,1'20;  largest  number,  "48  in 
]'0:i;  Hmallcst,  :«  in  ISOO;  deaths,  ,"i.")L>;  largest  nundier,  84  in  ISOO;  sjiiallcst, 
.'iO  in  1807;  largo  stoek,  gain,  .'37- to  .'i.'.'Sl;  liorses  in  1810,  081;  small  stocl:, 
gain,  ),;")82to  1I,1G0;  crops  in  1800,  1,0.')G  lm::h.;  in  1810,  7,.'500,  the  largest; 
smallest  crop,  07")  in  iSO'.l;  average.  8,4fiS  l)ush. 

«•* Population,  increase,  1.118  to  1,1'_'4;  liiLrhest  nuniher,  1,2(WJ  in  ISO.'; 
1  apti.sms,  1,017;  largest  number,  203  in  180.");'  smallest,  21  in  1808;  de.itlis, 
Ui'<tt;  largest  number,  l.Vi  in  18(10;  smallest,  (iO  in  1810;  largo  stock,  gain. 
2.217  to  3,700;  horses  in  1810,  7U0:  small  stock,  irain.  2,07.')  to  8.000;  em;  s 
ill  1800,  1,700  bush.;  in  1810.  3.08.')  Vmsli.:  largest,  3,408  bush,  in  1804;  small- 
est. 1.1  to  bush,  in  1800;  average,  3,780  bush. 

"  yV(/.;,s',  iHj'orme  llhnal  dv  Mi4ov<^,  JSnO-lo,  ]\I.S.,  84. 

'"Antonio  Sitjar,  who  took  the  name  of  Buei  Ventura  at  the  time  of  his 
profession,  was  the  son  of  Antonio  Sitjar  and  .luana  Ana  Pastor,  ami  wa3 
bcirn,  or  baptize.l,  l»ec.  ft,  1730,  at  Porreva,  Island  of  Mallorea.  lie  took  tl;o 
Franciscan  habit  at  I'alnia  April  20,  1 7o8,  ai;d  on  becoming  a  prieat  eanio  to 


1.-2 


LOCAL  EVENTS— NORTIIERX  DISTRICTS. 


lihK^!: 


transferred  at  the  end  of  1804;  and  in  September  and 
October  of  that  year  Pedro  Cabot  and  Juan  Bautista 
Sancho  began  their  labors  as  associate  ministers. 
Meanwhile  Lorenzo  Merclo  in  1800-1,'^  and  Florenci(j 
Ibailez  in  1801-3,  lived  here  as  supernumeraries.  The 
only  occurrence  to  be  noted  is  a  quarrel  between  Cipres 
and  the  corporal  of  the  guard  aided  by  Jose  Castro  in 
1801.  The  two  men  were  very  disorderly  and  violent, 
and  were  transferred  at  the  i'riar's  request,  trying  to 
get  I'evenge  by  making  charges  against  Cipres,  decided 
by  Alberni  to  be  unfounded.'" 

At  Soledad  Antonio  Jaime  remained  permanently; 
but  Payeras  was  succeeded  in  1803  by  Floi'encio 
Ibahez.  The  epidemic  of  the  s[)ring  of  1802  w'as 
particularly  severe  at  this  mission,'^  where  the  mor- 

San  Fernando  de  Mexico.  He  volunteered  for  service  in  California,  waa 
assigned  in  August,  1770,  sailed  from  Sau  ISJas  in  January  1771,  readied  S.ui 
iJiegi)  iMarcli  I'Jtl,  and  Monterey  ^lay  :21st.  On  July  14,  1771,  lie  wit;  ii 
founder  of  Sau  .Vntonio  with  I'ieras,  and  he  left  liis  post  here  only  for  abiutt 
a  year  a\  hen  lie  founded  Sun  Miguel  in  17i)7-8.  He  was  a  most  faitlifid  and 
eliicient  missionary,  perfectly  mastering  tlic  idiom  of  the  Indians  of  thi; 
region,  of  which  he  Ictt  a  manuscript  vocabulary,  since  printed,  lie  also  left 
a  diary  of  an  exploration  for  mission  sites  in  17!lo  which  appears  in  my  list  df 
auth(jrities.  lie  was  bitterly  criticised  by  the  crazy  padre,  llorra,  to  whc;,-  c 
cluuges  no  attention  should  bo  given.  (,)n  Aug.  '2'J,  1808,  he  was,  while  in 
tlie  field  with  his  neopliytes  about  10  a.  m.  ,  seized  with  excruciating  pains  in 
tlio  stomach  and  bladder;  on  Sept.  1st,  lie  confessed  and  receivetl  tlie  last 
sacraments  while  suUering  terrible  agony.  He  di-.i  Sept.  3d,  and  next  day 
was  buried  by  Cabot  in  tlie  presbytery  of  the  old  church,  several  other  friars 
being  ]iiesentat  the  ceremony.  On  June  19,  ISl.'J,  liis  body  was  rc-interi'cd 
■with  that  of  Pujol  in  tlie  new  church.  .S'.  Antonio  Lib.  Mixioi),  42-4;  'Jai/lor, 
Uinror.  iiiul.  FoKiiilcrt,  ii.  lt)()-7,  ^<o.  .'52,  making  the  date  of  death  incorrectly 
Fel)ruary8th.  Arch.  SlaB.,  MS.,  ii.  10.5;  x.  440;  S.  Jli'jmf,  Lib.  Minion,  ]\1S.; 
Si/Jar,  VocaJialario;  San  Anl.oiiio,  Voatbiditrio,  },!>>,,  in  handwriting  of  Sitjar 
and  I'ieras,  same  work  as  preceding;  autograph  in  .S'.  Antonio,  Doc.  Snclto-^, 
MS.,  i. ;  llorra,  Jt'cprcm-ntacion,  MS.,  .'50-7;  J'ror.  Iter.,  MS.,  vi.  ll.l.  A 
long  account  of  this  friars  life,  death,  and  burial  trauslahul  from  the  mission 
register  of  deaths  in  <S'.  /'.  Bnltrtin,  Sept.  10,  ]S(i4. 

^'Lorenzo  Merelo  arrived  at  Monterey  .Tuly  2S,  1790,  and  served  at  Sau 
Francisco  from  August  of  that  year  until  October  1800.  The  cold  winds  a:id 
fogs  of  the  peninsula,  while  they  conld  not  cool  his  pious  ardor,  soon  tuck 
away  what  little  strength  he  had,  and  he  was  transferred  to  SanAntonii. 
Here  his  health  did  not  improve,  and  in  September  1801  ho  was  allowed  to 
sail  for  ^lexico,  with  the  intention  to  go  t(j  Yucatan  Jis  prcdicador  genera!. 
Arch.  Sla  Ji.,  MS.,  xi.  70-2;  I'rov.  Ike,  MS.,  vi.  15;  and  mission-books  of 
the  two  missions  where  he  .served. 

^-.1 /•(•/(.  Ar~ub.,  :\1S.,  0-8. 

'^  Feb.  5,  ks02,  the  jiudrcs  reported  the  mi-ssion  .ibandoned  by  the  Indians 
from  fear.  Feb.  1 1th,  deaths  live  or  six  each  day,  and  the  friars  greatly  over- 
worked. Feb.  28th,  three  assassinations  of  Indians  reported.  Proc.^t,  Pai'., 
Ms.,  xviii.  183-0 


i 


SAN  JUAN  BAUTISTA. 


108 


tality  was  oven  f^reator  than  in  180G.  The  population 
reached  its  hijj^hest  figure  in  1805  with  727  neophytes. 
The  gain  for  the  whole  decade  was  from  493  to  GOO."* 
A  new  church  was  begun  in  the  autumn  of  1808. 

At  San  Juan  Bautista  there  was  a  controversy 
about  lands  in  1803.  Mariano  Castro  had  gone  to 
^Mexico  two  years  before,  and  had  come  back  as  a 
poblador  in  1802,  with  permission  to  occupy  the 
ranclio  of  La  Brea,  where  he  made  some  improve- 
ments. But  the  friars  of  San  Juan  refused  to  remove 
their  live-stock,  and  sent  in  a  protest  to  the  president, 
from  whom  it  went  to  the  guardian  and  the  viceroy. 
After  a  correspondence  lasting  throughout  the  decade 
it  was  apparently  decided  that  Castro  must  establish 
himself  elsewhere.'^  On  June  13,  1803,  was  laid  the 
corner-stone  of  a  new  mission  church.  Father  Via- 
der  conducted  the  ceremonies,  aided  by  the  ministers. 
Bon  Jose  de  la  Guerra  was  sponsor,  Captain  Font  and 
Surgeon  Morelos  also  assisting.  In  a  cavity  of  the 
stone  were  deposited  oome  coins  and  a  sealed  bottle 
containing  a  narrative  of  proceedings  at  the  celebra- 
tion.''*' On  June  3,  1809,  the  imago  of  St  Jolui  the 
Ba]itist  was  placed  on  the  high  altar  in  the  sacristy, 
wliicli  served  for  purposes  of  worship  until  the  main 
church  could  bo  completed.'^ 

Jacinto  Lopez  served  here  until  September  1801;'^ 
then  Father  Martiarena  came  back  and  was  minister 
until  he  left  the  country  in  1804,''^  being  followed  by 

'^Population,  gain,  493  to  GOO;  highest,  727  in  ISOo;  baptisms,  7');  largest 
n\niil)(n-,  II 1  in  ISO.");  smallest,  13  in  1808;  deaths,  0r)4;  largest  mimlun',  \'2~ 
in  ISU'J;  smallest,  38  in  ISOO;  large  stock,  1.3S4  to  2,087;  horses  in  ISIO,  '2S;i; 
Kiiiull  stock,  3,024  to  8,038;  crops  in  1800,  2,013  bush.;  iu  1810,  3,08.");  largest, 
(i.li.'iO  in  180.");  smallest,  1,090  in  1802;  avorau'c,  3,(i(;0. 

'■'Cnrrillo,  Doc.  Jli-t.  Oil.,  MS.,  2,  3;  J\-ur.  y.Vc,  ^tlS.,  ix.  119;  xi.  IS.".; 
Pror.  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  xviii.  385-0;  Arch.  Sta  />.,  MS.,  xii.  131-").  Laiiil 
commission,  No.  101,  0.")3,  748. 

"'^.s'.  Jiinn  Bnutiski,  l.'ih.  MUhn,  MS.,  12,  13;  Arch.  ShiB.,  MS.,  xii.  79,87. 

I' Arch.  Obixpado,  ]MS.,  09. 

'^Jacinto  Lopez  landed  at  ^Monterey  July  28,  1799.  lie  served  about  a 
year  at  San  xVntonio  and  for  a  like  period  at  San  Juan  Bautista;  when,  his 
health  failing,  he  sailed  f(jr  ]\lexico  on  Get.  9,  1801. 

''•'Jo.se  Manuel  de  Martiarena  was  born  at  lieuteria,  in  Ciuipiizcoa,  Spain, 
in  17.J4;  became  a  Franciscan  at  Zaeateeas  in  1788;  came  to  San  Feruawlo 
college  in  1791,  and  to  Califoi'nia  iu  1794.     lie  served  at  Suu  Autonio  from 


154 


LOCAL  EVEXTS-XORTIIERN  DISTRICTS, 


II 


Andrew  Dulanto  from  August  1804  to  September 
1808;^''  and  the  latter  by  Feli])c  Arroyo  do  la  Cuesta. 
INIeanwhile  the  associate  minister  was  Domingo  San- 
tiago do  Itiirrate,  who  retired  in  1809,^^  and  was  suc- 
ceeded in  September  of  that  year  by  Roman  Francisco 
Fernandez  de  Ulibarri.  Neophyte  population  increased 
from  516  to  702,  tliough  it  required  over  1,200  bap- 
tisms to  accomplish  that  result.**' 

One  more  mission  remains  to  bo  noticed,  that  of 
Santa  Cruz,  really  under  the  jurisdiction  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, but  included  in  this  district  for  convenience. 
Here  the  highest  number  of  population,  523  souls, 
had  been  reached  in  171)G;  and  in  1805  Captain  Goy- 
coechca  recommended  that  as  all  the  gentiles  had 
been  converted,  the  neophytes  might  be  divided  be- 
tween Santa  Clara  and  San  Juan,  and  the  friars  be 
employed  in  new  fields.*^  Still  there  was  a  gain  from 
402  to  507  in  this  decade,  and  the  number  of  bap- 
tisms, GG8,  was  certainly  extraordinary  if  there  were 
really  no  more  gentiles  in  the  region.''*  The  ministers 
at  Santa  Cruz  were  Francisco  Gonzalez  until  Juno 
1805,*^^  succeeded  by  Andres  Quintana;  and  Domingo 

June  1794  to  June  1795;  at  Solctlad  until  May  1797;  fit  San  Juan  until  July 
ISOO;  at  San  Francisco  until  August  1801 ;  and  a<,'aiu  at  San  Juan  until  August 
liS04.  Ho  officiated  at  San  Gal)iicl  on  Oct.  '28,  1804;  but  liis  license  was  datdl 
in  July.  Arch.  StaB.,  MS.,  xi.  00-7,  247-8;  Arch.  Arzoh.,  ^IS.,  ii.  40;  and 
the  various  mission-books. 

*■"  Andres  Dulanto  was  a  native  of  Miranda  do  Ebro,  Castile,  Spain,  and 
came  to  California  in  1804.  He  was  assigned  to  San  Juan  Bautista  in  August, 
and  served  there  continuou.sly  until  his  death  on  Sept.  11,  1808." 

'•'Domingo  Itiirrate,  as  he  signed  his  name,  left  the  college  in  Feb.  .3,  ISOO, 
and  ai'rived  in  California  Aug.  lilid.  lie  served  continuously  at  San  .Jium 
Bautista  until  failing  health  enmpelled  him  to  ask  for  retirement,  and  he 
sailed  for  Mexico  in  October  ISO!).  Pror.  live,  MS.,  xi.  ."?;  xii.  90;  S.  Juna 
Ikiiil!.</a,  Lit).  Jliiion,  MS. 

^'- I'opulation,  gain,  .TIO  to  702;  baptisms,  1,274;  largest  number,  2GG  in 
180-2;  smallest,  27  in  1808;  deaths,  99(1;  largest  number,  199  in  180();  small- 
est, \V,\  in  1801;  lartrc  stock,  gain,  72.S  to  (i,175;  horses  in  1810,  575;  small 
stock,  gain,  2,080  to  9,720;  crops  in  1800,  2,724  bush.;  in  1810,  7,170,  largest 
crop;  smallest,  1,825  in  1801;  average,  ■'(,700. 

''■^  (I'oj/coechrn,  Mmlios  para  el  Fonn iifo  il''  <^al.,  ISO'),  ^IS.,  10. 

"Population,  gain,  492 to 507;  highest,  5211  in  1790;  baptisms,  008;  largest 
number,  \',M  in  1810;  smallest,  7  in  1809;  deaths,  59.'?;  largest  numl)cr,  101  in 
1800;  smallest,  34  in  180.'5;  large  stock,  decrease,  2..'?55  to  1,75.1;  horses  in 
1810,  953;  small  stock,  gain,  2,08:{  to  .S,098;  crops  in  1 800,  4,:{10  bush. ;  in  1810, 
2,730;  lai-gest,  4,850  in  1800;  smallest,  1,120  in  1802;  average,  2,l,")0bush. 

^•'  Francisco  Gonzalez  came  to  California  in  1797  and  served  at  Santa  Cruz 


itcmber 
Cuosta, 
50  San- 
as  suc- 
■ancisco 
creased 
00  bap- 

that  of 
n  Fraii- 
juiciice. 
3  souls, 
in  Gov- 
Ics  bad 
ded  be- 
i'iars  bo 
till  from 
of  bap- 
iro  were 
tinisters 
il  Juno 


oniniufo 


until  July 

itil  August 

was  ilatuil 

|ii.  40;  ami 

?pain,  ami 
liu  August, 

[b.  3,  ISOO, 

San  Juan 

kt,  and  he 

1;    S.    JlKlli 

jer,  2GG  in 
pi;  Hmall- 
[)7">;  small 
|70,  largest 


i8;  largest 
Icr,  101  in 
llioi'scs  in 
.;  in  1810, 
lO  bush, 
linta  Cruz 


SANTA  CRUZ  AXD  BRANCIFORTE. 


135 


Carranza  until  August  1808,  succeeded  by  Antonio 
Catiino  Rodriguez  in  June  1809,  the  two  padres  Una 
serving  here  also  as  supernumeraries,  Joso  Antonio 
in  180G-7,  and  Francisco  Javier  in  1808. 

Branciforte  was  the  last  of  the  Californian  estab- 
lishments,  not  only  by  reason  of  being  put  at  the  end 
(if  this  local  narrative,  but  in  respect  of  importance 
and  jn'osperity.  Its  only  grandeur  was  in  its  name. 
It  will  be  rememl)erod  that  in  October  1797  an  esti- 
mate of  about  823,000  as  the  cost  of  building  the  villa 
liad  been  sent  to  Mexico,  but  that  a  little  later,  doubt- 
less in  accordance  with  orders  from  the  viceroy  not 
jii't'scrved,  the  governor  had  ordered  a  suspension  of 
work.^*'  Now  on  June  3,  1801,  the  viceroy  informed 
Arrillaga  that  he  had  ordered  tools  and  supplies  to 
\)o  purchased  fn'  Branciforte,  and  had  also  provided 
for  tlie  remission  of  .$15,000,  or  two  thirds  of  tliu 
amount  called  for,  believing  that  the  settlers  by  the 
ai<l  of  Indians  could  save  the  difference.  There  must, 
however,  have  been  later  communications  which  are 
no  longer  extant,  involving  a  new  change  of  plan;  for 
in  July  1803,  doubtless  before  any  work  had  been 
actually  done,  the  governor  in  a  communication  to 
the  viceroy  alludes  to  the  suspension  of  work.®' 

In  1803  Commandant  Guerra  in  a  letter  to  Arri- 
llaga gave  his  idea  of  the  settlers  at  Branciforte.  They 
were  not  so  bad  as  other  convicts  sent  to  California ; 
still,  to  take  a  charitable  view  of  the  matter,  their 
absence  "for  a  couple  of  centuries  at  a  distance  of  a 
million  leagues"  would  prove  most  beneficial  to  the 
])rovince,  and  redound  to  the  service  of  God  and  the 
king.'^  In  1805  Goycoechea  informed  the  viceroy  that 
Branciforte  had  none  of  the  advantages  of  the  otlier 

f'.om  Jlay  of  that  year  until  June  1805,  when  he  retired  on  account  of  ill- 
htalth,  sailing  fro,i\  San  Diego  on  Xov.  Cth. 

"■^jSoe  vol.  i.  chap.  xxvi. 

''•June  3,  1801,  viceroy  to  governor,  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xviii.  93.  July 
21,  180.1,  gov.  to  v.  R.   Prof.  Ikr.,  MS.,  ix.  2.3. 

^"l\b.  3,  180;J,  Guerra  to  Arrillaga,  in  J'rov.  67.  Pap.,  Ben.  3111.,  MS., 
xxxi.  2. 


109 


LOCAL  EVENTS-NORTHERN  DISTRICTS. 


pueblos,  the  mission  having  l)oforo  its  foundation 
seized  all  the  best  lands.**  In  180<i  Arrillaga  in  re[)ly 
to  iiKjuii'ies  reported  that  of  the  first  settlers  some  had 
enlisted  on  the  expiration  of  their  original  contracts; 
others  had  died,  and  only,  five  settlers  remained,  who 
only  awaited  the  end  of  their  term  to  leave  the  coun- 
try. Of  the  five  only  one  was  married,  and  his  wife 
was  in  Mexico.  The  villa  had  seven  small  houses  of 
mud  and  timber,  badly  roofed  with  tule.  In  fact 
Branciforte  was  of  no  advantage  whatever  to  its  in- 
habitants or  the  country.*' 

Besides  the  settlers  there  were  a  few  invalids  from 
Monterey  and  San  Francisco  who  lived  at  the  villa, 
and  all  with  their  families  constituted  a  population  of 
40  souls,  a  loss  of  20  in  the  decade.  Cattle  increased 
to  2,037  head,  and  crops  were  from  900  to  1,050 
bushels  per  year.  Ignacio  Vallcjo  held  the  position 
of  comisionado  apparently  until  he  was  made  a  ser- 
geant in  1805,  and  possibly  until  1807,  when  it  was 
taken  by  Corporal  Jose  Rodriguez."^  The  alcalde  in 
1802  was  Vicente  Mojica  with  Jj^ermin  Cordcro  and 
Touiiis  Prado  as  regidorcs;  in  1805,  Felipe  Hernan- 
dez with  Cristobal  Cimental  and  Josd  Bobles.  Of 
otlier  years  I  find  no  record.  In  1807  the  missionaries 
affirmed  that  the  lands  of  the  villa,-  from  which  fields 
mi'dit  be  assiijfned  to  vecinos  and  invalids,  extended 
only  to  the  ranclio  de  Bravo,  or  rio  de  Soquel;  but 

^^Ooi/cocchea,  A f <•< lios  pcwa  el  fomcnto  de  Cal.,  "MS.,  15.  16. 

™  July  Ljth,  ISth,  Arrillaga  to  viceroy,  in  Prov.  Rec,  MS.,  ix.  81,  91-2, 
ISOl,  iiino  .settlers  re(|uiretl  .S70  each  in  rations  from  the  government.  SK  Pay., 
J//«.,  MS.,  iii.  '2-1,  180.3.  V.  R.  eonccdcs  i^rivileges  of  poblailores  to  Jose  and 
]-V'lipo  Hernandez,  Dioni.sio  Calzada,  Basilio  Ortega,  Jos(5  Veliizqnez,  and 
1'inioteo  Vazqnez.  Pror.  Si.  Pup.,  MS.,  xviii.  319,  ISOG.  Five  settlers  receivtd 
rations.  ]'n)V.  St.  Pap.,  lien.  Mil.,  MS.,  xxxvii.  S.  Amount  paid  from  ISHl 
to  ISOCi,  6I,!),".4.  /'/.,  xxxiii.  10, 1804.    iuve  settlers.  St.  Pap.  Miss.,  MS.,  iv.  11. 

'•"  Pfor.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  xxxii.  5;  St.  Pap.,  Miss.,  MS.,  iii.  14, 
20,  37;  Arvh.  Sla  Cniz,  MS.,  19;  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  ]MS.,  xviii.  198;  Prov.  Ji'ir., 
MS.,  xi.  ]!)(').  April  9,  1801,  comandante  to  comisionado  on  distrilmtion  of 
lands.  The  regnlar  pobladores  to  have  the  preference,  and  invalids  to  liavo 
only  what  is  uli.-iolutely  nccesssary — that  is,  where  there  is  not  enough  for  all. 
Xov.  '23,  ISOl,  on  disposal  of  certain  prisoners.  1802,  regulations  about  vis- 
itors. April  3,  1802,  elections  and  comisionado's  duties.  July  12th,  same. 
May  10,  1803,  about  a  colonist  absent  without  leave.  May  14th,  work  on  the 
Santa  Clara  road.  Dec.  2d,  punishment  of  a  woman.  Eggs  wanted  for  a 
liesta.  Sta  Cruz,  Arch.,  MS.,  10-19;  Sta  Cruz,  Peep,  33-45. 


BRAXCIFORTE. 

15/ 

that  from  that  point  to  the  rancho  do  Aptos  and  ,nr 
tJcnlnrly  .n  the  place  called  Corralitos,  the  Cuh  Z' 
Mucstionahly  belono^ed  to  the  inissio,;,  aiuJ  X    v  ] : 
had  no  leptunate  clnin.s.     8uch  clain.!^  ^    tsc^  s 
'-on  made,  but  this  is  the  only  indication  of  cont  o 
crsy  be  ween  mission  and  town  during  this  per    d- 
thoioh  the  missionaries  always  looked  upon  thc'viH^^^^^ 
j;x^.e  as  an  outrage  on  Ihe  rights  V^h^  t^ 

>ita  Cruz,  Arch.,  MS.,  u.  ^  "'^"^  ^""^  ^"'^^'^'^  «f  *'»«  presidial  company. 


I     i 

iliiii 


CHAPTER  Vlll. 

MISSIONS,   I'UEBLOS,   AND  LANDS, 

1801-1810. 

Spanish  Population'— Statistics— Fuiars— Arrivals,  DEPAiiTrREa,  and 

DKATHS — NeOPIIYTKH — BaI'TIMMSANDBcKIALS — LiVK-STOCK — AoKici  i.r- 

ruAL  Puodccts— Franciscans  vkrsis  Secular  Government— ^Iinoii 
Contuoversiesantj  Concessions — Missionaries  Lose  their  Watciie.^  — 
Guardians  of  San  Fernando — Procurator  and  Sisdico — Ecclesias- 
tical Matters  — Pueblos — Settlers — Convicts — Land-grants  and 
Private  Ranciios. 

Having  thus  comploicd  tlio  chronoloo-Ical  annals  of 
California  for  the  first  ton  yoars  of  the  nineteenth 
century,  it  remains  for  me  to  offer  a  cfcneral  view  of  the 
country's  tlifforeiit  institutions  with  their  condition  in 
18  J  0,  a  view  similar  to  that  presented  for  the  precedinLj 
decade.^  '  Progress  as  indicated  by  the  increase  of  wliito 
j)opulati()n  had  been  less  encouraging  under  the  rule 
of  liomeu  and  Arrillaga  than  in  the  time  of  Borica, 
though  the  difterence  was  but  slightly  if  at  all  attrib- 
utal>le  to  the  policy  of  these  rulers.  The  total  pop- 
ulation of  gente  de  razon,  taking  the  sum  of  figures 
already  given  for  each  of  the  four  presidial  district-;, 
had  been  990  in  1790,  1,800  in  the  year  1800,  and  was 
now  2,130.2 

I  begin  as  before  with  the  missions.  They  num- 
bered eighteen  in  1800  and  were  increased  to  nineteen 
by  the  foundation  of  Santa  Ines.  At  the  beginning 
of  the  decade  there  were  forty  friars,  including;  four 

'  See  //(^^  Cal.,  vol.  i.  chap,  xxvii.-xxviii. 

^  Accortlinu  to  the  roporf-.  of  the  contatloi' general,  Navnrro  y  Norie^'ra,  in 
ISIO  the  po]nilation  was  "J.Oo'i  of  mixed  race,  39  friars  and  18,780  IndiaDs — 
total,  20,871,  'Vof.  Alex.  Geoy,,  JJoktiii,  ii.  82;  15,500  is  given  as  the  total  ia 
1805.  hi.,  ii.  IS. 

(138) 


THE  FRIARS. 


loO 


supcriuinioraries.  Dui'iiiLf  the  ton  years  twenty  re- 
tireil  to  their  ci)l]egc  on  account  of  ill-lieulth  or  on 
the  completion  of  their  term  of  service.  Ten  lUeil  in 
(Ailifornia,  and  twent^'-eiyht  new  missionaries  came 
from  Mexico;  so  that  there  were  still  thirty-eight  at 
work.  Among  tiie  deaths  were  five  of  the  six  ])io- 
necrs,  companions  of  Jun!'[)ero  Serra  who  came  to 
California  before  1784,  surviving  in  1800,  and  the 
veneraljlo  Francisco  Dumetz  alone  was  left  to  see 
fourteen  days  of  the  new  decade.  There  were  living 
two  other  friars  who  came  before  17I)0,  and  still  other 
twelve  whose  arrival  was  before  1800.^ 

The  retiring  friars  included  none  of  any  special 
prominence,  and  none  were  sent  away  for  inefficiency 
or  irregularity  of  conduct;  but  among  the  new-comer.s 
were  such  prominent  names  as  Arroya  de  la  Cuesta, 
Uoscana,  Duran,  Sarria,  and  Zalvidea.* 

'Tlie  4C  serving  in  1800  were:  Ahclla,  Barccnilla,  Bjirona,  Calzaila,  Car- 
nicer,  Carranza,  C'atulii,  Cipros,  Cortc-s,  Cruzado,  Dinnetz,  Esti'van,  Fauni, 
l'"iriuuulcz,  (iarcia.  (Jonzalez,  Iti'irrato,  Jaime,  Landaeta,  Lasucn,  Lopez,  Mar- 
tiareiia,  Martin,  Martinez,  Merelo,  Miynel,  I'anclla,  I'ayeras,  I'eyri,  I'ujo!, 
Sanciiez,  Santa  Maria,  S;  atiago,  Sefiun,  Sitjar,  lapis,  Urla  ("2),  Viailer,  and 
Vifials.  Tlie  28  neA\ -etmitrs  were:  Aniestoy,  Aniorus,  Arroyo,  IJoacana, 
Caliot  (.T.)i  Cabot  (V.),  Cueva,  Dulanto,  Duran,  Fortuiii,  Gil  y  'I'almada, 
(l\itierrez,  Ibanez,  Liizai'o,  Alarquinez,  Mufioz,  l'anti>,  Quintana,  Rodri;4iiez, 
Saenz,  Saizar,  Sanelioz,  Sanclio,  Sarria,  Siiner,  Ulibarri,  L'rrcsti,  and  Zalvidea. 
'I'lio  ten  wlio  died  were  :  Lasucn,  Cipres,  Cruzado,  Dulanto,  Landaeta,  Ijiizaro, 
I'njol,  Saneliez,  Santa  Maria,  Sitjar.  Tlie 'JO  who  retired  were:  IJareenilla, 
Carnieer,  Carranza,  Cortes,  Cueva,  Est(5van,  Faura,  Fernandez,  (iareia,  (iun- 
zalez,  (Gutierrez,  Itiirrate,  Lopez,  Martiarena,  Martinez,  Merelo,  Panella,  San- 
tiai^'o,  Urla,  Viuals.  Tlie  two  survivors  wlio  came  before  17!*0,  were:  Calzada 
ami  Sefian.  The  12  who  came  before  1800  were:  Abella,  IJarona,  Catala, 
Jaime,  Martin,  Martinez,  Miguel,  I'ayeras,  I'ejni,  Tapis,  Uria,  and  Viader. 

*ln  1801  Jacinto  Lopez  and  Lorenzo  Merelo  sailed  on  the  transports  on 
Oct.  Otli.  Antonio  Sanchez  (?)  had  a  license  of  the  viceroy  dated  Aug.  Ctli, 
but  did  not  use  it.  /'/v-»;.  J?ec.,  M.S.,  x.  12;  xi.  1,  1(54;  Moiiteri!/,J)iario,  MS., 
40,  4.").  Ibafiez  and  Gil  came  on  tlie  Coiiccpriou  in  August.  Mariano  Vargaa 
was  named  to  conic  witli  them,  but  was  prevented  by  illness.  Prov.  Sf.  I'fij>., 
MS.,  xviii.  8.');  xxi.  70;  /(/.,  Bo).  Mil,  xxxii.  .S;  Pror.  Pec,  MS.,  x.  1 1 ;  xi. 
l.">7.  Pujol  died  tliis  yeai".  In  1802  Antonio  Sanchez  (?)  and  Miguel  Gallegos  (?) 
were  to  have  sailed  on  the  Valdrn  and  lloiximtai,  St.  Pap.,  Sac,  >bS.,  iii. 
.'iil;  but  Estevan  was  the  only  padre  who  retii'cd  this  year.  In  180.1  Lasui  n 
and  Francisco  Maria  Sanchez  died,  and  I'anelia  retire(l.  License  v  us  granted 
Sept.  (ith,  and  Oct.  30tii,  to  Barcenilla  and  Catahi.  Proc  R^c,  :MS.,  vi.  14. 
\()v.  aotli  tiic  guardian  wrote  that  of  14  friars  required  only  7  had  ottered. 
Arih.  Sta  Ji.,  MS.,  xii.  lG(J-7.  In  1804,  10  new  padres  came:  Amestuv, 
Aiuoros,  Pedro  Cabot,  Cueva,  Dulanto,  Gutierrez,  Muiioz,  J.  15.  Sanchez, 
Saneho,  and  Urresti.  They  left  Guadalajara  April  2.3d.  Urresti  was  president 
of  the  party.  Tliroe,  Cueva,  Amestoy,  and  ^luiioz,  showed  some  insubordi- 
u:itiou  on  the  way  and  should  be  watched.  Arch,  Sla  B.,  MS.,  xi.  290. 


■  I-  -fi 


160 


MISSIOXS,  PUEBLOS,  AXD  LANDS. 


Duriiiij^  tliis  decade  the  missionaries  had  baptized 
22,000,  of"  \v])()iii  approximately  15,000  were  new  con- 
verts and  7,000  the  children  of  neophytes.^  The  small- 
est numl)c;i-l)a])tized  in  any  year  was  1,215  in  1809,  and 
tlie  largest  was  15,041  in  1803 — not  only  the  largest  in 
tlie  decade  hut  in  the  whole  course  of  mission  history. 
Deaths  were  1  0,000,  of  wliom  0,000  were  childi'cn  of 
eight  yejirs  and  under.  The  death-rate  was  72  per  cent 
<if  baptisms  and  45  ])er  cent  of  the  original  population 
])his  tile  l^aptisnis.  The  smallest  nundj(!r  of  deaths  was 
1 ,250  iu  1810,  and  the  largest,  nearly  double  the  mor- 
tality of  an}'  other  year  in  all  the  mission  annals,  was 
o,188  iu  180G.  The  total  gain  in  neophyte  popula- 
tion was  from  1.1.500  to  18",800,or  .-,300,  39  per  cont 
against  80  ])er  cent  for  the  j^reecding  decade.  A  dif- 
i'erence  of  700  may  be  attributed  to  runaways.  The 
highc'st  figure  of  po[)ulation  was  20,355  in  1805,  from 
v.hicli  figure  it  vari(;d  but  very  sliglitly  for  the  next 
20  years/21,0GG  in  1824  being  the  highest  limit.  There 
Vv'ere  on  an  average  G80  marriages  })er  year  solemnized 
amonnf  the  Indians,  showing'  an  averasjfe  of  not  mu.'li 
more  than  one  child  to  a  family. 


f 'ni/:i(l<i  <lioil.  Bnrccnilla,  Mnrtiarena,  Martinez,  and  Viflals  sailed  in  Tfr  vem- 
litr  or  ])e(X'nil)fr.  l'r('r.  J'i<-.,  MS.,  viii.  O.'J;  ix.  ''O-l.  Abella,  Caniicer, 
(idiizali/.  Oifi;.  lu'inandiz,  T'ortc's,  Kivnci.sco  Uria,  and  Garcia  wished  to  go. 
Anh.  tila  It.,  MS.,  xi.  'J!K)- L  Jn  180.')  the  new-comers  were  Juan  Cabot, 
Li'izaro,  Quintana,  Saizar,  and  Zalvidoa.  The  dcjiartures  wcr(i  Fernandez, 
(iirt/'S,  (loiizalez,  V.  .1.  Uria,  iind  ]''ranciib'"o  Farnecio  (not  a  fi'iar).  who  sailed 
from  San  Diego  Xov.  (itli,  on  tlie  Pnnccto.  All  had  \\()rkcd  zealously  and 
coni])letcd  their  tci'ni.  hi.,  xi.  7'>-(i;  Proi\  lin'.,  !MS.,  viii.  7<!:  ix.  70.  Uria 
eanie  ))aik  later.  In  ItSOli  canie  IJo.seana,  iJuran,  Fortuni,  and  Saenz,  wVn 
left  the  college  Feb.  17th.  Arrh.  Stn  B.,  MS.,  x.  150.  Cueva  and  Gutierrez 
f.'iilcd  fir  Mexico  in  Novernljei  t'ror.  Jtcc.,  MS.,  viii.  87;  ix.  04.  J.  A. 
Uria  got  lieense.  and  the  sailing  of  Abella  is  mentioned.  ))nt  lie  did  n<  t  go,  or 
if  iio  returned.  /</.,  xii.  80-!)0.  It  was  in  this  jear  also  that  Sant.i  Maria 
(lied.  In  IS(I7  Lazaro  died.  In  1S08  came  Arroyo  dc  la  Cuesta  and  Suner; 
Viliile  Carnicer.  Jose  Garcia,  and  J.  .\.  I'ria  retired,  sailing  on  the  <  'mm prioit 
and  I'riiiriKtt  in  November.  J'ruv.  /,'(■■.,  MS.,  viii.  O.'i;  xii.  (10.  Sitjar  a. id 
Dijanto  (lied.  In  ISOI)  Sairia,  I'liliarr',  and  Rodriguez  arrivcil  on  the /'/•/» - 
('■sti  iu  .lune;  and  J-'aura  and  Itiirrate  r(  tired  in  Oetolicr.  /'rur.  Rrr.,  MS.,  ix. 
11"),  117.  In  1810  the  airivals  were  Marcjuinez  and  i'aiito;  the  departure."^, 
(.'ui-rauza,  and  Santiago;  and  the  deatlis  Cijires  and  l.amlaeta. 

■'  Not  nuuli  reliance  ran  lu^  ]nit  in  accuiacy  of  tliis  division;  ]'2,0()0  adults 
were  liajitized,  idl  of  whom  were  new  converts;  but  of  the  1(),()0()  ciiildien, 
from  one  to  eight  years  of  age,  it  is  impossible  to  say  what  part  wei.  iho 
chihlnn  of  gentile  parents.  Ilundioldt,  TiMun  caludiMkuK,  MS.,  7,  40,  gives 
some  Californiuii  statisties  down  to  lb03. 


LIVESTOCK  AND  CROPS. 


ICl 


baptized 
lew  coll- 
ie siiiall- 
800,  and 
iro'ost  ill 
L  history, 
ildroii  of 
per  cent 
ipulatioii 
}atlis  Avas 
the  \\\oY- 
iials,  was 
i  popula- 

per  c  3ut 
.  Adif- 
ys.  The 
805,  from 

the  next 
it.  There 
)leniiiiz(!d 
not  mu.'h 


led  in  X(  vcm- 
[la,   (.'uruicer, 
rtishcd  to  go. 
Juaii  Cabot, 
"  Fcniaiuk'Z, 
■).  who  sailed 
X'alously  and 
|ix.  70.     Uria 
Saenz,  wl'() 
lid  (iiitionu/, 
!t4.     J.   A. 
id  n<  t  so,  or 
ISanta  Maria 
|,  and  Siirun-; 
id  ( 'inicijii-hiii 
Sit  jar  a. id 
\)\\  the  /';•/'»- 
|,Vr'.,MS.,ix. 

ilupartuves, 

|-2,00n  adults 

loo  ehildnn. 

^irt  Aveit  I  lie 

7,  40,  givoa 


Laroje  live-stock  increased  from  07,000  liead  to 
141,000,  cattle  now  innnbei'ini^'  1-J1,4-2G,  horses  and 
asses  17,444,  and  nudes  1,5(55.  Small  stock,  chiolly 
sheep,  gained  from  8G, 000  to  157,000.  AgixcLdtural 
jiroducts  were  on  an  average  83,800  bushels  per  yrcir, 
or  4,410  for  each  mission;  largest  crop,  112,500  in 
1  80G;  smallest,  59,250  in  1  801).  '( )f  the  average  b') .2:]() 
bushels  wore  wheat;  11,400,  barley;  12, -GO,  corn; 
1 ,7(!0,  beans;  and  o, 050, pease  and  various  minor  grains. 
Wheat  yieltled  fourteeidbld,  and  beans  rhe  same;  bar- 
ley, tifteenfold;  and  corn,  ninety-twofold.  Supplies 
sold  to  the  presidios  amounted  to  about  $18,000  pe. 


vear.' 


Events  connected  with  mission  hi.;torv  have  been 
given  in  their  chronological  order,  and  need  not  be 
I'epeatcd  here  even  en  rcsmne.  ]^eyond  tin;  statistical 
view  presented  there  is  very  little  to  be  said  of  de- 
vehtpment  or  change  in  the  Franciscan  system  or 
establishments.  It  was  not  a  period  of  innovation 
vv  controvcrs}',  l)ut  rather  of  quiet  and  gradual  prog- 
ress, inertia,  or  decadence  ecjually  slight  and  quiet. 
The  old  differences  between  missionary  and  secular 
authorities  were  still  open  for  the  most  part,  but 
their  faint  shadows  on  the  records  show  rather  a  spirit 
of  mutual  concession  that  of  partisan  bitterness.  Thus 
the  friars  performefl  cha])laiii  service  at  the  presidios 
without  recorded  protest,  and  when  the  overworked 
iiiinisters  at  San  Gali-'iol  attenq>ted  to  avoid  the  duty 
a"  Angeles,  the  ])resident  gave  them  no  su])poi-t.' 
Again  in  the  matter  of  escorts,  Comandante  ( 'ai-ril!o 
witJ,  the  gov(!i'nor's  approv.'il,  not  only  instructeil  the 
soldit  'S  of  every  mission-guard  to  show  res]-<M-t  and 
give  e  ery  possible  aid  to  the  missionaries,  but  allowed 
them    Jien  visiting  gentiles  for  religious  pur[)oses,  not 

"  On  t  'ssion  statistics  and  )irnf;ross  much  iiiforniation,  though  liut  a  vevy 
small  parr  v'f  vjiatl  iiave  eoiidcnsed  in  th(,'  preceding'  jia^es,  is  ciiiitaiMi d  in 
J.ftsiii  II,  liijurmis  llii  iirilc^.  Ms.,  (K)-70;  7\t/iit<,  Iiijhnin.-i  JliciKifr^,  lMi:i   10,  MS. 

■Chapter  i.  this  volume;  Ar<-/i.  S/<i-  J!.,  M>^.,  ix.  isCitli.    'J'liis  al'air  .-huv  s 
a  less  eonliai  and  suliiiiissiv c  spirit  on  the  triar's  part  toward  President  Tapis, ^ 
than  had  lieeii  I'elt  fur  LaMieii  and  Sena. 
UiiT.  c  AL.,  Vol.  II.    11 


1C2 


:missioxs,  pueblos,  and  lands. 


incliulinjj^  tlic  recovery  of  fugitives,  to  have  an  e.>^eort 
wliieli  inij^ht  even  be  absent  overni^'lit;  and  on  th(.' 
other  hand  the  guardian  counselled  his  friars  to  use 
all  moderation  and  prudence  in  tlieir  intercourse  wit'i 
the  guard,  avoiding  always  harsli  words,  to  whicli 
some  (A'  the  more  irascible  had  been  addicted,^ 

The  use  of  horses  by  the  Indians  still  increased, 
and  was  noticed,  more  rarely'  than  of  old,  in  oihci;d 
coiMnumications.  The  governor  complained  that  Jie 
rarely  met  a  friar  without  five  or  six  mounted  neo- 
j)hyte  attendants,  and  his  protest  was  answered  with 
tlie  old  conundrum:  "How  else  can  the  vaqueros' 
work  of  the  missions  be  done?"'^  The  old  strictness 
about  license  for  retirintx  missionaries  was  much  re- 
laxed,  and  from  180G  the  governor  even  dele<''ated  t;) 
the  comandantes  the  power  to  grant  such  licens(\ 
when  all  conditions  had  been  coinplied  with  and  sul)- 
stitutes  were  at  han<l.^"  Yet  tlie  show  of  controversy 
was  kept  up  when  occasion  demanded  it,  as  wIumi  in 
1800  the  guardian  strictly  forl)ade  the  IViars  to  give 
;my  information  whatever  respecting  mission  matters 
to  other  than  Franciscan  authorities,  not  even  the 
viceroy  and  archbishop  being  excepted;  or  when  in 
IS  10  the  governor  was  wroth  that  the  guardian  liad 
authorized  a  friar  to  take  a  judicial  declaration.^^  ]^otli 
parties  kept  future  secularization  in  view.  In  1808 
the  viceroy  reminded  the  guardian  liow  important  it 
was  that  the  missionaries  should  not  oidy  attend  to 
the  .sjiiritual  needs  of  the  Indians,  but  should  insj)ii'e 
them  with  loyalty  to  the  king,  and  with  a  desire  for 

■■  ISOl,  ('iiiTill.1,  ill  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xviii.  ](!();  hi.,  Jim.  .V;i.,  xxxiii. 
1 1 ;  Airilhi;;;!,  in  Pror.  Pec,  MS.,  xi.  l.Vt-d;  Pn^r.  .W.  Pa}>.,  MS.,  xix.  1 !  1-1.'; 
('  'rrillo,  l'ii.-<t,-ur,-!<iii,  JSH',,  M.S.;  O'dgol,  Litrd^  Pd'an/i'^i,  ISiK!,  MS.  lS();i,  al- 
caldii  (if  Still  .(osi(''  iinlrriMl  ti)  imy  tlio  pHilrcs  for  .suiiio  Iiiilus  tiiiiiioil  forliiiii  by 
tlu!  ii(ii])liytL's  witliimt  tlio  friars' know IlmI^v.  S.  Jco',  Air/i.,  MS.,  iii.  IK!.  .\t 
."■-Mil  Antonio  tlio  coi  poral  and  one  of  tin;  nu'u  were  transfunvtl  on  aci'oiint  of 
tronh'.u  Willi  tlio  minister.   .\r<h.  Arzoli.,  MS.,  ii.  0-8. 

»  I.S.Hi.  Prov.  SI.  P,,],.,  MS.,  xix.  ll'J. 

'"  .Irch.  Sfa  P.,  MS.,  vi.  'MW-'y,  xi.  Tl-M  Pror.  /,'.(-.,  MS.,  vi.  Ki,  10;  .'</. 
Pnp.Sa,:.  MS.,  1.  5S-!I,  (i;?;  Pror.  Si.  y'(f/-.,MS.,  xviii.  ll!l  •_'(). 

"  <:,i^.of,  Li'triis  Pnlciilis.  MS.;  J'ruv.  AW.,  MS.,  xii.  l(l-_'.  If  tiio  jiixlres 
will  not  t;i\t'  food  to  in'o[ilivte  jirisout'fs,  let  them  st;irvu !  S.  Juxc,  An'i., 
MS.,  iii.  •;,■>;  Estudillu,  Dot:.  'iPtst.  Cu'..,  M-j.,  i.  hJ. 


CONTROVERSIES. 


1G3 


ovursy 
lioii  iii 

lattoi'o 
1  tho 
11  in 
liad 
Both 
S08 
it  it 
I  to 
})ire 
:c  (or 

xxxiii. 

I -]■_'; 

so:i,  al- 

liiiii  liy 

<M.   At 

;ouut  I  if 


10;  >V. 

]i;ulvc,'i 
-l/r/i,, 


civilization,  thus  fitting  thoin  for  tlio  duties  of  tlioir 
i'uture  lives  as  citizens.  On  tho  other  hand  the  friars 
were  instructed  that  the  books  of  deceased  associates 
if  ko})t  at  tho  missions  must  be  plainly  marked  as  b(>- 
loiiging  to  tho  college  so  that  they  might  be  removed.'' 
The  few  trouble-i  about  lands  and  boundaries  were  not 
productive  of  much  bitterness  except  locally,  and 
their  settlement  shows  no  great  victory  for  either 
hide.  The  protest  of  tho  friars  was  sutficient  to  kee[) 
the  rancho  (jf  La  Ih'oa  from  tho  jjossession  of  ]\[a- 
riano  Castro.  Arrillaga,  on  the  ground  that  he  was 
only  temporar}'  ruler,  refused  to  disturb  il:o  occupants 
of  I'ueiiavista.  The  (juarrel  at  ^Mission  San  Jose  was 
due  chiefly  to  the  obstinacy  of  Duran,  and  in  one  case 
iit  least  at  Purisima  a  friar  admitted  that  a  rancho  in 
private  hands  had  been  a  blessing  rather  than  a  curse 
u>  iho  mission. 

Ivespccting  tho  treatment  of  the  neophytes  there 
were  no  serious  cliarijfes  or  scandals  durin<jc  this  decade ; 
and  two  official  documents  did  much  to  remove  a  pop- 
ular feeling  against  the  friars  v.diicli  had  resulted,  i)ar- 
tially  at  least,  i'rom  the  arbitrary  and  unconciliating 
.spirit  of  Serra  and  the  earliest  missionaries.  Tlu; 
lirsL  was  Arrillaga't^  report  on  mission  management  in 
1804,  in  which  he  stated  as  a  result  of  his  e.Kporieiice 
that  the  Indians  were  not  cruelly  treated,  while;  it  was 
absurd  to  suppose  that  so  lazy  a  race  could  be  made 
to  do  too  much  woi'k.  True  there  were  <jri/los  and 
<rjifes  and  ccpos,  but  such  punishments  were  necessary, 
vvere  judiciously  administered,  and  were  in  every  w;'.y 
better  than  to  crowd  the  prisons  with  }»etty  oU'endcrs 
and    thus    exhaust   the   "gratification    fund."^''      Tlie 

'-  Xov.  1808,  viceroy  ti>  gu.'inlitin.  Va/lcjo,  Due  Ifixt.  CaK,  MS.,  xxxiii. 
m.     1S(I!I,  instruclion  of  j^nanliiiii.  Air/i.  (i'liy/Ki'lo,  }ilS.,  !),  10. 

^^Ai-rilfinjft,  IiiJurvK'  (Ic  jM isioif",  ISn.U  MS.  1S'.)!>,  Kstiulill')  f^nys  tlio 
friars  trtat  tlic  iicophytes  as  their  own  cliildreii,  eorreetiiii;  tlniii  v.itli  wuriU, 
and  for  si  rious  oll^iiees  with  from  VI  to  'J.')  laslics.  /'/•(.('.  St.  I'nji.,  Jim.  M:/., 
MS.,  xl.  7.  1802,  order  tliat  new  eluirelicH  )je  not  l)Cf.'iin  without  eon.icnt  of 
tile  governor,  in  order  to  avoid  overworking  t!ie  Indians.  /'/•(.(•.  S'.  J''i/i., 
MS.,  xxiv.  i;i4:  Arch.  Sfd  Jl.,  MS.,  v.  07  s^xii.  Ms.  In  ISO.")  for  thniwiii;.,' 
a  slniie  iit  a  pa. Ire  an  Indian  liy  military  autlioiity  was  inniri.-ioned,  given  'J.j 
laslies  for  <J  successive  least-days,  tlieu  3o  or  40  laslies  for  U  successive  Sun- 


164 


MISSIONS,  PUEBLOS,  AND  LANDS. 


CI 


other  docuinont  was  Guardian  Gasol's  instructions  of 
180G,  in  wliicli  lie  gave  strict  orders  that  no  nioi'o 
tliau  twenty-live  l)]o\vs  should  be  given  at  any  one 
time;  no  punisliment  inllicted  or  mentioned  in  the 
iircsence  of  strangers:  and  no  women  flogofcd  ])y  men  or 
in  pul»hc;  and  that  five  or  six  hoursin  wintei'andsix  or 
seven  h(Hirs  in  summer  should  be  the  limit  of  a  day's 
woi-k.i* 

J.angsdorff  in  his  narrative  has  nothing  but  praise 
i'or  the  Franciscans;  and  Slialer,  the  (Mily  otlier  for- 
eign visitor  who  records  his  observations  on  the  sub- 
ject, offers  no  unfavorable  criticism  except  to  say  that 
their  reputation  for  medical  knowledge  was  iKjt  de- 
served. Both  M^crc  pleased  with  the  readiness  of 
the  friars  to  trade,  and  there  is  no  reason  to  doubt 
from  all  the  evidence  extant  that  they  were  always 
ready  for  barter,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  it  was 
forbidden  by  the  guardian,  as  well  as  by  the  laws. 
Shaler  says:  "  The  missions  of  California  may  be  con- 
sidered as  so  man}^  valuable  estates  or  plantations 
belonging  to  the  king  of  Spain,  and  capable,  in  case 
of  a  conquest  of  this  country,  of  furnishing  abundant 
supplies  of  all  kinds."  His  estimate  that  American 
traders  Avere  leaving  .$25,000  annually  on  the  coast,  is 
])erhaps  not  an  exaggeration,  including  both  Califor- 
nias,  and  merchandise  as  well  as  monev.-'^  T  find  no 
evidence  that  the  friars  accumulated  any  consideraljle 
sums  of  money  at  the  missions,  in  this  period  at 
least.  ^« 

(lays,  ailifTorciit  pai-ty  of  .">  or  0  Indians  being  obligodto  witness  cacli  punis'.i- 
nicnt.  I'n^'.  Itc'.,  MS. ,  xii.  3.">-().  1S04,  a  jiadrc  reconinicmls  as  an  ctH'ctivt! 
nictlHul  (  P  enforcing  ilisciplino,  to  oblige  eaeli  Jmliaii  to  kiss  tlio  dortrina  \w- 
fore  going  to  ■\^drk.  Jh'i't.  St.  Pup.,  Jim.  J'nf.  y  Jtivj.,  MS.,  i.  2:!.  Fugi- 
tives wliippe<l  and  put  in  irons  as  a  wai'ning.  Luniisilorjl's  Voi/niic,  ii.  170-1. 

'<  (fVrso/,  L(fr(i.i  Pdtitifi'x,  ISOti,  MS.,  containing  many  details  of  iiii.ssioii 
routine  and  missioniiry  duties. 

^•'SluilirsJiiiinialii/fi  Voy.,  ir)2-4. 

'"  1801,  Arrillaga  says  that  there  cannot  he  a  largo  anmunt  of  money  at 
any  mission,  since  all  liusincss  is  transacted  liy  means  of  drafts  on  Mexico, 
Pi-oi\  Sf.  Pap.,  MS.,  xviii.  ;{4(i-7.  ISOS,  the  tribunal  do  cuentas  thinks  tiiat 
110  purchase-money  neeil  )>e  sent  on  vessels,  since  loans  can  Ije  had  from  tin' 
jiadres,  re])ayalile  liy  tlie  San  lllas  treasury.  /'/.,  xix.  '240.  1S()!I,  Tapis  pro- 
nounces tlie  padns,  '  polires  de  soleiuniilad,' and  tlie  neopliytes,  ']5ol)res  do 
iiecesidad. '  Anh.  Ar.ub.,  ^IS,,  ii.  Gb-'J.     Alvarado,  lli~l.  CaL,  JIS,,  ii.  8S-!), 


70-1. 


icy  at 

I'xico. 

tliiit 

n  tlio 

VH  lie 
8S-0, 


:| 


THE  FRIARS'  WATCHES. 


1C3 


Tlie  most  incoiivcnieut  refonu  (.■iiforced  on  the  luis- 
sionarics  duriiiL^  tlio  decade  was  that  which  coin[)e]led 
them  to  part  with  certain  silver  watches,  acquired  in 
some  not  very  mysterious  hut  iini'ecorded  mannci. 
Complaint  came  not  from  laymen,  hut  from  the  Fran- 
ciscan sui)eriors  themselves.  The  watches  had  to  he 
.sent  to  Guadalajara  and  sold  for  the  benefit  of  the 
Indians.  It  was  not  even  })ermitted  to  sell  them  to 
naval  or  military  officers  in  California  for  fear  that 
stories  of  missionary  lu.Kury  in  that  i)rovince,  incon- 
sistent M'ith  the  vows  of  })overty,  would  become  eui'- 
rent  in  Mexico  and  Spain,  doiuLj  harm  to  the  order.^' 

Lasucn  had  been  succeeded  in  the  [)residcncy  by 
Ta}»is,  as  elsewhere  recorded.'"^  Oi' the  hitter's  admin- 
istration there  is  nothing;"  to  be  added  here,  except 
tliat  there  are  several  slight  indications  that  iiis  rela- 
tions with  the  friars  were  somewhat  less  cordial  thnn 
those  of  his  predecessors.  So  simple  was  the  Fran- 
ciscan administrative  machinery  that  in  Card'ornia 
there  was  no  other  provincial  mission  authoiity  than 
tiiat  of  the  president,  who  was  responsible  only  to  the 
]L;'uardian  of  San  Fernando.  The  (guardianship  >\as 
held  during'  this  decade  by  Jose  Gasol  in  1800-;>, 
ISOG-O;  Tonuis  Pan^'ua  in  1803-G ;  and  Aijfustiu 
(hnijo  from  1809.  The  election  was  in  July  of  e\'ciy 
tliird  year.^''  Another  prominent  otHcial  of  the  collect; 
was  the  proeurador  of  the  California  missions,  whoso 


thinks  the  padres  sent  lai'<rp  sums  of  money  out  of  tlic  cduiitry  iH-furc  1S'2t— 
that  is,  lariif  aiiuiuiits  caiiii.'  in  ami  ilisappoarinl,  ami  tliu  trials  aliiic  liad  tliu 
liamllins  ot  tlii'iii. 

'' (iV(.so/,  LvtriiH Pnttiilr.i,  MS.,  1 8(1(1.  in  whicli  duoninent  the  friai's  arc  also 
instructed  toaviiid  suspicidu  l)y  cniployiiiL;  none  tut  male  servants.  Ardi.  S'a 
J).,  -MS.,  xi.  1,")1;  xii.  .STl.  Meetiu;,'s  (if  .Sv'veral  fiiars  eaeli  year  at  stated 
lilaeesfiir  reli>j;ious  service  and  mutual  confession  i.iid  instiuctioii  were  ordcii'd 
ty  guardi.in  and  presi<leut  in  IS(I7,  /(/.,  xi.  l.V)-(l,  A  jiapal  letter  of  17!'7, 
app.roved  liy  the  king  in  1SI)4,  was  circulated  in  Califorui.i  in  ISO.")  or  Isoi;. 
It  cdutains  'JS  articles  on  missionary  service,  and  especially  their  eonnei'tinii 
with  the  college,  with  towards  ami  lionors  as  well  aspenalties.  I'hi  17.,  llfi  m 
^Ipiixli.lici  III  qiiii  AC  h^  ■uncii/iii.  f(iriu.-<  iirwi'i-i  u  Inn  Mi.^idm  ros,  1707,  MS. 

'•'Seeeliap.  iii.  <>[  ■  his  volume.  On  the  duties  and  jiowirs  of  the  jiresidint, 
see  (<'«.v(i/,  Lttms  !'■■  <  ulm,  MS.,  of  ISOo,  and  the  instructions  of  the  I'"ranciscaii 
cuuiisario  j.'encral  of  ISKK  Ai<k.  Sht  /,'.,  Ms.,  i\,  ,"il  7. 

'M/n/).  SI'i  />'.,  MS.,  VI.  l.Vv  -JSS,  -I'M,  -JlXi,  •-",)!);  xii.  Um;  Ar<h.  Uhi.'<p<c/o, 
:MS.,  lu;  S.  Jus,:  I'litr.ih^,  Ms.,  ID,  3:{,  :k>. 


I 

I 


mm 


i 


' 


<! 


ICG 


:\IIS8I0XS,  PUEBLOS,  AND  LANDS. 


duty  it  was  to  invest  in  supplies  for  those  missions, 
ill  accoi'dnnce  with  orders  from  the  missionaries  in 
clini-'jjf.'  of  each,  tlie  yeai'ly  stiin'iids  and  the  amounts 
oi"  draft  on  Mexico  obtained  hy  the  friars  in  return  for 
]»t'csidio  supplies.  'J'lie  procurador's  accounts,  except 
i. ;r  a  few  missions  and  a  few  scattered  ^x'ars,  are  not 
extant.  His  ])osition  bore  a  g'eneral  i-esenihlaiiee  to 
i!;at  of  the  hahilitado  o-eneral.  It  was  usually  iilK'd 
1  V  a  friar  wlio  had  served  in  California,  and  the  mis- 
sJiuKuics  were  always  consulted  about  his  aj)point- 
nieiit.  Tomas  do  la  Pcna  held  the  office  ap})arently 
until  J80G;  Jose  Vihals  from  180(5  to  1809,  and  Jose 
Cviilez  from  1809."'^  There  was  also  a  sindico,  or  i^'cn- 
eial  arrcnit  of  the  missionaries,  at  San  Jilas,  who  at- 
tended to  the  reception  and  forwarding,  the  purchase 
and  sale  of  etieots  ordered,  or  produce  shi]>ped  by  the 
mis.'^ions.  ^Mi^'uel  Gonzalez  Calderon  held  this  ofHee 
until  1802,  his  brother  Tomas  ptTliaps  until  180(), 
Ramon  ]\[oreysa  appointed,  but  perha})s  not  servin;^-, 
in  180(5,  Estevan  Lascano  in  180(j-T,  and  Kustaquio 
(le  la  Cuesta  from  1807.  Lazcano  ap[)cars  to  have 
died  a  defaulter,  or  at  least  deeply  in  debt,  and  the 
missionaries,  or  rather  the  missions,  were  called  upcju 
to  contribute  according"  to  the  a'''e  of  the  resijcctive 
establishments  to  \n\y  the  delicit  and  maintain  the 
iinancial  integrity  of  the  order.-^ 

Ecclesiastical  matters  cannot  be  separated  from  the 
general  subject  of  missions,  since  there  was  as  yet  no 
secular  clerg\-  in  the  province.  California  still  formed 
part  of  the  diocese  of  Sonora  and  Sinaloa,  and  as 
\\cav  of  J3ishop  Ixousset  de  Jesus,  the  president  held 
{..id  delegated  to  his  friars  such  ecclesiastical  })owers, 
and  perfo}-nie(i  such  church  duties  for  the  geute  de 

-W'-r.  /,V<'..  MS.,  vi.  10;  ArrJi.  S/ii  B.,  MS.,  xi.  l."3-4,  2!).S;  xii.  308, 
oTl:  Arrh.  Ar.oh..  MS.,  i.  1;  S.  JiM'',  Pat'iih's,  MS.,  IS,  34. 

-^Arrh.  (;//;.-;«rr/o,  MS.,  7,  S;  Airh.  Slu  JL,  MS.,  xi.  l.')7-8,  1)ciny  a  cir- 
cular of  I'ro.sitlfiit  Tajiis  datoil  Santa  IiU'.s,  Jmie  30,  1S(N.  Juno  '23,  l.SO;,  t'lo 
guardian  wiitcn  that  Ciicsta  would  ui>t  take  the  ()tlic(>  uidcs.s  lie  could  have  all 
the  mi.ssiou  !)Usmc.<s  to  trau.siict  foracouiuiis.si.m,  and  thislia  1  liocu  jirouiiscd. 
S.  ,/'«■'■.  I'dfci)''.^,  MS.,  17-1!».  June  lS(»i»,  Antonio  Valkjoaiipoiutcd  'oticial' 
of  liio  Culil'uiiiia  pivjud  fund.   GartJa  dc  Jh.r.,  xi.\.  ."i'Jo. 


ECCLESIASTICAL  AFFAIRS. 


107 


t  no 
nod 

as 
..■](l 

rrs, 
dc 

!i  cir- 
:.  the 
ve  all 
iiiscil. 
llcial' 


i'a;v)U  as  the  interests  of  tlic  })rovinco  demanded, 
lioliitions  between  bishop  and  vicar  were  interrupted 
bv  no  ([uarrels;  though  in  1801  the  hitter  was  sonie- 
V,  hat  ahirnied  at  rumors  of  an  a})proacliin!j;'  e[)iseop;d 
risitu  to  ]iis  missions;  and  again  in  1807  a  demand  of 
the  bishop  for  payment  I'or  holy  oil  caused  a  slight 
and  easily  calmed  ri[)plc  of  controversy."  Strict  com- 
pliance by  all  soldiers  and  settlers  with  their  yearly 
religicjus  duties  of  confession  ;ind  connnunion  at  caster 
was  enforced.  The  archives  abound  in  certificates  by 
iViars  that  the  citizens  of  a  certain  place  have  "cum- 
])lido  con  la  iglcsia;"  and  occasionally  there  is  rt-corded 
;\n  instance  of  some  ne'er  do  well  who  was  punished 
I'or  non-compliance.  Yet  it  was  possible  in  tlio  Cali- 
fornia of  these  days  to  be  too  devout;  since  Arrillaga 
v.as  obliged  to  })revent  a  soldier  on  one  occasion  I'l'om 
devoting  all  his  ])roperty  to  masses  for  the  good  of 
lii ;  own  sold,  certain  portions  being  reserved  by  royal 
orvier  for  the  relatives."^  ]\Ieanwhile  both  soldiers 
and  Indians  accused  of  petty  offences,  olten  took 
ivfuge  in  churcli,  from  which  they  could  be  taken  oidy 
by  couiiJiance  with  certain  formaliti(js  on  the  ])art  of 
tlie  authorities,  and  thus  many  a  flogging  was  avoided 
by  the  Indians,  since  no  aistiijo  de  sii.nnrc  could  be 
administered  to  a  ])(>rson  who  lield  a  jja/tcl  de  ijlcs'm. 
The  friars  obtained  some  mono}'  in  the  shape  of  alms 
and  fees  foi-  burial  and  other  services;  and  the  king 
by  the  sale  of  ])ai»al  indulgences  brought  back  into  the 
treasurv  some  J-^450  of  the  amounts  exnejided  for  the 
ehuicli  in  California.-''    I  find  only  a  single  instance 

--Soo  clmp.  i.  iiiiil  V.  this  vdhiino.  .Tnno  1,  1S(VJ,  Fiiincisco  itimssot  <li; 
.Josus  oi^^jiiii  hiiiisch'  Jlisluip  of  Sdiiura,  Siiialoa,  ami  (JalifuniiaH.  Autugrajili 
bi-iiaturo  in  S.  Antonio,  l>u<\  iSiieifo",  MS.,  jlli. 

"  -Wror.  S/.  Pn/}.,  MS.,  xviii.  4S.  Kio;  A/.,  Ji,  „.  MIL,  xx\iii.  1,  14;  xxxiv. 
20;  xxxvii.  LS;  EMiid'llo,  Doc  J/Ul.  Cul.,  MS.,  i.  40,  77.  Arrest  of  Igiuicio 
Aceilo  for  lion-coinpliance  at  Jiraiiciforte.  Arrfi.  Sht  Crux,  MS.,  lo.  Ooiiiiiirro 
Ariij-  not  allowi'd  to  leave  all  lii.s  jiro|n'rty  for  masses.  I'ror.  I?»r.,  MS.,  xi. 
US'.  1808,  man  triotl  for  Masplitniy  at  Santa  llirliara.  J'rov.  S/.  I'nii.,  lii'ii. 
J/(7.,MS.,x>  i\m.  \-',\.  IslO.  coriKiral  rfpriinandoil  for  puruiittiiig  tlirou  mun 
to  enter  a  eli..  'h  with  handliercliiifi  ou  their  hciuls.  EiihidiUo,  Ihw.  //.■.-.V. 
C'rt/.,  MS.,  i.  !)]. 

••The  hiilax  most  eiiUed  for  in  California  wero  the  elieap"r  el.-isse.s  of  th<iso 
used  for  the  soula  of  the  dead  and  dyiu;.',  and  indul^enee.s  for  eating  meat  ou 


J^ 


I; 


1 


108 


MISSIONS,  rUEBLOS,  AND  LANDS. 


(•fan  edict  oftliu  iiKjuisition  being  published  here  by 
President  Ta}>is.  It  was  affixed  to  the  church  doors 
and  invulvetl  tlie  e.\tir])ation  of  all  that  was  opposed 
to  faith,  king,  or  the  holy  tribunal.'"'* 

The  annals  of  each  of  the  three  pueblos,  as  of  each 
mission,  have  been  given  separately.  Los  Angeles 
alone  liad  gained  slightly  in  [)()pulation,  but  in  the 
aggi'egate  there  was  a  decrease  i'roni  550  to  535  set- 
tltis  including  many  invalids  from  the  })residlal  com- 
panies, lloi'ses  and  cattle  decreased  from  19,700  to 
12,500.  In  sheep  there  was  but  slight  if  any  gain. 
Crops  in  1810  as  in  1800  amounted'to  about  6,U00 
bushels,  figures  for  intermec'iate  years  being  for  the 
most  part  lacking.  Tlu^  ku-k  of  pros])erity  in  the 
pueblos  was  generally  admitted  and  regretted  in  olH- 
cial  reports,  but  projects  for  stinudating  their  progress 
were  devised  and  discussed  with  much  less  frequency 
and  entliusiasm  than  in  Borica's  time.-" 

Xo  settlers  [)i'oper  came  during  these  ten  years,  the 
increase  of  population,  more  than  equalled  by  deaths 
and  enlistments,  arising  solely  from  births  and  the 
retirement  of  soldiers.  It  would  seem,  however,  that 
in  a  few  instances  women  were  brought  to  the  prov- 
ince by  aid  of  the  government,  some  being  wives  of  set- 

jiroliiliitcil  days,  sold  generally  at  from  2o  to  40  cents  eaeli.  See  cstiniiites 
of  Ijiiln.-^  needed  in  Pror.  Urc,  MS.,  ix.  03,  !1'J;  I'rov.  SL  P<ij,.,  MS.,  xix. 
'JIU.  The  Indians  were  all(jwed  to  eat  meat  on  tiic  same  days  as  others  who 
had  the  necessary  6«/«.-i,  by  reciting  on  tliose  days  like  tlie  others.  Bishop  to 
jiresident,  lb04.  Arch.  Stii  JL,  }ilS.,  v.  \'22-(\.  The  nulitary  engaged  in  expe- 
ditions weic  exeni])t  from  all  fasting  and  abstinence  from  ilesii.  At  other 
times  tlicy  also  enjoyed  some  privileges,  shared  by  family  and  servants. 
Flesh  an<l  lisii  might  not  be  mixed  nnder  any  indulgences.  ValUjo,  Doc.  Hi"!. 
C(tl.,  MS.,  xxviii.  14.  1800,  permission  for  laboring  classes  to  eat  meat  for  0 
years,  exccjjt  1.")  days  each  year,  for  which  a  hiiln  was  required.  S.  Ja-"', 
J'((/(iili.'<,  ilS.,  87-4'_'.  The  whole  subject  as  illustrated  by  the  C;diforni;i 
rectjrds  is  very  confusing.  Aug.  lU,  IfSOo,  Viader's  receipt  for  .^1'2,  alms  for 
interring  one  (lonzalez.  S.  Jo-sr,  Arch.,  MS.,  ii.  S."}.  June  '2.'!,  1804,  ro\al 
order  that  chaplains  can  receive  no  oll'ering  for  burial  of  soKlieis  beyond  fees 
allowed  in  tlicdis'iict.  I'rin'.  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  xviii.  384.  180."),  padres  refused 
Imrial  to  a  neopliyte  woman  who  liauged  herself.  Prov.  U'''.,  MS.,  xii.  42. 
I'io  Pico  speaks  of  having  often  served  for  the  padres  as  acolyte  when  a  boy. 
Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  11. 

■■'^1804.    An-h.  SUi  Ii.,  MS.,  xi.  100-1. 

'•■'  In  180!)  Arrillaga  informs  the  viceroy  that  if  it  were  not  f'lr  the  invalids 
the  pueblos  would  amount  to  nothing.  Proc.  lite,  ^SIS.,  i.\.  81. 


COLONISTS  AND  CONVICTS. 


1G9 


tllO 
lilt 
()V- 

it- 

u'ltuS 

xi\. 
who 
jp  to 

itlior 

iits. 

Of  !) 

hisr, 

nii;i 

for 

iscd 
4-2. 

)oy. 

li.ls 


tiers  already  there.-'  Tlie  colony  of  foundling's  brf)Ught 
from  3Iexico  at  the  end  of  the  lust  decade  had  i)ros- 
pcred.  In  180G  Arrillaga  reported  that  none  of  the 
twenty  had  died;  the  boys  were  growin*,^  up  to  be 
I'olnist  men,  and  of  the  ten  girls  all  but  two,  yet  of 
tender  years,  hatl  niairied.  Yet  the  governor  was  far 
from  being  enthusiastic  respecting  the  advisability  of 
sending  more  fountUings,  or  colonists  of  any  other 
class.  He  could  not  see  that  California  possessed  any 
marked  advantages  over  the  other  provinces,  nor  did 
lie  look  forward  to  increased  innnigration  or  pros- 
])erity.^^  One  of  the  unmarried  girls  was  Aj)olinaria 
Lorenzana,  named  for  the  archbishop)  founder  of  the 
fouudling  as^'hun  as  were  all  the  nifuis  cwjKj.sitKs,  who 
wa>  still  living  in  1880  at  Santa  Barbara,-'  where  slio 
was  known  as  La  JJeata.  A  few  convicts  were  sent 
to  the  province  in  the  early  years  of  the  decade;  but 
the  governor  and  commandants,  being  fjuestioned  by 
the  viceroy,  protested  zealously  against  the  practice  as 
ruinous  to  the  best  interests  of  the  country,  and  their 
jirotests  seem  to  have  had  some  temporary  eflect.'"' 

"  Prov.  St.  Pcip.,  MS.,  xviii.  ;21-i;  Pror.  Rrc,  MS.,  iii.  SO.  The  governor 
says  the  nlistnt  wives  must  eleurly  uiiderstiind  that  ouco  in  the  country  they 
cannot  loiivc  it. 

-'July  1.-),  ISlMi,  Arrillaga  to  viceroy.  Prov.  Rec,  MS.,  ix.  80-7.  Supplies 
for  the  l'muidliii-3  from  1801  to  18(l(),  §810.  Pmr.  St.  Pup.,  Jhii.  M!l.,  MS., 
xx.xiii.  10;  xxxi.  1.'?.  In  the  hill  for  supplies  to  the  girl  foundlings  tho 
f;overiior  diHa]iproved  of  the  item  for  cigars!  and  also  for  some  labor  hy  Ind- 
ian servants.  St.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  xiv.  IS,  IK.  Carrillo  in  l.SOI  was  trouMud 
liieause  one  of  tho  girls  refused  an  oiler  of  marriage,  or  rather  the  matron  iii 
eliarge  refused  for  her.  Moiitcrii/,  JJiiirio,  MS.,  o."). 

'■'LoiV)i:niia,  Memurias  dc  la  Bcata,  ^IS.  The  old  lady,  tlien  entirely 
I'lind,  dictated  her  recollections  of  California  history  for  \\\y  use,  lia\ing  very 
elear  iileas  of  per.sons  and  events  in  the  old  times.  M  )n  our  arrival,'  she  says, 
'Kl  goliierno  repartio  los  ninos  como  perritos  eutrc  varias  i'amilias.'  Her 
iiintlier  eanie  Mith  her,  liut  soon  married  an  artill'Tyman  ami  went  to  San 
iilas,  so  that  Apolinaria  never  .saw  her  again.  The  girl  was  placed  in  t!ie 
(-'arrillo  family,  with  which  she  spent  many  j-ears  at  .Monterey,  .Santa  r.;ir- 
lia'.a,  and  San  Diego;  then  she  lived  long  at  Sau  lliego  and  other  missliais 
1  iigaged  in  caring  for  tlie  padres,  tending  tho  sick,  and  teaching  children. 
Slie  soon  gained  the  name  of  La  IJeata  and  has  ever  commanded  tlie  liigla;,t 
respect  of  those  who  knew  her. 

'"'Fel).  1,  1801,  Carrillo  protests  against  the  sending  of  any  more  idle,  use- 
less, tradeless,  immoral  ])cople.  They  do  no  good  and  .set  a  had  example. 
Prav.  St.  Pap.,  ^IS.,  xviii.  olJ-T.  April  liOth,  Anillaga  complains  to  viceroy 
of  the  uselessness,  vices,  and  insolence  of  the  settlers,  and  urges  that  no  more 
hi'  sent.  Some  of  the  foundlings  even  have  lieeu  stealing.  LL,  xxi.  (iT-S. 
Aug,  •J2d,  viceroy  asks  the  Ciov.  to  report  on  the  '  utilidad  6  uo'  of  sending  con- 


LJ 


' 


:1  \ 


I'll 


170 


Missioxo,  I'UEr.Lors,  and  laxds. 


Ill  i\\v  matter  of  land-gi-ants  and  private  raiiclios 
llio  records  <jt'  this  decade  reveal  no  clian^e  in  system 
or  methods,  and  throw  but  a  faint  li^lit  on  tlie  lands 
actually  occupied  in  California.  There  is  no  positive 
evidence  that  any  lands  were  yet  held  by  ])rivate  in- 
ch viduals  under  any  more  permanient  and  proprietaiy 
titles  than  the  provisional  licenses  to  occupy  already 
explained  as  h.lviiiL^  bog'un  in  the  time  of  i'ag'cs,  and 
continued  under  his  successors/''^  In  the  extreme  south 
there  were,  so  far  as  can  be  known,  absolutely  no  lands 
ill  ]irivate  possession  within  the  ])residial  jurisdiction 
ol' San  iJiej^o.  The  same  may  be  said  of  the  extreme 
north,  the  re^don  round  San  Francisco."-*  At  San  Jose 
at  least  one  of  the  provisional  grants  was  made  to 
Jose  ^Fari'a  Larios,  who  built  a  house  on  his  ranclio, 
and  sul)se(piently  sold  the  whole  estate  to  the  mission 
of  San  Jose,  a  sale  which  Mas  declared  null  and  void 
by  Ariillaga,  who  ]-eprimanded  Larios  for  having 
acted  with  bad  faith  in  attempting  to  sell  an  estate  of 
v.liich  he  possessed  only  the  usufruct,  thereby  excit- 
ing a  controversy  between  mission  and  pueblo."^ 

or  the  six  ranchos  granted  to  private  individuals  in 
the  Mt)nterey  region,'*^  only  one,  that  of  Buenavista, 

viets.  /(/.,  xviii.  ],■).').  Xov,  2il,  Y.  IJ.  announces  the  sending  of  the  lioniitiilo 
MiiiiUL'l  liaiiiucz  ■with  liis  t'ninily,  nncl  asks  if  thore  arc  nuy  incoiircn'didi^. 
iJaniircz  Iiad  lit'cii  scntuncud  to  six  ycai's  of  presidio  at  Hahana,  but  tiie  sen- 
tence was  clianged  to  Monterey  at  the  petition  of  his  wife.  Id.,  xviii.  l.'iO-l. 
Xov.  .')d,  Arvillaga  asks  (Jarrillo's  views.  Id.,  Jioi.  Mil.,  xxxii.  4.  Doe.  •JStli, 
(':;rrillo  replies  by  condemning  the  practice  in  severe  terms.  He  says  that 
);iany  of  tlie  convicts  continue  their  evil  ways  and  l)oastof  jiast  achic^venients. 
Dec.  ,'Jlst,  Ai'giiello  to  same  eil'ect,  comparing  the  introduction  of  convicts  to 
1  riililing  on  the  sand  or  feeding  babes  with  infected  milk.  Prov.  St.  Pa/i., 
^!S.,  xviii.  57-00.  Jan.  1,  180-,  Alberni  expresses  saine  views.  Id.,  xviii. 
•JU).  Feb.  27th,  arrival  of  2  convicts.  ///.,  xviii.  100.  Jan.  20,  lSO;i,  o  con- 
victs now  at  San  Francisco.  Id.,  Ih  u.  Mil.,  xxxi.  3.  Feb.  3d,  list  of  l(i  con- 
victs in  the  Monterey  jurisdiction,  of  whom  8,  the  'least  bad,'  at  Brancifortc; 
i")  at  San  Jose;  2  at  the  presido;  and  1  at  the  rancho  of  Buenavista.  Id., 
xxxi.  1,  2. 

■"  See  Hid.  Cal.,  vol.  i.  chap,  xxviii.,  this  scries. 

^■-'Thei'e  is  however  some  vague  evidence  that  Argiiello  had  a  license  to 
occupy  Las  I'nlgas  or  El  I'ilar,  near  San  I'ranci.sco,  before  ISOO. 

■'•'Aug.  Ki,  isO.'l,  Arrillaga  to  Gnerra.  -V.  Pop.,  J//.s'.f.  and  Colon,  MS., 
i.  3S-U).  Aug.  I!)t!i,  Arrillaga  to  pad.res  of  S.  Josi:'.  Prnv.  Ilic,  IMS.,  vi.  I!». 
It  does  not  clearly  appear  'whether  this  land  was  within  the  foHr-lea;iue  limit 
of  the  pueblo;  liut  such  was  perhaps  the  case,  as  the  governor  in  his  letter  to 
the  padres  speaks  of  the  land,  La  Calera,  as  belonging  to  San  Jos(?. 

•^' (See  chap.  x.\xi.  of  vol.  i. 


PRIVATE  RANX'HOS. 


171 


Jciiso  to 

vi.  111. 

|R'  limit 

L'ttor  tu 


i>  mcntioiu'd  in  the  iiiiiinls  of  llils  decade.  The  luls- 
^ioimries  of  San  C.'iirlos  made  up  tlieir  minds  that  the 
iiiission  was  in  need  of  the  lands,  and  were;  iiiihi^nant 
hi'caiise  Arrillaga  deehned  to  eject  the  oeeui)ants  in 
ISO.'J/''  I  .suppose  tliat  some  if  not  all  of  the  other 
livt;  I'anchos  wei'eahandoned  before  1810.  1'here  were, 
liowevei',  negotiations  I'cspecting  the  gi-anting  of  two 
ethei'  ranches  in  this  distriet.  ^lariano  Castro  came 
hark  from  a  visit  to  ^lexico  in  1803  with  a  viceren'al 
I'MM'nse  to  oecup}'  T^a  I^rea,  in  the  region  of  San  .luaii 
]!;iutista.  It  seems  to  have  heen  the  plan  to  form  a 
];ind  of  settlement  at  La  Brea,  six  ])ersons  liaving 
agreed  as  early  as  1801  to  settle  thei-e.^"  'i'lie  friars 
]ir;)tested  against  the  grant,  refused  to  remove  their 
ciittle,  and  so  successfully  urged  their  claims  that 
hefore  the  end  of  the  decade  Castro  had  to  give  up 
i'or  years  all  ho}>e  of  possessing  La  ]3rea."^  It  became 
necessary  to  find  another  desirable  site,  and  accoi-d- 
iiigly  in  May  1807  Castro  asked  for  the  rancho  of 
Salsipuodes,  near  the  place  since  known  as  Watson- 
^iile,  which  had  hitherto  been  used  by  the  government 
for  tlie  pasturage  of  the  presidio  horses.  Of  the  re- 
sult of  this  application  wo  know  nothing  beyond  the 
fict  that  in  July  Conuuandant    Estudillo  made  in- 


(iinries  wi 


th 


a  view 


to  1 


earn  i 


f  tl 


le  concession  wou 


Id 


be  in  any  way  detrimental  to  Branciforte,  and  that 
the  friars  of  Santa  Cruz  had  somethiiiL''  to  sav  iu 
defence  of  the  mission  claim  to  the  property  in  (|ues- 
tion.'^ 

Within  the  Santa  Barbara  district  and  in  the  legion 

^■'Arch.  Arxo?,.,  MS.,  ii.  O-l-J;  Prov.  LW.,  M,S.,vi.  1(1,  17. 

"''Si'iit.  '2~,  ISd,  list  of  the  ii.'iiiK'.s  forwiinli'il  tu  cinmiKimliint  of  Monterey. 
They  wei'e  Jose  11'  ■lii;,'uez,  .Ju:\ii  M;u'i;i  Ituiz,  Dolores  Mesa.  .lo:ii[uiu  ( 'astro, 
Antonio  Bueliia,  ..nil  I'ablo  (Botero).  K-<tudill<>,  JJoc.  Hid.  Cut.,  M.S.,  i. 
14,  1.-). 

'^'  Piow  St.  Pap.,  M.S.,  xviii.  SS.VG;  Pro,'.  7?.'C.,  iSIS.,  ix.  110;  xi.  IS.'); 
Arrfi.  Arz<ih.,  MS.,  ii.  !)-Il;  Arch.  Sta  B.,  ]\IS.,  xii.  13i-o. 

^'*.fuly  !>,  1S07,  Estiulillotoconiisionailo  of  Uraiiciforte.  SaiilaCniz,  Arch., 
MS.,  14;  Sdiild  Cruz,  Pc('p,  41.  July  .'jth,  Carranza  and  Qniiitana  to  gov- 
ernor, arguill^'  that  the  jurisdiction  of  Ih'aneiftjrte  never  exteiule<l  to  llaneho 
<li.'  Jiravo.  llio  So(|uel,  Aptos,  or  Corralitos  (including  Salsipuodes.)  Arc'i. 
Ar-.o/,.,  MS.,  ii.  (jj. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


h 


,0       ^ 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


»~    IM    III  2.2 
^    lis    12° 


1.8 


1.4 


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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MS80 

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172 


MISSIONS,  PUEBLOS,  AND  LANDS. 


round  Los  Angeles  all  the  ranchos  of  the  last  decade*' 
were  still  occupied;  and  there  also  existed  the  Ranch o 
do  Felix,  of  which  there  is  but  a  bare  mention ;  Las 
Virgenes,  granted  by  Arrillaga  to  Miguel  Ortega;  El 
Conejo,  granted  in  1803  to  IPolanco  and  Rodriguez; 
Santiago  de  Santa  Ana  granted  in  1809  to  Yorba  and 
Peralta;  and  a  rancho  near  Purisima,  not  named  but 
granted  to  Reyes,  jterhaps  in  place  of  Encino  taken 
from  him  by  the  missionaries  of  San  Fernando,  and 
purchased  of  him  by  the  mission  before  1810.  That 
the  Ortegas  were  now  in  possession  of  El  Refugio 
there  is  not  much  room  to  doubt,  though  I  find  no 
direct  testimony  to  that  effect  in  the  archives.  Mean- 
while at  least  two  applications  for  ranchos  were  re- 
fused ;  for  San  Vicente  desired  by  many  persons,  and 
Camulos  near  San  Buenaventura,  where  Francisco 
Avila  wished  to  settle.  In  protesting  against  the 
latter  grant  the  friars  expressed  very  freely  their  ideas 
res[)ecting  rancheros  in  general.  Their  presence  was 
detrimental  to  the  success  of  missionary  effort ;  they  led 
an  idle,  vagabond  life,  often  left  their  \'i>  and  wives 
in  charge  of  gentiles,  and  set  a  bad  <  ^  uple,  rarely 
coming  to  hear  mass  or  missing  a  fandango.  The 
Indians  found  it  hard  to  understand  why  they  should 
be  flogged  for  not  attending  religious  services  neglected 
with  impunity  by  the  Spaniards;  therefore  Indians 
who  were  brought  up  among  Christians  were  always 
hardest  to  convert.  The  rancheros,  the  friars  claimeil, 
did  not  accumulate  property,  nor  add  in  any  respect 
to  tlie  prosperity  of  the  country.*' 

Res[)ecting  the  granting  of  the  pueblo  lots  there  is, 
and  naturally  in  view  of  the  decrease  in  the  aggregate 
number  of  settlers,  little  or  nothing  in  the  records  of 
this  period.  There  was,  however,  an  order  that 
regular  settlers  were  to  have  the  preference  over  in- 

'"Sce  Ifisl.  CaL,  vol.  i.  chap,  xxx.,  and  vol.  ii.  chap,  vi.,  this  series.  Tlio 
ranchos  were:  Sun  I^afael,  Verdugo;  Los  Xietos,  Nieto;  Nan  Pedro,  Doniin- 
guez;  IWtezuelo,  Verdugo;  Sinii,  Pico;   ami  possihly  Kl  Refugio,  Ortega. 

"'.May  4,  1804,  pudres  of  San  Buenaventura  to  governor.  Arc/i,  Arzob,, 
MS.,  ii.  37-1). 


t  decade*' 
c  Ranclio 
ion;  Las 
cte^a;  El 
odriguez; 
orba  and 
imcd  but 
no  taken 
ndo,  and 
).  That 
Refugio 

find  no 
Mean- 
were  re- 
ons,  and 
ran  ci  SCO 
inst  tlio 
eir  ideas 
nee  was 
they  led 
id  wives 
>,  rarely 
).     The 

should 
iglected 
Indians 
always 
laimed, 
respect 


DISTRIBUTION  OF  LAXDS.  1^3 

vahds  in  the  distribution  of  lands  wlienever  both 
•lasses  could  no   be  satisfied,  since  the  latter  had  the  r 

pensions  on  winch  to  live."  There  is  also  an  order 
;.  biddnig  commandants  of  presidios  to  own  rand  os 

I'.r  the  raismg  of  live-stock.     Only  a  few  milch  cows 

and  sheep  were  permitted."'- 

rro.si.lio  muk-train  is  ent  t  p,1  %n  r>„  f     '*' '^OSE^^tudillo  claims  tlmt  the 
^irrh.,  MS.,  iii.  8"  ^^omwionado  because  tins  lias  Ixien  refused.  S.  Joaf 

-  May  .>8.  1S08.  Arrillaga  to  Com.  of  San  Diego.  Prov.  liec,  MS.,  xii.  (U. 


IS. 


here 
^regate 
ords  of 
r  that 
ver  in- 


ies.     The 
),  Doniin- 
•rtcga. 
h.  Arzob., 


CHAPTER  IX. 


t     I 


INSTITUTIONS  AND  INDUSTRIES. 
1801-1810. 

The  Labor  QrESTiox — Gentiles  or  NEornvTEs— Mantfactcres— Oi;- 
tec.a's  Silver-siine— AcRicrLTCRE — Crops— Pests — Seasons— Rr.ia-- 
LATioNs— Hemp  and  Fl^vx — JoAQnx  Sanchez— Lard r  Shipments  of 
Fibre— A  FLoruisiriNa  Enteuprisi;  and  Si'dden  Failure — STorK- 
raising- CAi-fLE,  Horses,  and  Sheep — Slaughter  ok  Hoiwes — 
Commerce— Smuggling— TR.VDE  of  the  Transports — Finance  anu 
Supplies— IIabilitado  ( Sen eral— Military — Political  Government 
— Administration  of  Justice — Schools  Wanted. 


In  noticing  niiscellaneous  institutions  and  progress 
from  1801  to  1810, 1  follow  the  same  order  as  in  a  pre- 
vious presentment  of  the  subject.  The  labor  question 
presented  no  new  phases;  in  fact  it  lacked  some  of  its 
old  ones,  })articulaih'  the  ambition  to  effect  reforms 
Avhich  characterized  Borica's  rule.  During  the  early 
years  of  the  decade  two  at  least  of  the  artisan  instruc- 
tors, Botcllo  the  tailor  and  Mendoza  the  weaver, 
were  yet  in  California  drawing  their  salary  and  making 
some  cftbrts  to  teach  their  trades  to  boys  at  Monterey, 
who  like  the  convicts  on  whom  the  same  experiment 
was  tried,  displayed  no  ambition  to  excel  in  mechan- 
ical industries,  Arrillaga  advised  that  no  more  arti- 
sans should  bo  sent  from  Mexico;  Carrillo  on  the 
contrary  thought  it  might  be  well  to  send  instructors, 
provided  that  children  could  be  sent  with  them  to 
i-eceive  instruction,  since  California  boys  cared  Ibr 
nothing  but  riding  and  a  military  life.  Armorers  an<l 
carpenters  for  the  presidios  were  occasionally  asked 
for,  but  I  find  no  evidenco  that  any  were  obtained. 

(1T4) 


MANUFACTURES. 


173 


Wages  were  not  extravagantly  liigli.  The  man  who 
took  care  of  the  Monterey  cliapcl  was  awarded  bv  tlio 
eoniandante  a  salary  f)f  two  dollars  a  month;  hut  so 
lavisli  an  expenditure  of  the  puhlic  IVinds  was  disap- 
proved hy  Arrillaga,  who  reduced  it  to  "a  slight  allow- 
aiu-e  now  and  then."  Gentiles  still  worked  tor  wages 
at  pueblos  and  [iresidios,  but  they  were  becoming  every 
year  more  diHicult  to  obtain,  and  neophytes  were 
enn>loved  whenever  an  aijfreement  could  be  made  with 
the  tiiars  who  received  the  wage.  The  only  contro- 
versy recorded  was  that  caused  bv  the  retirement  of 
a  hundred  laborers  at  Los  Angeles  in  1810  to  their 
mission  of  San  Juan  C'apisti-ano.  President  Ta[)is 
declined  to  order  their  return,  but  he  promised  not  to 
(•pposc  a  regular  repartimiento  of  neophyte  laborers 
lor  hemp-culture,  should  the  governor  take  the  respon- 
sibility of  ordering  such  action.^ 

]\[anuracturing  industry  was  confined  to  the  missions 
where  the  neoj)hytes  under  the  ministers'  superintend- 
ence continuetl  to  work  up  the  wool  shorn  from  their 
large  flocks  into  blankets  and  coarse  fabrics  v  Iiicli 
suiliced  for  their  own  clothing.  They  also  made  soaj), 
tanned  various  skins  and  hides,  made  shoes  and  sad- 
dles, and  did  the  rude  carpenter's,  cabinet-maker's,  and 
blacksmith's  work  needed  at  the  missions.  The  mis- 
sions monopolized  the  manufacture  of  such  articles  as 
could  be  sold  at  the  [)residios,  and  would  necessarily 
liave  done  so,  even  had  the  settlers  or  anv  other  class 
had  the  enterprise  to  engage  in  industrial  oj)erations, 
;is  it  was  manifestly  impossible  to  compete  with  abso- 
lutely costless  labor  in  s(j  limited  a  market  re(piirin  .;• 
only  the  coarsest  articles.  There  were  no  attemi)ts  t<» 
introduce  new  branches  of  mamiiactures  or  niodity  the 
<  111  ones,  and  there  areabsoluti'ly  no  statistics  or  details 
lespecting  the  products  of  the  mission  W(,rk-slio[»s.- 

'/Voc.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xviii.  r)l-4,  17.3,  101;  xix.  -JIT;  xxi.  (i.V.-;  /,/.,  Un,. 
Mil.,  xxxvii.  41;  J'ror.  Jf,r.,  MS.,  ix.  02,  11!);  .S.  Joxr,  An/i.,  MS.,  vi.  'li; 
A  I'll.  A  nob.,  MS.,  ii.  70- SO. 

Mrovunior  to  vioiToy.  .Inly  1,'),  \Ay],  on  uoicliti'):!  of  inanufacturinj?  indiis- 
tiii.:i.  /'/tic.  Jin:,  MS.,  ix.  bCJ-'J.    Diicf  lULUtioii  of  iiulustiics.  I'lor.  >Sl.  /'«/»., 


1  i^ 


i     ! 


: 


176 


INSTITUTIONS  AND  INDU.STHIES. 


The  (Iccatlc  had  its  mining  excitement,  as  wo  liavo 
seen  in  the  local  annals  of  jMonterey,  but  it  was  rather 
a  mild  one.  Ignacio  Ortejja  found  a  vein  of  ore  in 
the  foothills  of  the  Monterey,  now  Salinas,  Valley, 
which  being  assayed  yielded  richly  in  lead  and  silver. 
The  mine  was  worked  by  Ortega  subsequently  at 
several  different  times,  but  with  results  uot  known. 
This  I  learn  from  the  mission  report  of  1822,  which 
desciibes  Ortega's  silver-mine  as  beinof  one  leau^ue  from 
San  Juan  Bautista.  In  the  record  of  its  discovery  it 
was  located  in  the  foothills  north-west  of  the  rancho 
del  rey.  Robinson,  followed  probably  by  Ross  Browne 
and  Tuthill,  menticms  the  excavation  as  existing  on  or 
near  the  Alisal  rancho.  Notwithstandini;  this  dis- 
covery  Arrillaga  in  his  report  of  180G  stated  that 
there  were  no  indications  of  metal  near  the  coast  nor 
in  the  interior  so  far  as  explored.^ 

Agricultural  statistics  are  extant  with  an  approxima- 
tion to  completeness  and  accuracy  only  in  tlu;  case  of 
the  missions,*  but  if  we  add  the  average  harvest  of  the 
pueblos  to  that  of  the  missions  we  have  a  total  grain 
product  averaging  about  93,000  bushels  per  year.  1807 
and  1 809  were  years  of  drought  and  correspondingly 
short  crops ;  but  the  statistics  of  production  show  that 

Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  xxxvii.  40;  Lan^Kdorfn  Voy.,  ii.  160-1,  1C!>,  187-8.  Langs- 
dorll'  iiotea  particularly  the  abaence  of  mills  and  boats.  There  was,  however, 
one  l)uiit  in  the  province,  at  San  Diego.  Prav.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xviii.  3G0.  In 
Los  A  linden,  in.it.,  7,  it  is  stated  that  a  saw-mill  was  built  at  an  early  period 
near  tiie  grist-mill  at  San  Gabriel,  but  no  date  is  given.  In  a  note  to  a  docu- 
nuiit  in  Pror.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xviii.  '2,  \i,  Vicente  (Jomez  notes  a  Californian 
industry  which  probably  dated  back  to  this  period  or  oven  earlier,  that  of 
rciiielting  the  jianocha,  or  coarse  brown  sugar,  received  with  tlie  tncmnriai, 
by  w  Inch  the  government  improved  the  (piality  of  the  staple,  and  also  made  a 
lianilsome  profit. 

^  Mviitnrij,  Diario,  MS.,  58;  St.  Pap.,  Mi.i.t.  and  Colon.,  ^IS.,  i.  42-n. 
The  oi-e  was  discovered  in  1800  and  on  being  subjected  to  fire  yielded  plomn 
emplatah,  or  lead  mixed  with  silver.  An  assay  was  made  as  soon  as  a  com- 
petent man  arrived,  and  yielded  with  imperfect  apparatus  six  oz.  of  line  silver. 
.Tosi5  Maria  Ortega  was  summoned  from  Santa  IJarbara  and  steps  were  taken 
for  a  larger  assay  with  results  not  recorded.  Sec  also  mission  report  1822,  iu 
Arrh.  Sta  li.,  MS.,  iii.  303;  (Jovornor's  report  of  July  1806  in  Pror.  Rcc, 
MS.,  ix.  90;  Rohinson's  Life  in  Cal,  190;  TuthiWs  Hist.  Cal.,  231;  Drowucs 
Mill.  Pe.'foiircea,  1SG7,  13. 

*See  chap,  viii.,  this  volume. 


^vc  liave 
,s  rather 
if  ore  ill 
Yallov, 
(1  silver, 
nitly  at 
known. 
2,  which 
rue  from 
JO  very  it 
i  rancho 
Browne 
ni^  on  or 
this  dis- 
tecl  that 
3oast  nor 


iroxima- 
(.;  case  of 
;st  of  the 
tal  grain 
ar.  1807 
ondinojlv 
low  that 


(-8.    Langs- 

]i8,  however, 
iii.  300.  In 
Biuly  period 
le  to  a  docu- 
Californiau 
[lier,  tliat  of 
vieiiiorid", 
lalso  made  a 

lS.,i.  4-2-3. 

tided  ]>lomo 

|n  as  a  com- 

tine  silver. 

«'ero  tiikeu 

|ort  18-2-2,  in 

^ror.  lice., 

Bruu'ite's 


AGRICULTURE. 


177 


in  no  year  of  the  decade  was  tlie  faihire  of  crops  very 
(lisa.'^trous,  as  the  smallest  yield,  in  1801),  was  more  than 
jialf  that  of  1800,  the  larj^cst.  Local  failures  of  jiar- 
ticular  crops  occurred  sometimes,  but  not  ol'ten,  l>y 
reason  of  trouble  about  the  irrii^atini;  facilities.  The 
<li(i/iin's(le,  a  name  which  seems  to  have  l^een  popularly 
{i[H)lied  to  almost  any  grain  disease  whether  blight 
or  rust,  caused  by  fogs  or  other  irregularity  of  the 
weather,  or  bv  the  action  (>f  worms  at  the  root  of  the 
grain,  is  occasionally  reported,  as  are  the  ravages  of 
the  c/iapulin,  or  locust,  and  of  the  anliUas,  or  ground- 
S(|iiin-els;  but  all  these  complaints  were  for  the  most 
])ait  local,  and  none  of  the  pests  of  farming  had  as  yet 
become  wide-spread  or  very  destructive.  Weather 
reports  were  sent  in  by  the  commandant  with  toler- 
ahle  regularity,  but  no  such  thing  as  a  rain-gauge  was 
]<iiown,  and  these  reports  are  so  vaguely  worded  as  to 
convev  no  definite  idea  of  the  successive  seasons  which 
could  be  utilized  in  the  generalizations  of  modern  sci- 
ence. There  came  also  from  the  provincial  author- 
ities now  and  then  a  communication  urging  closer 
attention  to  agricultural  operations,  or  requiring  own- 
ers to  look  out  for  their  cattle,  since  no  claim  for 
damages  could  be  sustained  against  a  farmer  who 
killed  another's  live-stock  in  his  fields. 

Respecting  special  agricultural  products  it  appears 
only  tliat  the  raising  of  cotton  was  attempted  unsuc- 
cessfully at  San  Gabriel  in  1808 ;  and  tliat  the  olives  of 
the  missions  orchards  were  utilized  in  the  manufacture 
of  oil  at  San  Diego  and  some  other  estabhshmeiits 
lietween  1801  and  1808.^  Henqt-culture,  however, 
eoiitinued  to  receive  attention  from  the  government. 
It  gave  rise  to  voluminous  records  and  merits  moii; 
than  passing  notice  here,  as  it  was  an  industry  which, 
until  interrui)ted  by  circumstances  over  which  the 
( 'alifoinians  had  no  control,  bade  fair  to  l)e  of  substan- 
tial and  permanent  benefit  to  the  province.     Encour- 

^Prov.  St.  Pop.,  MS.,  XX.  281;  Arch.Sta  B.,  MS.,  xii.  70,  84. 
Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  II.    12 


178 


INSTITUTIONS  AND  INDUSTRIES. 


aiifc'd  by  oxpcricnco,"  tlio  aullioritics  in  ^roxiro  sent 
J()a(|iiiii  SaiK'lu'Z,  scrjifeaiit  of  iiiaiiiics  mkI  an  oxpoi't 
in  tlio  cultivation  and  preparation  of  Iionip  and  flax, 
to  .su[)erintond  this  industry  and  j^ivc  instruction, 
for  which  service  he  was  to  receive  lil'teen  dollars  a 
month  in  addition  to  his  seri^eant's  pay.  He  arrived 
on  the  ConccjH'ion  in  the  nnddle  of  IHOI,  hringini^ 
with  him  the  necessary  tools,  and  soon  proci-eded  to 
San  .Fose,  the  only  place  where  hemj)  had  as  yet  been 
jilanted.^ 

]Jurinj^  1802  and  1803  we  know  but  little  of  the 
]»ro^ress  made,  except  that  in  the  transports  of  the 
latter  year  381  pounds  of  Iieni|)  tibn*  were  sliij)ped  to 
San  ]ilas.  ^leanwhile  the  viceroy  announced  that 
althouijfh  (,^alifornia  hemp  was  worth  only  two  dollars 
])er  arroba,  it  would  l)e  taken  for  a  time  by  way  of 
encourajjfement  at  63.50,  or  fourteen  cents  a  pound. 
A  new  set  of  tools  was  sent  from  Mexico,  and  Arii- 
Uaga,  thoui>h  not  very  conlident  as  to  results — he  never 
was  hopeful  about  the  future  of  Calil'ornia  or  anythinu;* 
in  it — urLjed  all  to  make  an  earnest  etibrt,  im])lvinLr 
that  there  existed  somewhere  c.  stroni^  opposition  to 
the  establishment  and  success  of  the  new  <'nterprisc, 
to  overcome  which  sj>ccial  eft'ort  and  care  would  be 
necessary.  The  vessels  of  1 804  took  away  40,3  jxtunds 
of  the  stapl(>,  recommended  as  of  u^ood  (juality  l)y 
Sanchez,  who,  however,  represented  his  patience  as 
well  ni^h  exhausted  by  the  stupidity  and  want  of  zeal 
shown  by  the  settlers.  One  of  them  wished  to  use 
his  whole  crop  for  making'  a  net  to  catch  otter,  regard- 

•"'Sce  Ifisf.  dill.,  vdl.  i,  cliap.  xxviii.,  this  series. 

'Aug.  !•,  ISOI,  Smir'Iu'Z  !iiiin_!j;Iit  tluTO  clu'sts  of  tools.  ^fiiiiiiri)f,  D'larhi, 
MS.,  t;!.  ValiU'  of  tool.s,  .S.'{S(;.  Invou'c  of  .May  .SOtli,  San  Jilas. 'y'coc.  St. 
J'liii.,  .MS.,  xviii.  l.'U-:).  .Am;,',  liltli,  vioerciv  iiaiiu's  .^l."!  a  niontli  as  the 'j;i!iti- 
lioa.ioii'  to  1)0  allowed.  /./.,  xviii.  I,i:};  /V,.c.  lU^:,  MS.,  x.  11.  .Inly  Hith, 
.VniUaga  at  Loreto  onler.s  Sanchez  to  i)rei)aio  an  'in.struceion  '  on  liinart.  /</., 
viii.  44.  Oct.  llltli.  Arrillaga  expresses  satisfaction  iit  liis  eominf,'.  J'ror.  SI. 
Pup.,  Jii'iK  Mil.,  MS.,  xxxii.  ;{.  March  ."l,  IsO'J,  coniisionailo  of  S.  .Fosi'i 
to  cdnnnanilant,  will  jilant  .Vpril  1st  10  or  1"_'  nhiiiidi ■•<  ui  hemp-seed.  Is 
iiiilcil  liv  a  few  'converted  j^'entiles '  whose  laiior  costs  more  than  it  comes 
to.  l\<,r.  St.  Pfi/i.,  MS.,  xviii.  l.")S.  Dec.  1.  lSO-_>,  .\rrill.i:,'a  to  .Sanchez, 
attrilmtes  li.id  lesiilts  to  the  hot  sun  ratlicr  than  to  any  s'lcrility  of  soil. 
J'lVi:  Ji<i.,  MS.,  viii.  53. 


HEMP  CULTURE. 


179 


xioo  sent 
in  rxpt'it 

and  flax, 
stniction, 

dollars  a 
e  arrivctl 

l»ringini^ 
iceedod  to 
1  yet  been 

tie  of  the 
rts  of  the 
diippod  to 
need  that 
wo  dollars 
)y  way  of 
,  a  pound, 
and  Avii- 
— he  never 
anythiuL;- 
implyin;^' 
(osition  to 
'nterprise, 
would  he 
(]:\  ])ounds 
uality  l)y 
ttience  as 
nit  of  zeal 
ed  to  use 
'!•,  regard - 


li'i  ri  7.  fH'ir'o, 
)l:i.s.'yV(»r.  SI. 
iis  the  'jriali- 
.  .Inly  Hitli, 
111  liisait.  /'/., 
jiiii,'.   /'ror.  St. 

Illu    (if    S.     .IdSl' 

|oinii->iiH'tl.      Ih 

luiii  it  iMinicH 

|a  ti>  SjiikIu'/, 

^lilitv  of  suil. 


loss  of  the  royal  needs.  Another  obstaele  was  the 
I'cgulation  that  the  pursers  of  the  tiansports  should 
deride  on  the  priec  to  be  paid  aeeordin_i(  to  quality, 
f<:].i)0  beinj:?  the  nmxiniuni.  Sanchez  protested  that 
Jr'.l.aO  was  the  lowest  limit  whieh  would  K'ave  a  protit 
to  the  producers,  and  Uioreover  that  the  pursers  knew 
nothing  of  the  quality  of  the  article  presented."* 

At  the  end  of  1804  Sanchez  distributed  eleven 
I'anegas  of  seed  to  San  Luis  Obispo,  Purfsinia,  Santa 
lues,  and  Mission  San  Jose,  for  it  was  at  the  missions 
that  he  antici[»ated  the  best  results.  Hi'inp  was  s<»wn 
ill  April,  liarvested  in  August,  and  was  not  ready  for 
t  \[)t)rt  until  the  following  autumn.  There  is  no  record 
of  any  shipment  in  1805,  but  it  is  implied  that  the 
croj)  of  1804  was  burned.  Having  given  the  settlers 
of  San  Jose  all  the  instruction  they  needed,  Sanchez 
went  south  in  September  to  continue  his  labors  at  J^cs 
Angeles  and  throughout  the  Santa  Barbara  district. 
J'elbre  leaving,  however,  he  amiounced  his  opinion 
that  though  hemp  bade  fair  to  succeed  in  California, 
ilax  could  not  be  profitably  produced  on  account  of 
the  expensive  operations  re(|uired."  In  ^Fexico  the 
tiibunal  de  cuentas  i-eported  to  the  viceroy  in  March 
1805  on  the  great  im])ortance  of  the  new  industiy, 
showing  the  impossibility  of  the  produeei's  waiting 
until  the  (juality  of  their  hemp  could  l)e  tested  at  San 
Jllas,  together  with  the  danger  of  allowing  the  iiiex- 
|tiiienced  j)ursers  of  the  transports  to  decide  the  mat- 
ter. It  was  recommended  to  ado[it  a  liberal  ]tolicy 
I'oi'  a  time  even  if  it  should  occasion  a  loss  to  the  go\  - 
c'liniciit.  Accordingly  the  viceroy  instructed  Ani- 
I'.iga  that  all  the  henq)  ottered  was  to  he  paid  for,  the 
dctennination  of  value  being  left  largely  to  liisdiscrc- 
liv'ii.'"     Accordingly  the  price  paid  subsc<|Uently  for 

ll'rm:  St.  Pup.,  ]MS.,  xviii.  .S14-1S:  St.  Pnp.,  MiK».  anJ  Cohvi..  MS.,  i. 
•l'--T;  J'lor.  L\r.,  MS.,  viii.  oS;  ix.  ;U.  C'lierni,  iJuc.  Jli.-<>.  i'nl.,  MS.,  iii. 
].sO-.'l. 

"  I'ror.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xviii.  1S1-.1;    xix.  74. 

'"  Maiili  7,  iSCI.'i,  iijKiit  (if  tribiiiiiil  (U>  tui'iitas  witli  iiiiiii(nal  of  I'isfal 
railuiii.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  o4-7.  April  HOtii,  viceroy  to  governor,  hi., 
xix.  ba,    July  \b,  18U0,  Arrillaga  Bays  that  20U  pouudHof  liernp  cost  $13  de- 


180 


INSTITUTIONS  AND  INDUSTRIES. 


lit'ini)  in  tjfood  condition  seonis  to  have  been  four  tlol- 
lat'H  jicr  arroija,  or  sixteen  cents  a  [>oun(l. 

Altliouj^li  some  ojiposition  was  experienced  from 
the  settlers  at  Los  Antjjeles,  the  new  i;i(Uistry  ilour- 
islicd  nioie  and  more  each  year  in  puehlo,  mission, 
and  even  private  rancho.  So  far  as  the  fi«,nires,  some- 
what con»i»heated  and  contradictory  in  180l)-10  esj)e- 
cially,  can  he  understood,  the  liemp  shipments  of  1  800 
Mere  1,850  pounds;  of  1807,  12,500  pounds;  of  1808, 
8t),000  [xmnds;  of  1800,  84,000  pounds;  and  of  1810, 
120,000  pounds,  or  accordinjjf  to  one  report,  173,200 
j)ounds."  Of  this  quantity  less  than  5,000  pounds 
seems  to  have  been  produced  north  of  Purisima,  all 
perl  laps  at  San  Jose.  There  was,  besides,  a  surplus 
from  the  crop  of  1810  of  98,750  pounds  which  the 
vessels  could  not  carry  away.  Of  this  surplus  5,000 
pounds  came  from  San  Gabriel  and  30,000  from  Santa 


^! 


livered  at  tlic  shore  without  reckoning  manure  or  tillage.  Prov.  Pec,  MS., 
ix.  K7-8.  Aug.  4th,  comisionado  of  San  Josu  ordered  to  liuy  lialf  of  all  hemp 
produced  at  20  reals  perfanega.  S.  Jontl,  Arch.,  MS.,  iii.  75).  Juno  1(5,  IfSOT, 
Sanchez  at  Sta  Barbara  says  the  journey  from  the  hemp-fields  to  the  port  re- 
(juires  five  days,  a  nmle  carrying  UOO  pounds.  Jlcaska  that  TiO  cents  he 
added  to  the  price.  Prov.  St.  Pop.,  MS.,  xix.  208.  Aug.  1st,  Arrilhiga 
orders  the  coniandantca  of  Monterey  and  San  Francisco  to  pay  §4  per  nrroha. 
111.,  xix.  21(i.  March  ISOS,  hemp  growing  finely  at  Sta  JJiirhara  and  \mh 
Angeles.  Id.,  xix.  236.  Aug.  (ith,  comandante  asks  governor  for  instruc- 
tions. Harvesters  of  hemp  nmst  be  paid  in  money,  but  funds  were  scarce. 
Arrh.  Arzob.,  MS.,  v.  pt.  ii.  105-0.  Aug.  12th,  Sanchez  informs  the  Gov. 
that  hemp  from  the  north  was  landed  at  Sta  Barbara  for  his  inspection.  The 
lots  from  Santa  Cruz  and  San  Juan  IJtiutista  were  rotten,  badly  prepared,  and 
useless.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  236-7.  March  7,  180'J,  Alcalde  Suto  of 
Angeles  petitions  the  Gov.  in  behalf  of  the  settlers  to  restrain  Sanchez  from 
sowing  40  or  more  fancgas  of  hemp  as  he  proposed,  since  the  other  crops 
would  suffer  for  want  of  water;  but  Arrillaga  declined  to  interfere,  regarding 
the  hemp-culture  as  of  paramount  importance.  /(/.,  xix.  2.">8-0,  264.  July 
null,  probably  §20,000  worth  of  hemp  will  be  shipped  from  S.  Diego  and  the 
habilitado  lacks  funds;  besides  he  expects  some  compensation  for  attending 
to  this  new  duty.  Ji(.,xix.  260. 

"  Prov.  live,  MS.,  viii.  100;  ix.  U,  102,  110,  126;  xi.  5,  8,  121,  1.30;  Pror. 
St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  2.">5-7,  260-1,  274,  283-7.  The  sowing  in  1810  was  100 
fan.  at  vSan  (iabriel;  100  fan.  at  Angeles;  36  fan.  at  San  Fernando;  .")2  fan.  at 
S.  Buenaventura;  25  fan.  at  Sta  Barbara;  57  fan.  at  Sta  liii's;  80  fan.  at  S. 
Juan  Capistrano  and  Rio  Sta  Ana;  40  fan.  at  S.  Diego  and  Los  Xietos;  total, 
4fK)  in  the  south.  The  distribution  of  hemp  shipped  in  1810,  was  as  follows: 
From  S.  Gabriel,  15,582  Itis. ;  Kan  Fernando,  7,(500  lbs.;  Sta  Ines,  12,508  Uis. ; 
S.  Buenaventura,  9,908  lt)8. ;  San  Luis,  2,044  lbs.;  Sta  liarbara  Presidio  ware- 
house, last  year's  crop,  28,963  lbs.;  >*jau  Diego,  44,781  lbs.;  13  settlers,  ,37,531) 
lbs.;  or  7  settlers,  11,840  lbs.;  Sta  Bdrbara  mission,  4,583  lbs.;  Monterey, 
4,537  lbs. 


LrV'ESTOCK. 


ISl 


four  (lol- 

'(•(l  from 
rv  ilimr- 

UllHSlOll, 

3S,  Homo- 

10  espc- 

4  (.f  1800 

of  1808, 

of  1810, 

173,200 

I   pouiuls 

[siuui,  all 

I  surplus 

liich  tlio 

lus  5,000 

Hu  Santa 


<x  Rec,  MS., 

f  of  all  hemp 

^10  1(5,  ItSOT, 

the  port  re- 

50  cents  ho 

Arrilliif^ii 

per  arroha. 

a  and  Los 

>r  iiistrnc- 

ere  Hcarce. 

IS  the  Gov. 

tion.     'J"he 

pared,  ami 

le  Soto  of 

mchez  from 

other  eropn 

r'.'gardiiiL,' 

•2ti4.     J  Illy 

ego  and  tlio 

attending 

1.30;  Pror. 
10  was  KK) 
i>'2  fan.  !it 
fan.  at  S. 
etos;  total, 
as  follows : 
1-2,508  U.S.; 
sidio  waro- 
Icre,  ,37,530 
Monterey, 


Inc^s.  Thus  wc  sec  that  in  tlio  south  a  flourishinif 
industry  had  been  estahll.shed,  ljrin<,Mn<(  into  the  prov- 
ince .si20,000  a  year  with  llatterlii«,'  j)io.spcet.s  for  the 
future.  It  is  not  necessary  to  .si)eculate  respectlnif 
what  would  have  been  the  ultimate  result  under  ordi- 
nary eireumstancGs,  and  it  is  j)leasant  to  notice  <Me 
enterprise  whose  failure  is  not  to  be  attributed  lo  the 
stuj)idity  of  either  Caliibrniansor  the  S[>anish  i,n)vei'n- 
iiu  lit.  Fail  it  did,  however,  most  suddenly  and  coni- 
jilctely;  for  the  shipment  of  1810  was  the  last  made. 
The  revolution  broke  out  in  New  8j)ain;  the  transports 
ceased  to  visit  Californian  ports;  there  was  neither 
means  to  pay  for  nor  to  transport  Californian  hemp.  In 
Fel)ruary  1811  Arrilla^a  notitied  the  farnufrs  t]iroUL,di 
Sanclu^ii  that  if  they  chose  to  cultivate  hemj*,  it  must 
be  at  their  own  risk  or  for  their  own  use.  His  excuse 
was  that  the  j^overnment  had  already  enouij;h  of  the 
.staple  for  the  proposed  experiment,  an  excuse  » itlur 
invented  by  himself  or  suggested  by  the  viceroy,  for 
it  was  not  deemed  wise  to  speak  of  the  revolt  in  those 
days.'- 

Statlstics  of  live-stock  show  that  the  province  had 
in  1810  about  100,000  headof  large  animals— 132,000 
cattle,  25,000  horses,  and  3,000  mules — and  the  same 
number  of  small  animals,  chiefly  slieep.  Details  re- 
specting the  animals  of  the  riincho  del  rey  with  its 
branches  at  each  presidio  arc  very  incomplete;  but  I 
suppose  it  contained  from  11,000  to  13,000  head  of 
horses  and  cattle,  the  sales  of  which  yielded  a  net 
revenue  of  about  .^1 ,200  a  year.  The  position  assumed 
by  the  friars  and  approved  by  the  governor  respect- 

'n'\'h.  22,  _1811,  Arrillaga  to  Sanchez.  Piw.  Hcc,  MS.,  xi.  11.  To  the 
viceroy  in  181",  the  governor  speaks  of  the  revolution  as  the  cause  of  tlio 
suspension.  Id.,  ix.  ltil-2.  So  did  Prosident  Tapis  in  his  Iii/ormc  Jiiciinl, 
JSll-JJ,  MS.,  88,  and  Bandini,  JIi<  Cal.,  MS.,  115-10.  Sanchez  had 
applied  in  1807  for  retirement  from  the  naval  service.  His  petition  was  sent 
to  tlie  king  in  1810,  and  in  1811  he  was  granted  retirement  with  two  thirds 
corporal's  pay  on  condition  of  dedicating  himself  exclusively  to  the  hemp 
culture.  Pror.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  301;  Pror.  I!,,:,  MS.,  ix.  127.  What 
hecaiiie  of  him  I  know  not.  Neither  does  it  appear  what  was  done  with  tho 
largo  surplus  of  hemp  left  on  the  hubilitados'  hands  in  1810. 


I 


182 


INSTITUTIONS  AND  IXDUSTHinS. 


1 


i  '   i 


iii<;  <laiim!:r«f  <1ono  l>v  oattl»!  was  tliat  animals  found  in 
t!i(!  fields  l>y  ni;^dit  niiirjit  l)o  killed,  and  no  <'oin|K'nsa- 
tion  could  be  claimed.'^  It  appears  that  for  each  trs — 
stranu'elv  enou<;li  tlu!  Knidish  lan'aia<xo  has  no  word 
to  ex|tress  the  sinjjfular  <A'<'i(tt/r  slauufhtered  two  ivals 
had  to  he  paid  as  a  tithe,  an<l  it  was  a  disjmted  (juos- 
lion  whether  the  huvi-r  or  si-ller  was  to  i»av  it.'*  A 
peculiar  custom  was  that  which  induced  individuals 
not  carinjjf  to  lea<l  a  ranchero's  life  to  <rive  a  misHit)n 
a  numher  of  cattle  or  shei'p  on  condition  of  receiviui^ 
a  rei^ular  sujtply  for  meat.  Thus  (.'a|>tain  Ar«,Miello 
•:^av(;  Santa  l^drhara  a  hundred  sheep  and  was  to  re- 
ceive one  ovorv  week  durin*'  his  life.'^ 

The  most  important  topic  to  be  noted  in  connection 
with  stock-raisini,%  however,  was  the  slaughter  of 
horses  I'rom  ISOo  to  the  end  of  the  decade  to  prevent 
too  rajjid  an  increase.  President  Tapis  seems  to  have 
been  the  iirst  to  su,tj:L,'est  this  measure  in  ^Earcii  KSOy. 
The  susjfij^estion  was  followed,  thoui^h  how  many  horses 
were  killed  and  whose  horses  they  were,  does  not 
ap[)ear.*"  There  is  also  evidence  in  the  records  that 
some  horned  cattle  were  thus  slaughtered.  In  IMay 
]  80(5  Ignacio  Vallejo  went  to  Si  \  Jose  by  Arrillaga's 
«»rder  and  assembled  a  council  composed  of  the  town 
oflicers  and  eight  prominent  citizens  to  decide  how 
many  horses  were  n\ally  needed  and  to  make  arrange- 
ments for  killing  the  rest.  It  was  determined  to 
reserve  twentv-five  mares,  workiiiij  horses,  and  mules 

"5.  Jonf,  Patenlin,  MS.,  27-9. 

"/Voc.  Sf.  Pap.,  MS.,  xviii.  108-9. 

'^  J  ;■<•/(.  StuB.,  ix.,  4')L'-a 

'"Manh  1,  1805,  Tapis  to  Airillafra.  Arch.  Sfn  R,  MS.,  vi.  .1.')-n.  Sotno 
lioi'soH  killed  this  year.  Pror.  Pre,  MS.,  xi.  1'22.  Lan;^3ilorll'  Icariit'd  from 
Ariillaga  in  the  spring  of  ISfKJ  that  the  cattle  had  lieeome  so  luimerou.s  at  San 
I'runcisco,  Sta  Clara,  and  StJi  Cruz  that  he  had  sent  out  soldiers  and  lulled 
i2;),()()0.  I'oyd'jci,  ii.  170.  In  a  petition  of  the  llu.ssian-Aincrican  Company  to 
tlic  Spanish  court  it  is  stated  that  immense  herds  of  wild  cattle  and  horses 
range  through  the  country  aa  far  north  as  the  Columbia,  and  that  an  annual 
slaughter  of  10,()00  to  SO.OOO  head  has  been  ordered.  While  llczanof  was  in 
California  several  hundred  were  killed  merely  for  their  skins  in  which  to  pack 
bread  sold  to  the  Russians,  the  meat  being  tin'own  away.  Potirhiii,  Si(ei:k 
Poxii,  2,  .3.  r.  S.  Garcia  states  that  as  early  as  1S07  the  soldiers  found  large 
numbers  of  wild  horses  and  cattle  on  their  expeditions  into  the  interior.  Tai/- 
lor'd  JJkcov.  uiid  Found.,  ii.  No.  2o. 


t  i 


COMMi:ilCR. 


183 


foniHl  ill 
i)iii|K'iisa- 
[icll  rrs— 

no  word 
two  ivals 
tod  (juos- 
'  it.'*  A 
idividimls 
a  mission 
rt'tviviiiu; 
Aryiu'llo 
vas  to  ru- 

onnoftion 

lolitcr  of 

()  prevent 

IS  to  havo 

irch  lcS05. 

iny  horses 

[does  not 

ords  that 

In  May 

riHaga's 

K!  town 

cidc  how 

arran'jfe- 

ninutl    to 

nd  nuilcs 


35-0.     Rome 

Icanu'd  fnmi 

lermiH  at  Sail 

rs  and  Idlk'il 

Coiiinany  to 

lo  aiul  horsL'.i 

it  an  iinnual 

Ziinof  was  in 

lich  to  pack 

rhiii,  Silci:ie 

found  largo 

tciior.   Tai/- 


for  each  f>wiH'r,  or  MOO  lor  thc(  wiiole  ])Ui'hlo.  The 
missions  wore  also  authoi'i/cd  to  kill  inti-udini;'  horses. 
J^y  Juno,  r,r)00  animals  ha<l  heeii  killed,  and  tlio 
nieasnro  sooms  to  havo  eansod  mncli  relief.  The 
slauj^hter  was  extended  to  the  hor.ses  of  the  raneho 
<KI  rev,  hut  no  li;^airos  an;  <;iven.  In  IH07  similar 
orders  were  sent  to  J^raiieiforto  and  Santa  Barhara, 
and  larly  in  180S,  7,"J00  horses  iiad  hei;n  killed  in  the 
latter  (hstriet.  An  additional  slan^Iiter  of  ;j,;{0'J 
horses  at  Monterey  is  recorded  in  IHIO.'' 

Conmiercial  regulations  and  methods  exDorieneed 
no  modilieations  of  im[)()rtanee.  The  mos^  exeitin:^ 
element  Was  the  oonti'aliand  trade  with  .Vm<'riean 
Nessels,  a  t'»]»ic  on  which  I  have  alrt.'udy  j^iveu  all 
aocessihie  luformatlon  in  connection  with  each  voyaijfo. 
If  :s  eiioujjfh  to  say  here  that  mi  sionaties  and  set- 
tlers hartered  their  otter-skins  and  oiher  )»rodnets 
lor  miscellaneous  articles  anil  money  bron^ht  hy  the 
.Vmericans  whenever  the  opportunity  j)resented  itself, 
sometimes  with  and  sonietimes  without  the  consent 
oi'  knowledge  of  the  local  authorities.  The  oj)portu- 
nities  wore  not  frequent,  and  for  obvious  reasons  there 
are  no  figures  extant;  but  the  aggregate  amount  could 
not  have  l)een  lai'ge,  though  Shaler  in  1805  estimated 
that  $25,000  was  left  annually  by  the  traders  in  the 
two  Califoruias.  Trade  with  the  Russians  in  IHO() 
amounted  to  nearly  .sO,000,  and  the  contraband  natuin; 
of  the  operation  was  mitigated  by  the  governor's  a[>- 
proval.'^ 

"May  7,  180C,  An-illaga  to  comisionndo of  San  .Joai?.  May  lltli,  Gncrra  to 
Id.  S.  Josi',  Airh.,  MS.,  iii.  1)4-.").  ])t'ci.sion  of  tlic  junta  May  14tli.  /(/.,  iii. 
iKi;  J'ror.  St.  Pa/).,  liin.  Mil.,  MS.,  xxxvii.  (i,  7.  .June  oth  und  March  ■J4tli, 
Castro  to  governor.  Pror.  St.  J'ap.,  ^IS,,  xix.  77-S.  .hdy  ■J7tli,  order  to  kill 
liorscs  of  royal  runcho.  S.  Jos^,  An-h.,  MS.,  iii.  !).">.  Nov.  .'iO,  1S07,  governor 
ti>('iiiii.  of  Santa  Barbara.  Prov.  I've  MS.,  xi.  Vl'l.  July  10th  to  coniision- 
ado  of  lirancifortc.  Sta  Cruz,  Arrh.,  MS.,  10.  ISOS,  slaughter  at  Santa  15ar- 
liara.  St.  Pop.,  Mina.,  MS.,  iii.  .Vi.  June  '2.">,  181',  slaughter  at  Monterey. 
ExIiiilUh,  Doc.  Jlist.  Cal.,  MS.,  i.  !)0. 

'"Items  on  sinnggling.  May  15,  1805,  viceroy  to  governor,  contraband 
goods  l)clong  to  the  faithful  Hubjcet  of  the  king  who  niuy  .seize  tiieni,  or  at 
least  tiieir  full  value.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  00;  Pron.  Ilcc,  MS.,  ix.  08. 
April  14,  1803,  Id.  to  Id.,  sends  royal  order  of  Aug.  10,  180:2,  urging  great 
caro  to  prevent  smuggling.  Prur.  St.  Pup.,  xviii.  •J(i7.  Nov.  "20,  1804,  gov. 
advises  viceroy  of  cuntruband  goods  by  the  Vonccjicioii,  hidden  at  Santa  Bar- 


I 


lli 


,  I 


Mi! 


j,:  .,i.  I 


1S4 


INSTITUTIONS  AND  INDUSTRIES. 


Ttcspcoting  commercial  operations  carried  on  by 
means  of  the  San  Bias  transports,  aside  from  the 
regular  supplies  of  presidios  and  missions,  tliere  are 
occasional  notes  preserved  in  the  archives,  l)ut  no 
statistics.  In  1801,  with  the  viceroy's  approval,  an 
attempt  was  made  to  export  wheat  from  California  to 
San  Bias  by  certain  men  not  named  who  had  made  a 
contract  to  sui)[)ly  the  vessels  of  the  department  with 
</((/I<'t((,  or  shi[)'s  biscuit.  The  settlers  were  called 
up>n  by  Arrillaga  for  a  statement  of  the  quantity 
they  could  furnish  and  the  price.  In  reply  the  set- 
tlers of  Los  Angeles  and  the  rancheros  of  that  reoion 
offered  2,270  fanegas  at  $2.50.  There  is  no  record 
that  any  shipment  was  made,  and  no  reason  is  given 
for  the  failure  of  the  })roject.  This  same  year,  how- 
over,  the  officers  of  the  transports  were  ordered  to 
take  on  board  at  San  Bias  only  such  supplies  as  were 
necessary  for  the  voyage  northward,  in  order  that 
provisions  for  the  return  voyage  might  be  bought  in 
California;  and  accordingly  in  August  and  September 
Captain  Saavedra  obtained  sujiplies,  chiefly  of  Hour, 
for  two  vessels.  The  mills  of  San  Jose  were  kept 
running  day  and  night,  but  there  seems  to  have  been 


! 


J 


bara  ami  Ortega's  raiicho.  April  0,  180i),  viceroy  wants  to  know  more  about 
it.  /(/.,  xix.  50.  Doc.  '2'2,  18(Ki,  (tov.  to  coiuinaiKlantd,  urging  obcdioncc  to  tlio 
laws,  lias  heard  that  maize  anil  cattle  from  California  have  bccnsoltlat  Capo 
San  Liicasand  in  tlio  Samlwich Islands.  Id.,  xix.  1  TJ-l.'}.  Oct.  'J7, 1907,  viceroy 
to  Ciov.,  the  king  has  ordered  a  system  of  premiums  which  will  close  the  port 
to  smugglers;  therefore  tlie  onler  of  ISO."),  giving  contral)and  goods  to  those 
wlio  seize  them,  is  repealed.  /(/.,  xix.  "203.  Canci'lada,  ilnuiaili'  la  Xueni 
JC^jiculn,  47-")'i,  writes  in  ISII  of  the  commercial  advantages  of  California 
which  are  being  wasted  tln'ough  the  foolish  policy  of  Spain.  He  says  that  in 
six  months  of  ISOi),  11,10.")  packages  of  produce,  with  .'i?-l,187  in  money,  were 
l)rougl)t  in  nine  vessels  from  tlic  Californias;  and  mentions  an  American  ship 
wliicli  brought  a  cargo  to  California  about  180S,  thereby  doing  an  injury  of 
!i?;UK),000  to  ^Icxican  manufactures.  Khlebnikof,  Zajiid-i,  l-lo-d,  gives  the  lol- 
lowingas  the  prices  paid  and  received  on  this  occasion:  Hour,  per  arrol)a  {'2o  lbs. ), 
i<\.M  to  .S'i;  lard  and  tallow,  8-;  salt,  •2.")e. ;  wool,  .^i2;  dried  meat  .si;  wheat, 
per  fanega  (about  l.T)  bush.),  li?2;  ))arley,  .^1.30;  pease  and  beans,  from  !?1.75 
to  .?;{;  otter-skins,  eacli  §5.  Kussian  goods:  linen  per  piec-?,  !?;{];  canvas, 
S-.");  tliick  cloth,  per  (irnhlii,  §,'1;  cotton  handkerchicf.-i,  .■?!  to  .^i2;  needles  jicr 
thousand,  )?4;  Siberian  boots  per  ))idr,  8");  crosscut-saws,  $1');  axes,  .f!l.,"/0; 
ticking,  per  arshin,  oOe.  In  ISO.']  a  re<luction  in  the  prices  of  many  articles 
from  tlie  last  ai'an<?el  was  suggested  but  there  is  no  record  of  any  action. 
I'ror.  .'it.  P(ip.,  Ms.,  xviii,  "JKi.  In  1800,  a  year  of  scarcity,  the  tari  11' prices 
were  considerably  raised.  /(/.,  IJeii.  JUL,  xxxix.  G. 


TRADE  REGULATIONS. 


183 


considerable   difficulty   in   oetting   all   that  was  rc- 
q'Mi-ed.^'* 

In  April  1803,  the  viceroy  issued  orders  calculated 
to  favor  trade  by  the  transports  and  to  reform  certain 
abuses.  It  seems  that  the  officers  and  crews  had, 
contrary  to  the  naval  regulations,  been  accustomed  to 
monopolize  the  California  trade.  They  were  now 
strictly  prohibited  from  trading  at  all,  or  from  refus- 
ing to  carry  the  goods  of  traders  and  private  persons, 
which  must  be  taken  on  board  whenever  there  was 
room  after  the  supplies  of  presidios  and  missions  had 
been  provided  for.'"^*^  As  to  the  advantage  taken  by 
private  individuals  of  this  regulation  very  little  can 

"Feb.  4,  1801,  viceroy  authorizes  exportation  of  1,000  fan.  or  more  of 
wlifat  for  S.  Bias.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  Jlni.  Mil.,  MS.,  xxxii.  '2.  Fob.  lltli,  Ani- 
Ihi^ii  orilorod  by  V.  R.  to  call  on  tlic  settlers  for  a  statement  of  what  tiicy 
can  ilo.  J'roi'.  St.  Pnp.,  MS.,  xviii.  71.  April  10th,  Arrillaga's  conniuniica- 
tiun  ou  the  subject,  with  documents  on  past  subjects.  .S'.  Jom',  Arch.,  MS.,  v, 
{')-\\\.  July  '20tli,  list  of  names  sent  to  (tov.  from  Los  Anyeles,  with  amounts 
each  can  furnish.  The  Ortegas  took  the  lead  with  .'JOO  fanegas.  Among  tho 
laiuheros  were  Felix,  Nicto,  the  two  Verdugos,  Reyes,  and  I'olanco,  oUbring 
from  100  to  200  fan.  each;  and  10  others,  most  if  not  all  settlers  in  tho 
pueblo,  oflcred  from  40  to  200  fan.  each.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xviii.  50.  Aug. 
and  (Jet.  1801,  connnunications  between  connnandant  of  Muntcrey  and  conii- 
sionado  of  S.  Jose  about  the  supplies  for  Saavedra's  vessels.  S.  Jotie,  Arch., 
MS.,  V.  4,  5,  13,14. 

^"  April  ;J0,  1803,  viceroy  to  the  comisario  of  San  Bias.  Pror.  St.  Pap., 
MS.,  xix.  80-4.  It  was  ordered  at  the  same  time,  however,  that  private 
goods  must  pay  legular  rates  of  freight,  as  n.  .st  also  mission  exports,  tho 
invoices  of  mission  and  presidio  sup])lies  being  exempt.  Juno  20,  1.S0.3, 
Arrillaga  to  comisario  of  S.  Bias  to  similar  ell'ect.  Arch.  Sfa  li.,  MS.,  xii.  I."), 
l(i.  July  4,  1804,  (iov.  to  viceroy  in  answer  to  a  communication  on  the  .sanio 
.sul>jcct  dated  May  1st.  In  taking  articles  from  California  tho  prodnctof  tithes 
and  other  royal  property  mu.st  have  the  preference.  Prvv.  lte<-.,  MS.,  ix.  4.'>-0. 
.Inly  2,  1804,  vague  reference  to  an  order  to  form  pii<  rios  riifiiores  in  Calif(n'- 
nia.  Ill,  ix.  44.  Some  chalk  sent  to  Cal.  in  1803.  Pror.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix. 
2il.").  F(mr  hundred  and  ninety-one  otter-skins  shipped  from  San  Dieu'o  in 
1S()3.  JJt'jit.  St.  Pap.,  Pre/,  y  Jkm/.,  MS.,  v.  77.  June  30,  ISOO,  President 
T.ipis  to  padres,  announcing  that  mission  exports  will  he  received  by  the  vcs- 
sils  in  proportion  to  the  nmnl-'r  of  head  of  live-stock  owned  by  eacli;  but 
any  mission  sending  less  than  its  pro]ii)rtion  might  ceile  its  surplus  ]iri\il('go 
to  another.  May  7.  1807,  this-  principle  was  ajiplied  when  the  vessels  could 
take  hut  1,.300  packages.  Arvh.  S'a,  11,  MS.,  x.  147  ."lO.  April  2.'),  ISOS,  >io 
auclioiage  eiuii-gcs  at  Acapulco,  San  Bias,  or  Calif(U'nian  ports.  Pror.  St. 
Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  244-").  Admiralty  dues  exacted  (?).  /-/.,  xix.  3(K).  180S, 
anotlier  call  upon  San  Josi"' for  wheat  and  tlmn' for  the  transports.  ,S'.  J<i>;'-, 
yl/v/i.,  :\[S.,  iii.  02-3.  Sept.  7,  1S08,  tribunal  do  euentas  decides  that  no 
coin  need  be  .sent  to  California  f(n'  the  purchase  of  supplies,  as  loans  can  bo 
had  from  the  padres,  repayable  at  S.  lUas.  Sui)plies  bought  nnist  be  of  good 
i|uality  and  less  than  tarill'  rates  may  be  paid  iu  years  of  abundance.  I'rnr. 
St.  Pap.,  .MS.,  xix.  ,?30-41.  Goods  not  properly  registered  subject  to  contis- 
cation.  /(/.,  xix.  270. 


^  I 


186 


INSTITUTIONS  AND  INDUSTRIES. 


bo  known;  but  various  accounts  and  invoices  of  goods 
from  Mexico  and  Toj)ic,  preserved  in  the  archives  of 
the  family,  show  that  from  as  early  a  date  as  1808 
Jose  de  la  Guerra  was  in  the  habit  of  receiving  quite 
extensive  consi<jfnmcnts.  He  had  an  uncle  in  trade  at 
the  city  of  Mexico,  whose  clerk  he  had  formerly  been, 
and  it  is  not  unlikely  that  the  ventures  were  on  joint 
account  of  the  two.-^^  Goycoechea  in  his  report  of 
1805  called  attention,  as  otiiers  had  done  before  him, 
to  the  necessity  of  an  outlet  for  California  ])roduce, 
and  j)roposed  that  a  separate  vessel  be  devoted  to  that 
special  purpose.  The  vessel  was  not  forthcoming. ^- 
Financial  statistics  may  be  expressed  in  round  num- 
bers, with  a  not  altogether  satisfactory  approximation 
to  accuracy,  as  follows:  Annual  appropriations  from 
the  royal  treasury  from  $G3,000  to  C58G,000,  the  in- 
crease offeree  in  1805  costing  about  $23,000;-'^  amount 
of  supplies  in  prcsidial  warehouses  as  per  annual  inven- 
tories, 8G0,000  to  .$90,000;  amount  of  supplies  received 
annually  from  the  missions  and  paid  for  chiefly  in 
drafts  on  INIexico,  about  $18,000.  Supplies  from  the 
pueblos,  of  which  there  are  no  accounts,  besides  doubt- 
less some  additional  supplies  from  missions,  were  paid 
for  in  goods.  Of  these  goods  about  63,000  or  $10,000 
worth  came  each  year  fi'om  San  Bias,  and  the  rest, 
including  a  small  quantity  of  silver  coin,  from  ]\Icxico 
in  iiTogular  amounts  varying  according  to  needs  from 
$20,000  to  6100,000.'*  Revenue  was  derived  from 
difl'erent  sources  ajiproximately  as  follows:  sales  of 
cattle  from  the  rancho  del  rey,  $1,200;  sales  of  tobacco 
in  the  form  of  cigarros  and  puros  and  jiohvs"^ — that 
is,  cigarettes,  cigars,  and  snuif,  for  the  Spaniar<ls  did 

^^  Guerra,  Doc.  Hid.  CiL,  MS.;  iii.  30-4,  .•}0-40. 

^'  (I'ojjcoerhea,  ^fe(lio■^  para  li  Fomciito  ih'  Cul.,  IHOJ,  MS.,  24-5. 

"Th'o  exact  figures  in  ISOo  were  §():!,<.);}0,  ami  in  IS08,  SSO.OM 

^'  References  for  prcsidial  accounts  have  been  given  ii.  connection  with  the 
lociil  annals  of  each  iircsidio.  ilost  of  them  arc  found  in  Prov.  St.  Puii., 
Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  xxix.-li. 

"It  is  to  be  noted  that  the  Spaniards  used  the  term  c'ujarrox  for  the  small 
iiapci-covered  rolls  of  tobacco  connnonly  known  an  'cigarettes'  in  French  and 
English,  using  the  diminutive  chjurritos  only  occasionally  and  eoUofiuially, 


FINANCES. 


187 


aa 


not  chew  the  weed — $7,000;  postal  revenue,  $400; 
tithes,  $2, uOO;'*'  sale  of  papal  indulgences  $450;  total, 
$11,550,  not  including  the  revenue  from  gunpowder 
and  playing-cards^^  which  in  the  later  years  of  the 
decade  may  have  increased  tlie  sum  to  $12,000,  paitl 
hy  drafts  of  the  habilitado  of  Monterey  as  adminis- 
trator of  revenue  on  the  royal  treasury,  which  drafts 
were  charged  in  the  next  year's  invoices. 

In  October  1801  the  viceroy  ordered  ^Manuel  Car- 
cnba,  the  first  habilitado  general  of  Californias  iu 
^[exico,  to  delay  his  prop(jsed  departure  to  S})ain 
until  a  successor  could  be  chosen,  it  being  deemed 
inexpedient  to  intrust  the  large  amount  of  api)ropria- 
tions  to  an  official  acting  ad  interim.  At  the  same 
time  instructions  were  sent  to  California  to  have  an 


while  our  ' cigars '  were  known  to  them  as  puran.  Nov.  2,  1801,  governor  coui- 
jilaiiii  of  HOiircity  of  toluicco  in  California.  Dee.  2"2il.  vioc^i'oy  ."ends  a  rej)r)rt 
iVdiii  tlie  director  dc  tabacos,  wiio  says  that  there  were  in  California  Jan.  1st 
():), (;.■!.■{  jKipera  of  puros  and  8:t,:$'22  boxes  of  eigari'oa  which  he  t!ioiii;lit  woidd 
lie  ciioii",'!!;  ))iit  ho  has  .sent  2t  cases,  containing  108, KdO  papers  of  ci:,'arros,  as 
:iii  additional  supply.  Pror.  St.  Pop.,  MS.,  xviii.  lol-2,  ISUI.  ('apt.  Josii 
-Aruiiello  adniinistrador  general  do  la  rcnta  del  tabaco.  Id.,  Den.  Mil.,  xxviii. 
8.    \et  proceeds  of  sales  for  1805,  87,059.  /(A,  xxxiii.  11. 

'■'^  1804,  Jos6  Argiiello  adniinistrador  do  cstafeta.  I'rov.  St.  Pap.,  Pn.iii/., 
MS,,  ii.  ,'j;).  July  20,  1807,  governor  to  commandant  of  Santa  IJiirbara.  Mails 
.•iniving  at  tlio  presidio  nnist  be  despatclietl  in  24  hours,  with  ii  noto  in  the 
itiiieriny  showing  time  of  arrival  and  departure.  Also  a  niiiii  i/i:  rcloriio.  Pior. 
A'".,  MS.,  xi.  117.  Nov.  0,  1807,  orders  fur  courier  escorts  to  remain  with  t!io 
j:;iard  of  a  station  until  the  escort  to  the  next  station  returns  to  relieve  them. 
J'ror.  St.  P<ip.,  MS.,  xix.  207. 

■■''Jan.  ',\,  1805,  he  who  does  not  deliver  the  tithe  cattle  at  the  gate  of  the 
corral  for  the  i>urch;;ser  will  have  to  pay  for  delays  or  expenses.  S.  Joii',  Arr/i., 
.MS.,  ii.  84.  1805,  tithes  on  205  head  of  cattle,  increase  of  this  year,  are.'ij_'7. 
J'rur.  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  xix.  182.  Of  taxes  other  than  tithes  there  is  very  little 
oM  record.  July  1,  1802,  bishop  transmits  an  order  imposing  a  tax  on  certain 
iiilieritances;  S.  Antimio,  Doc.  Suelto.f,  MS.,  30-7;  Arch.  Sid  B.,  MS.,  v.  (18- 
7l>;  vi,  208-;tOH.  Dec.  31,  1804,  governor  orders  that  the  tax  of  25  cents  on 
each  rc-t  killed  be  no  longer  exacted.  S.  Jose,  Arch.,  MS.,  ii.  83;  Proi'.  St. 
yVy;.,  MS.,  xviii.  108. 

-"  Feb.  20,  1807,  recommendation  that  powderand  cards  be  put  on  the  same 
basis  as  tobacco,  the  administrator's  connnission  to  be  8  jier  cunt  on  powder 
and  5  jier  cent  on  cards,  of  which  other  habilitiidos  were  to  get  5  and  3  ])er 
tent  resi)ectively  on  sales  away  from  the  capital.  J'ror.  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  xix. 
1!M»  5.  Sept.  3,  1807,  habilitado  of  Monterey  to  factor  de  tabacos  at  (liiada- 
l:ij,\ra.  As  it  has  been  decided  to  place  powder  and  cards  in  estam-o,  he  a.-^ks 
f'lr  (10  arrobas  of  tino  powilerand  30  gross  of  cards.  E-<lit(lillo,  J>w.  I  list.  ( '<il., 
•Ms.,  i.  1 1,").  Jan.  7,  1808,  comisionado  of  S.  Jose  may  sell  powder  to  .settlers 
at  .•<l  per  pound,  always  recording  the  (puintity  sold  and  the  bnyei-'s  name. 
N.  -Iitsr,  Arch.,  MS.,  ii'i.  72.  Aug.  8,  1808,  powder  to  be  added  to  tolcicco 
aih'\inistintion.  Pror.  Pec,  MS.,  ix.  108.  1809,  playing-card  revenue:  720 
paiks  sold  at  50  cts.;  commission,  $28.75.  St.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  v.  111. 


188 


INSTITUTIONS  AND  INDUSTRIES. 


;  I'l 


1-  ! 


■]  :  '; 


\l 


r\ 


election  held  at  once,  since  tlie  general  was  to  bo 
elected  by  the  connnissioned  officers  of  the  four  pre- 
sidios and  was  to  retain  his  rank  and  place  on  the  rolls 
of  his  company.  The  vote  was  unanimous,  except 
tliat  of  the  candidate  himself,  for  Goycoechea  of  San- 
ta I^jirbara,  who  was  notified  of  liis  election  in  June 
and  sailed  from  San  Diego  in  October  1802.  In  1804 
his  salary  for  the  whole  term  was  fixed  at  .^1,200  i)er 
year;  and  he  held  the  position  until  appointed  gover- 
nor of  Baja  California  in  September  1805.^'  Captain 
Pablo  Vicente  de  Sola,  the  same  who  afterward  camo 
to  California  as  governor,  was  named  to  hold  the 
office  temporarily,  and  again  the  Californians  were 
called  to  express  their  choice.  A  formal  consent  was 
forwarded  for  Sola  to  serve  ad  interim.  A  new  election 
was  held  in  180G,  and  in  Novemberof  that  year  Captaiu 
RodriLfuez  of  San  Dieijfo  sailed  for  Mexico  to  assume 
the  position  early  in  1807.^  Rodriguez  quarrelled  occa- 
sionally with  various  officials  in  Mexico,"'*  though  ho 
seems  to  ha\3  given  satisfaction  to  the  habilitados; 
but  in  May  1810,  the  four  years'  term  having  appar- 
ently been  adopted,  he  was  defeated  as  a  candidate 
for  reelection  by  Lieutenant  Guerra  y  Noriega.''^    Sail- 


■•"Oct.  20,  1801,  viceroy  to  Crtrcaba.  Drpf.  Sf.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  ^IS., 
Ixxxvi.  M.  The  Argiiellos  niul  lluiz  vote  for  (loycoeclica.  Otliers  leave  the 
clioico  to  Arrillaga.  I'ror.  Sf.  Pup.,  lUn.  Mil.,  AIS.,  xxxii.  0,  10-13.  Ony 
coeclica  goes  to  ^lexico.  Prov.  ]{(<•.,  MS.,  xi.  00,  9'2.  July  31,  1804,  viceroy 
fixes  salary  at  !?1,'2I)0.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  Jim.  Mil.,  MS.,  xxxiv.  1.  Maile  gov- 
ernor of  15.  California,  ISO.").  Prov.  St.  Pa)).,  MH.,  xix.  10-12.  The  vicen.y 
expre.'ises  satisfaetion  at  his  management,  leaving  his  hondsmen  secure,  Aug. 
1(),  ISOO,  allows  him  to  he  sworn  in  as  governor  of  13.  Califoiiiia  in  Mexico. 
Pn,r.  SI.  Pup.,  MS.,  xxii.  20. 

'''''  It  seems  tliat  before  Sola's  appointment  it  had  been  proposed  to  appoint 
Jose  Francisco  lloilriguez,  to  whom,  however,  the  officers  of  California  objected. 
Pr('V.  St.  I'op.,  MS.,  xix.  50.  Sola's  appointment  known  in  California,  Sept. 
1805.  J.  V.  Arieta  was  to  act  in  Sola's  ab.sence.  LI.,  xix.  12,  72;  Pror.  L'ir., 
MS.,  X.  4,  5;  ix.  (10.  Sept.  20th,  Arrillaga  calls  on  the  commandant  to  decide 
if  Solasliall  starve  as  iiifcriiio  or  jiropriilario.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  12,  13. 
Oct.  Kith,  the  Argiiellos  approve  of  Sola  as  intcrino.  Id.,  xix.  41.  Sola 
assumed  the  duties  iu  December  1805.  A/.,  i/en.  il/(7.,  MS.,  xxvii.;  Prov.  Ili-r., 
MS.,  viii.  SI.  Jiin.  2,  1800,  Arrillaga  to  viceroy,  thinks  an  election  should  be 
Iield  every  four  years.  Prov.  Hcc,  MS.,  i.x.  72.  Rodriguez  elected  and  his 
departure.  Id.,  ix.  114;  Prov.  St.  i^r;5.,MS.,  xix.  103.  Sola  still  acting,  Jan. 
1807,  and  Rodriguez  in  July.  Id.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  xxxvii.  30-7. 

"'  <Ui<rra,  Poc.  lli.-'t.  Cul.,  MS.,  iv.  172,  a  private  letter  of  Arrillaga. 

'^'^  Prov.  liic,  MS.,  ix.  121,  120.     He  was  notified  to  prepare  for  departure 


mLITARY. 


189 


iiig  on  tlic  transport  of  that  autumn,  Gucrra  was 
captured  b}^  the  insurgents  of  San  Bias  and  did  not 
succeed  in  reaching  the  city  of  Mexico.  IMeanwhilo 
]todriguoz  died  in  September,  and  Josd  Ignacio  do 
( )rniaechea  was  named  to  serve  ad  interim.^  In  meth- 
ods employed  by  the  habilitado  general  in  the  for- 
waiding  supplies  and  keeping  accounts  there  are  no 
important  changes  to  be  noted;  nor  is  there  anytliing 
of  general  interest  in  the  application  of  those  methods, 
but  I  append  a  few  minor  items.''* 

In  1 800,  as  wc  have  seen,  the  effective  military  force 
in  California  was  372  men,  including  00  invalids. 
During  this  decade  the  company  of  Catalan  volun- 
teers was  withdrawn,  and  the  cavalry  companies  were 
increased  b}'-  about  00  men.  In  1810  the  total  force 
Avas  412  men,  classed  as  follows:  1  lieutenant-colonel, 
2  captains,  1  absent  in  Mexico,  1  surgeon,  4  lieuten- 
;  uts,  4  alfereces,  or  sub-lieutenants,  9  sergeants,  -31 
(•(trporals,  4  cadets,  242  privates,  3  mechanics,  and  1 
bkeder — or  in  all  302  men  of  the  presidial  companies, 
Do  invalids,  and  15  artillerymen.'^    The  reenforcement 

find  furnished  with  a  passport  on  Aug.  31st.  Gucrm,  Doc.  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.  iii. 
till;  ['rov.  7.Vc.,  MS.,  xi.  6. 

•'^Nov.  21,  1810,  decree  of  viceroy.  It  is  also  ordered  that  the  man 
elected  in  California  must  give  bonds  of  $0,000,  and  that  two  men  in  Mexico 
lo  elected  at  the  same  time  as  the  general,  one  of  Mlioni  may  take  his  place  in 
case  of  death.    A  new  election  is  ordered.   I'ruc.  St.  J'ap.,  MS.,  xix.  'J.^S-U, 

^*  Among  the  presidial  supplies  for  1800  needed  are  named  wliite  snuar, 
1'anocha,  rice,  shrimps,  pease,  peanuts,  tamarinds,  honej-,  and  lirandy.  White 
su^^ar  in  loaves  was  often  packed  in  grass  and  wrapped  with  palm-leaves  and 
hides.  Papocha  sometimes  came  in  buckets  lined  with  cloth.  I'rov,  Si.  Pup.. 
MS.,  xviii  '"  June  30,  1802,  Sanchez  complains  that  the  halnlitado  of 
Monterey  overcharges  for  cloth.  /(/. ,  xviii.  21.").  Luggage  of  oHicers  and 
recruits  transported  free,  and  necessary  expenses  alloweil  in  the  tH<niori(i.<. 
A ppioved  by  viceroy  Feb.  11,  1803.  (,'iiirra.  Dor.  JliM.  C((/.,  MS.,  iii.  171-4. 
April  27,  1805,  President  Monterde  of  royal  board  of  auditors  informs  An  i- 
llaga  that  accounts  of  each  year  must  be  sent  in  first  three  months  of  next 
under  penalty  of  suspension  of  salary  to  olVcnding  oflicer.  I'ror.  St.  /'(iji., 
Jldi.  Mil.,  MS.,  xxxiv.  28.  Jime  12  180."),  tribunal  de  euentas  decides  that 
without  the  viceroy's  orders  no  extraordinary  expense,  for  presidial  rejiairs, 
etc.,  can  be  incurred.  Certain  items  of  accounts  diapproved.  J'ror.  St.  /'cp., 
Ms.,  xix.  07-8.  Feb.  18,  1807,  niemorias  for  California  must  be  sent  to  San 
]".as  frnm  Mexico  in  December,  and  the  vessels  to  sail  in  February.  Jil.,  xix. 
t-'lO;  fit.,  Ben.  Mil.,  xxxvii.  40.  Feb.  22,  1801),  habilitado  cannot  maki^  any 
]iuyiiient  or  incur  expenses,  except  in  very  urgent  circumstances,  without  the 
cdnnnandant's  approval.  Pror,  AVr.,  MS.,  xi.  131. 

'-■This  is  the  statement  for  Dee.   1,  1810,  in  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  Ben,  Mil., 


100 


INSTITUTIONS  AND  INDUSTRIES. 


<tf  1 805  included  three  daptains,  one  for  each  of  the  pre- 
sidial  companies  except  that  of  Monterey,  but  one  (>f 
the  tliree  served  in  Mexico  as  habihtado  general.  No 
successor  to  Carrillo  was  appointed,  and  thus  Captain 
.fo.se  Arguello  was  the  only  officer  of  that  rank  actually 
.serving  in  California  during  this  decade.  The  chief 
cNonts  of  the  period  from  a  militaiy  point  of  view 
were  the  battle  at  San  Diego  with  the  LeVia  Bynf, 
the  departure  of  the  volunteers,  the  reenforcement 
of  the  presidial  companies,  and  the  formation  of  a 
company  of  militia  artillery  in  1805,'"'  all  of  which 
have  been  sufficiently  described;  and  in  the  current 
connnunications  on  matters  of  military  system  and 
routine  I  find  nothing  that  requires  notice  here. 

As  the  proposals  to  separate  the  political  and  mili- 
taiy jurisdictions  of  Upper  and  Lower  California 
were  a  leading  to])ic  of  consideration  in  the  last  decade, 
so  the  carrying-out  of  that  separation  in  1804  was  a 
leading  feature  of  this,  so  far  as  affairs  of  government 
were  ct)ncerned.^''  But  this  division  involved  no  chanue 
whatever  in  the  civil  government  of  Alta  California. 
Both  in  1801  and  in  180'J  there  are  indications  that 
California  was  accorded  a  right  of  re]>resentation  in 
Spain,  but  there  is  no  evidence  that  any  steps  were 

MS.,  xliv.  2,  3,  anil  .igrees  very  nearly  \\ith  the  summaries  given  in  previoiw 
chapters  for  each  of  the  four  presidio-s.  Hunil)oUlt,  l^nfai  Pd.,  ii.  iSl'2,  gives  the 
total  force  for  about  1804  as 'J'J.*?.  In  I'inri/cn,  JiiatnicclniieK,  l.S,'),  it  is  given 
as  \1'.H  for  180.S.  Tlie  increase  of  force  ordered  in  April  1805  included  .'1 
c:iptains,  "2  ser;;eants,  1(>  corporals,  and  To  privates.  /'/■(;(•.  .S7.  I'Kp.,  ^MS.,  xix. 
47-i*.  'i  he  volunteer  company  left  the  ewintry  in  180;!.  In  1801  it  included 
.S  ofliccrs,  ;{  sergeants,  8  corporals,  2  drunnners,  and  5,")  ))rivates,  71  men  in 
all.  J<l.,  /j<>i.  Mil.,  \\\i.  Irt;  .\x.\ii.  1.  The  artillery  detachment  numheied 
18,  except  in  1804,  until  180!)  when  the  nnnilicr  i.s  givi  n  as  l.'t.  Jd.,  xl.  II. 
Aug.  21,  1807,  Lieut.  IJoea  asks  for  permits  for  4  mi  n  to  go  witli  him  to 
^Mexico,  to  he  rei)laecd  hy  otliers.  Only  2  seem  to  have  sailed.  J'rur,  SI. 
I'll)!.,  MS.,  xix.  20(i,  217.  'Ihc  pay  of  the  new  forces  was:  ea[)tain,  .I^L.^OO; 
alti'rez,  !r?400;  .sergeaiit,  $2G2..jO;  corporal,  §22.");  soldier,  ij217.oO.  I'l-or.  SI. 
I'up.,  lien.,  :\IS.,ii.  20. 

^''See  chaj).  ii.,  this  volinne,  on  the  artillery  company.  Jose  ]\laria  Pomero 
was  a  member  of  tlie  com|)any,  and  he  says  he  served  three  years,  receivini; 
pay  and  rations  like  other  soldiers.  Jioim  :•<>,  Jhniorhi.t,  M.S.,  ],2.  Tiii:^  iri 
the  only  evidence  I  have  seen  to  show  that  any  actual  service  was  performed 
by  the  militia. 

■■''  See  chap,  ii.,  of  thia  volume. 


OOVKRNMENT, 


101 


taken  to  utilize  that  privilei^e.^'  In  tlio  matter  of  local 
or  municipal  (government,  as  illustrated  by  the  archives 
of  San  Jo.se,  I  append  in  a  note  a  few  minor  com- 
munications which  as  will  be  seen  show  no  special 
modiiications  of  system  or  mcthods,^'^  unless  it  may  bo 
in  the  election  of  pueblo  alcaldes  by  lot  IVoni  three 
candidates. 

There  were  no  civil  nor  criminal  cases  in  the  Cali- 
fornian  administration  of  justice,  which  merit  citation 
as  cavscs  ccfchrcs,  though  a  few  may  be  noted  as  illus- 
trating public  morals.*"    Tlie  use  of  intoxicating  li(|uors 


"'  I*cc.  12,  1801,  governor  to  viceroy,  Icanis  that  the  kin;,'  iillows  him  to 
nppoiiit  ;v  (le!er;ato  for  tlic  presidios  of  Alta  ('ulii'oniia.  /'lor.  V.Vc,  .MS.,  x. 
].').  ISOO,  dccreo  tiiat  t!ic  provinces  of  tiie  American  dominions  Bliall  have 
national  representation.  A/.,  ix.  IK!. 

'■"*  April  4,  KSOl,  clioico  of  regidor  disapproved  by  commandant,  and  new 
ck'ctiou  ordered.  Jfoiilo-ci/  Jiiario,  M.S.,  'JS.  Nov.  (Jtii,  the  alcalde  has  not 
f^ivcn  satisfaction,  and  an  invalid  may  he  eiiosen.  S.  Jom',  Arnt.,  MS.,  v.  11). 
IVli.  'JO,  l.'i02,  a  vara  (lejmtiria  n)ay  he  hoiiglit  for  .'?"2..")n.  /(/. ,  iv.  i'l.  ISOvJ, 
invalids  may  ho  chosen  for  puehlo  oliicials  if  they  nie  willing,  hut  tliey  can- 
not he  forced  to  serve.  They  must,  however,  perform  their  part  of  com- 
munity work.  Prop.  St.  Pap.,  MS,,  xviii.  ](il;  Stu  Cruz,  An/i.,  MS.,  17;  .s". 
Jo.sr,  Arch.,  MS.,  iv.  .39.  Jan.  1,  1804,  the  carrying  of  'hehhKpies'  or  dag- 
gens  in  hoot  or  helt  prohibiteil.  J'ror.  St.  J'cp.,  AIS.,  xviii.  Xu).  Klectiim  of 
t.iwn  ofiicials  at  ].,o3  Angeles  approved  by  commandant  of  Santa  l):irhara. 
//.,  xviii.  .'^70.  1S04-O,  alcaldes  to  be  chosen  by  lot  from  three  candidates  i;i 
p-,d)lio  junta.  S.  Josd,  Anh.,  MS.,  iii.  22,  85;  v.  3.  Dec.  lS0<i,  the  com- 
iii:'.nd:'.nt  nnist  see  hosv  every  settler  lives  and  supports  his  family,  correcting 
iiiin  if  need  be.  Prnv.  St.  Pap.,  M.S.,  xix.  10{),  111.  Police  measures  fur 
•\ngcle:!,  June  21,  1809.  No  one  must  go  through  the  town  on  horsdiack 
after  S  i".  :m.,  unless  ho  can  prove  the  honesty  of  his  errand.  J<L,  Ji<ii.  Mil., 
xl.  2(5.  1809,  choice  of  alcalde  and  regidores  disapproved  by  comandaiite. 
EMiiiUlh,  Doc.  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  i.  SO. 

•"'  ISOl,  sentence  of  a  man  for  having  stabbed  Lieut.  Sal.  Prov.  St.  P<'i>., 
Ilcn.  Mil,  MS.,  XXX.  21.  Cost  of  supporting  Indian  pri.soners  in  1802,  .SO'.W. 
/''.,  XXK.  22.  Jan.  180,1,  there  were  27  jinsidirtrion  at  S.  Diego,  four  for  nnir- 
ili  r,  but  most  for  stealing  lior.=es.  /'/. ,  xxxi.  H,  4.  Dee.  4,  ISO.'t,  Piidre  Cipn's 
i;.il;:i  that  an  Iiulian  murderess  be  allowed  to  serve  out  her  tinu;  of  six  years 
in  t:;e  tnission  ?»o)yVr('n.  Arch.  Arziih.,  MS.,  ii.  .'!2.  1S04,  Indian  nniniei-r 
of  San  Francisco  given  eight  years  in  chains  at  S.  Diego.  Ji/.,  xxxiv.  14,  \~i. 
*  lovenior  proposes  torture  of  a  woman  who  refu.ses  to  confess  a  nnudci'.  /'•/■. 
/>.■.,  ;MS.,  ix.  4H.  ISO"),  murderer,  Ignacio  ^Ii>ntes  de  Oca,  .'^cuieiued  to  10 
y'  ;.r.-i'  imprisonment  for  murder  of  Tomi'is  Matamoras.  /(/.,  ix.  (10-1.  Soldier 
tor  violating  his  step-daughter  sentenced  to  public  works,  and  died  in  a 
ycj- working  as  a  tailor  in  chains.  Aniailur,  Mmi.,  MS.,  220.  ISOO,  a  woniim 
i.iHcil  her  cousin  because  that  cousin  rcmiiideil  her  of  her  de;id  daughtir. 
A.i  the  Indians  were  always  incensed  ;it  Ix'ing  reminded  of  de.'id  friends;  as 
th'  re  v.us  no  premeditated  murder;  as  the  woman  w;ih  a  (  hiistian  of  nnly  fniir 
ytavii'  stamling;  and  as  she  had  taken  I'liurch  a.sylum.  Fiscal  J\ui/.  asked  tiiat 
tlic  .';i>ntence  be  six  years  in  shackles.  C';irlos  Antonio  Carrillo,  tlicn  a  unhhvlo 
'f'  tiiiijiiii/o,  was  clerk  in  this  case.  Prnv.  S>.  Pn/t.,  /li  ii.  Mil.,  MS.,  xx.wii. 
!'  11.  Indian  murder  case  at  San  Miguel.  I'ror.  St.  I'liji.,  MS.,  vix.  l(jt)-8. 
Two  citizens  of  Los  Angeles  on  trial  lor  crini.  con.  with  married  women  and 


I  ' 


102 


INSTITUTIONS  AND  INDUSTRIES. 


and  indulgence  in  gambling  propensities  caused  but 
little  trouble  to  the  authorities  in  these  years  so  far 
as  the  archives  show.  Let  us  hope  that  this  may  be 
taken  as  an  indication  of  sobriety  on  the  part  of  the 
people  rather  than  imperfection  of  the  records.^^ 

We  have  seen  that  by  the  exertions  of  Borica  sev- 
eral schools  were  established  in  California  befoi-e 
1800;"  but  that  in  the  last  years  of  the  past  decade 
the  records  throw  no  lijxht  on  their  condition.  During 
the  present  decade  under  Arrillaga's  rule  there  is  not 
a  word  to  show  that  any  one  of  the  schools  tjstablished 

for  vagrancy.  Id.,  Ben.  Mil.,  xxv.  vl.  Long  investigation  by  Corporal  Cota 
of  an  incest  case  between  fatlier  and  daugkter  at  S.  Fernando.  Opinion  of 
Fiscal  Carrillo,  but  no  sentence.  Id.,  xxxvii.  21 -3o.  A  militiaman  arrested 
for  a  n-'imen  ivfamh  con  beiilin.  S.  Jok(^,  Arch.,  MS.,  iii.  78.  Inventory  of 
shackles,  handculls,  stocks,  fetters,  etc.,  at  the  seven  presidios.  I'rov.  St. 
Pup.,  Ii<n.  MIL,  Ms.,  xxxvii.  14.  1807,  a  neophyte  petitions  the  viceroy  for 
200  lashes  and  10  years  in  irons  at  San  Francisco  as  a  warning  to  others!  lie 
had  committed  rape.  Mont.  Co.  Arch.,  MS.,  i.  1.  Case  of  attempted  fornica- 
tion at  15rancif<  rte.  Proi\  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  21,3-14.  Miguel  Ortega  of  S. 
Francisco  sent  to  Loreto  for  killing  Tomas  Prado.  Prov.  live.,  MS.,  ix.  lO.'J, 
108.  Three  neophytes  of  8.  iJicgo  sentenced  to  six  and  eight  years  in  presidio 
for  murder.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  lien.  Mil.,  MS.,xxxvi.  8.  1808,  CJomezat  S.  Josi'', 
for  getting  drunk  and  threatening  everybody  until  Vazcpiez  broke  his  head  in 
self-defence,  sentenced  to  fasting,  with  plenty  of  water,  and  his  head  and  feet 
alternately  in  the  stocks  two  hours  each  day  for  a  month.  S.  Jofi',  Arch., 
MS.,  iii.  83.  Higuera  to  have  his  head  in  the  stocks  for  eight  days  and  then 
his  feet  until  further  orders.  Jd.,  iii.  70.  1809,  murder  by  neophytes  at  San 
Francisco,  with  some  details  of  criminal  pr(icee<liiigs.  Prov.  >St.  Pup.,  B>ii. 
Mil.,  MS.,  xl.  1-10.  Estudillo  went  down  to  San  Fernando  to  act  as  defender 
of  a  soldier,  who  had  chosen  him.  Prov.  St.  Pnp.,  MS.,  xix.  201.  A  soldier 
given  stocks,  chains,  and  sweeping  for  fornication  with  an  Indian  womiin. 
Entuditlo,  Doc.  JJist.  Co/.,  MS.,  i.  84.  A  married  woman  at  Branciforte 
threatened  with  exposure,  hair-cutting,  and  imprisonment,  if  a  soldier  were 
found  again  at  her  house.  Sta  Crir.,  Arch.,  MS.,  10,  20.  Tlio  penalty  that 
Indians  dread  most  is  exile.  Prur.  St.  Pap.,  JJin.  Mil.,  MS.,  xl.  8.  1810, 
incest  case  at  Santa  lidrbara.  /(/.,  xli.  1,  2.  Indian  nmrtler  case  at  San  Diego. 
Id.,  xliv.  6. 

*'  1802,  the  comandante  of  Monterey  imposed  a  duty  of  §G  per  barrel  of 
mescal  introduced  which  the  governor  disapproved,  because  such  an  act  was 
l)eyond  a  commandant's  power,  because  inijiorts  and  exports  were  free  of 
duty,  and  because  mescal  could  not  be  admitted  at  all.  Subsequently,  how- 
ever, there  came  an  oi'der  from  the  viceroy  favoring  the  duty,  and  the  $(>  was 
on  several  occasions  paid.  This  is  the  only  record  extant  for  the  decade. 
Pror.  S/.  Pap.,  MS.,  xviii.  213,  308-0;  ii.  37;  /(/.,  Bin.  Mil.,  xxxiii.  18; 
Prov.  li<r.,  MS.,  xi.  130,  181;  ix.  24;  St.  Pnp.,  Sac,  MS.,  vii.  73;  S.  ,/o,v.<, 
Arch.,  MS.,  iii.  78.  Aug.  17,  1807,  justices  mu!--t  take  the  names  of  military 
men  found  playing  forbidden  games,  and  tlicir  chiefs  must  impose  lines, 
taking  one  third  of  their  pay  until  it  is  settled.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix. 
234. 

"See  Illst.  Cal.,  vol.  i.  chap,  xxviii.,  this  series. 


SCHOOLS. 


103 


jsctl  but 
■s  so  fur 
1  may  be 
•t  of  the 

Is 


41 


rica  sev- 
i  before 
t  decade 
Durinuf 
re  is  not 
ablislicd 


jrporal  Cota 

Opinion  of 

lan  arrestol 

uveiitory  of 

i.  i'rov.  St. 

)  viceroy  ftjr 

otliera!    lie 

itcd  fornica- 

.h'tega  of  iS. 

S.,  ix.  103, 

s  in  prusidio 

z  at  S.  JoaC-, 

liis  licnd  in 

ad  antl  fet-t 

'o«',  Arch., 

•a  and  tlion 

ytcs  at  iSan 

I'dji.,  Bill. 

IS  dofeniler 
\  soldier 
|an  woinim. 
Branciforte 
ildior  were 
^nalty  tiiut 
8.  1810, 
iSan  Dic^o. 


b}'  T3orica  was  still  in  existence,"  though  one  or  two 
ot'  them  may  still  have  been  kept  alive  in  a  feeble  way. 
Thus  the  pages  of  this  chapter  show,  respecting 
Californian  institutions  and  industries,  that  ]^orica's 
efforts  had  produced  hardly  a  trace  of  permanent 
etfoct.  Hemp-culture  flourished;  the  neophytes  were 
]>erhaps  better  weavers  and  mechanics  by  reason  of 
tlie  teachingsof  the  artisan  instructors;  some  soldiers 
and  settlers  had  a  knowledije  of  reading  and  writing 
gained  in  the  schools;  but  in  the  main  all  had  settled 
hack  into  the  old  condition  of  inertia.  Arrillaga  was 
a  very  different  man  from  his  predecessor,  though 
the  jirevalent  stagnation  should  by  no  means  be  at- 
tributed altogether  to  his  neglect. 

"In  180G  the  governor  stated  that  five  school-masterawerc  needed.  Prov. 
/''(•.,  !MS.,  ix.  8G-9.  Vejar,  L'cciicrilon  de  uti  Vhjo,  MS.,  1,  "2,  says  a  .ser- 
geant tiiught  school  at  San  Diego  about  1810,  but  there  is  no  certainty  about 
the  date. 

Hist.  Oal.,  Vol..  II.    13 


|r  batTcl  of 
vn  act  was 
Iro  free  of 
fitly,  how- 
Hie  §()  was 
lie  decade, 
txxiii.  IS; 
\;  S.  Jn^fi, 
military 
lose  tines, 
LMS.  ,  xix. 


Ill 


i:.^  ri 


CHAPTER  X. 

THE  REVOLUTION.VRY  PERIOD— HARD  TIMES. 
1811-1817. 

The  REVotrTioN  in  New  Spain — Effect  in  California — Fihm  Allegiance 

TO   THE    KiNfJ— AURIVAL   OF   THE  NkWS — XoN-AHlllVAL  OF  THE  Sri'l'I.V- 

VEssEL— Cai'tuue  ofGieura — Depenuence  on  Eoreion  Vessels— The 
Earthquakes  of  1812 — Beoinnino  of  the  Lima  Trade— A  Windfall 
from  the  'Merci'ry' — Death  of  Akrillaoa — ARtu'ELLo  Actino  (Jov- 
ERNoR — Sola's  Aitointment  and  Arrival — Foreign  Policy — Sru- 

RENDER  TO  THE  INEVITABLE — TrADE  WITH  THE  'CoLONEL'— TllE  InSIU- 

gents  Coming — The  'San  Carlos'  with  War-stores  and  Memorias 
OF  1810— Sola's  Report  of  1817— Lima  Ships  and  Tallow  Trade- 
Trouble  WITH  THE  Friars  about  Supplies  from  the  Missions. 

The  decade  1811-20  was  in  New  Spain  and  many 
other  parts  of  Spanish  America  a  period  of  strife 
growing  out  of  the  revokition  by  which  the  coh)nies 
sought  to  throw  off  the  j'oke  of  Spain.  It  miglit  seem 
that  a  study  of  this  revolution,  at  least  en  resume, 
should  be  a  necessary  element  in  the  history  of  any 
Spanish  province;  yet  such  is  not  the  case  so  far  as 
California  is  concerned.  The  fact  that  Mexico  was  in 
trouble  and  either  could  not  or  would  not  aid  this  dis- 
tant province  with  money  or  supplies  was  the  sum 
and  substance  of  the  rebellion  so  far  as  it  had  effect 
in  California.  From  a  political  and  military  point  of 
view  the  'grito  de  independencia'  and  the  fierce  waves 
of  contention  that  followed  it  died  out  in  the  south 
nor  sent  so  much  as  a  faint  ripple  of  popular  excite- 
ment to  this  distant  north-western  shore.  The  suc- 
ceeding phases  of  the  struggle  were  not  even  known 
there. 

(194) 


TIIK  MnXICAX  IIKVOLUTIOX. 


IDJ 


Tlie  subject  oC  tliu  revolution  was  designctlly  kept 
(juiet  in  Culit'ornia.  Save  in  an  occasional  indirect 
allusion,  cliieily  in  the  private  correspondence  of  olH- 
cers  and  friars,  the  archives,  both  secular  and  mission- 
ary, are  silent.  It  would  be  difficult  from  the  closest 
study  of  the  Californian  records  to  form  any  definite 
idea  of  what  the  national  trouble  was.  Yet  mail 
coinnuuiication  was  conn)aratively  uninterrupted,  and 
it  is  hardly  possible  that  the  friars  and  oflicers  were 
not  constantly  informed  in  private  letters  of  the  course 
events  were  taking  in  Mexico.  All  were  strong  in 
their  allegiance  to  Spain.  There  was  as  yet  not  thi* 
slightest  indication  of  any  popular  feeling  in  favor 
of  inde])endencc.  Nothing  could  be  done  to  aid  the 
cause  of  royalty,  and  it  was  deemed  wise  to  say  noth- 
ing and  await  results.  The  viceroy  was  cursed  again 
and  again  for  his  neglect  of  California,  but  that  vice- 
Kgal  authority  was  endangered  was  to(j  absurd  an 
idea  to  be  entertained  for  a  moment,  in  public.  When 
i'oreign  visitors  inquired  about  the  troubles  in  !Me.\- 
ico  they  were  told  that  the  rebellion  was  entirely 
crushed. 

Yet  in  the  one  respect  in  which  the  revolution  made 
itself  lelt  in  the  province,  it  was  the  all-absorbing  toi)ic 
of  the  period.  That  the  memorias  no  longer  came, 
tliat  the  soldier's  received  no  pay,  were  stern  facts 
patent  to  all,  and  they  furnish  the  key-note  of  the 
decade's  annals.  There  was  hardly  an  oificial  com- 
munication written  during  the  ten  years  that  did  not 
allude  directly  or  indirectly  to  the  prevalent  want  and 
sulfering,  and  the  great  question  of  the  time  for  the 
])rovincial  government  was  how  to  devise  means  lor 
feeding  and  clothing  the  troops,  all  thought  of  paying 
wages  and  salaries  being  abautloned  at  an  early  sta^e 
of  the  struijgjle.  The  only  resource  of  the  authorities 
Mas  to  obtain  mission  produce,  practically  on  credit, 
to  be  served  out  in  rations  and  to  be  traded  for  chjtli- 
iiig  and  other  necessary  articles,  which  were  purchased 
legitimately   sometimes    from    Spanish    vessels,    but 


100 


THE  RKVOLUTIONARY  PERIOD-HARD  TIMES. 


I  I  ' 


¥  'i< 


oftener  more  or  loss  illfgally  from  the  Russians  and 
Americans.*  Tlic  situation  for  the  missionaries  was 
u  trying  one  indeed.  Not  only  weie  they  denrivi'd  of 
their  stipends  and  their  missions  of  the  articles  which 
those  stipends  had  formerly  furnished,  but  they  were 
ol)lij,'ed  to  exchange  the  mission  products,  the  proceeds 
of  which  had  also  been  devoted  to  the  same  end,  lor 
orders  on  the  royal  treasury  which  they  had  every 
reason  to  fear  would  never  be  paid,  as  indited  they 
never  were;  and  this  too  at  a  time  when  the  frequent 
visits  of  vessels  to  the  coast  afforded  them  a  better 
market  for  their  products  than  there  had  been  before. 
Yet  the  friars,  more  vitally  than  any  other  class,  were 
interested  in  sustaining  the  cause  of  royalty,  in  main- 
taining the  dependence  of  the  province  on  Mexico,  and 
ill  keeping  California  from  the  grasp  of  any  foreign 
power.  They  knew  that  without  a  military  force  the 
missions  could  not  be  sustained,  and  that  by  the  mis- 
sions only  could  the  troops  be  fed  and  clothed.  Their 
submission  to  the  inevitable  was  perhaps  on  the  whole 
as  cheerful  as  could  be  expected;  that  they  sometimes 
gave  grudgingly,  that  there  were  exhibitions  of  ill- 
temper,  and  individual  instances  of  partial  revolt 
against  the  necessity  of  giving,  is  by  no  means  to  be 
wondered  at.  And  after  all,  if  they  did  have  to  sup- 
port the  whole  province,  and  notwithstanding  their 
troubles,  they  were  much  better  off  than  any  other 
class,  and  their  establishments  were  in  some  respects 
more  prosperous  t  lan  ever.  I  have  no  doubt  that 
several  of  the  fria  s  accumulated  by  their  irregular 
connnercial  operat-  ns  large  sums  of  money  dui'ing 
this  period  and  a  h  le  later.  Neither  did  the  settlers 
suffer  seriously  sav  from  their  own  indolence  and 
improvidence.  The  soldiers  had  the  worst  of  it,  as 
tliey  had  nothing  o  sell;  and  what  wonder  they 
complained,  if  not  always  justly,  when  they  turned 


'  The  visits  of  foreign  and  Spanisli  vessels  are  fully  described  in  chrono- 
logical order  incliapteraxiii.  anuxiv.  of  this  volume,  and  alluded  to  as  needed 
in  this  without  references. 


NO  SLTPLIRS. 


107 


(I 


IVDin  contcniplatini,'  the  luissioiiH'  plenty  t«>  look  at  tlio 
lilies  that  intagrc'ly  coveretl  tho  hacks  of  their  wives 
iiiid  cliililren.  Here,  rather  than  in  theold-tinio  eoii- 
tiovcisiL's  of  Serra,  Faj^es,  and  Neve,  was  laid  tho 
loiiudation  for  tho  bitter  feeling  of  later  years. 

Neither  the  regular  supply-ships  from  San  Bias  nor 
j\ny  other  S[)anish  craft  made  their  ap[tearance  in  Cali- 
f(  iinia  in  1 8 1 1 .  Butin  September  there  came  twolctters 
fioni  Guardian  Garijo  to  the  president,  dated  Febru- 
ary 20th  and  April  18th.  In  these  letters  the  outbreak 
f  Hidalgos  revolt  was  announced  with  its  rapid  l»rog- 
ress  across  tho  continent.  In  them  was  also  narrated 
the  caj)ture  of  the  transport  on  her  return  from  Cali- 
fornia  in  tho  autumn  of  1810,  with  the  adventures  of 
fathers  Carranza  and  Santiago,  who  had  been  passen- 
gers c>n  that  vessel  and  had  been  captured  with  her. 
The  writer  noted  with  joy  the  reported  success  of  tho 
royalists,  who  had  .slaughtered  thousands  of  insur- 
gtiits  with  slight  loss  to  themselves.  He  spoke  of 
tlio  rccafture  of  tho  vessel  and  the  release  of  tho 
friars,  and  announced  his  firm  confidence  that  as  God 
was  on  the  side  of  the  friars  victory  was  certain  at  an 
early  day.  But  at  the  same  time  he  explained  tho 
iiii[)ossibility  of  sending  missionaries  or  supplies  this 
year,  and  the  uselessness  of  trying  to  bring  to  the 
viceroy's  attention  any  measures  for  tho  good  of  Gall- 
ic »rnia.  There  was  nothing  for  it  but  to  wait.^  Don 
Jose  de  la  Guerra  was  also  taken  by  tie  insurgents 
at  San  Bias,  he  having  sailed  in  the  transport  to  take 
the  position  of  hrbilitado  general  in  Mexico.  He  was 
rescued  by  General  Cruz  in  February  1811,  and  served 


•  Garijo.  Cartas  del  P.  Guardian  en  que  da  iiofieia  de  la  Eerolncion  en  Me- 
jiro,  ISll,  MS.  After  referruig  the  president  to  the  public  papers  for  particu- 
lius,  Garijo  says:  'It  is  enough  to  say  that  God  lias  doclarcd  hiniselt'  on  our 
side,  and  in  all  the  battles  the  nuniher  of  insurgents  killed  has  lieen  infinite.' 
He  announces  the  death  of  the  archbishop  on  March  3d.  These  letters  were 
iTLciveil  Sept.  17th  and  answered  Oct.  4th.  In  a  communication  of  the  giiar- 
(liim  of  .Tan.  18, 1819,  it  is  stated  that  the  supplies  collected  in  1810  (for  181 1 ) 
ill  Mcxifo  and  charged  to  California  were  seized  for  the  Mexican  troops  anil 
never  replaced.  Arch.  Sta  B.,  MS.,  iii.  101. 


108 


THE  UEVOLUTIONARY  PERIOD-HARD  TIMES. 


for  a  time  at  Tcpic  against  the  rebels.^  He  proba1)]\' 
returncfl  to  Calit'ornia  later  in  the  year,  and  doubtless 
had  much  to  say  that  is  not  in  the  records. 

Meanwhile  Kuskof  was  making  explorations  in 
the  rerjion  of  Bodejxa  in  the  interests  of  the  Russian 
company,  without,  however,  coming  nito  contact  with 
the  Spaniards.  Several  Amerian  vessels  were  flitting 
up  and  down  the  coast  engaged  in  taking  otter  b}^  the 
aid  of  Aleut  hunters  and  the  contraband  trade,  l)ut 
without  entering  the  ports  or  leaving  any  record  of 
])articular  operations  in  smuggling.  The  Indians  were 
quiet,  if  we  except  some  not  very  well  founded  alarms 
at  San  Gabriel  and  the  attempt  of  a  neophyte  cook 
to  poisoi  lie  minister  at  San  Diego.  And  finally  by 
\vay  of  inland  exploration  Father  Abella  made  a  boat 
voyage  to  the  lower  San  Joaquin  and  Sacramento. 
These  are  general  statements,  for  the  details  of  which 
I  refer  the  reader  to  other  chapters  which  I  have 
found  it  necessary  to  devote  to  special  topics.* 


The  records  of  1812  furnish  but  a  single  item  to 
show  that  the  Calii'ornians  were  thinking  of  the  rev- 
olution. The  commandant  of  San  DieTO  informed 
the  governor  that  on  receipt  of  the  news  he  had  at 
once  strengthened  the  defences  of  the  port;  yet 
although  a  'seditious  paper'  was  found  on  the  shoix-, 
tlie  ])eoplc  showed  no  signs  of  swerving  in  their  loy- 
alty.'' Correspondence  from  ^lexico  cx])lained  that 
attempts  had  been  made  to  send  the  [)residial  supplies 

'Certificate  of  Argiiello  of  Aug.  20,  ISl.",  in  niin-ra,  Doc.  rilsf.  Cal,  Z^IS., 
iv.  ]14-l().     May  l(i,  1  SI  1.  viceroy's  pcrinit  to snil from  San  IjIhs.  /</.,vi.  l"il. 

^  TliONo  sputial  topics  for  this  decade  aie:  foreign  relations  and  maritime 
affairs,  Indian  aii'airs  and  exploration,  Russian  relnti.iiis,  missions  and  insli- 
tiiticms,  and  local  events.  Some  snch  snlnlivision  is  an  alisolnte  necessity  in 
writing  jirovincial  liistorj-.  No  two  writers  and  £)er]iaps  hardly  two  readers 
would  agree  exactly  upon  the  system  best  calculated  to  present  the  annals  of 
a  decade  in  the  clearest  pos8i])le  light.  After  a  careful  study  of  tlie  dillicul- 
ties  attending  dili'crenv,  methods  in  ditlbrcnt  cases,  I  have  used  my  judgment 
as  to  tlie  best  way  of  presenting  the  events  of  each  peiiod,  without  attemjit- 
ing  too  rigid  an  adherence  to  chronology  or  any  other  system,  or  even  to 
unvarying  uniformity  of  method  for  succcs.'^ivo  epnchs. 

''.June  ]',),  Isl'j,  connuandant  of  San  Diego  to  Arrillaga.  /'/-or.  !^t.  I'c/i., 
MS.,  xix.  ',V2\.  x'allejo,  1/1-1.  ('<il.,  i.  JOS-Ki,  says  tliat  many  incendiary  docu- 
ments were  sent  to  California  from  unkiiuwu  sources. 


DESTITUTION, 


109 


'obably 
ubtless 

ions  in 
liissiaii 
ct  witli 
flittinii: 
'  by  the 
flo,  l)ut 
cord  of 
ns  wore 
alarms 
to  cook 
lall}'  by 
)  a  boat 
iniciito. 
f  wliicli 
I  have 


cm  to 

ic  rcv- 

brmod 

ad  at 
t ;    vet 

sliore, 


1 


■ir  lov- 

l  that 

upplies 

W.,MS., 
vi.  l.-.l. 
inaiitiino 
111(1  iusli- 
ccssity  ill 
o  iTitdcr.^ 
annals  of 
(lilllcul- 

jlulgllR'llt 

atteuijit- 

CVOll    til 

'<t.  Pup., 
iiy  docu- 


to  Acapulco,  but  tliat  they  had  returned  after  a  nar- 
row escape  from  falling  into  the  hands  of  Morelos' 
men.  The  friars  learned  also  that  while  their  sup- 
plies of  groceries  for  1811  were  lying  at  San  lilas 
awaiting  transportation,  there  was  no  money  in  tlie 
treasury  to  pay  mission  drafts,  of  which  the  siiidico 
had  already  on  hantl  6 14,000.  On  May  22d,  Arri- 
llaija  wrote  the  first  of  a  lonij  series  of  letters  to  the 
A  iceroy,  in  which  was  depicted  the  sad  condition  of 
the  troops,  deprived  for  two  years  of  their  sup[)lies.'' 
And  now  when  v.ant  was  beu'inniuij  to  make  itself 
felt  in  earnest,  there  came  a  proclamation  from  the 
directors  of  the  Russian  comjjany  at  St  Petersburg 
])roposing  to  trade  for  California  products,  protesting 
the  most  friendly  feeling  for  all  that  was  Spanish,  and 
])rcsenting  the  proposed  l^arter  in  an  attractive  light. 
This  was  followed  almost  innnediately  b}'^  the  news 
tliat  the  Russians  had  actually  formed  a  settlement  on 
California  soil  near  Bodega,  confirmed  by  Gabriel 
]\roraga  who  was  sent  to  make  investiij^ations  and 
learned  but  little  beyond  the  strangers'  desire  to  trade. 
The  first  temptation  was  bravely  resisted  by  Arri- 
llaga,  for  there  was  no  trade  this  year  beyond  the 
limited  contr;d)and  operations  (jf  the  otter-hunters, 
l\yres  in  the  Mcrcitrif  was  on  the  coast,  and  Winshij) 
ill  the  Albatross  was  at  Drake  Ray  and  the  Fara- 
llones,  as  elsewh.^re  recorded;  but  not  a  single  vessel, 
national  or  foreign,  entered  any  of  tJie  Spanish  ])orts. 
Father  ()uintaiia  wa;  brutallv  murdered  at  Santa 
Cruz  this  year  l)y  some  of  his  neophytes,  and  two 
other  friars  died;  but  a  company  of  live  missionaries 
newly  arrived  from  S[)aiu  succeedinl,  after  much 
trouble  from  the  insurgents,  in  i-eaching  Loreto  by 
water  from  Acapulco,  and  thence  came  up  overland, 
reaching  San  Diego  in  Julv.^ 

•'Nov.  7tli,  21  st,  Hal).  Gc.n.  Oniijioclica  to  Anillnga.  Prov.  SI.  Pap.,  />». 
J/'V.,  MS.,  xliv.  7,  S.  July  ITlli,  I'rociirailor  Martiia/,  to  in'i'sidunt.  Af</i. 
St,i  /;.,  MS.,  xi.  yus-ll.     ^lay  li-'il,  Aiiilluga  to  viceroy.  Proc.  Pic,  MS.,  i.\. 

lis. 

'  Arch.  Sla  li.,  MS.,  iii.  42-5. 


200 


THE  REVOLUTIONARY  PERIOD— HARD  TIMES. 


A  series  of  earthquake  shocks,  the  most  fatal  if 
not  the  most  severe  that  have  ever  occurred  in  Cali- 
fornia, caused  this  year  the  wildest  terror  throughout 
the  southern  part  of  the  province.^  1812  was  ever  after 
known  as  "el  ano  de  los  temblores."  The  first  shock 
was  felt  on  the  morning  of  December  8th,  from  San 
Diego  to  Purisima."  It  is  not  quite  clear,  however, 
that  it  was  felt  at  San  Diego  or  San  Luis  Rey;  if  so, 
it  did  no  damage.  At  San  Juan  Capistrano  a  part 
of  the  neophytes  were  at  morning  mass,  it  being  Sun- 
day, in  their  grand  temple,  the  finest  structure  iu 
California.  At  the  second  wave  of  the  temblor  the 
lofty  tower  fell  with  a  crash  on  the  vaulted  roof  of 
masonry,  and  in  a  minute  the  whole  mass  of  stone 
and  mortar  came  down  upon  the  congregation.  The 
officiating  minister  escaped  by  the  door  of  the  sac- 
risty, and  six  neophytes  were  saved  as  by  a  miracle; 
but  the  rest — forty  in  number  according  to  the  official 
reports,  though  the  mission  records  show  that  thirty- 
nine  were  buried  in  the  next  two  days,  and  perhaps 
that  four  more  bodies  were  found  later — were  crushed 
to  death.  No  special  damage  to  other  buildings  is 
recorded,  nor  is  it  probable  that  the  shock  was  a  very 
severe  one,  the  fall  of  the  church  being  due  chiefly  to 
faulty  construction.  Nothing  is  said  of  any  subse- 
quent shocks,  and  the  church  was  never  rebuilt,  an 
apartment  in  the  adobe  buildings  being  used  for 
religious  services  thereafter.  At  San  Gabriel  the 
church  was  badly, cracked,  losing  the  top  of  its  tower. 
Some  images  fell  irom  the  altar  and  were  broken,  and 
most  of  the  mission  buildings  were  considerably  dam- 
aged. Here  the  quake  came  at  sunrise.  At  San 
Fernando  no  shock  is  reported  on  the  8th,  but  on  the 
21st  the  church  received  serious  damages.  For  San 
Buenaventura  and  Santa  Barbara  we  have  no  clearly 
recorded  dates;  but  if  light  temblores  were  felt  on  the 

*  For  particulars  see  the  local  annals  of  the  various  places  within  the  dis- 
trict indicated,  in  chap.  xvii.  of  tliia  volume. 

*  There  are  vague  reports  tiiat  sliocks  were  also  felt  in  the  north  at  Santa 
Clara  and  other  points,  but  they  can  bo  traced  to  no  reliable  authority. 


EARTHQUAKES. 


201 


8th,  I  think  no  damage  was  done  till  the  21st.  At 
San  Buenaventura  there  were  three  heavy  shocks 
before  January  1st,  which  injured  the  chur(!h  so  that 
the  tower  and  much  of  the  fagade  had  to  be  rebuilt. 
The  whole  mission  site  was  thought  to  settle,  and 
the  fear  of  being  ingulfed  by  the  sea  drove  all  to  a 
spot  a  mile  or  two  away,  where  they  remained  until 
April.  At  Santa  Barbara  the  buildings  of  both  mis- 
sion and  presidio  were  damaged  by  a  long  scries  of 
shocks  which  began  probably  on  the  21st  and  lasted 
for  several  months.  The  sea  was  troubled,  new  springs 
of  cliapapote,  or  asphaltum,  were  formed  in  all  direc- 
tions, the  so-called  volcano  developed  new  openings, 
cracks  were  reported  in  the  sierra,  and  the  people  ran 
away  in  terror  to  spend  two  or  three  months  in  the 
open  air.  At  Santa  Ines  there  were  two  shocks  fif- 
teen minutes  apart,  beginning  at  10  a.  m.  on  the  21st. 
Tlie  corner  of  the  church  came  down,  as  did  all  the 
roofs  in  the  mission.  At  Purisima  several  slight  shocks 
between  7  and  8  A.  M.  on  the  8th  did  no  harm ;  but 
at  10:30  a.  m.,  on  the  21st,  the  earth  shook  for  four 
minutes  so  violently  that  it  was  difficult  to  stand.  A 
brii'f  examination  showed  the  minister  that  the  church 
walls  had  been  thrown  out  of  plumb;  and  half  an 
hour  after  the  first  there  came  another  more  violent 
shock  which  brought  down  the  church  and  nearly  all 
the  adobe  buildings.  Several  neophtes  were  wounded 
but  none  killed.  A  succession  of  light  shocks  followed 
tliis  day  and  the  next,  and  the  work  of  destruction  was 
couipk'ted  by  the  rains  that  f(jllowed  and  the  bursting 
of  tlie  water-works.  The  mission  was  subsequently 
rebuilt  on  another  site.^" 


11 


n 


In  1813  no  supplies,  and  no  prospect  of  any  in  the 
near  future,  so  far  as  rare  letters  fi'om  Mexico  threw 

'"Feb.  4,  ISl.*?,  Arrillaga  to  viceroy.  Prov.  lire.,  MS.,  ix.  i.10;  April  0, 
1813,  report  of  president.  Arch.  Sla  U.,  MS.,  xii.  90-1.  Sue,  however,  tlio 
more  iiniwrtiiiit  references  in  tlie  local  nnnals  of  the  places  named.  Accounts 
of  this  earthquake  in  books  and  newspapers  have  been  numerous  but  never 
accurate. 


202 


THE  REVOLUTIONARY  PERIOD— HARD  TIMES. 


,  I 


:i!  i:2 


light  on  the  subject.  The  comandantes  represented 
t(j  the  governor  the  destitute  condition  of  the  troops. 
The  governor  could  do  nothing  but  express  his 
sympathy  and  echo  the  complaints  in  letters  to  tlio 
viceroy."  Yet  the  friars  had  as  yet  shown  no  unwill- 
ingness to  take  the  regular  drafts  on  Guadalajara  in  pay- 
ment for  such  supplies  as  they  could  furnish,  and  more- 
over partial  relief  was  obtained  from  several  different 
sources  this  year.  The  Lima  trade  began  with  the 
arrival  of  the  Flora  and  Taglc,  which  brought  u}) 
cargoes  of  cloth  and  miscellaneous  goods  to  barter  for 
tallow,  hides,  and  other  f)roduce;  and  not  only  did  the 
government  get  these  cargoes  in  exchange  for  produce, 
but  even  induced  one  of  the  captains  to  take  a  draft 
on  the  treasury  for  $2,000.  Captain  No^  of  the  Flora. 
also  l)rought  another  windfall  into  the  coffers  at  the 
capital  by  his  seizure  of  the  American  smuggler  Mer- 
cury, Captain  Ayres,  from  which  the  friars  had  doubt- 
less already  drawn  some  contraband  stores.  It  was 
not  deemed  legal  to  confiscate  for  California  use  the 
cargo  of  the  prize,  strong  as  was  the  temptation. 
But  neither  did  it  appear  quite  safe  to  intrust  to  the 
ocean  again  $1G,000  in  money  found  on  board,  and 
tlierefore  a  draft  on  the  treasury  was  sent  to  Mexic 
instead!  By  this  shrewd  operation  California  was  a 
gainer,  and  the  treasury  officials  had  no  just  cause  of 
complaint. 

Another  source  of  relief  was  found  at  Ross.  Ga- 
l)riel  Moraga  repeated  liis  visit  of  investigation  to  the 
Russian  settlement,  and  once  more  the  advantages  of 
nuitual  trade  were  urged  to  a  not  unwilling  listener. 
Tlio  result  was  that,  ofiicially,  Arrillaga  simply  re- 
ported to  the  viceroy  the  proposition  in  connection 

''  Comnmiidaiits  of  San  Francisco  and  Santa  TJi'irbara  to  governor,  no  shirts 
nn<l  little  food.  P/'or.  .S7.  Pnp.,  MS.,  xix.  341,  .144.  Feb.  4th,  Arrillaga  to 
viceroy.  No  pay  for  three  years.  Presidios  in  a  sad  condition.  Prov.  AVc, 
MS.,  ix.  I'JO.  -May  3d,  Arrillaga  to  (tuei'ra,  no  money;  10  ships  like  the 
Fiord  couM  rot  .''iipply  the  presidios,  ducrra,  Dor.  Hist.  C'<il.,  MS.,  iii. 
'JIS  10.  March  3d,  .luan  ,Joa6  Zestaje  from  San  Bias,  says  there  have  been  no 
li  ttois  received  from  Mexico  in  six  months,  and  there  is  no  hope  of  memorias. 
Id.,  vi.  112. 


o 


THE  QUESTION  OF  SUPPLIES. 


208 


with  provincial  needs.  Whether  he  consented  per- 
sonally to  the  proposed  trade  is  not  clearly  known; 
but,  with  or  without  his  consent,  Luis  Argliello 
allowed  Kuskof  to  send  to  San  Francisco  in  bidarkas 
j^a)ods  to  the  amount  of  $14,000,  and  commercial  rela- 
tions with  Ross  were  rarely  interrupted  later.  Argiie- 
llo's  arrangements  with  the  friars  and  settlers  in  tliis 
enterprise,  by  which  ho  obtained  the  supj.lies  for 
Russian  trade,  are  as  mysterious  as  his  understanding 
with  the  governor. 

That  the  authorities,  secular  and  missionary,  were 
more  anxious  about  the  condition  of  affairs  in  ^lexico 
than  they  wished  to  appear,  is  evident  from  the  lUuny 
caused  by  the  affair  of  the  cannon  at  San  Pedro. 
Nod  left  tlic  guns  to  make  room  for  more  tallow ;  but 
stranixe  rumors  were  circulated  of  insurgent  or  Amer- 
ican  plots,  and  it  was  deemed  best  to  have  the  cannon 
spiked. 


In  1814  there  were  few  official  communications  from 
Mexico,  and  these  contained  no  news  of  j)ublic  affairs'- 
or  the  probability  of  relief  for  the  soldiers.  Neithcir 
do  I  find  any  complaints  on  record.  Arrillaga  notified 
the  commandants  in  June  that  their  companies  would 
be  furnished  with  supplies  by  the  missions  of  their 
respective  jurisdictions,  and  a  circular  of  similar  im- 
])ort  from  the  president  to  the  friars  shows  that  the 
i'l)0ch  of  controversy  had  not  yet  begun.  The  Ihnlc 
came  back  from  Lima  with  a  cargo  of  merchandise, 
;ui(l  caj)tured  the  American  Pedlcr;  but  the  capture 
(lid  the  CaHfornians  no  good,  since  no  proof  of  smug- 
gling could  be  produced,  and  the  vessel  had  to  ho 
released.     The  brig  Santa  Eulalla  sold  the  presidios 


'^A  royal  appeal  to  the  insurgents  secma  to  liavc  lieen  sent  over  fruni 
Sonora  for  publication  in  California.  S.  Jouc,  Patfiitcs,  MS.,  )'2<i-7.  O't. 
loth  was  received  tlie  joyful  news  of  the  return  of  Fernanilo  VII.  to  Spain 
from  his  captivity  in  Franco,  also  the  arrival  of  the  allied  army  in  Paris. 
'I'hi'  news  was  taken  from  a  Habana  paper.  It  was  celebrated  at  San  Carlo.s 
l.v  vinjjrintj  of  bells,  illuminations,  and  te  deum.  Valbjo,  Doi.:  Hist.  VuL, 
Ms.,  xwiii.  15. 


204 


THE  REVOLUTIONARY  PERIOD-HARD  TIMES. 


goods  to  the  amount  of  $1G,CjO  for  treasury  drafts,'^ 
A  small  amount  of  money  was  probably  obtained 
from  the  English  vessels  Isaac  Todd  and  Raccoon, 
which  touched  at  Monterey  and  San  Francisco  re- 
spectively, and  the  former  of  which  left  in  California 
its  first  foreign  resident,  John  Gilroy.  As  to  the  Ilus- 
sian  source  of  relief,  though  Moraga  was  despatched 
a  third  time  to  Ross,  and  this  time  with  the  strictest 
viceregal  and  gubernatorial  orders  that  the  settle- 
ment must  be  abandoned,  yet  Kuskof  found  it  hard 
to  understand  an  unwelcome  order  in  a  foreign  lan- 
guage, and  he  sent  his  clerk  Slobcklchikof  to  San 
Francisco  with  the  usual  cargo  as  if  nothing  had  haj)- 
pened,  and  under  Argiiello's  protection  it  was  dis[)osed 
of  without  difficulty. 

Meanwhile  the  attention  of  both  friars  and  soldiers 
w\as  turned  toward  the  great  valley  of  the  Tulares,  as 
a  tract  that  it  would  be  necessary  to  occupy  with  mis- 
sions and  a  presidio  at  an  early  date  for  the  protection 
of  the  coast  settlements  against  the  scourge  of  an 
Apache-like  warfare.  The  gentiles  were  becoming 
accustomed  to  the  use  of  horses,  and  their  country 
^^■as  too  rapidly  becoming  a  place  of  refug«j  for  runa- 
W'ay  neophytes.  Sergeant  Soto  had  fought  a  sharp 
battle  on  the  lower  San  Joaquin  the  year  before. 
Father  Martinez  ex[)lored  the  valley  further  south 
this  year,  and  in  the  following  years,  as  related  in 
another  chapter,  expeditions  for  war  and  exploration 
were  not  infrequent.  The  missionaries  thought  that 
the  rancherias  of  the  late  recfion  mifjht  be  convertetl 
into  Christians  and  allies  before  they  became  entirely 
bad  by  association  with  northern  tribes  and  apostates, 
but  nothing  was  accomplished. 

The  province  had  now  to  part  with  its  ruler.  Colonel 
Don  Jose  Joaquin  de  Arrillaga,  who  died  at  Solcdad 
Mission  on  July  24,  1814,  at  the  age  of  sixty-foui'. 


•MnA.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  ii.  99-100;  Gum-a,  Doc.  Jim.  Cal.,  MS.,  iv.  110- 


DEATH  OF  GOVERNOR  ARRILLAGA. 


ao5 


Earlier  in  this  year  he  had  suffered  from  an  attack  of 
luahgnant  fever,  but  had  recovered.  In  June,  however, 
while  on  a  tour  of  inspection,  he  was  again  attacked 
In*  a  serious  illness,  and  hastened  to  Soledad  so  as  to 
Ije  under  the  care  of  his  old  friend  Father  Ibanez. 
He  had  never  married  and  by  the  terms  of  his  will 
dated  July  15th  a  sister  inherited  most  of  his  prop- 
erty. His  remains  were  interred  on  Tuesday,  July 
2Gth,  at  10  a.  m.,  under  the  centre  of  the  mission  church 
with  appropriate  ceremonies  conducted  by  Ibanez." 


atcs, 


loncl 
jdad 
tour. 


' '  .Tost5  Joaquin  dc  Arrillaga  was  bom  at  Aya,  province  of  Guipuzcoa,  Spain, 
of  noble  parentage  in  1750.  He  entered  tlie  militaiy  sei-vice  as  volunteer  in 
the  presidial  company  of  San  Miguel  de  Horcasitas,  Sonora,  on  Nov.  'J.">,  1777, 
lic'canio  alferez  Slarch  30,  1778,  served  as  lieutenant  from  July  14,  1780,  in 
tlie  companies  of  San  Sabas  and  La  Bahia,  Texas,  was  promoted  to  be  eaptsiiu 
on  .J  nno  I'J,  1783,  Jind  in  November  of  that  year  arrived  at  Loreto  to  take  eom- 
iiitind  of  the  presidio  as  lieut. -governor  of  the  Califoraias.  At  this  time  lio 
had  merited  the  praise  of  his  superiors  in  three  campaims  under  Col.  Juan 
]>:aitista  de  Anza  and  in  two  battles  against  the  Seris  ana  Pimas.  Arrillmja, 
llujdit  de  Servicio,  1701,  1795,  1798,  MS.  On  the  death  of  Gov.  Romcu,  April 
{I,  1702,  Arrillaga  became  governor  ad  interim  of  the  Californias,  and  by  the 
viceroy's  order  came  to  Monterey  in  July  1793.  He  held  his  position  until 
Utirica  took  possession  as  proprietary  governor  at  Loreto  on  May  li,  1704, 
though  he  remauied  in  charge  at  the  north  until  Borica's  arrival  in  October 
of  tlie  same  year.  Then  he  returned  to  his  old  position  of  lieut. -governor  at 
l.dirto,  being  commissioned  lieut. -colonel  on  Nov.  15,  1794.  St.  Pap.,  Sue, 
'S\  S. ,  i.  55;  xvii.  1.  His  chief  work  for  the  next  five  years  was  the  tedious  and 
(liliicult  one  of  regulating  the  presidial  accounts  of  both  Californias,  which 
V I  re  in  a  sad  state  of  disorder.  He  toiled  patiently  and  long,  showing  much 
skill  as  an  accountant.  Ho  also  made  in  person  several  exploring  expeditions 
(ju  the  north-eastern  frontier,  toward  the  Colorado  River,  involving  several 
liulits  with  the  Indians.  In  December  1798,  Gov.  Borica  credited  him  with 
aliility,  experience,  zeal,  prudence,  courage,  and  irreproachable  conduct.  St. 
P(ip.,  Sac,  MS.,  vii.  70.  Dec.  2,  1799,  Arrillaga  petitioned  the  king  for  tlie 
{.;ii\  ernorship  of  the  Californias  or  of  some  other  province,  recounting  his  past 
services.  Borica  warmly  indorsed  the  petition.  Pi-ov.  St.  Paj).,  Ben.  Mil., 
MS.,  xxvi.  10-13.  Before  the  petition  was  tinswered  Amllaga  became  onco 
r.Kjre  governor  ad  interim  of  the  Californias  on  Borica's  departure  in  January 
IMK).  But  his  power  was  purely  political  tnitil  the  death  of  Alberni,  the 
comandante  de  armas  in  March  1802,  when  the  military  command  also  devolved 
on  him,  though  he  remained  at  Loreto  instead  of  coining  to  the  capital.  On 
March  20,  1804,  he  was  appointed  by  the  king  military  and  political  governor 
of  Alta  California,  the  news  reaching  that  province  in  December,  and  he  was 
r.t  once  formally  recognized,  but  did  not  come  to  Monterey  until  January 
ISOfi,  In  1809  he  was  warmly  thanked  by  the  guardian  of  San  Fernando  for 
Ills  many  favors  to  the  Franciscans.  Arch.  Arzot).,  MS.,  ii.  72.  A  little  later 
as  age  and  infirmities  crept  upon  him  he  asked  the  king  to  be  retired  from 
the  service  and  allowed  to  return  to  Spain;  but  the  reply,  accompanying  a 
culiiiiers  commission,  was  that  his  services  could  not  be  dispensed  with  in 
California.  His  will  of  July  15,  1814,  after  the  usual  declaration  of  faith  in 
the  trinity  orders  his  body  to  be  shrouded  in  the  Franciscan  habit  an<l  buried 
fit  the  mission  where  he  may  chance  to  die.  One  hundred  musses  were  to  )jc 
f  aitl  for  his  soul  at  San  Miguel  und  also  at  San  Antonio.     Various  sums  from 


200 


THE  REVOLUTIONARY  RERIOD— HARD  TIMES. 


Arrillaga's  character  and  abilities  as  a  man  and  an 
officer  may  be  deduced  from  the  annals  of  his  time  al- 
ready before  the  reader.  From  the  day  of  his  enlist- 
ment to  his  death  no  fault  was  found  with  his  conduct 
by  superiors,  by  subordinates,  or  by  the  friars.  As  a 
soldier,  officer,  and  i)rovincial  ruler,  he  obeyed  every 
order  and  performed  every  duty  with  zeal,  courage, 
and  good  faith;  and  he  did  this  with  so  nuich  tact  that 
as  a  rule  he  made  no  enemies.  Extremely  pious  and 
attached  to  the  missionaries  he  yet  seems  to  have  es- 
caped the  reputation  of  frailero  in  its  offensive  sense. 
In  every  station  he  was  a  model,  and  like  other  mod- 
els of  good  conduct,  could  make  no  claims  to  origin- 
ality or  greatness.  Beyond  the  obedience  of  orders 
and  the  faithful  performance  of  routine  duties  his 
abilities,  or  at  least  his  ambition,  did  not  carr}^  him. 
Like  Portola  and  Rivera  of  earlier  times  he  could  exe- 
cute, but  he  could  not  like  Neve  and  Borica  devise. 
Ilis  weakest  or  least  agreeable  quality  was  his  com- 
parative apathy,  his  lack  of  enthusiastic  confidence  in 
the  future  of  his  prov^ince,  his  tendency  to  throw  cold 
water  on  every  measure  proposed  for  the  welfare  of 
California.  He  had  reason  enough  perhaps  for  his 
discouragement,  but  so  ready  an  admission  of  it  ill  be- 
came a  ruler.  Of  foreign  visitors  Vancouver  is  the 
only  one  who  said  anything  unfavorable  of  Arrillaga, 
and  he  wrote  in  a  peevish  spirit  without  just  cause  of 
complaint. 

^25  to  .SlOO  were  bequeathed  to  cliflFcrert  servants.  Sums  aggregating  .?2,182 
■were  iianicil  as  clue  him.  He  says  lie  had  one  older  brother,  Miguel  Igniicio, 
three  married  sisters,  and  one  unmarried,  Maria  Josefa,  whom  he  had  promised 
to  aid  and  whom  he  named  as  his  heiress.  Alf(jrez  Jos6  Mariano  Estrada  ^^■a3 
named  as  executor  and  directed  to  sell  all  iiis  effects  at  auction.  Arrilhi'ja, 
Testamento,  ISI4,  MS.  The  cause  of  his  death  was  intestinal  hemorrhage. 
Dorotca  Valdi^'S,  lieniiiiltia'iices.  MS.,  1,  2;  Alvarado,  IJisf.  Cat,  MS.,  i.  .'JS; 
and  J.  J.  Vallejo,  llcmbmcevdas,  Ms.,  G8-9,  speak  of  the  ceremonies  at 
Arrillaga's  funeral  and  the  decoration  of  his  grave  in  later  years.  His  buriid 
is  briefly  recorded  by  IbaDez  in  the  Sohdail,  Lib.  Min'iou,  MS.,  21.  His  fur- 
niture, plate,  etc.,  brought  ij'2,8Gl)  at  auction;  but  as  late  as  1819  the  estate 
had  not  been  settled  on  account  of  the  delay  in  adjusting  his  arrears  of  salary. 
Proi:  Her.,  MS.,  ix.  140:  St.  Pari.,  Sac,  MS.,  vi.  30-1.  On  hu  character  in 
addition  to  the  authorities  alrcacly  cited,  see  I'ullcjo,  H'lKt.  t'uL,  MS.,i.  98-9; 
liomero,  Mcmorias,  MS.,  11,  12.  Arrillaga  had  so  far  as  I  know  no  kindred 
ill  California. 


AKGLTLLO  ACTING  GO\'ERNOR. 


207 


111  person  the  governor,  as  ronienibercd  by  those 
Avho  knew  him  and  are  still  living,  was  tall,  with  fair 
ruddy  skin  and  blue  eyes.  In  manner  he  was  abrupt 
at  times,  but  usually  courteous  and  affaljlc;  generous 
to  all,  cordial  and  frank  in  his  intercourse  with  the 
officers,  kind-hearted  and  witty;  popular  with  the  sol- 
diers who  used  to  call  him  Papit  Arrillaga,  but  always 
ready  in  official  transactions  to  put  on  that  sternness 
of  demeanor  so  essential  from  a  Spanish  point  of  view 
to  dignity.  He  was  very  fond  of  serving  as  god- 
father and  groomsman,  and  no  baptism  or  wedding  in 
the  highest  circles  was  deemed  altogether  coni])lete 
and  satisfactory  without  his  services.  He  had  also  a 
weakness  for  silk  in  clothing  and  ornament.  !Most  of 
his  uifts  to  friends  were  of  that  material,  and  after  his 
death  large  quantities  of  silk  handkerchiefs  and  s^iock- 
iiigs  were  found  in  his  trunks.  He  was  a  fairly  good 
writer,  as  is  shown  in  his  official  correspondence,  and 
his  accomplishments  included  a  knowledge  of  the 
French  language. 

Captain  Jose  Argiiello,  comandante  of  Santa  Bar- 
bara, by  his  seniority  of  rank,  became  acting  governor 
on  Arrillaga's  death  without  any  formal  appointment 
or  recognition  so  far  as  the  archives  show.-'^  Neither 
is  there  any  record  of  his  official  acts  and  policy  dur- 
ing his  brief  rule,  beyond  a  few  routine  communica- 
i'umn  of  trivial  import.  Ho  remained  at  his  post  at 
Santa  Barbara  most  if  not  all  the  time  instead  of 
coming  to  reside  at  the  capital.^"  On  the  same  day 
that  a  proprietary  governor  was  appointed,  the  last  of 
file  year,  Argiiello  was  named  as  governor  of  Lower 
California;  but  he  remained  of  course  in  charge  until 

'■''  It  is  not  \inlikely  that  the  lettera  of  the  coiiimamlaiits  recognizing  Argiie- 
llo may  iiave  been  lost  or  have  escaped  my  notice;  but  the  viceroy's  approval 
limy  never  have  come,  or  only  with  the  appointment  of  a  successor. 

'"lie  was  at  Santa  Barbara  as  late  as  June  17,  ISU"),  when  he  writes  to 
fluerra  to  come  and  take  the  command.  Vulkjo,  Doc.  Hint.  C'al.,  MS.,  xxviii. 
1<!S.  See  also  chap.  xiv.  of  this  volume,  for  some  of  his  connimuications  on 
the  Russian  question  derived  from  Russian  sources.  ArgUello's  succession  is 
iiuntioned  in  Guerm,  Doc.  Hist.  C'al.,  MS.,  vi.  107-8;  i'rov.  St.  Puii.,  MS., 
xix.  37-'. 


906 


THE  REVOLUTIONARY  PERIOD-HARD  TIMES. 


his  sufc'cssor  arrived.  Some  of  the  Californians,  such 
as  Vallejo  and  Alvarado,  who  subsequently  became 
fiery  republicans,  looking  at  the  past  days  of  their 
boyhood  through  the  colored  glasses  of  later  opinions, 
allude  to  a  party  of  independents  who  favored  Argiie- 
llo,  and  were  displeased  that  he  was  not  made  gov- 
ernor. That  many  would  have  preferred  Argiiello  to 
a  stranger  is  likely;  but  not  that  political  views  had 
anything  to  do  with  this  preference,  or  that  there  was 
any  independent  party  in  California  at  the  time;  while 
it  is  certain  that  Josd  Argiiello  was  the  last  man  in 
the  province  who  would  have  entertained  revolutionary 
itleas,  being  preeminently  Spaniard,  loyalist,  conserv- 
tive,  and  a  friend  of  the  friars. 

The  new  ruler  appointed  by  Viceroy  Calleja  on 
December  31,  1814,  was  Lieutenant-colonel  Pablo 
Vicente  de  Sola,  of  whose  past  life  and  services  we 
know  only  that  he  was  a  Spaniard,  an  officer  of  the 
royal  army;  had  a  brother  who  was  a  friar  in  the 
college  of  San  Fernando;  and  had  served  temporarily 
as  habilitado  general  of  the  Californias  in  Mexico." 
Sola  took  the  oath,  and  in  a  sense  formal  possession 
of  his  office  before  General  Josd  de  la  Cruz,  under 
whom  he  had  served,  at  Guadalajara  on  March  31, 
1815.  He  arrived  at  Tepic  May  IGth,  and  landed  at 
]\Ionterey  from  the  Paz  y  Religion  after  a  voyage  of 
seventy-five  or  eighty  days,  the  30th  of  August. ^"^ 


"  Vallejo,  Hist.  Cal,  MS.,  i.  140-3,  and  Alvaratlo,  ^i^  Cal,  MS.,  i.  42- 
3,  state  that  Sola,  being  a  man  of  liberal  ideas,  was  selected  by  the  viceroy  to 
reorganize  the  government  of  California  according  to  the  Spanish  consti- 
tution of  1812,  secularize  the  missions,  etc. ;  but  I  tind  no  foundation  ■what- 
ever for  such  a  statement. 

'•''I  have  Sola's  original  letter  of  Sept.  5,  1815,  to  the  padres  of  San  Anto- 
nio, in  which  he  announces  his  appointment,  arrival,  etc.  (•>.  Antonio,  JJor. 
iSiicltun,  MS.,  71-2.  Same  date  to  President  Sefian,  to  viceroy,  and  to  the 
comm.andants,  conveying  the  same  information.  Pror. /?f"c.,  MS.,  xii.  107;  ix. 
134-5;  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  372.  Id.,  Den.  Mil.,  xlix.  41;  Arch.  Sta  B., 
MS.,  xi.  IGO.  April  17,  ISlS,  the  president  addressed  a  circular  to  the  padres 
announcing  that  Sola  had  a  brother  in  the  college,  ■which  fact  promised  Mxll. 
In  August  he  had  found  sentiments  of  piety,  etc.,  in  the  new  governor. 
Arrh.  Sta  B.,  MS.,  xi.  159-GO.  In  a  letter  of  Nov.  14th,  Sola  signs  himself, 
'  Don  Pablo  Vicente  Sola,  teniente  coronel  de  los  Reales  Eji^rcitos,  Goberna- 
dor  Politico  y  Militar  de  la  Alta  Califoniia,  y  Comandante  Inspector  de  las 
tropas  que  guarnecen  sus  Presidios.'  Prov.  liec,  xii.  112. 


ARniVAL  OF  SOLA. 


209 


17 


(an  Anto- 
lio,  V"i\ 

111  to  tlio 
107;  ix. 
.  SUiB., 
le  pailvcs 
acil  well, 
overnor. 
himself, 
Gobenui- 
;or  dc  las 


Juan  Bautista  Alvarado  narrates  in  ronsifleraMo  detail 
the  ceremonies  and  festivities  of  the  next  day  or  two 
\)\  wliieh  the  new  ruler  was  welcomed.  Friars,  settlers, 
jind  Indians  came  to  ]\lonterey  from  all  the  country 
inund.  President  Senan,  with  twenty  padres  and 
tliiity  native  musicians  and  singers,  headed  l»y  '  .Foso 
il  Cantor,'  marched  in  jirocession  to  the  presidio 
( hiipel  to  chant  a  te  deum,  and  were  soon  joined  by 
Sola  with  the  officers  and  soldiers,  whose  advance  was 
amid  salutes  of  art.'llery.  After  mass  the  i)resi(lent 
made  a  speech  .suitable  to  the  occasion.  Then  afti'r 
tlie  religious  ceremonies  there  was  a  review  of  the 
troops  ill  the  ])laza,  and  a  discourse  by  the  new  gov- 
enioi',  received  with  loud  vivas. 

In  the  executive  mansion  Sola  was  waited  on  by 
a  delegation  of  twenty  young  girls,  who,  through 
Dona  Matidalena  Estudillo,  delivered  an  address  of 
welcome,  all  kissing  his  hand  and  receiving  gil'ts 
of  bonbons.  A  feast  followed,  the  tables  being  laden 
with  the  delicacies  of  the  province,  game  antl  other 
meats,  the  olive  of  San  Diego,  the  orange  of  San 
(jrahriel,  the  wines  of  San  Fernando,  and  the  '  oven- 
fruits'  of  the  famous  San  Ant(mio  Hour.  The  dishes 
were  decorated  with  flowers  from  the  ufarden  of 
Felipe  Garcia,  w^hosc  daughters  waited  on  the  t;d)le. 
After  the  repast  soldiers  in  vaquero  costume  gave 
exhibitions  of  horsemanship;  the  inevitable  bull  and 
bear  fight  took  place,  and  in  the  evening  a  grand 
hall  was  given  by  the  ladies  of  ^[onterey  at  the 
••oiimiandant's  house,  which  lasted  till  dawn.  Two 
days  later  Sola  was  entertained  with  much  ceremony 
at  San  Carlos  by  the  missionaries  and  neophytes." 

That  Sola  found  the  province,  or  rather  the  troops, 
in  a  state  of  destitution  the  reader  already  understands. 
It  does  not  appear  that  the  Paz  y  lidlyion  brought 

^^  Ah-(irwh>,  Hist,  f'al.,  IMS.,  i.  47-GS.    Tlic  author  was  a  younj,'  scliool-hoy 
nt  till-  tiiiie;  l)nt  liis  iiieniory  of  detalLs,  most  cjf  which  I  omit,  was  jjiuliably 
lefnslifil  liy  later  conversalioiia  with  hia  elders. 
Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  II.    H 


210 


TlIK  IlKVOLUTIOXAIlY  rr.niOD-HAIir)  TIMES. 


any  suj)i)lies,-"  and  Sola's  first  letter  in  tlio  viceroy 
aiiiioiiiifiiij^  his  sale  arrival  coiitaini'd  a  coiuplaiiit  of 
Hurious  want  aiiioiii^  the  soUliers  and  the  deieiiccless 
(•((uchtioii  of  the  jiorts.  For  years  no  olHeial  eoniniu- 
nicjitioii  was  sent  to  Mexico  \vi..,-h  did  not  endxxly 
a  siinihir  complaint.  C'oniinjj^  fioni  the  tumults  of  New 
S])ain,  Sola  naturally  <j;iivo  his  attention  larf,^'ly  at 
first  to  coast  defences  and  early  took  a  decided  stand 
on  all  matters  connected  with  I'orcii^n  relations,  though 
this  did  not  last  loiiLj.  Early  in  IHlfj  Ar^^'iiello  had 
forwarded  perem])tory  orders  to  Kuskof  at  lloss  that 
the  liussian  settlement  must  be  abandoned;  but  as 
usual  no  definite  rejjly  was  elicited,  and  oidy  ten  days 
before  Sola's  arrival  the  Surar<;f  had  touched  at  San 
Francisco,  brought  a  new  proclamation  addressed  by 
the  comjjany  to  the  j)eople  of  California,  and  found 
no  difficulty  in  disposing  f>f  her  cargo.  About  the 
same  time  the  Chirikof  ixuA  Ibnvu  had  obtained  laruo 
quantities  of  grain  at  San  Francisco.  The  new  ruler 
at  once  took  steps  to  investigate  the  ;icts  of  Luis 
ArgUello  in  this  connection,  administering  at  the  same 
time  a  sharp  rebuke.  In  Se])tember  he  also  showed 
his  strict  devotion  to  Spanish  laws  by  ordering  the 
arrest  of  Eliot  de  Castro  and  Ijoris  Tarakanof  of  the 
Jlmcn,  who,  emboldened  by  past  success,  were  juishing 
their  contraband  and  otterdiunting  enter^jrise  with 
ini[)unity  in  the  south.  The  two  captives  were  sent 
to  San  Bias  on  the  same  vc-sel  that  had  brouglit 
Sola,  though  they  \vero  bro tight  back  next  year. 
While  the  gtn'ernor,  howv.v.-r,  would  abate  nothing 
of  his  patriotic  zeal  against  the  existence  of  a  foreign 
colony  on  California  soil,  it  did  not  take  him  more 
than  a  month  or  two  to  appreciate  the  needs  of  the 
])rovince  and  the  extreme  desirability,  or  rather  the 
utter  necessity,  of  a  foreign  trade.  The  British  shi'> 
Cu/iiinhia  in  July  and  August  had  obtained  from 
Argi'iello  a  promise  to  submit  a  commercial  proposi- 

'■•'''  Tlioiiph  the  -captain  '  happened  to  have '  8*2,000  worth  of  cloths  which  the 
governor  bought  with  his  own  money.  J'rov.  /I'ec,  MS.,  ix.   l(J7-8. 


DANOER  IMMINENT. 


911 


tioii  with  lii.s  rcconiinondjition  to  the  viceroy.  And 
vo  soon  sec  Sohi  wilhnjjf  to  go  evi'ii  iinther  in  tiio 
iimtter;  for  when  the  Colonel  eanie  in  An<^UHt  18 1 G 
iiisti'iul  of  the  Columbia,  notwithstanding  tlie  vieeroy'.s 
jiosilive  orders  hitely  received  to  permit  no  trade, 
the  governor  yielded  to  the  solicitations  of  his  ofllcei's 
and  nien  and  bartered  for  needed  articles  about  }?7,000 
worth  of  supplies  obtained  from  the  missions  for  that 
jturpose,  confessing  to  the  viceroy  his  deliberate  dis- 
(ibcdience  of  superior  orders,  but  pleading  necessity 
as  his  justification.'-^ 

1'lie  prevalent  want  was  increased  by  the  non- 
arrival  in  1815-lG  of  the  Lima  ships,  which  before 
had  brought  goods  to  exchange  for  tallow.  The  fail- 
ure of  this  source  of  relief  also  indicated  that  some- 
thing was  amiss  in  the  south;  and  in  June  IHIG  the 
reason  was  known  through  desi)atches  from  Afazatlan 
by  way  of  the  peninsula,  recounting  the  hostilities  of 
ihc  Buenos  Ayrcs  insurgents  at  Guayaquil  and  Callao, 
and  the  imminent  danger  of  an  attack  on  the  north- 
ei'ii  coasts.  If  Sola  had  before  felt  anxious  about 
the  weakness  of  California  coasts  defences,  his  fears 
were  multiplied  on  receipt  of  this  alarm.  The  news 
was  innnediately  forwarded  to  each  comandante  with 
orders  to  prejiare  for  defence.  A  sharj)  lookout  must 
be  kept;  cartridges  must  be  made  of  the  least  valu- 
able of  the  archives  if  necessary;  the  men  of  the 
artillery  militia  company  must  be  sunnnoned  to  the 
jiresidios  for  instruction;  and  if  the  insurgents  ap- 
jieared  they  must  be  resisted  to  the  last  drop  of  blood. 
Tliese  orders  were  issued  on  June  2.3d,  and  on  the 
same  day  circulars  were  sent  to  every  mission  so  ex- 
jieditiously  that  in  seven  days  every  friar  had  received 
the  document  and  sent  a  favorable  reply.  At  each 
mission  fifteen  or  twenty  native  vaqueros  were  to  bo 
ready  at  a  moment's  notice  to  fjo  armed  with  riatas  to 
iheir  respective  presidios;  the  Indians  were  to  bo 
jn-aiscd  and  exhorted  to  loyalty;  the  most  valuable  of 

^'Sce  chap,  xiii.,  this  volume. 


i    I 


1       ;   !      I 


21: 


THE  REVOLUTIONARY  PERIOD-HARD  TIMES. 


the  cliurfli  jiroperty  was  to  be  boxed  up  for  conceal- 
iiioiit;  aiul  on  tlie  approach  of  a  suspicious  vessel 
cattle  were  to  be  driven  to  the  interior.  The  answer 
from  all  came  promptly  that  they  would  obe}'  instruc- 
tions and  do  all  that  was  possible,  but  each  coman- 
dante  deplored  the  lack  of  an  effective  armament,  and 
called  for  aid  which  could  not  be  furnished."  The 
insurgents  did  not  yet  appear;  but  in  October  the 
San  Carlos  brought  up  to  Monterey  a  cargo  of  war- 
stores  sent  by  the  eomandante  general  of  Nueva 
(^alicia  from  San  Bias  in  response  to  Sola's -demands 
and  by  the  viceroy's  order.^"' 

Want  prevailed  at  the  presidios,  and  complaints 
were  contnuial.-*  The  ordinary  or  irrcgidar  sources 
of  suj)ply  were  more  limited  than  for  several  years 
past.  As  I  have  remarked,  no  Lima  ships  came  in 
1810.  Neither  is  there  any  evidence  of  trade  with 
the  Russians;  for  in  the  interview  between  Sola  and 
Kuskof  during   Kotzebue's  visit  at   San  Francisco, 

'^Juno  2.%  1810,  Sola  to  commandanta  at  San  Francisco  and  Santa  Barliara. 
Prov.  Ji'ec,  jNIS.,  xi.  ;}7;  J'ror.  St.  /'«/).,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlvi.  lio-Ct.  Jmio 
'JDd,  Sola  to  padres.  Arch,  .li-.oh.,  MS.,  iii.  pt.  i.  .m-OO;  I'rnr.  Iter,,  ^IS.,  xii, 
l-JS-;?().  June  L'Stii,  Sola  to  the  prefect.  Arch.  Sfa  IJ.,  .MS.,  xii.  ;r)7-8.  Juno 
'Jlitli,  ( Jucrra  to  Sola,  asks  authority  to  enlist  r)(M)  or  (ilK)  Indian  archer.s.  I'ror. 
SI.  I'iip.,  MS.,  .\x.  104-").  July  (ith,  (Jnerra  to  the  padres  calling'  for  the 
archers  .and  vatiueros.  Giirrra,  Doc.  Ili.st.  Cui,  MS.,  iii.  120-Hl.  .Tidy  (itli, 
id.  to  LI.,  has  brought  in  the  guns  from  the  niis.sions.  A])proves  of  reddiot 
l.alLs,  but  nobody  know.s  how  to  manage  them.  /</.,  xx.  1 1 1.  June  '2'>th,  Ar- 
giiello  to  Sola,  asks  for  ammunition.  Will  call  in  the  militia  fioni  San  Jose. 
J 'I.,  XX.  2,  .'{.  July  (itii,  Ruiz  to  Sola,  has  plenty  of  amnninition  and  will 
keep  a  close  watch.  /(/.,  xx.  118.  Nov.  l,")th,  Ruiz  has  sent  home  the  militia 
sutliciently  instructed.  Id.,  xx.  1'24.  Aug.  2()th,  Sola  onlera  (luerra  also  to 
.'.end  home  the  militia.  /</.,  Jicn.  Mil.,  xlvii.  0.  July  7th,  I'adre  Escude  has 
sent  12  va((Ucros  to  San  Francisco  ami  at  Santa  Cruz,  'no  hay  un  perro  que  so 
pueda  ver  de  la  mar.'  Arch.  Amii.,  MS.,  iii.  pt.  i.  1(K)-1. 

"The  stores  included  8  guns  of  8  lb.s.  calibre  with  8(H)  balls;  100  English 
muskets  with  Imyoiicts;  20  cases  of  powder,  3,(M)0  lbs.;  1,000  Hints,  2(').(M)0 
ounce  musket-bjills,  20,000  cartridges.  Prnu.  Sf.  Pity.,  MS.,  xx.  VXV,  hcjit. 
Si.  Pap.,  lien.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxxvii.  61-2.  An  oiBcer  liad  bean  promised  with 
the  ammunition.   I'ror.  Ike,  MS.,ix.  li).^. 

'-*  March  o,  1810,  Sola  to  viceroy  on  the  pitiable  condition  of  the  troops 
and  families.  Proi\  J'ec.,  MS.,  ix.  138.  April  Idth,  viceroy  has  heard  tiio 
complaints  of  want  icsulting  from  the  non-arrival  of  the  mcmorias.  Prnv.  !■!. 
J 'dp.,  M.S.,  XX.  .5.  June  2Ist,  Argiitllo  from  San  I'"rancisco  to  Sola,  begs  lor 
drygooda  since  he  and  his  faiuily  are  suffering.  /(/.,  xx.  lOS.  Juno  2i)th, 
(iuerra  says  his  men  are  sidTering  for  clothing.  Id.,  xx.  108.  i'rcvalent  want 
this  year  mentiontd  in  Kof-thm's  I'oi/.,  i.  28r--();  iii.  42-3.  Chaini.i/io  Wcrb', 
iii.  130-1;  and  nearly  ull  ^IS.  stateuieuts  of  the  epoch. 


RELIEF  BY  SEA. 


213 


))arii. 
Juno 

xii. 
.Iiino 
•/•oi'. 

tlic 
(ith, 
i.l-hot 

Av- 
Josi'. 

will 
lilitia 
Iso  to 

•  has 
juc  so 

lulisli 

!6.tH)0 

lh')<t. 

with 


attention  was  given  exclusively  to  the  subject  of  ter- 
ritorial encroachment,  and  not  at  all  to  the  more  vital 
one  of  commerce.  Two  American  vessels,  the  Lijd'ia 
i\n(\AlhatroM,  were  at  El  liofugio  at  the  beginning 
of  the  year,  the  former  being  captured  by  the  Span- 
iards; but,  while  the  friars  had  doubtless  obtained 
some  contraband  supplies  from  those  vessels,  the 
seizure  was  of  no  advantage  to  the  government  or 
troo|)s,  because  no  proof  of  smuggling  could  be  ad- 
duced, and  the  [)rize  had  to  be  released.  The  Columbia 
yielded  a  small  harvest;  but  the  records  do  not  slunv 
whether  or  not  anything  was  obtained  from  the  Amer- 
ican vessels  Sultana  i\\\(\Atala  which  touched  at  ]Mon- 
terey  and  Santa  Barbara  in  August  and  November. 
The  missions  were  of  course  the  main  source  of  relief, 
and  the  friars  contributed  I'or  the  most  ])art  cheer- 
fulh',  though  rarely  without  a  [)refatory  plea  of  pov- 
eity."''  jMeanwhile  after  nmch  correspondence  from 
the  authorities  in  Mexico  goods  amounting  to  8^34,840 
v»ere  at  last  shipped  i'rom  Acapulco  and  brought  to 
}d()nterey  on  the  San  Carlos  with  the  war-stores 
alreadv  mentioned,  but  in  such  a  damaged  condition 
as  to  allbrd  but  little  relief -''    Alft'rez  Gervasio  Ar- 

^'In  January  the  prefect  sent  a  circuhir  to  the  padres  of  the  central  niis- 
sicms.  calling  for  cloths  for  the  presidio  of  M()nL>'icy.  Each  friar  jironiises  to 
do  his  best,  after  various  excuses  of  scarcity.  A  rr/i.  A)r:ol).,yiS.,  iii.  pt.  i.  7-li>; 
also  many  scattei'ed  coininuiucations  <■;  minor  iirnortanco  on  sinular  topics. 
III.,  passim.  Mardi  11th,  I'aycras  of  ^  urisim.v  to  Guerra,  cnuuiera'ies  tlie 
sacrilices  already  made  l)y  the  mission.^  for  tlio  trcops,  but  says  all  that  is 
]iossililc  will  still  be  dune  for  the  .-, .^ipottof  prisoners,  etc.  (iiKrni,  Doc.  H'l^l. 
('ill.,  MS.,  V.  Hi.  April  '_'"Jil,  the  same  padre  oilers  one  sheep  per  week  to  tlie 
liiutenant,  10  per  year  to  the  alfiriz,  and  8  to  the  sergeants.  /(/.,  v.  17,  IS. 
.Iniic  '28th,  Sola  to  prefect.  Wants  !.(KK)  dccr-skitis  ami  henii)-threacl  to 
make  breeches  for  the  soldiers;  also  ;{(t  m\dc  outfits  and  oO  loads  of  sacks. 
Anh  Sl(i  II.,  MS.,  xii.  3.")8.  July  (ith,  jiritVct  to  padres  on  the  same  stdiject. 
Calfskins  would  answer  the  ]iurposc.  7i/.,  xii.  ood  7.  Sept.  "iOtli,  Sola,  writes 
to  Jaime  of  Soledad,  '.Si  luibiera  .sabido  los  niuchos  y  mains  ratos  quo  estil 
pasando,  por  las  prescntes  iniscrias  y  otras  co.sas  con  <pie  se  ha  encontrado, 
csta  provi-  •■  ni  el  vireinato  de  N.i;.  i|Uc  mc  hubieren  ofrccido  dar  liabria. 
iiilniitiiki.  -L.  7(.  Jr:(i/).,MS.,iii.  pt.  i.  1  li).  Nov.  lOlh.  Senan  writes  to(  iucrra 
about  the  manufacture  of  laucedieads  at  the  missions.  Oiu  rni,  Dvc.  11U>.  Cnl., 
iMS.,  ii.  1.-0. 

■■''Dec.  110,  1815,  April  Ifl,  18H(,  viceroy  notifies  the  govcnmr  tlint  t'.o 
nieMiorias  ai'c  detaineil  at  AciipuKo.  Oi-ders  to  be  sent  to  tne  intei-d'Hte  t.t 
<Iuadalajara.  I\-uv.  SI.  l^rtp.,  .MS.,  xix.  ;>84;  xx.  '■>.  Aug.  'J4t".i,  vicci\)ysays 
thii  iSdu  Citrlos  has  orders  to  bring  the  memurias.  /(/.,  .\x.  2'2.     July  IGili, 


214 


THE  rEVOLUTIOX/VP.Y  rERIOD-IIARD  TIMES. 


guello  seems  to  have  sailed  on  this  transport  to  assume 
the  p(»sition  of  habilitado  general  in  Jslovcmber.  Dur- 
ing the  la.jt  half  of  the  year  some  reassuring  promises 
v.ere  made  about  supplies  in  the  future,  and  the  head- 
quarters of  the  department  M-ere  for  a  time  transferred 
to  Guadalajara  without  anything  practical  being  ef- 
focted.2^ 

At  the  beginning  of  1817  Sola  made  a  general 
report  on  the  condition  of  California,  with  particular 
reference  to  its  capabilities  for  defence.  While  urging 
llie  impossibility  of  dislodging  the  Russian  intruders 
without  large  reenforcements,  he  explained  that  the 
presidial  cavalry  companies  not  only  were  barely  suf- 
licient  for  the  protection  of  the  missions,  but  that  by 
their  long  experience  in  the  peculiar  tactics  of  Indian 
Y.ar{\ire  the  troops  were  unfitted  for  eftective  service 
ngainst  a  foreign  foe  armed  with  weapons  more  deadly 
than  bows  and  arrows.  The  artillerymen  at  the 
presidios  were  few,  disabled,  and  unskilful;  the  guns 
were  defective,  rfnd  numitions  were  wanting.  For 
coast  service  against  the  Russians  or  anv  other  for- 
eign  foe,  a  new  force  of  infantry  and  artillery,  with 
new  guns  and  a  new  sup[)ly  of  war-stores,  was  abso- 
lutely necessary,  while  an  armed  vessel  to  remain  on 
the  coast  as  a  cruiser  and  transport  was  hardl}'  less 
essential.  The  An<do- Americans  who  for  years  had 
i'requentcd  the  coasts,  had  acquired,  said  Sola,  a 
knowledge  of  the  country,  both  of  its  natural  richness 
and  its  defenceless  condition.  That  their  purpose  was 
not  as  pretended  merely  to  obtain  supplies  was  well 
known,  and  it  was  to  be  feared  that  snui<T:fxliuiir  even 
V,  as  not  their  only  aim.     They  came  well  armed,  kept 


Slil'i 


Moran  from  Mexico  snys  the  stores  vill  ])ro1)nbly  reach  Ciilifornia  in  a  fit 
iiinililioii  to  be  thrown  into  the  sea.  (JiHrni.,  JJor.  Jiit<l.  (iiL.  MS.,  vi.  ll(i. 
Arrival  and  amount  of  tlie  invoic'\  J  rur.  Sf.  Pii/>.,  Jlcn.  Mil.,  MS.  xlvi,  '_'!•. 
I'lieir  (lamapeil  contlition,  according  to  Sola  and  Lieut.  E.strada.  I'niv.  Ito-., 
MS.,  ix.  l,Vi-4;  ilmrro,  />or.  llixl.  M<.i:,  MS.,  vii.  7<i. 

'"Oct.  181."),  Nov.  (i,  ISKl,  ordirs  to  lie  i^ent  to  (luadalajara.  Pror.S'.  Pop., 
MS.,  xix.  371;  xx.  Nov.  iJIst,  Com.  (ien.  of  Nueva  (ialieia  to  aid.  /(/.,  .\x. 
21?.  Dec.  lOtli,  better  iirosjiccts.  /(/.,  xx.  130.  Dec.  30th,  CJuerra  complain.^ 
of  the  Guadalajara  change.  Id.,  xx.  119. 


SOLA'S  REPORT. 


215 


ola,  a 
mess 

;o  was 

well 

even 

kept 


away  from  the  presidios,  frequented  tlic  finaller  ];ays, 
landed  with  impunity,  and  came  into  oontaet  v.'ith  the 
pc'(>[)le.  Tlie  Indians  naturally  could  not  he  counted 
on  to  give  their  lives  in  defence  of  a  people  whom 
they  charged  with  having  deprived  them  of  their  lil)- 
erty.  They  could  easily  be  bought  from  their  alle- 
giance and  the  strangers  were  very  free  with  their 
heads.  Yet  S|iain  coidd  by  no  means  afford  to  aban- 
doji  the  jtrovince,  which,  to  say  nothing  of  its  own 
intrinsic  value  and  the  duty  of  maintaining  so  giand 
a  spiritual  conquest,  was  an  especially  ini])ortant  jios- 
session  just  at  this  time  as  a  commercial  frontier  bar- 
rier to  keep  the  schcminui:  and  aufi^ressive  Enu'lish  and 
liussians  I'rom  interfering  in  the  trade  of  Xew  Spain. 

Sola  appended  to  this  report  his  views  on  the  agri- 
cultural and  eonmicrcial  resources  of  California  and  on 
the  measures  necessary  for  their  profitable  dcvelop- 
UKiit,  among  which  the  most  essential  in  his  o[)inion 
v.cre  the  introduction  of  five  hundred  Spanish  fanii- 
lit '^S  the  opening  of  the  long-ch)Scd  Colorado  Kiver 
route,  and  the  furnishing  of  at  least  two  shi[)s  to 
cany  away  the  produce  of  the  country.  I^egrctting 
tliat  he  had  not  the  talent  to  devise  ways  and  nuans 
to  settle  and  [)rotect  the  province  confided  to  him 
Vvithodt,  nnj)osing  expense  on  the  roj-al  treasury,  the 
go\:  'Mof  concluded  by  insisting  that,  while  expensive 
i'l  ri  lii'-at'.ons  would  be  useless,  two  hundred  iiirantry- 
li.  Ml,  i\)\:r  field-[)icces  with  men  skilled  in  their  use, 
ai;«'  an  ari'icd  cn.iser  were  absolutely  necessary  not 
only  toi  ihe  expulsion  oT  the  ]lussians  but  for  the 
safety  of  the  province.^'*  Subsequently  he  made  a  tour 
of  inspection,  visiting  all  the  })residios  and  missions  to 
a('(iuaint  himself  morc^  thoroughl}'  with  their  neinls. 

I'hree  vessels,  the  San  Autoiiio  and  Ifo'inosa  Mcji- 
vdiia  from  Lima  and  the  Cazadoni  from  l*anam;l,  came 
1  i  !s  year  to  exchange  their  cargoes  of  goods  for  Cali  Ibr- 
1:  u   tallow.     The  governor  made  a  requisition  on  the 

'■■olo,  Ififo)T)if  Gciirral  al  Vim/  fohre  Dvj'cnuas  ilc  la  Calfjomia,  1S07, 
MS.     Datoil  Jlontcrcy,  Juu.  'J,  1»17. 


I 


! 


210 


THE  REVOLUTIONARY  PERIOD— HARD  TIMES. 


ir  M  , 


'M I 


missions  for  tallow  or  money  and  thus  secured  a  fair 
portion  of  the  goods  for  his  soldiers.  He  also  held 
out  the  danger  of  attack  from  the  South  American 
insurgents  as  an  incentive  to  get  rid  of  the  large 
amount  of  tallow  on  the  coast.'*''  The  duties  on  exports 
and  imports  imposed  by  Sola  not  only  proved  an  item 
worth  consideration  under  the  circumstances,  but  it 
obliged  the  pueblos,  of  which  we  hear  very  little  in 
these  days,  to  contribute  a  slight  amount  toward  the 
support  of  the  soldiers.  From  Captain  Wilcox  of  the 
iVmerican  Trav> tiler  about  $1,4:00  in  cash  and  cloth, 
perhaps  much  ;f  •  was  obtained.  Russian  trade 
was  also  reopened  r  a  temporary  interruption  of 
one  year.  Padushku  in  the  CJilnkof  came  to  San 
Francisco  and  ^Monterey  in  the  spring;  and  although 
Sola  would  give  no  formal  consent  to  barter,  refused 
permission  to  hunt  otter  in  })artnership,  and  insisted 
peremptorily  on  the  abandonment  of  Koss — 3'et  all  the 
same  the  Cliu'lkofs  cargo  was  in  one  way  or  another 

traded  for  grain  and  meat.    In  the  autumn  Ha«jfe- 

.  .  .  "-^ 

moister  in  tlie  Kutuzof  cvawc  down  to  San  Francisco, 

and  Sola  made  an  effort  to  purchase  the  cargo  to  the 
amount  of  !?25,000  or  $30,000  with  drafts  on  Guada- 
lajara,^ but  the  Russian  conunander  declined  such 
doubtful  securities.  Then  Hagemeister  offered  to  sell 
tlic  goods  and  take  his  pay  in  otters  to  be  caught 
then  and  there,  which  terms  Sola  would  not  acce})t; 
3'et  now  as  before  the  Kutuzof  carried  away  produc 
in  place  of  the  effects  she  brought. 

^^Aug.  20,  1817,  Finnin  <le  Ocnoa  y  Aguirre  to  Sol.a,  agrees  to  pny  the 
tlutii's  c'stiiblishcd  on  gootls  urgently  needed  for  the  trooiis.  Is  ever  ready  to 
ticrvo  the  king.  I'liices  at  the  governor's  disposal  his  whole  cargo — that  of 
tlie  l/rrmosd,  Mi.ricdiui.  I'rov.  St.  I'd/'.,  MS.,  xx.  IM-").  iSola  obtained 
cloths  for  the  troops  to  the  amount  of  !?8,000,  Ourrro,  Doc.  Hist.  Cat.,  MS., 
ix.  1-3,  (!,  7.  Sola's  decree  of  Aug.  lOtli  calling  for  import  duties  equal  to 
these  of  export  as  shown  by  the  vessel's  register;  and  fixing  the  export  duty 
of  tallow  at  18  cents  per  arroba,  the  duty  on  other  produce  to  be  lixed  i)y 
Lieut.  Estrada.  S.  Joxe,  Arch.,  MS.,  i.  20;  Sta  Cruz,  Arch.,  MS.,  44.  A.  ■,'. 
23d,  Sola  from  San  Diego,  explaining  that  the  insurgent  operations  in  Chili 
would  open  a.  market  for  California  tallow.  Prov.  Jiic,  JI8.,  xi.  49;  (Juerra, 
Dot:  1 1 1st.  Cut.,  MS.,  iii.  244. 

3" Sola  to  Argiiello.  Pror.  St.  Pop.,  MS.,  xx.  210-11.  Sec  also  the  chapter 
on  liussiun  relutiuus  for  this  decade. 


MISSION  CONTRIBUTIONS. 


217 


Wlalc  supplies  were  thus  abundant  in  comparison 
^itli  those  of  the  precedin^^  year,  complaints  ot'  desti- 
tution continued  and  from  Mexico  no  relief  was  ob- 
tained.^^  The  missions  were  of  course  heavily  taxed, 
and  still  furnished  food  and  such  other  supplies  as 
they  had;  but  this  year  for  the  first  time  manifesta- 
tions of  ill-feeling  appear  on  the  part  of  the  friars.  It 
is  evident  that  the  extent  or  manner  of  Sola's  demands 
g'ave  offence,  the  dissatisfaction  first  ui)pearing  in  con- 
nection with  the  call  for  a  ton  of  tallow  for  each  pre- 
sidio to  be  traded  for  the  cargoes  of  the  Lima  ships 
and  for  the  benefit  ^>f  the  troops.  Prefect  Sarria 
refused  to  contribute  so  much  and  after  a  rather  bitter 
o()rres|)ondence  Sola  was  obliged  to  reduce  his  demands 
far  below  the  original  figure,  and  the  amount  finally 
levied  on  the  missions  seems  to  have  been  $2,800  in 
cash  or  its  equivalent  in  tallow.^^ 

'■"  Fob.  20,  1817,  Sola  advised  from  Mexico  by  a  friend  that  an  active  and 
clilcient  agent  is  much  needed  to  agitate  California  interests.  7'yow.  iSV.  J'op., 
MS,,  XX.  l.")l.  Guerra  complains  of  the  great  poverty  of  the  inhabitants  of 
Ills  district.  Oiierra,  Doc.  I/ixt.  Ctd.,  MS.,  iii.  ,X  June  4th,  Sola'to  Oen. 
<'ru/,  Ills  heart  bleeds  for  tlie  indigence  and  sull'ering  of  olhcers,  men,  and 
faiiiiHes,  to  cover  wliose  nakedness  ho  had  already  given  away  nearly  all  liis 
own  clotldng.  Not  $100  to  be  borrowed  in  the  province.  Proi\  St.  Prtp., 
MS.,  XX.  14S,  loO.  June  28th,  private  letters  to  Sohi  from  Topic,  the  invoice 
of  goods  ordered  has  not  been  sent,  because  tiie  merchants  of  New  Galicia  will 
not  venture  unless  with  a  certainty  of  large  returns,  /r/.,  xx.  173.  Aug.  14th, 
Gervasio  Argiielloto  Sola  from  Guadalajaia,  says  he  makes  daily  appeals  to 
trca-sury  olhcials,  viceroy,  general  and  iiitendente;  but  no  attention  is  paid  to 
his  claims.  There  is  great  want  in  Mexico,  and  no  likeliliood  of  obtaining 
relief  for  California  unless  great  influence  is  lirouglit  to  bear  on  the  V.  K.  /'/., 
XX.  1S8  -92.  Aug.  lOtli,  Sola  toGuerra  speaks  of  more  encouraging  prospects. 
The  liabilitado  general  has  received  a  little  money,  (tiicrnt,  JJor.  //i.if.  Cal., 
!MS.,  iii.  "244.  Oct.  8th,  Argiiello  says  the  V.  K.  has  ordered  the  treasury 
oliicials  to  relieve  California,  but  nothing  has  been  done.  I'ror.  St.  Pa  p.,  MS., 
XX.  l!)4-."».  Dec.  8th,  Wilcox  says  at  tlio  time  of  liis  visit  at  Monterey  'the 
most  of  tiie  troops  and  other  inhabitants  could  not  attend  mass  f,^r  want  of 
clothing;  and  the  padres  had  neither  wealing  ai)]i;irel,  ornaments  for  the 
cJiurciies,  nor  implements  to  till  the  soil.'    Id.,  xx.  1(18-!). 

^-Sarria's  first  reply  was  an  oiler  of  .'?4,()()0  or  4,(H)0  arrobas  of  tallow,  free 
from  duties.  Sola  oll'ered  then  to  take  (i.OlK)  arrobas  and  $4,(K)(>  in  ciisii. 
(•'itrrm.  Doc.  n\d.  Cut.,  MS.,  iii.  24l»;  Arcli.  Sin  /{.,  MS.,  vi.  (il-.S.  Sept. 
'J.'id,  Sarria  by  circular  calls  for  contributions  as  follows — given  in  full  as  an 
illustration  of  the  comparative  resources  of  the  (liflcrent  establishnu'titr':  Sau 
I'raiicisco,  Santji  Clara,  San  .Tosc',  Santa  ('ruz(?),  San  Carlos,  Soledad,  San 
Antonio,  and  San  Diego,  §r)0  each;  San  Juan  IJautista,  San  Miguel,  Santa 
liiirbara,  San  Luis  Key,  8100  each;  San  Fernando,  SljO;  San  Luis  Obispo  anil 
Santa  Ines,  .«!200  each;  Turisima,  .^.'^OO;  San  Juan  Capistrano,  .?;{.">(>;  Sau 
Lueiiaventura  and  San  (;abriel,  .i?4(X)  each.  Arch.  Sin  IS.,  MS.,  ix.  •Ji.7  12. 
Later  in  the  year  the  governor  called  for  cloth,  sei'apus,  and  blankets,  and  the 


218 


THE  RFV'OLUTIONARY  PERIOD— HART)  TIMES. 


i 


m\. 


In  a  communication  of  Anijust  24tli,  Sarn'a  do- 
clarcd  that  the  destitution  was  hy  no  means  as  great 
as  in  past  years  'when  the  supplies  failed  to  come; 
that  the  missions  were  disposed  to  do  all  they  could 
for  the  troops;  that  the  governor's  information  to  the 
effect  that  the  missions  could  export  100,000  arrobas 
of  tallow  was  inaccurate,  though  it  might  be  true  that 
Cavenecia  had  by  extraordinary  exertions  obtained 
30,000  arrobas;  and  finally  that  consolation  and  relief 
were  coming  "in  the  news  that  the  insurrection  by 
which  the  face  of  the  world  was  threatened  was  already 
drawiuix  its  last  breath.""^  WritinL"-  to  Guerra  on  this 
subject  Sola  said:  "I  had  to  write  to  the  padre  pre- 
fecto  a  second  time,  and  pretty  plainly  because  he, 
wishing  to  play  the  part  of  a  good  bull-fighter,  thouglit 
lie  could  get  the  best  of  me  by  holding  out  the  ho})e 
that  after  t:ie  missions  had  supplied  themselves  with 
such  goods  as  they  fancied,  they  would  give  something 
for  the  troops,  as  they  did  in  the  time  of  Arrillaga. 
But  that  kind  of  thing  did  not  please  me,  and  I  told 
him  very  plainly  that  the  neophytes  had  no  use  for 
such  goods  as  were  ofl:ered."^*  A  little  later  Sarn'a, 
Amoros,  Duran,  Viader,  and  Marquinez  protested 
against  the  attempt  to  collect  any  export  duty  or  any 
tax  on  mission  produce.  Sarn'a  reminded  the  governor 
of  a  decree  of  excommunication  against  any  who  com- 
mitted so  sacrilegious  an  act.  Amoros  declared  that 
vessels  ought  to  be  thanked  for  coming,  not  taxed, 
hinting  mysteriously  at  the  prevalent  popular  excite- 
ment and  the  need  of  precaution  on  tin,"  part  of  the 
authorities,  while  Duran  proposed  to  appeal  the  matter 
to  the  supreme  government.^' 

inissiona  from  San  Juan  Bautista  to  San  Luis  Obispo  gave  COO  varas  of  jert/a, 
."50  blankets,  anil  105  scrapes.  /(/.,  ix.  *204-(i. 

='^Aug.'_'4, 1817,  Sarria  to  Sola,  ^l/r/i.  .Ir-o').,  jMS.,  iii.,pt.  ii.  12-10.  Fatlicr 
Martinez  writes  to  Sola  in  snniling  some  blankets:  '.si  quiere  V<1  que  vayau 
de  l)alile,  para  mi  Pslo  mismo  porque  cstceoniercio  <lo  California  engonla  pi icij 
y  d  nii  nienos  ()uc  no  soy  mas  que  apoderailo.'  /iL,  in.,  pt.  i.  14!).  In  another 
letter  Sarria  alludes  to  the  fact  that  the  presidios  owe  the  missions  a  gnat 
deal  of  money  for  supplies,  although  the  king  has  declared  that  nothint;  nuist  bn 
taken  from  the  Indians  without  immediate  payment.  Arch. Shi  li.,  iLS.,  iii.  88. 

="  Aug.  L'.'l,  1817,  Sola  to  Guerra.  Giitrm,  Do,:.  lliM.  CuL,  MS.,  iii.  'J44-8. 

*•*  Protesta  da  los  Padres  contra  Gabelas,  isn,  MS. 


LOYALTY  OF  THE  PADRES. 


219 


Xot  much  was  said,  or  at  least  written,  about  the 
rcvohition  during  these  days.  Father  Martinez  wrote 
often  to  Sola  in  a  jocular  view,  always  ready  to  C(Mi- 
trihutc  anything  he  had,  especially  money,  which  ho 
said  the  neopliytes  could  not  eat;  sending  supplies 
not  as  a  loan  but  as  a  gift,  "  that  all  the  world  may 
luiow  that  here  we  attend  to  public  necessities  with 
j)roper  integrity."  He  was  more  or  less  di.sgusted 
witli  prospects  in  general,  but  he  was  convinced  that 
"  now  is  the  time  to  eat  well  while  wo  can  and  the 
country  is  full  of  fat  cattle."  Senan  called  on  God  to 
j)ardon  and  save  the  misguided  insurgents  of  New 
J-^pain  and  South  America,  who  without  divine  inter- 
ference were  sure  to  ruin  all  and  be  ruined.  The  good 
news  alluded  to  by  Sarria  seems  to  have  been  derived 
from  a  number  of  the  Gaceta  de  Mexico  which  was 
widely  circulated  among  the  friars  greatly  to  their 
comfort.  The  prefect©  points  with  pride  to  the  fact 
tluit  California  had  remained  true  to  the  king,  and 
that  by  the  efforts  of  friars  and  government  perfect 
peace  had  been  maintained.  Evidently  the  impression 
was  ])revalent  that  the  rebellion  was  drawing  near  its 
end.'*"  Some  time  in  1817  there  was  probably  received 
ill  California  the  pastoral  address  of  tlie  newly  ap- 
])()inted  commissary  general  of  the  Franciscan  order  in 
the  Indies,  addressed  to  all  the  friars  in  America,  and 
dated  at  Madrid,  August  28,  181G.  This  document 
vras  in  substance  an  appeal  to  the  friars  to  remain 
hrni  in  their  loyalty  to  the  king;  and  tliere  "vvere  none 
certainly  in  California  who  were  likely  to  waver  in 
their  allegiance.^'^ 


s^Nov.  .'),  1817,  Arrh.  A)-zob.,  MS.,iii.  pt.  i.  01,  111-15,  148;  iii.  pt.  ii.  12, 
1.";  Anil.  SUi  n.,  MS.,  iii.  78. 

'•  Jkstaril,  Puxtural  dd  Cumlnario  Gcncnd  de  Indias  d  xiia  iiiibdUos  ~'S  de 
A'joulo  ISIO,  MS. 


CHAPTER  XL 


BOUCHARD  AND  THE  INSUEGENTS. 

1818. 

El  ASo  DE  LOS  INS0KGENTES— The  Re voLrxiox in Somi  Asierica — The Lnr a 
Ships  —GvzELA All's  Wahning — Sola's  Instructions — rREFAHATioss 
FOR  Defence— Bocchard's  Arrival— The  'Argentina'  anu  'Santa 
Rosa' — A  Russian  Story — Authorities — Attack  on  Monterey  — 
Artillery  Battle — Vallejo  and  his  Battery — Sola's  Retreat  to 
Rancho  tel  Rey — The  Presidio  Burned— The  Pirates  at  El  Re- 
fugio— Prisoners  Taken — At  Santa  Barbara— An  Insurgent  Trick 
— Alarm  at  San  Buenaventura — Bouchard  Lands  at  San  Juan  C.mms- 
TRiVNO — Deserters — Friars  and  Santiago  Arguello — The  Tumult  at 
Santa  Cruz — Departure  of  the  Pir<vtes — Results  and  Conclusions. 


I 


"El  afio  do  los  insurgcntcs,"  1818,  was  a  memo- 
rable year  in  the  annals  of  California,  being  the  only 
occasion  on  which  the  province  was  ever  invaded 
by  a  foreign  foe  before  the  exploit  of  Commodore 
Jones  in  1842.  The  operations  of  the  insurgent  Caj)- 
tain  Bouchard,  more  commonly  known  to  Califoi- 
nians  as  "the  pirate  Bucliar,"  although  involving  the 
only  manifestation  in  California,  from  a  military  point 
of  view,  of  the  great  struggle  of  Spanish  America  t'nv 
independence,  and  the  destruction  of  the  provincial 
capital,  have  received  from  modern  writers  onlj^  bare 
and  inaccurate  mention  by  a  few,  being  entirely  omitted 
by  most.^ 

•  The  strength  of  the  fort  'may  1)c  judged  of  from  its  having  been  taken  hy 
a  small  party  of  seamen,  who  hinded  frt)iii  a  Buenos  Ayrean  pirate  in  ISiii, 
destroyed  the  greater  part  of  the  guns,  and  pillaged  and  burnt  the  town.' 
Bcecher's  Voijar/e,  ii.  8(i.  'En  el  afio  de  81U  tanibicn  fui5  invadido  Monterey 
por  una  escuadrilla  argentina  al  maudo  de  un  tal  Buchiir.'  Cay/ai'iiirc.t,  Culr- 
clon  dv,  I)oc.,  41.  'En  181';),  nn  pirate,  portant  le  pavilion  dcs  insurgi's  do 
Buenos-Ayres,  canonna  le  I'residio,  ot  ayant  debanjue  du  monde,  s'empnra  do 
quclques  broufs  dont  il  avait  besoiu  puur  son  equipage, '  Mo/mt,  Exjilor., 


REVOLUTIOX  IX  SOUTH  AMERICA. 


221 


The  revolutionary  niovcinent  on  the  western  coast 
of  Soiitli  America,  as  in  New  Spain,  hej^an  in  18 10. 
The  strucftjles  of  the  followinQ:  ten  years  and  more 
]iave  never  been  recorded  sufficiently  in  detail  to 
throw  light  on  the  one  or  two  points  affecting  the 
story  I  have  to  tell.  Neither  is  it  necessary  for  my 
]iiirj)ose  to  relate  even  in  general  terms  the  revolu- 
lionary  annals  of  those  southern  provinces.  It  is 
enough  to  explain  that  the  Pacific  provinces  derived 
iin])ortant  aid  from  those  on  the  Atlantic,  and  espe- 
ially  from  Buenos  Aires;  that  General  Jose  de  Sau 
]\rartin  came  across  the  cordillera  in  1817  with  an 
army  to  fight  for  the  independence  of  Chili;  and  that 
for  a  year  or  two  before  and  after  that  date  manv  of 

*■  .  *■' 

the  privateers  cruising  on  the  coast  sailed  under  the 
JJucuos  Aires  flag.  These  vessels  seem  to  have  car- 
licd  letters  of  marque  regularly  issued  by  San  Mar- 
tin. Their  rights  as  privateers  and  insurgents  were 
generally  admitted  by  the  nations,  and  it  was  only 
the  popular  voice  in  provinces  attack  d  that  termed 
them  pirates,  though  it  must  be  admitted  that  their 

i.  401.  '1818-19,  great  excitement  about  this  time  concerning  the  expected 
visit  of  Boiichanl,  the  Ijiiuiios-Ayrcs  privateer,  who  afterwards  phmdered 
MnntureviUid  scared  Santji  IWrbara  to  death.'  J!r<iiriit''s  L.  Cul.,  74.  '  Bon- 
cl'.jird,  the  privateersnian,  ruins  the  Presidio  of  Monterey  and  tlic  Raneho 
llifngio  of  Ortega  near  Santa  Jiiirhara,  in  Deteniher  ISltS.'  Taylor,  in  <'(tl. 
F'iniiir,  Marcli  "Jl,  18G'2.  'One  day  in  1818  a  vessel  was  seen  approaeliing  the 
t'lwii  of  Montei'ey.  As  she  came  nearer  she  m'us  seen  to  he  armed,  and  iier 
(InUs  swarming  with  men,  and  slie  (lew  some  unknown  flag.  Arriving  witlun 
funslidt  .she  opened  lire  upon  the  town,  and  her  iire  was  an.swerod  fi'om  the 
battery,  wliile  the  lancers  stood  ready  to  repel  a  landing  if  it  sliould  be 
iittciniitcd,  or  cover  the  retreat  of  tlieir  families  in  case  tlieir  elTort  at  repulse 
shouhi  lie  unsuccessful,  for  Spain  was  at  peace  with  every  maritime  nation, 
iiiid  the  traditions  of  the  atrocities  connnitted  by  the  Buccaneers  at  the  end 
<>f  the  J 7th  century  on  the  Spanish  main  were  familiar  t(i  llic  people.  After 
i^Dine  tiring  the  strange  vessel  appeared  to  be  injured  by  tiic  tire  from  th<  bat- 
ti  ly,  anil  bore  away,  and  disappeared.  The  alarm  spread  along  the  coast  as 
fast  as  swift  riders  could  carry  it,  and  .all  the  troops  at  every  point  were 
onlcrcd  to  be  on  the  alert.  The  strange  craft  next  appcanid  oil  the  Ortega 
riiiich  and  hmded  some  men,  who  while  plundering  the  ranch  were  surpri.sed 
by  some  soldiers  from  Santa  Barl)ara,  and  before  they  could  regain  tlu.'ir  boats 
I'oinu  four  or  five  were  captured.  She  next  appeared  olF  San  Luis  Capistrana, 
liiiided  and  plundered  the  mission  and  sailed  away,  and  never  was  heard  of 
mure.  All  that  is  known  of  her  is  that  she  was  a  IJuenos  Ayrean  privateer, 
r.hd  that  her  captain  was  a  Frenchman  named  Bouchard.'  Foslo-'f  Fir-ff- 
Ainirh-mi  in  Los  Aii'/dci.  How  inaccurate  the  uiformatiou  (juoted  is  may 
bo  judged  from  tlie  following  pages. 


222 


BOUCHARD  AND  THE  INSURGENTS. 


I 


acts  in  more  than  one  instance  afTortled  foundation  for 
the  less  flattering  epithet. 

The  Buenos  Aires  vessels,  by  blockading  Callao 
and  the  Chilian  pf)rts,  kept  the  tallow-traders  away 
IVoni  California  in  1810,  and  there  came  a  letter  from 
Cavenecia  of  Lima  explaining  the  reason  of  the  non- 
arrival  of  the  ships.''  Not  only  this,  but  there  came 
in  June  despatches  from  the  peninsula  and  ISIazatlan, 
with  a  warning  that  the  privateers  were  likel}-  to 
visit  the  northern  coasts.  I  suppose  there  was  no 
special  foundation  for  such  a  warning  at  the  time; 
but  wo  have  seen  what  a  flurry  it  created  in  Cali- 
fornia, and  what  preparations  were  made  for  defence.'' 
Next  year  the  Lima  ships  came  again,  and  the  news 
was  probably  reassuring,  since  we  find  no  record  of 
further  alarm.  In  fact  the  blockade  of  the  ports 
of  Chili  was  regarded  as  a  benefit  to  California  by  fui'- 
nishing  an  improved  market  for  her  tallow.  Roquc- 
feuil  on  his  arrival  from  the  south  in  the  autumn  of 
1.M17  could  have  given  reports  somewhat  less  favor- 
able perhaj)S,  but  there  is  no  evidence  that  he  did  so.^ 

On  tlie  afternoon  of  October  G,  1818,  the  American 
brig  Clarion  arrived  at  Santa  Barbara,  under  the 
command  of  Henry  Gyzelaar,  formerly  of  the  Lij(.h'(t,^ 
M'ho  imparted  to  Connnandant  Guerra  the  startling 
news  that  at  the  Hawaiian  Islands  two  insurgent  shij)s 
were  being  fitted  out  for  a  cruise  on  the  American 
coast.  Guerra  immediately  despatched  a  correo  vio- 
Icnto  to  Monterey,  and  assembled  his  men  that  even- 
ing to  announce  the  report  and  authorize  those  who 
wished  to  do  so  to  send  their  families  to  the  interior. 
Next  dav  he  sent  a  circular  to  the  friars  of  the  south- 
ern  missions  ordering  every  precaution."    Sola  received 


2  April  20,  1816,  to  GueiTa.  Onerra,  Doc.  JHst.  Caf.,  MS.,  xi.  124. 

^  Sec  cliap.  X.  of  this  volume. 

■•  In  the  early  part  of  1818  there  were  a  few  minor  oommiinicntions  bctwcou 
Sola  and  his  commandants  about  precautions  for  coast  defence,  but  there  i:-i  u.) 
indication  that  any  special  danger  was  apprehended.  I'rov.  Ike,  M^i.,  xii. 
151;  Pror.  St.  Pup.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlix.  (i4,  7-2-:?. 

"On  the  movements  of  vessels  see  cliap.  xiii.  this  volume. 

*  Arrival  of  the  Clarion.  Gutrra,  Doc.  Hid,  Cut.,  MS.,  iii.  110.     Oct.  7th, 


1 


PRECAUTIONS. 


223 


\<<r 


so.* 

•icaii 

the 

/;.,-' 

;liiiL!: 

ships 

■icaii 

rio- 

voii- 

whi) 

rior. 

)uth- 

Mvud 


■I 


rtii, 


ilic  (lespnt;'h  fi-oin  Santa  Barbara  on  Ootoljcr  8ili,  and 
tliL'  same  (lay  issued  instnietioiis  jind  oi'tlcrs  t(»  all  the 
coniniandants,  as  follows:'  all  arlielcs  of  vahie,  such 
as  sacred  vessels  and  church  ornaments,  must  be  boxed 
forthwith  and  sent  away,  from  the  San  Francisco  Juris- 
diction to  the  ])Ueblo  of  San  Jose;  from  the  ^lonterey 
district,  cxccj)t  San  Antt)nio  and  San  Luis,  to  Soledad; 
iVom  Santa  Jxirbara  to  Santa  lues;  from  l*urisinui 
to  liancho  de  San  Antonio;  from  San  Buenaventura 
and  San  (;labriel  to  San  Fernando;  from  San  Dieyo 
district  to  Pala.  Stores  of  provisions  must  be  cvl- 
licted  for  the  four  presidios  at  San  ^lateo,  liancho 
del  ivey,  Santa  Ines,  and  Pala,  for  use  in  case  of  enier- 
L;ency.  Women  and  children  n)ust  be  ready  to  retire 
at  the  first  warning  of  attack  to  the  jjlaces  designated, 
v;ith  neophytes  ent)Ugh  to  pre[)aro  food  for  them. 
All  live-stock,  except  horses  iit  for  use,  must  be  driven 
inland  as  far  as  possible  whenever  vessels  are  descried. 
Invalids,  .settlers,  and  ranclieros  nmst  conjc  forthwith 
to  their  respective  presidios,  or  hold  themselves  in 
leadiness  to  obey  the  commandants'  orders.  '  .imedi- 
atcly  on  sight  of  a  vessel  a  flying  company  nuist  bo 
sent  out  to  reconnoitre  all  points  and  to  see  that  each 
man  has  500  cartridijes.  Two  thirds  of  all  available 
gunpowder,  except  thirty  or  forty  charges  for  each 
cannon,  nuist  be  removed  to  the  interior,  and  spikes 
must  be  prepared  for  the  guns  in  case  of  abandon- 
ment. Sentinel  parties  of  one  .soldier  and  two  Indians 
must  be  stationed  at  convenient  points.  Two  mountetl 
couriers  for  the  speedy  transmission  of  despatches 
must  be  stationed  at  each  of  some  twenty-five  point- 

OuciT.1  to  the  padres.  Id.,  iii.  134-5.  Mrs  Onl,  daufrhtor  of  Giierra,  .s.iys 
tlidt  (lyzcla.ir,  or  Don  Enrique  as  slic  calls  liim,  Iiad  lived  at  their  house  dur- 
iiii,'  his  former  detention,  and  in  return  for  kiiu'.ness  sliown  him  had  hastened 
til  alifornia  with  this  warning.  Ord,  i)ciirrfiirin.i,  MS.,  2,  IS.  (ionzah^z,  Kr/i'i-i- 
<  ,.(•('«<,  ^IS.,  G,  7,  was  one  of  tiie  soldiers  who  nut  (lyzelaar  at  the  lioaeh  whiii 
he  came  ashore  in  his  boat,  and  ho  gives  some  partieulars  of  what  liappened 
tli.it  afternoon.  Roquefeuil  at  S.m  Francisco  heard  the  news  on  Nov.  lOth. 
i.'iiiiiii/ciiirn  Voijnije,  108-9.  Gyzelaar  rciioried  that  the  two  vessels  had  3t 
i.iui  liO  fjuns  respectively,  2,"0  men,  and  were  under  a  Frenchman  named  Vi- 
sart.     They  were  to  sail  in  4  or  G  ilays. 

'iSo/rt,  luxfrttcnon  O'fvfrat  d  Ion  C'cniandantcs  aolre  lo  que  debe  practicurse 
contra  Ion  Iiuunjeulcn,  ii'i.V,  MS. 


224 


BOUCHARD  AN'P  THE  INSURfiKNTS. 


imiiicd.  The  iiooj)li3'to  affliers  previously  orcvanized 
iimst  l)e  sent  to  the  presi(hos.  Tlie  .strietcst  preeau- 
tions  must  be  taken  to  jn-event  tlic  hostile  vessels 
f'roui  etteetinuf  a  lauding  under  a  friendly  ila;^  or  on 
preteneo  of  (tbtniuiniijf  su])plies.  Settlers  and  retired 
soldiers  nuist  he  made  to  understand  in  the  j^ov- 
ernor's  name  that  the  safety  of  their  families  and  of 
the  j)rovinee  depends  largely  on  them.  The  mission 
guards  uuist  he  leplaced  temporarily  with  invalids. 
Jn  caseof  aetual  hostilities  prisoners  maybe  liberated 
to  light  for  the  country;  and  in  the  event  of  Sola's 
death  Don  Josd  ('e  la  Guerra  is  to  be  recognized  as 
acting  ijfovcrnor. 

On  the  same  day  Sola  notified  the  uiissionarics 
officially  of  the  impending  danger  and  entreated  them 
to  obey  the  ordeis  of  the  commandants.  A  few  davs 
later  the  governor's  mstructions  were  forwarded  fi'om 
each  presidio  to  its  missions,  and  were  ])romptly 
oheyetl,^  "Under  the  protection  of  the  God  of  battles 
I  believe  I  can  destroy  all  such  villains  as  may  have 
the  rashness  to  set  foot  upon  this  soil,"  wrote  the 
Aaliant  Guerra.  But  a  month  passed  without  any 
sign  of  hostile  vessels,  and  Sola,  beginning  to  think 
the  alarm  like  that  of  the  year  before  unfounded, 
ordered  Guerra  and  perhaps  other  commandants  to 
send  home  the  civilians  to  attend  to  their  ajj^ricultural 

*0ct.  8,  1818,  Sola  to  padres.  Prov.  Per,,  MS.,  xii.  104.  Oct.  lltli,  com- 
niamlunt  of  Santa  I'ai'bnrii  to  jiulres.  Air/i.  Sta  Ji.,  MS.,  ix.  l"20-.'i;  ilmrni, 
Due.  /lint.  Cat.,  MS.,  iii.  l.'}.")-7.  Oct.  11  th,  Sola  orders  Ouerra  to  pi.t  the 
artillery  militia  in  active  service,  receiving  pay  frcm  ilate.  J'rov.  St.  Puji., 
Jleii.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlix.  4.').  Oct.  l"2tli,  Pnrisiina  sends  its  quota  of  archers  aiid 
va(|iieros.  (I'lwrrii,  JJor.  U'lKt.  Col.,  MS.,  v.  3(i;  vii.  4,").  San  liuenaventiira 
did  the  same  on  the  13tli  and  14th.  /'/.,  v.  07-8.  Oct.  10th,  Guerra  announces 
linij,'ress;  80  de  razon  and  140  Indians  ready;  Los  Angeles  men  left  at  homo 
to  attend  to  their  crops  and  defend  San  I'edro;  no  faith  in  the  artillery.  /</., 
iii.  110-13.  Oct.  ISth,  Sta  Ines  responds  with  25  men.  Arch.  Sin  B.,  MS., 
xii.  ;$7<i.  Oct.  ISth,  (iuerra  to  the  padi'es.  C'lurro,  Doc.  Iliaf.  Vol.,  MS.,  iii. 
18.  Oct.  22d,  Padre  Martinez  complains  that  while  tliere  is  much  alarm  and 
the  other  missions  have  strong  garrisons,  San  Luis  Obispo,  the  most  exposed 
of  all,  ha:^  only  two  soldiers.  'It  may  be  that  all  are  aware  the  Chano  encamp- 
ment will  never  surrender.'  I<L,  iii.  5.  Oct.  24th,  Sola  to  Guerra  urgin;^ 
vigilance  and  approving  the  sending  away  of  families  and  other  measures.  Iil,, 
iv.  10;  Prov.  St.  Pa]>.,  Pen.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlix.  18.  Padre  ^lartinez  made  every 
P'-eparation  for  defence  and  even  was  ready  to  burn  the  mission  if  necessary. 
td.,  vii.  98-9. 


TWO  VESSELS  SICnXED. 


223 


10 


ami  (loincstio  nfiairs,  sinco  he  bulievod  tlio  si-ason  too 
iiir  iulviinceil  lor  liostilitios  to  bo  apprclieiulod.  Still 
ill  otl)er  rc'spofts  visj^ilunco  was  not  to  be  ivhixed." 
]*a(lro  Olbcs  wrote  from  Santa  Cruz  late  in  October, 
liowevei',  that  all  were  astir  in  the  mission  anil  villa, 
i'\|)oetin<(  the  insur^^^ents,  "not  to  li,L,dit,  but  to  join 
tilt  111,  for  such  is  the  disjiosition  of  the  inhabitants," 
it  being  expected  that  of  eoui'se  the  insurgents  would 
hanii  only  the  (/ac/iH/iiiK's,  or  Spaniards,  and  friars; 
but  Olbes  was  not  disposed  to  look  on  the  bright  side 
ol'  thiniis,  and  I  shall  have  occasion  a  little  later  to 
notice  some  interestmg  doings  at  Santa  Cruz. 

On  the  afternoon  of  November  20th,  at  a  time 
vlicn  the  governor  has  almost  ceased  to  fear,  the 
siutiiul  on  I'oint  Pinos  reports  two  vessels  in  sight,'* 
niiproaching  Monterey.  The  available  force  is  forty 
men,  twenty-five  cavalrymen  of  the  prc.^i(hal  comi)any, 
four  veteran  artillerymen,  and  eleven  of  the  artillery 
militiamen.  While  Sola  is  posting  his  nien  at  the 
hi  lore  battery  under  the  command  of  alfereces  Man- 
ml  (iromcz  and  Jose  Estrada,  and  while  he  is  prepar- 
ing the  families  for  a  retreat  to  the  interior,  it  is  well 
to  place  before  the  reader  the  little  that  is  known  of 
tlie  two  vessels  that  are  drawing  near  the  capital. 
The  larger  of  the  two  is  the  Anjentina,  or  perhaps 
Iai  (jcntila,  better  known  among  Caliti)rnians  as  the 
'fragata  negra,'  carrying  thirty-eight  heavy  guns  and 

"Nov.  12,  1S18,  Sola  to  Gnerra.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  2.'?0-l.  Nov. 
2l)tli,  (iuerra  announces  his  obcdiunce  and  asks  for  additional  instructions. 
<''ii'  rm.  Doc.  J  fist.  Cal. ,  'MS.,  iii.  ll.j-lO.  According  to  Mrs  Orel,  Ociirreii<'ian, 
Ms.,  "2,  '^,  Sola's  letter,  the  one  alluded  to  above  or  another,  was  ref,'arded 
as  insulting,  accusing  lier  father  of  being  over-credulous  in  listening  to 
\iiifi)Uiided  rumors;   but  subsequent  events  abundantly  justified  Guerra'a 

Zi'lll. 

'"Oct.  10th,  01b(:s  to  Gnerra,  in  Ouerra,  Doc.  Ilht.  Cal.,  MS.,  vii.  92. 

"  Vallejo,  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  i.  182-t?,  says  that  the  ves.sels  were  first  siglite<l 
oil'  San  ]'"rancisco,  where  the  alarm  was  given  and  a  gun  was  lired  from  tho 
fnrt.  ]5oth  this  author  and  Alvarado,  Iliit.  Cat..  M:%,  i.  14(i,  state  that  the 
insurgents  attempted  to  land  at  Santa  Cruz,  but  were  pioventcd  )>y  the  strong 
M  iud;  also  that  messcnj^ers— two  of  whom,  Teodoro  Mexica  and  Cayetano 
]v-i|uerra,  were  drowned  on  tho  way  in  cro.ssing  I'lijaro  Kiver,  according  to 
\  ullejo — were  sent  to  Montei'ey  to  announce  the  appi-oach.  That  messengers 
■\\  ( re  so  sent  is  very  likely.  The  pre'scucc  of  tho  insurgents  at  8aii  Francisco 
is  doubtless  an  eiTor. 

Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  IT.    15 


226 


BOUCHARD  AND  THE  INSURGENTS. 


ill 


two  violoitofi,  or  light  howitzers,  and  coinniandod  by- 
Captain  Hippolyte  Bouchard,  a  Frenclinum,  of  whom 
I  have  boon  unable  to  learn  anything  beyond  his  con- 
nection with  this  expedition.  The  smaller  vessel  is 
the  ^finta  Rosa,  Lihertad,  or  the  '  fragata  chica,'  with 
twenty-six  guns,  under  Lieutenant  Pedro  Conde. 
Both  had  sailed  originally  from  Buenos  Aires,  and 
carry  the  flag  of  that  revolted  province.  Their  force 
is  two  hundred  and  eighty-five  men,  made  up  of  rep- 
resentatives of  many  nations.  Of  their  operations 
before  coming  to  California  nothing  is  known  beyond 
the  outfitting  at  the  Hawaiian  Islands,"  The  infor- 
mation  just  given  rests  mainly  on  the  somewhat  con- 
flicting testimony  of  tvro  prisoners  from  the  vessels, 
of  whom  I  shall  have  more  to  say^  later,  and  it  is  by 


''■'One  of  the  men  on  tlic  larger  vessel  siiil  tl>ey  had  captured  on  the  way 
a  hrig  in  ballast,  which  had  run  away  and  discharged  licr  cargo  bofore  hciii;^' 
taken.  Tin's  may  be  made  an  excuse  for  introducing  here  a  mystcri(»us  Htiny 
from  Russian  sources.  Tikhincnef,  /.sVor.  Oliosniiiii',  i.  '2:54,  states  that  ♦ho 
J''oi'tiniu\\as  added  to  tlie  company's  fleet  in  181!)iiniler  the  following  circuiu- 
stanccs;  A  schooner  in  distress  seen  near  New  Archangel  was  towed  into 
port  and  found  to  contain  only  seven  Kanakas,  who  said  they  had  hccii 
pressed  into  service  as  sailors  by  the  commander  of  two  insurgent  frigates; 
that  while  those  frigates  were  bombarding  Monterey  and  San  Francisco  (in  s 
of  them  had  captured  the  schooner,  the  Sjianisli  crew  of  which  escaped  to  tlic 
shore;  and  that  tlie  Islanders  witli  three  Europeans  had  been  put  on  board 
tl  prize.  During  .a  nmtiny  on  the  frigate  the  commander  and  officers  were 
killed,  and  tlie  Europeans  on  the  sciioaner  transferred  all  that  they  wanted 
of  her  cargo  to  the  frigate  antl  left  the  Kanakas  to  follow  as  they  could;  an  1 
the  Litter,  after  a  voyage  of  82  days,  reached  not  the  Islands,  as  they  hop  d 
to  do,  !>nt  Sitka.  I  have  no  explanation  to  oU'er  of  this  remarkable  naria- 
tion.  But  now  that  I  am  recording  such  matter  I  may  add  the  statement 
of  Alvarado,  Iliit.  Cal.,  MS.,  i.  i;V2-4(),  to  the  effect  that  the  year  before, 
in  1817,  a  large  ship,  really  that  of  Bouchard,  anchored  at  Monterey,  claim- 
ing to  be  an  English  man-of-war  engaged  in  a  scientific  exjjloration.  Fir.st 
the  second  officer,  named  Gomez,  and  then  Bouchard  himself  were  wel- 
comed wannly  by  Estudillo  and  Sola,  the  latter  accepting  an  invitation  to 
visit  the  ship  the  next  day.  But  some  of  the  sergeants  and  corporals,  notic- 
ing the  Ihient  Spanish  of  the  ofhcers,  investigated  the  boat's  crev  by  offering 
them  cigarritos  and  brandy,  and  noted  their  very  un-English  use  of  both. 
Tiiey  made  known  *,hcir  suspicions;  a  council  of  war  was  held;  and  it  was 
deemed  safest  for  Sola  to  make  excuses  and  not  go  on  board.  Bouchard  saw 
that  suspicions  hnd  been  excited,  but  was  corfident  in  his  strength,  and  .'^cnt 
liib  band  on  shore  to  ]>lay  for  the  pecplc  in  the  evening,  and  next  day  came 
to  a  feast.  At  Ida  departure  Bouchard  saluted  the  fort  with  21  guns,  and 
received  the  same  honors.  He  had  failed  to  capture  Sola  and  thereby  obtain 
a  heavy  ransom,  but  he  had  studied  the  defence  of  Monterey.  A  dance  called 
th(!  rcmadora  was  invented  to  celebrate  the  departure  of  the  '  fragrata  sos- 
pechosa. '  It  is  iierhaps  needless  to  say  that  there  is  not  the  olightcst  founda- 
tion hi  the  records  for  this  statement. 


i 


I 


AUTHORITIES. 


227 


no  means  unlikely  that  it  is  inaccurate  and  cxagger- 
;it:<i  in  respect  ot"  the  force  and  arnianient." 

At  nightfall  the  strange  craft  draw  near  the  port, 
and  at  11  r.  m,  the  smaller  one  anchors  near  tlie 
sliore,  while  the  other  remains  at  some  distance.  To 
the  usual  questions  shouted  through  the  trumpet,  an 
answer  is  returned  in  Enijflish  that  nobody  understands. 

n  t,' 

The  demands  arc  repeated,  with  orders  to  send  a  l)t)at 
ashore  to  bring  the  shi[)'s  papers.  The  stranger  re- 
jilit'S  as  nearly  as  can  be  made  out  that  he  will 
attend  to  all  formalities  next  morning.  I  follow 
Sola's  ollicial  report  to  the  viceroy"  as  the  best  author- 
ity for  the  preceding  and  following  occurrences  in  the 
north.  The  only  other  authorities  are  statements  that 
liave  been  written  for  my  use  from  memory,  both  of 
the  events  and  of  what  was  said  about  them  then  and 
a  little  later,  by  the  oldest  of  the  native  Californians 
then  living.  These  statements,  however,  differ  so 
witlely  in  certain  respects  from  that  of  Sola  and  from 
(,;uh  other  that  they  can  bo  utilized  for  the  most  })art 
only  in  detached  notes  or  with  special  reference  to 
each  writer.'^     It  is  only  for  events  at  jNEonterey  that 

^^  lioitrhanl,  Tvsllmon'to  dr  iloH  /'r/s/owrro.'  nfcrcn  ilc  /o.s  hhvirijrnlf,  (hi 
Jl'iiirlriril,  ISIS,  MS.  One  witness  siiid  liotli  ships  l)tlt)ngi'tl  to  15(nu  liard; 
the  (itlicr  tliat  tiicy  were  owned  l>y  Chiivariiii  of  Jiiienos  Aires.  I'ondo  is  said 
tiiJiMvelieen  anAinericin  who  took  eoniniand  at  the  Islands.  Tiiere  was  another 
vissel.  tiie  ClHicahnco,  bound  for  I'eru.  Win.  Taylor,  a.  lieutenant  on  the 
liUL'er  vessel,  was  from  ]5ostou.  A  laicr  i)ri.soner  saiil  tlie  lander  vessel  was 
iiameil  till;  Coitsccnritcia.   I'ror.  SI.  I'lijK,  Jlcii,  Mil.,  MS.,  xli.x.  70. 

">V(i/a,  Solicin  (/('  /()  Acai'cidit  en.  c-ite,  J'licrto  <lc  Monti  rcii  rnti  (/o.i  ,/Vf(;/(//(f< 
]«  yh  iirriciih's  (i  /o.v  /'i  In /ile.s  )lf  /liidin.i  Ay !■(.•<,  ISJS,  MS.,  dated  Dee.  1 2,  ISIS 
I  this  Would  seem  an  error,  sinee  the  doeunient  nu>ntions  events  of  as  late  n 
ihitcasDee.  loth  at  least;  liut  the  archive  reeords,  Pror  St.  /'ti/i.,  MS.,  x\. 
?!•;  /'/.,  Jlcii.  Mil.,  1.  L*."),  iianic  tiie  date  also  as  ]>ee.  (•_*th  or  l.'Uh),  and  ]iidp- 
h-hed  hy  the  viceroy's  order  in  an  'extra'  of  the  government  iiews]iaper  of 
Mairh  1'2.  ISlIt.  GdirtiiK  ili>  .l/cr.,  xxxix.  'J.S;t-().  It  was  sulii.c([uently  re- 
jiroduced  in  JIii.iIioikui/i',  CiKuIrn  //i.i/driro.  \,  ii'2  l.  Sola  made  iv  supjile- 
iiiiiitary  report  dated  .luly  (!,  KSl!t.  Snht,  Iiifonnr  Siifih  woilario  mthir  lu.'i 
liisiir;ii  ;(^.^■,  JSJS,  MS.,  of  no  special iuipoit.'jnce,  l.eiu),'  eldeily  an  ueknowledi,'- 
iiicut  of  tile  jiadres'  services.  The  ^'overnor  also  m.;de  a  hrief  re|)ort  to  (leti. 
Ciuz  dated  Jan.  (i,  !81!(.  Sold,  liij'i'niic  ilirii/ido  <tl  dinind  ./ w'  de  l<i  Cruz 
f'lirr  lo.t  Iiisiifiiintr.s  di'  Ihiir/iiird,  ISIS,  MS.  In  l'(ii/ii,i.i,  liij'onno  IVkimI  dr 
J//moh(.v,  1S17-JS,  MS.,  HO-t-."),  11  resnmi^  of  the  wliole  atl'air  is  given.  'J'ho 
jilmve,  with  one  or  two  brief  letters  in  the  archives,  are  the  ftriginal  and  eoii- 
li  inporaneous  somces  of  information  which  inelnde  events  at  Monterey;  other 
diKuiuents  relating  to  iifl'airsin  th"  south  will  be  noticed  later. 

'-'  These  Btalenients,  most  of  which  arc  made  by  persons  who  write  from 


228 


BOUCHARD  AND  THE  INSURGENTS. 


this  discrepancy  is  to  be  noted;  for  on  events  in  the 
south  Sola  says  but  little,  the  statements  referred  to 
are  not  very  contradictory,  and  the  evidence  from  the 
archives  is  tolerably  complete. 

At  dawn  on  November  21st^®  the  '  fragata  chica,'  in- 
stead of  sending  a  boat  ashore,  as  promised,  of)ens 
fire"  on  the  shore  battery.  The  Spanish  guns,  eight 
in  number,  of  six  and  eight  pounds  calibre,  not  all  of 
which  were  serviceable,  return  the  fire;  and  with  so 
nmch  skill  and  good  luck  are  they  aimed  by  the  vet- 
erans and  amateurs  under  Gomez,  that  after  "  an  ob- 
stinate combat  of  two  hours,"  during  which  "  the  two 
artillerymen  with  their  alferez  kept  up  a  constant  and 
effective  fire,  doing  much  damage  to  the  frigate,  aided 
by  the  soldiers  of  the  prcsidial  company,  who  bore 
themselves  at  the  battery  with  an  unspeakable  serenity 
despite  the  balls  that  were  falling  round  them,"  while 
the  foe  lost  five  men  killed  and  more  wounded,  the  in- 
surgents lowered  their  flag  in  token  of  surrender  and 
begged  for  a  suspension  of  firing,  though  not  before 
having  sent  away  six  boats  to  the  other  ship  with 
most  of  the  men.  The  result  of  this  artillery  duel 
was  certainly  well  nigh  inexplicable,  except  on  the  sup- 
position that  the  armament  of  the  Santa  Rosa  was 
greatly  exaggerated,  or,  what  is  more  likely,  that  the 
surrender  was  merely  a  pretence  to  avoid  a  method  of 
attack  which  involved  needless  risks.  As  soon  as  the 
flag  was  lowered  the  Spaniards  ordered  that  the  com- 
mander should  be  sent  ashore.     The  reply  was  that 

memory  of  nctual  events,  arc  as  follows:  VaUrjo,  Hixf.  Cnh,  MS.,  i.  182-241; 
Almrado,  llht.  C'(7/.,MS.,i.  14(5-80;  av/o,  ///.s?.  ra/.,]MS.,.32-.').3;  Vfdhjojlvm- 
■inisreticlafi,  MS.,  70-(l;  Amador,  .Vriiwrinx,  MS.,  ,'JO-(i;  liomtro,  Mvmori(t.<, 
MS.,  II,  12:  Firnutuli z,  t'osa,"  >le  CaL,  MS.,  lo-lT;  'loimdtz,  Exjicriiiicia.^, 
MS.,  5-11;  Ari'n,  Ucntcrdon,  MS.,  17-1!);  (lankt,  l/irlios,  MS.,  44-8;  Jlo- 
rniidn,  Xotun,  MS.,  .^-(i;  Ord,  Ontrreiicidn,  MS.,  .'1-7;  Pico,  Acoiilcciiiiicntvi, 
MS.,  :<,  4;  Cnxlro,  lidncloii,  ]\1S.,  0-9;  Ardn.  Xotnn,  MS.,  2-8;  To/'/'s 
J/('ninria»,  MS.,  3,  4;  Linjo,  I'ida,  MS.,  ,'"),  (i;  Va/des,  L'einin.,  MS  5-7; 
JtOi'ihiW'Z,  Nurrni'ion,  MS.;   Lario»,  Coin'iilsioiii'K,  MS.,  4,  .'"). 

'"  in  I'ui/cniK,  liiforme  Jiirixd,  f.iul  in  several  of  the  niisccllancoas  statements 
the  (late  of  the  attack  is  given  as  Nov.  22il. 

''Tlie  captive  witnesses  liefore  alhuled  to — Bouchard,  Tt'xtimoiiio,  MS., 
etc. — tcstilied  that  tlicy  tired  only  after  and  because  of  Sola's  refusal  to  fur- 
nish iiupplics  whivli  they  iisked  lor  and  which  they  iieedcil  for  their  voyage. 


SURRENDER  OF  THE  PIRATES. 


229 


tliat  officer  had  gone  to  the  other  ship;  wliereupon  it 
was  announced  that  the  firing  would  be  resumed  if 
some  responsible  officer  was  not  landed  at  once.  The 
second  officer,  an  American,  then  came  in  a  boat  with 
two  sailors.^^ 

Unable  to  obtain  from  these  men  anything  but  "  lies 
and  frivolous  excuses,"  Sola  put  them  in  the  guartl- 
liouse  and  directed  his  attention  to  preparations  for 
defence  against  the  'fragata  negra,'  which  was  aj)- 
proaching  under  full  sail  and  soon  anchored  just  out 
of  reach  of  the  battery's  guns.  Bouchard  now  sent  an 
olficer  with  a  flag  of  truce  bearing  a  formal  demantl 
fur  the  surrender  of  the  [)rovincc;  "  to  which,"  writes 
Sola,  "  I  replied,  saying  that  its  governor  looked  with 
due  scorn  upon  all  that  the  said  connnunication  con- 
tained; that  the  great  monarch  whom  he  served  had 
confided  to  him  its  command  to  defend  it  and  keep  it 
under  his  rule ;  that  if  he  should  use  force  as  threatened, 
I  with  mine  would  make  him  know  the  honor  and  firm- 
ness with  which  I  would  repel  him  and  that  while 
there  was  a  man  alive  in  the  province  he  could  not 
succeed  in  his  plan  of  taking  possession,  since  all  its 
inhabitants  w^ere  faithful  servants  of  the  huvj;  and 
would  shed  the  last  drop  of  blood  in  hi>  service." 
jMatters  remained  thus  during  the  restof  tlie  day  and 
night  of  the  21st.*''     I  am  disposed  to  believe  from 

"As  to  the  names  of  the  two  sailors,  or  what  eventually  liecainc  of  tlieni, 
notliiu;.;  is  dctinitely  known.  One  of  them  is  described  as  a  native  of  ISuenos 
Aires  and  tlie  other  of  (iuinea — a  negro  (?).  The  American  was  Joseph  Cliap- 
niiiu,  of  whom  n'lrf"  ^non. 

''■'  Jlei'c  I  m'-.st  introduce  the  version  of  this  affair  at  Monterey  given  hy 
the  Vallcjiis  jind  Alvarado,  and  supported  more  or  less  fullj'  Ijy  the  testimony 
(if  seveud  otiier  witnesses.  Tile  leading  ]iiiints  are  that  llouchard  had  either 
visited  Monterey  before  or  sent  an  agent  to  reconnoitre;  that  Manuel  (Jonie/ 
was  a  traitor,  had  sent  to  IVmchard  a  ])lan  of  the  Monterey  defences,  liail  a 
nepliew  or  near  relation  who  Mas  an  oliicer  on  the  vessels,  and  hy  ordering  the 
lire  suspended  saved  the  small  ship  from  lieing  sunk;  that  the  battery  which 
did  so  nutch  execution  was  not  the  old  one,  or  the  castillo,  hut  a  iw.w  one  of 
three  guns  built  by  Sola's  orders  further  south  and  not  included  in  Jionchard's 
]il;in-\\  hence  the  disaster;  and  finally  that  .losi^  de  .lesus  N'allejo  was  in  eom- 
niiud  of  this  battery  and  entitled  to  the  credit  for  the  partial  victory.  Indi- 
vidual statements  en  resume  respecting  details  are  as  follf)\vs:  M.  (i.  A'allejo 
says  that  when  she  first  opened  fire  the  shiji  sent  oil'  six  boats  to  land  umler  cover 
<it  licr  ginis,  but  Corporal  J.  J.  Vallejo  from  his  liatteiy  of  thiec;  IS-pounders 
ut  the  Montidero  fired  grape  ou  the  boats  mid  round  shot  on  the  frigate,  liriv- 


m 


^. 


1 

y' 

Mi 

z"^"i    I'iia 

1 

1 

1 

! 

i 

1 

|l 

'  ''f 

1 

'<  i  1 

1"  "* 

1 

1 

liii.jL 

230 


BOUCHARD  AND  THE  INSURGENTS. 


testimony  which  I  give  in  the  accompanying  note, 
that  it  may  not  have  been  the  guns  of  the  regular 
battery,  the  Castillo,  which  did  such  execution  in  the 
]>revious  action,  but  those  of  a  new  battery  on  the 
beach  under  the  command  of  Corporal  Jose  de  Jesus 
Vallejo. 

I'ng  the  hoata  back,  sinking  one;  and  killing  30  men.  Seveml  ]>a.\h  pierceil  tiic 
ship  between  wind  and  water.  At  the  lowering  of  the  flag  Sola  feared  a  trick 
and  wi.slied  to  continue  the  firing,  but  Gomez,  commanding  the  castillo.  ordered 
Vallejo  to  stop  firing;  Vallejo  refused  and  Gomez  ordered  the  guns  of  the  castillo 
to  be  turned  on  the  battery,  though  the  men  refused  to  fire  on  their  friends. 
But  (iomez  induced  Sergt.  IgnacioVallejo  to  go  and  influence  his  son  to  report 
to  Sola.  Bouchard  meanwhile  withdrew  his  vessel  and  prei)ared  to  land.  He 
landed  about  0()0  men  at  the  Playa  de  Dofia  Brigida,  later  called  Playa  de  Ins 
Insurgentes,atthemodernsteamer-landing,Alvaradosaysnnder  Lieut.  Luciano 
Gomez,  nephew  of  Manuel.  Sola  sent  Alftircz  Estrada  with  80  men  and  a  four- 
pounder  to  prevent  the  landing.  One  of  the  insurgent  boats  lay  on  heroais  to 
return  Estrada's  fire  while  the  other  two  landed  400  men  who  attacked  tlic 
Spaniards  in  the  rear  and  forced  them  to  retreat,  though  occasionally  charging 
to  gain  time.  Sohi  seeing  pjstrada  driven  back,  ordered  the  guns  spiked  and 
tiie  powder-magazine  blown  up,  which  was  done  by  Ignacio  Vallejo  and  two 
soldiers.  The  enemy  advanced  slowly,  fearing  ambuscade,  and  tiius  escapee  1 
being  blown  up  with  the  powder.  Then  Gomez  burst  the  guns  from  which  he 
could  not  remove  the  spikes,  sacked  the  town,  burned  all  except  the  clnurh 
and  customdiouse,  and  then  pursued  Sola  as  far  as  El  Saucito.  Returninf,' 
he  was  followed  by  Estrada  and  J.  J.  Vallejo,  who  harassed  him,  killed  and 
wounded  some,  and  took  three  ])risoncrs,  a  mulatto  Mateo,  the  Argcntiiu^ 
Nicolas  Chavarria,  and  the  negro  Norris.  This  was  on  the  'Jid  ;  the  insurgents 
slept  on  the  beach  and  in  tlie  customdiouse.  Next  day  they  went  on  board, 
but  subsequently  landed  .SOO  men  to  protect  workmea  in  making  masts.  They 
made  every  effort  to  arouse  the  (^alifornians  to  revolt  and  to  ransom  the  three 
captives,  but  in  vain,  finally  sailing  for  the  south.  Sola  established  his  head- 
(juarters  at  the  ranclio  del  rey,  now  Salinas  city,  where  ho  was  soon  juini-d 
by  Luis  Arguello  ^^■ith  rcenforcements  from  San  Fi'ancisco  and  San  .Josi'. 
From  here  the  families  were  sent  to  different  missions.  The  Vallejo,  Estu- 
dilio,  Rodriguez,  Pico,  and  other  families  went  to  San  Antonio  in  ox-eaits. 
'  How  well  I  remember  that  night,'  writes  this  autiior.  '  My  good  mother  wiis 
iu  a  wagon  which  had  two  hiiles  for  a  floor  and  two  more  for  a  i-oof,  when' 
after  supping  on  half-roasted  strips  of  dried  meat  without  .salt  .she  gatlieicil 
round  her  her  whole  family,  Juana,  Magdalena,  Encarnncion,  Rosalia.  Sidvn- 
dor,  and  myself.  Six  blankets  obtained  from  Padre  Elorencio  at  Solediid 
were  our  only  bedclothes;  and  all  were  sitting  or  lying,  weeping  and  shiver 
ing,  cared  for  by  my  poor  mother  with  inimitalile  patience.  Tiie  oxen  wiir 
hitclied  to  the  pole  of  the  wagon  at  our  lir.st  ramp  at  Qiiinado,  getting  mith- 
ing  to  cat  all  night.'  There  was  an  attack  by  the  Indians  also,  ciiusiiiL'  !i 
scene  of  great  confusion,  but  the  party  was  kindly  received  at  San  Antonio. 
Argiiello,  Estrada,  and  Vallejo  wished  to  have  Gomez  tried  as  a  traitor,  but 
Sola  did  not  deem  him  guilty,  especially  as  one  of  the  irKurgent  balls  hail  hit 
his  house.  The  captives  were  brought  to  the  camp  at  the  rancho  Nov.  'J.'Id 
at !)  V.  M.,  and  the  women  wished  to  burn  them  alive  as  heretics.  At  an  ex 
aniination  they  testified  that  Bouchar(r.s  object  was  to  gain  California  to  the 
insurgent  cause;  that  he  cxpeeteil  to  find  the  oificcrs  in  8yni)>athy  with  I'is 
purpose;  thatareward  wasoil'ered  for  Sola's  capture;  and  that  it  Wi'..sinteniliii 
to  attack  all  tiie  Californian  pos*s.  sparing  neither  jirivate  imr  elinivh  pr^p 
crty.  The  captives  were  jianloned  by  Sohi,  but  sent  away  tVnn  .Montei'i  \. 
Norris  became  a  cook  at  San  tl nan  Capistrauo  and  afterward  escaped  from  the 


CALIFORXIAX  VERSIONS. 


231 


The  soldiers  had  remained  under  arms  all  night  in 
a  drizzling  rain,  and  the  families  had  already  been 
sent  away  to  the  mission  of  Soledad.  At  8  a.  m.  on 
the  2 2d  the  larger  ship  was  seen  to  draw  near  the  bat- 
tvvv,  and  at  the  same  time  nine  boats,  four  of  which 
carried  small  cannon,  started  toward  Point  Potreros. 


srced  the 
(1  a  trick 
i.ordeiTil 
0  Castillo 
•  frieiiils. 
toi'epoit 
iiul.  Ho 
ya  do  Ids 
.  Luciano 
1(1  a  fouf- 
croavs  to 
eked  the 
chargiiij; 
)iked  and 
and  two 
s  escapi'<l 
whicli  lie 
le  chuich 
leturniuj,' 
;illed  and 
^.rgentiiii^ 
isui'gents 
l)oai'<l, 
Tluy 
the  thi'ce 
s  liead- 
jciiiu'd 

JoS('. 

o,  Estii- 
x-oaits. 
thcr  Wiis 
,  ■where 
ithorcd 
.  Sidvn  ■ 
Solediul 
shiver- 
en  were 
notli- 
uisi ULT  a 
Antonio, 
tor,  liut 
had  hit 
ov.  '2VA 
t  an  IX 
I  to  the 
,vit!i   I'is 
nteiidid 
•hprnp 
)nter(  y. 
roni  the 


cniintry.  Mateo  went  to  Santa  Clara.  Chavarria  went  to  San  Miguel,  mar- 
ried, and  obtained  a  grant  of  land.  All  the  men  returned  to  Monterey  1  )ee.  0, 
Mie  ]iiidres  to  purify  the  desoerated  chapel  by  religions  rites,  and  the  rest  to 
iiiuke  piejjarations  for  rebuilding  tlic  presidio. 

'J'iiLie  is  so  much  tiiat  is  erroneous  in  this  version  that  it  is  impossible  to 
pepii  rate  the  facts;  yet  there  is  ko  much  testimony  in  favor  of  some  of  tlie 
iiKiiii  ]Hiints  that  I  cannot  disregard  it.  Alvarado  gives  substantially  the 
i^.iiiie  \  er.sion  as  Vallejo.  He  says  that  the  new  battery  was  manned  by  'JO  of 
tlu^  .•irtillery  militia  under  J.  J.  Vallejo.  On  account  of  danger  from  Indians 
Sola  had  concentrated  but  a  small  part  of  his  force  at  ^Monterey.  Bouchard 
arrived  Nov.  '21st  and  approached  the  fort  Nov.  2'2d  at  dawn.  Non-combat- 
ants were  ordered  aw.ny,  but  some  women  did  not  get  away  until  the  balls 
lieL'iin  to  fall  in  the  presidio.  The  vessel  first  lired  a  broadside  into  the  fort, 
Mliieh  was  ix'turned,  no  hami  being  done  on  cither  side.  Then  ^'allejo  from 
the  now  battery  on  the  water  level  opened  fire  at  short  range.  A  white  Hag 
\\:is  run  up,  but  Vallejo  paid  no  attention  to  it;  would  not  obey  the  order  of 
(liiiiioz;  and  swore  he  would  not  stop  liring  until  the  foe  should  swim  aslutre 
to  snironder!  But  ho  yielded  to  a  peremptory  order  of  Solasent  by  his  father, 
iLiiiuio  Vallejo,  and  ceased  'is  (ire,  sayingsadly,  'All  is  lost.'  Two  neophytes 
V,  ere  killed  in  the  skivndsh  in  wliich  the  three  captives;  were  taken.  Sola  would 
)ir(ilial)ly  have  surrendered  Monterey  at  fn-st  if  a  fonnnl  sununons  had  been 
made.  Friendly  tribes  of  gentiles  rendered  much  aid  to  Sola  at  the  ranolio 
(hi  rev.  The  men  were  divided  into  two  parties  for  rebuilding  Monterey,  one 
miller  Estrada  and  the  other  under  Ignacio  Vallejo.  It  recjuired  about  a  year 
to  ]  r([iare  for  the  return  of  the  families.  Some  of  the  men  in  the  mean  time 
s'e|)t  in  tents  and  ciiraDiaflan  wlnlo  others  went  every  night  to  San  Carlos, 
wliieji  had  not  been  injured. 

.lose  do  .Tesus  Vallejo,  who  was  at  the  time  a  corporal  of  the  artillery 
militia,  mentions  the  approach  of  Bouchard  to  San  Francisco  and  Santa  Ci'uz. 
l!i:i  account  of  the  light  and  subsequent  occurrences  agrees  substantially  \\ith 
that  of  Alvarado,  neither  saying  anything  of  the  firing  on  the  boats  as  dc- 
.veiilied  by  M.  It.  Vallejo.  The  insurgents  in  their  advance  to  the  ])rcsidio 
carried  a  red  flag,  were  preceded  by  a  band  of  music,  and  paid  no  attention  t(j 
Iv.trada's  handful  of  men.  A  few  of  tlie  in.surgents  wanclcred  away  from  the 
|.!esi(lio  but  were  driven  i)aek  and  thivc  of  them  fell  into  the  writer's  hands. 
'J  he  jiadies  ^'cd  with  each  other  in  relieving  the  wants  of  the  exikd  familits. 
('onie;'.  should  bear  all  tlie  blame.  '1  know  that  there  was  an  nnderstanding 
between  (loinez  and  I'ouchard's  lieutenant.' 

A  suspicion  might  somewhat  naturally  arise  in  the  minds  of  some  personti 
t!i;it  the  three  preceding  witnesses,  in  order  to  honor  a  relative,  may  have 
Ii.mI  an  understanding  with  each  other  in  ])re]iaring  their  .statements  of  this 
allair  for  my  use;  but,  to  say  notiiing  of  the  fact  tiiat  if  such  be  the  case  the 
w  111  U  has  been  Very  Inmglingly  done,  the  statement  of  Antonio  Mai'ia  <)?  io, 
a_'reeing  with  that  of  Alvaiado  in  all  essential  points,  proves,  not  niccsi-arily 
that  it  is  true,  but  at  least  that  this  version  was  curieiit  in  early  times.  It 
is  not  unlikely,  however,  that  .Mvara<lo  may  have  .'ocn  Ohio's  vei^ion.  Osio 
omits  som(^  of  Vallejo's  exaggerations  and  inaccuracies  ri's|)cctiiig  forces,  etc. ; 
says  nothing  of  the  boat.s  or  of  any  killed  and  Wounded;  attiiliutes  the  weak- 
iii>s  of  (ioniez  to  pity  for  the  insurgents,  who  were  calling  for  iiiercv.  rath'  r 
tliun  to  treachery;  confirms  the  story  that  Gomez  turned  the  Castillo's  guna 


El 

m 


I 


t 


232 


BOUCHARD  AND  THE  INSURGEXTS. 


The  intention  of  the  foe  was  evident,  and  Sola  at  once 
sent  Alfcrez  Estrada  with  the  twenty-live  men  of  the 
presidial  company  to  prevent  the  landing.  But  he 
could  of  course  do  nothing  against  four  hundred  men 
with  four*  field-pieces,  as  Sola  affirms  the  force  to  have 
been.     At  the  same  time  the  firing  rcconnnenced  be- 

against  the  battery;  and  says  nothing  of  any  captives.  He  tells  us  that  the 
new  battery  Mas  a  very  weak  afl'air  of  sand  and  branehcs,  yet  it  received  no 
diimagc,  .mJuI  Vallejo's  guns  were  most  eti'eetively  aimed,  hardly  a  shot  ndssing 
its  mark. 

,)ose  Maria  Amador  was  a  sentry  at  San  Francisco  when  Dolores  Cantua 
arrived  from  Monterey  with  the  news;  and  he  wa.s  one  of  the  men  who  went 
with  Alf.  Sanchez  to  rciinforec  Sola,  whom  they  found  'con  iinas  ojera.s  que  le 
lle^aban  hasta  la  patilla,'  at  the  rancho  real.  Luis  Argiiello  came  next  d.iy. 
After  iive  or  six  days  of  drill  and  preparation  they  marched  toward  Monte- 
rey, one  man,  Cayetano  Rios,  being  drowned  on  the  way.  The  town  was  .still 
burning.  ]}ouehard  was  on  the  'negra,'  which  opened  the  fight.  Valleio  w;;.s 
ordered  to  atop  firing  by  Estudillo.  Bouchard  landed  3o0  men.  After  tlic 
troops  reentered  Ab)ntorey  Bouchard  again  landed  a  party  while  Argiiello 
sent  30  men  to  pursue,  and  captured  '21  prisoners(l)  without  firing  a  sliot. 
Amador  remendjers  of  these  the  following  names:  Acuua,  Franci^sc(),  and 
Joa([uin,  Spaniards;  Chavarria,  a  Mexican;  Aguilar,  a  Chileno  or  Peruvian; 
John  Ross,  a  Scotchman;  and  Francisco,  an  American  negro.  The  nui! 
returned  to  San  Francisco  in  January.  Sola  made  his  head-quarters  at  Sole- 
dad. 

Canuto  Boronda  was  at  San  Miguel  when  the  news  came,  and  hastened 
with  others  to  the  king's  rancho.  Most  of  the  fanulics  fled  to  Soledail. 
'Parecia  el  dia  del  juicio.'  The  in.surgents  stayed  alxuit  eight  days  to  repiiu' 
the  damages  caused  by  Vallejo's  guns.  Narrator  wan  for  a  time  Sola's  orderly, 
and  one  day  an  Indian  came  who  claimed  to  have  been  captured  by  the  enemy 
but  had  escaped,  with  the  news  that  Bouchard  Mas  preparing  to  attack  the 
camp.  The  insurgents  carried  away  all  the  provisions  and  other  goods  tlu'y 
found.  The  presidio  M'as  fired  at  four diflerent  places.  The  families  retinuid 
six  months  later.  The  narrator  says  the  soldiers'  furniture,  etc.,  Mas  piled  up 
in  the  plaza  by  the  foe  and  saved.  Jacinto  Rodriguez  M^as  six  years  old  at  the 
time.  He  confirms  the  statements  of  Alvarado  and  Osio.  Says  the  first  t-\uit 
destroyed  the  house  of  Gomez;  that  the  battery  Mas  near  the  site  of  the  pres- 
ent custom-house;  Gomez  M'aa  alarmed  because  he  had  heard  that  a  kinsuiiiu 
was  on  board;  Bouchard  landed  78U  men  at  Mussel  I'oint;  and  the  name  of  nnc 
of  the  captives  was  Mateo  tSagarra.  Early  in  Ibli)  there  came  workmen  from 
the  missions  M'ho  were  not  long  in  repairing  damages.  Jos(5  do  Jesus  I'iio 
was  a  young  boy  at  the  time  living  Mith  his  father  at  the  rancho  del  rey.  Jlc 
heard  of  an  understanding  betM'cen  Gomez  and  the  insurgents.  Inocente 
Garcia  in  a  brief  narrative  confirms  the  Alvarado  version.  So  does  (,'apt. 
Jose  Fernandez,  Mho  arrived  in  Califoniia  this  same  year  just  l)cfore  tlie 
attack.  He  says  both  of  Bouchard's  ships  Mere  painted  black.  Doiia  Muj  la 
Inoeenta  I'ico  de  Avila  was  in  Monterey  at  the  time.  She  relates  that  in  thr 
terror  of  hasty  flight  many  families  became  scattered,  some  of  the  cliildrcn 
not  being  found  by  their  parents  for  several  days.  !Nbxst  stayed  at  San  An- 
tonio until  April  ISlft.  ^bvnuel  Castro  nnplios  that  J.  J.  Vallejo  merely  man- 
aged one  of  the  fort's  guns,  but  most  efi'ectively.  ])orotca  ^'aldl''s  was  at  S.in 
Carlos,  whence  everybody  fled  as  from  the  presidio.  Mrs  Ord  fn'tpiently  hianl 
J.  J.  \';.llejo  credited  M'ith  the  achievement.  Justo  Larios  Mas  at  ^lontiTcy 
near  Miiei'c  his  father  had  been  killed  by  a  bear  a  few  days  before.  He  says 
.the  M'arehousc,  governor's  house,  and  a  few  others  were  burned,  but  not  all. 


FALL  OF  MONTEREY. 


233 


i 


,all. 


twcen  the  f^nns  of  the  ship  and  fort,  though  this  fact 
rests  on  Sola's  statement  alone.  Sending  off  one  small 
eannon  to  the  interior  in  a  cart,  the  go\'ernor  ordered 
]']strada  to  retreat  to  the  battery,  spike  the  guns,  burn 
the  little  remaining  powder  that  he  could  not  save, 
and  fall  back  to  the  presidio.  The  foe  advanced 
steadily.  At  the  presidio  "  some  resistance  was  made, 
IVuitless  on  account  of  their  numbers,"  and  Sola  re- 
treated with  all  his  men — saving  one  two-pounder, 
two  boxes  of  powder,  0,000  nuisket-cartridges,  and  all 
tlie  documents  of  the  j)rovincial  archives — to  the  ran- 
c])o  del  rey,  five  leagues  distant,  where  Salinas  city 
now  stands. 

The  Spanish  force  on  the  Salinas  was  next  day 
considerably  increased  by  reenforcements  from  San 
Francisco  and  San  Jose;  but  it  was  not  deen»ed  safe 
to  attempt  offensive  measurtis,  though  sentinels  were 
j)osted  to  watch  the  o])erations  of  the  foe.  IMoan- 
while  the  insurgents  killed  some  cattle  which  they 
found  astray,  ransacked  the  presidio  for  the  few  articles 
worth  carrying  away,  and  took  two  eight-pounders 
and  burst  the  other  guns.  They  probably  made  some 
lepairs,  else  they  could  hardly  have  remained  so  long, 
and  forced  or  otherwise  induced  to  accompany  them 
a  drunken  settler  named  Molina,  who  had  either 
straggled  into  jMonterey  or  been  left  there  in  the 
letreat.  They  finally  departed  in  the  night  or  early 
morning  of  November  2Gth  to  27th,  after  setting  tlie 
presidio  and  fort  on  fire.™    They  did  little  or  no  harm 

"'111  Ilia  Xotifia  Sola  says  they  loft  on  the  2oth,  but  this  is  apparently  a 
iiiis|iiiiit.  Nov.  27,  1818,  probably  early  in  tlie  inoriiiiij.'.  Sola  writes  fior.i 
tlie  riinclio  to  the  padres  from  San  Luis  (Jbispo  south:  'Having  coiieeiitraUMl 
luy  forces  here  to  hinder  the  pirates,  foes  of  the  human  race,  from  j^oin;,' 
inland,  up  to  the  present  time  tiicy  remain  about  the  prusidio  and  beaL-h  of 
Monterey,  and  have  not  dared  to  <ro.ss  ovi'r  to  San  (Mrlos  (1).  Yesterday  they 
showed  their  rage  by  burning  down  the  fort  and  jn'esidio,  wherel)y  they  give 
signs  of  speedy  (lepartnre ;  and  it  being  ijuite  likely  that  their  depraved  in- 
trntion  i.s  to  saek  tlie  other  points  and  missions  that  allbrd  them  a  elianee,  I 
krep  a  sutiieient  number  of  men  on  the  lookout  to  advise  me  of  tlie  eoursc 
they  may  follow  so  as  to  send  you  news  with  the  utmost  speed.'  1 'lease 
ailvise  one  another,  etc.  This  circular  was  received  at  evci'y  mission  within 
three  days.  J'rov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  2-2S-[H).  On  the  same  day  at  I'i.lU)  v.  M. 
Sola  notilied  the  southern  eomniantlant  of  the  insurgents"  departure.  Will 
fiunouncc  the  direction  as  soon   as  i<      ^ii   be   known  from  the  sentinel  at 


i    i 


234 


BOUCHARD  AND  THE  INSURGENTS. 


at  San  Curios;  perhaps  did  not  visit  the  mission  at 
all."^  The  damage  in  the  presidio  was  confined  to  the 
northern  side  and  to  three  houses  of  the  southern 
block,  in  all  of  which  the  roof-beams  were  burned, 
allowing  the  tiles  to  fall,  but  leaving  the  adobe  walls 
for  the  most  part  still  standing.  Outside,  the  artillery- 
men's house  at  the  battery  was  burned,  as  was  the 
wooden  esplanade.  Only  two  cannon  were  left  in  a 
serviceable  state.  The  damage  to  the  company  iu 
goods  taken  from  the  warehouse  or  spoiled  was  esti- 
mated at  about  $5,000,  most  of  which  was  made  U[) 
pro  rata  next  year  by  the  missions,  which  trusted  to 
providence  and  the  royal  treasury  for  reimbursement. 
The  padres  had  also  to  furnish  neophyte  laborers  for 
the  work  of  rebuilding.  The  orchard  and  vegetable- 
garden  were  entirely  ruined.  The  houses  of  the  gov- 
ernor and  conmiandant  were  among  those  partially 
destroyed,  and  those  officers  lost  about  $5,000  worth 
of  private  property.  It  is,  by  the  way,  a  rather  re- 
markable circumstance  that  neither  in  Sola's  report, 
contemporary  correspondence,  statements  of  old  resi- 
dents, nor  in  the  viceroy's  expression  of  thanks  to  be 
mentioned  later,  is  there  any  mention  of  the  part 
taken  in  this  whole  affair  by  Comandante  Estudillo. 
The  scattered  families  gradually  came  back  as  their 
houses  were  repaired;  and  I  suppose  that  by  April 
1819,  and  perhaps  much  earlier,  Monterey  had  well 
nigh  reassumed  its  old-time  aspect.-^ 

Pt  Aflo  Nucvo.  Sentinels  must  be  posted ;  munitions  transported  to  where 
they  ai'c  needed  ;  heavy  guns  buried  ;  families  sent  to  the  interior ;  nothing;  to 
be  left  for  the  foe.  Arch.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  iii.  pt.  ii.  3'2-i).  In  a  letter  of  Dec.  tStli 
to  Martinez,  Sola  says  that  superiority  of  numbers  forced  liini  to  abandon 
Monterey ;  but  he  speaks  slightingly  of  the  insurgents'  courage.  Says  he  has 
lost  all  his  furniture  and  luggage,  (.iiicrm.  Doc.  J/int.  CtiL,  MS.,  iv.  '2l~2. 
Feb.  '2(i,  1810,  Sola  was  at  San  Antonio.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  1. 
1,  10.  Dec.  ),  1818,  J.  J.  Vallejo  and  Quintin  Ortega  with  15  men  encanii)ed 
at  rancho  real.  Id.,  xlix.  .'iS.  Si>la"s  report  to  Gen.  Cruz  is  but  a  brief  resume 
of  that  to  the  viceroy,  and  is  sir|>pleniented  by  an  appeal  for  aid.  Prov.  Hir., 
MS.,  X.  29-;i0.  President  l^iyeras'  loport  touches  the  affair  very  briefly, 
adding  notliing  new.  Arch.  Sla  IS.,  MS.,  x.  .304-5. 

'■"  It  i.s  saitl  that  one  of  the  insurgents  was  seen  from  the  hills  to  enter  the 
mission  on  hors  iback  with  two  paek-hor.sea.  Afterward  it  was  fcjund  that 
many  of  the  mission  tools  had  disappeared.  Arch.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  iii.  pt.  ii.  1 10. 

'--On  the  damages  at  Monterey  see  Jvstudillo's  note  of  March  4t]i  to  Sola. 
prov.  >it.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  "JOJ-^.    Jiuie  "Jlth,  Sola  to  president.  Arch.  StuB., 


m 


PREPARATIONS  IX  THE  SOUTH. 

Comandante  Guorra  in  addition  to  his  precautions 
for  safety  in  the  jurisdiction  of  Santa  Bdrbara  had  at 
Sola's  order  sent  a  corporal  and  six  men  to  rcenforco 
]\[()ntcrcy."^  This  party  returning  southward  proi)ably 
hiouyht  from  the  rancho  del  rey  news  that  Bouchard 
had  left  Monterey,  his  attack  on  that  place  haviu(( 
hecn  announced  to  the  great  terror  of  the  Barbarenos 
a  few  days  earlier.  Families  had  been  hastily  sent  to 
the  interior,  chiefly  to  Santa  Ines,"^  and  some  vecinos 
from  Los  Angeles  had  been  summoned  to  the  presidio 
to  aid  the  soldiers.  It  was  not  thought  likely  that 
liouchard  would  venture  in  his  larcre  vessels  into  such 
a  harbor  as  that  of  Santa  Bdrbara  at  this  season  of 
the  year,  yet  it  was  well  to  be  prepared  for  the  worst." 
A  part  of  the  San  Diego  garrison  also  seems  to  have 
been  brought  to  the  north  on  this  occasion. 

The  insurgent  squadron,  after  its  departure  from 
iMontere}^  November  27th,  was  first  sighted  by  the 
sentinels  of  Purisima  mission  at  3  p.  m.  on  the  1st  of 
]  December.  Padre  Pay  eras  sent  a  note  to  the  other 
friars  saying  that  in  passing  Point  Pedernales  the  tMo 

^rS.,  xii.  238.  Sola's  report  of  July  6.  Id.,  vi.  277-SO.  July  27tli,  President 
tu  padres.  /'/.,  vi.  107-8.  Aug.  ,3d,  Sola  to  Kstudillo.  St.  Pop.  Sa-.,  JIS., 
V.  .'),3.  Aug.  l.Sth,  Sola  to  PP.  Tapis  and  Arroyo.  /</.,  xvii.  48.  Paye."as  in 
JJoi:  Hid.  Cal,  MS.,  iv.  440-1;  Guerra,  Doc.  J I  Id.  Cal.,  MS.,  v.  71. 

''Xov.23, 1818,  fhierra  to  padres.  Arch.  J)-;o^.,  MS.,  iii.  pt.  ii.  28.  Rafael 
(lunzales,  who  was  one  of  the  party,  says  there  were  20  men  under  Se;gt. 
Aiiasta.sio  Carrillo.  Experiencias,  MS.,  5-8. 

-'Mrs  Ord  remembers  the  journey  made  by  herself  and  other  men  bers 
of  the  (luerra  family  in  a  carriage  tliat  afforded  little  protection  fro:ii  tl'.c 
hra\  y  rain.  She  noticed  I'adrc  KipoU  alight  to  give  his  horse  to  a  sick  won  'ai. 
Ml iiior'iui.  MS.,  4-0.  Padre  Martinez,  of  San  Luis  Obispo,  wrote  to  ( Jueira 
oil  this  subject  what  must  be  regarded  as  a  very  extraordinary  letter  to  conic 
fiiim  a  friar.  He  said  it  had  been  an  alcnldw/n,  or  stupid  blunder,  to  .send 
the  women  to  Santii  Incs.  They  should  have  been  retained,  and  then  tlic 
iiisuigcuts  yielding  to  their  charms  might  have  fallen  an  easy  prey  to  tlio 
military  force.  He  narrated  an  instance  when  the  Galicians  ha<l  thus  cllcc- 
tivclv  defended  themselves  against  the  French.  Giurra,  Doc.  Hist.  C'ltl.,  MS., 
iii.  !»,  10. 

'■'  It  would  seem  that  on  receipt  of  the  news  that  Bouchard  had  attacked 
Monterey,  (Juerra  also  sent  northward  a  new  rei-nforcement.  Mov.  24th,  at 
!">.;{()  A.  Ji.,  he  writes  to  Sola  that  Lieut.  Ignacio  ^lartinez  will  start  in  a  few 
hdurs  witii  all  the  force  he  can  get,  including  jirisoners  released  for  the  pur- 
pose, many  without  arms.  Prov.  .S7.  Pn/i.,  MS.,  xx.  227.  This  may  be  the 
li:nty  alluded  to  by  Gonzalez.  See  note  2.'1.  Dec.  llth,  Sola  exp.  .s.ses  ilia 
surprise  and  displeasure  at  the  delay  of  Martinez  in  rctmnii:;;  to  Santa  Bar- 
bara witli  20  men  of  the  Mo.iterey  comiiauy,  ])robablv  in  additicu  to  those  he 
biuught  north.  Prov^  St.  Pep.,  Jjci.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlix!  23. 


'  ! 


236 


BOUCHARD  AND  THE  INSURGENTS. 


i'l 


vessels  had  stopped  a  little  and  apparently  hesitated 
respecting  the  course  to  be  followed.  Next  day  Father 
Una  of  Santa  Inds  announced  at  5  p.  m.  that  the  ships 
had  anchored  at  Refugio;  but  Payeras  stated  for  the 
constjlation  of  all  that  he  had  sent  forty  armed  neo- 
])]iytes  to  aid  Uria,  that  Don  Ctlrlos  was  expected 
that  night  with  a  military  force,  and  that  "with  your 
] (layers  a  buena  accion  may  be  looked  for."  Padre 
llodriguez  expressed  to  Sola  his  opinion  that  "  the 
Caualeiios  will  do  deeds  that  should  be  recorded  in 
characters  of  gold."  Martinez  of  San  Luis  Obispo 
rose  from  a  sick-bed  and  marched  with  thirty-five  neo- 
phytes to  the  scene  of  action.  Still  another  friar, 
Avhile  he  thousjht  that  the  treacherous  rascals  would 
hardly  have  tlie  impudence  to  measure  strength  with 
the  valiant  Barbarenos,  yet  deemed  it  well,  in  view 
of  the  uncertainty  of  all  things,  to  pray  much  and  eat 
little;  and  even  an  occasional  self-flagellation  would 
do  no  harm.'^" 

Of  what  was  done  at  and  about  Refugio  we  have  no 
satisflictory  account  so  far  as  details  are  concerned. 
Bouchard's  men,  however,  landed  probably  late  in  the 
afternoon  of  December  2d.  They  first  ])lunclcred  and 
then  burned  the  buildings  of  the  rancho,  which  had 
been  abandoned  at  their  approach  by  the  Ortegas  and 
other  occupants,  killed  some  cattle,  and  sailed  away, 
probably  the  next  morning.  Meanwhile  Sergeant 
Carlos  Antonio  Carrillo,  with  a  squad  of  thirty  men, 
soldiers  and  civilians,  hurried  up  from  Santa  Bdrbara 
and  reached  Santa  Ines  at  11.30  p.  m.  on  the  2d.-^ 
Thence  he  went  up  into  the  sierra  overlooking  the  sea- 
si  lore  and  pitched  his  camp  at  a  place  called  Las  Cni- 
ces.  Here  rapidly  assembled  the  fugitives  from  the 
rancho  and  the  padres  with  their  bands  of  warlike 

^'''  This  correspondence  of  the  warlike  friara  is  found  in  Arch.  Anoh.,  JIS., 
iii.  pt.  ii.  .3.V7,  41;  Arch.  Sla  B.,  MS.,  vi.  '277-80. 

'-'Carrillo  announces  his  arrival  in  a  letter  to  his  brother-in-law,  Capt. 
Ducrra,  at  the  hour  named.  He  is  resolved  not  to  let  the  enemy  cross  tlie 
sierra  to  Santa  Ind's,  and  if  they  retreat  ( !)  to  Santa  Barbara  he  will  follow 
them  closely.  He  is  on  the  point  of  starting  for  the  sierra.  Guerra,  Doc.  IJ!k(. 
Vol.,  MS.,  iv.  197. 


ATTACK  ON  REFUGIO. 


S87 


neophytes.  From  the  eaiiip  scouts  were  sent  out  to 
watch  the  foe.  One  adventurous  and  inuij^inativo 
vaquero  approached  so  near  to  lief'ugio  as  to  see  the  in- 
suigents  hring  guns,  kilHng  cattle,  and  breaking  doors. 
]Io  even  counted  five  hundred  men  in  one  house!  A 
pai'ty  of  Spaniards  also  advanced  carefully  and  formed 
an  ambush  so  near  the  doomed  rancho  that  when 
three  of  the  pirates  came  that  way  in  (]ucst  of  a  cart, 
they  were  seized,  hurried  off  across  the  hills  to  the 
mission,  and  put  in  the  stocks.-^  One  of  the  prisoners 
called  himself  Lieutenant  William  Taylor,  a  native  of 
Jjoston;  another,  Martin  Romero  of  Paraguay;  and 
the  third  was  a  negro  named  Mateo  Jose?  Pascual. 
As  the  enemy  sailed  away  from  Refugio,  the  Span- 
ish army  with  the  captives  retired  to  the  presidio, 
leavin<;  the  families  still  at  Santa  lues."'* 

On  December  Gth  the  two  shii)s  cast  anchor  at 
Santa  Barbara,  and  Bouchard  immediately  sent  a 
ilau"  of  truce  ashore  with  a  letter  to  the  comandante 
in  which  he  proposed  an  exchange  of  prisoners,  and 
promised  if  it  were  granted  to  leave  the  coast  without 
committing  further  hostilities.""     Guerra  in  his  rcjjy 

^'  The  letters  of  Padre  Ullibarri  to  Paycras,  dated  Santa  In(''S,  Jan.  .^d  and 
4th,  are  the  best  authority  extant  ou  these  events.  Arch.Ai-zob.,  A18.,  iii.  pt. 
ii.  --'4-0. 

'"In  addition  to  the  documents  already  cited,  I  ni.ny  note  that  Sola 
Xofida,  128."),  briefly  mentions  the  affair  at  Refugio.  Juan  Avihi,  Xota^,  MS., 
."}-.■),  says  that  his  father  was  in  charge  of  the  party  from  Lo.s  Angeles  nnd 
tliMt  lie  captured  the  prisoners  agaii  jt  Carrillo's  ■wislu^s.  He  says  tlierc  wore 
only  two  captives,  who  were  exchanged  for  an  Indian  and  a  negro  named 
^biliua.  J osij  !Maria  Romero  also  confounds  the  negro  with  Molina.  Mniio- 
rii(x,  MS.,  11,  12.  Gonzalez,  Experieiicius,  MS.,  8,  tells  us  that  the  troops 
ret  liming  from  Monterey  in  passing  the  Cuexta  de  Santa  lues  saw  Ortega's 
buildings  on  tire  and  many  people  ou  the  hills  looking  at  the  conflagration. 
Oslo,  ll\x(.  Cul.,  MS.,  44-r),  states  that  50  of  the  insurgents  returning  from 
till'  janclio  to  the  shore  met  30  of  the  Santa  Barbara  troops  and  Merc  (hiveu 
buck  after  losing  two  pinsoners  and  several  wounded,  while  the  Spaniards 
L'st  only  four  horses  wounded!  There  is  no  foundation  for  this  hostile  ren- 
c<jntre,  which,  however,  Vallejo,  Jli.st.  (Jul.,  MS.,  i.  2.'{I-".  still  furtlier 
eliilwrates  into  almost  a  battle.  Ho  tells  us  that  Carrillo  met  Jjouchard's 
men  as  they  were  climbing  the  steep  Cnesta  do  Santa  Inrs  80  strong,  and 
(Iri)ve  them  back  by  rolling  stones  down  upon  them,  killing  five  and  sc\crely 
wiiundiug  two.  ISouchard  cut  the  throats  of  three  flne  stallions  inipoi-tcd  by 
Ortega  from  Mexico.  He  obtained  wood  and  water  at  Santa  Cruz  Island, 
and  was  warned  by  confederates  not  to  land  at  San  I'edro. 

^"Arrival  of  the  vessels  Dec.  Gth,  Pror.  St.  Pifi>.,  But.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlviii. 
i.1.    lu  this  same  document  tUe  date  of  departure  is  given  as  Dec.  9th,  which 


1,  liMill 


i 


;■■ 


238 


BOUCHARD  AND  THE  INSURGENTS. 


to  Bouchard  Htated  that  the  prisoners  were  still  alive, 
and  that  their  fate  would  depend  largely  on  Bouchard's 
own  actions.  The  proposition  for  exchange  had  been 
forwarded  to  the  governor,  and  six  days  would  elapse 
before  a  reply  could  be  obtained.  This  was  on  the 
7th,  and  the  same  day  he  wrote  again,  doubtless  in 
lesponse  to  another  communication  from  Bouchard. 
"If  your  men  are  very  anxious  to  fight,  I  can  assure 
you  tliat  mine  are  desperate  to  meet  them.  But 
inasmuch  as  feelings  of  humanity  prompt  you  to 
propose  the  cessation  of  hostilities  and  to  return  the 
prisoners  you  hold,  provided  those  taken  at  Refugio 
are  also  given  uj),  I,  who  value  the  lives  of  my  fellow- 
beings  above  every  earthly  interest,  give  you  my  word 
to  have  the  prisoners  brought  here  and  to  deliver 
them  some  time  to-morrow."  When  the  morrow  came 
and  Guerra  was  on  the  point  of  giving  up  the  captives, 
ho  was  much  surprised  to  learn  that  Bouchard  pro- 
posed to  exchange  only  one  pris  >ner  for  three,  which 
as  he  informed  the  insurgent  chief  in  a  letter  of  the 
9th,  seemed  to  him  a  very  strange  proposition  in  view 
of  past  references  to  "prisoners"  in  the  plural.  He 
therefore  declined  to  proceed  in  the  matter,  remind- 
ing his  foe  at  the  same  time  "that  ihh  moderate 
answer  is  the  offspring  of  my  good  manners  and  n(jt 
of  any  fear  of  your  threats,  which  are  of  no  conse- 
quence to  me."^*  But  later  in  the  day,  on  receipt  of 
Bouchard's  assurance  that  he  really  had  but  one 
prisoner  to  deliver,  and  his  proffered  permission  to 


f^ 


iir-  I. 


is  perhaps  an  error,  as  in  Proi\  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  228,  Gueri-a  says  they 
sailed  at  dawn  on  tlic  12th.  On  the  same  day  of  the  arrival  Guerra  luid 
reported  to  Sola  the  afFiiir  at  Refugio  and  promised  to  make  the  best  defeiao 
possible  though  he  had  no  artillery  and  few  men.  lU.,  xx.  22:}.  Kafaol 
Gonzalez,  Ex/wrkiinafi,  MS.,  8-10,  saj's  ho  was  one  of  two  soldiers  sent  to 
the  beach  with  Alf.  ^laitorena  to  meet  Bouchard's  boat  which  was  seen 
approaching  tlie  Cerro  de  los  Voluutarios.  As  the  boat  drew  near  they  were 
directed  to  stand  olF,  while  one  of  the  men  waded  ashore  with  a  letter  on  a 
stick  which  he  stuck  in  the  sand  and  retired.  Mention  also  of  a  flag  of  truco 
in  Otd,  Ocurrciicias,  MS.,  5,  6. 

^' Komero,  Jlrmoria.t,  MS.,  1-12,  tells  us  that  Guerra  with  a  view  to 
overawe  the  pirates  caused  his  troops  to  march  toward  the  mission  and 
round  a  hill  in  such  a  way  as  to  come  over  and  over  again  into  sight  and 
represent  a  large  army. 


AT  SAXTA  BARBARA. 


230 


ise- 
of 

Olio 
to 

they 
luill 

fiK'l 

t  to 
seuu 

W  L'lO 

on  a 
tnico 

\v  to 
iiiul 
and 


search  his  ships  if  his  word  were  doubted,  the  com- 
iiifindant  "for  humanity  s  sake"  consented  to  the 
unequal  exchange,  which  was  at  once  carried  into 
c'll'ect."" 

The  so-called  prisoner  whom  Bouchard  gave  uj)  in 
exchange  for  his  three  men  proved  to  bo  the  drunken 
Molina,  who  would  have  been  a  good  riddance  to  tlie 
province  at  any  price.  And  now  Sola's  replies  to  the 
(omandante's  reports  began  to  arrive  with  expressions 
(»f  the  governor's  surprise  and  dissatisfaction  that 
(luerra  liad  consented  to  hold  any  parley  with  pirates 
oi-  to  take  into  consideration  a  proposition  to  exchange 
])risoners  v^-nen  none  had  been  taken  except  by  the 
Spaniards.  Soha's  disgust  at  the  deception  practised 
ou  the  comandante  in  connection  with  Molina  was 
natural  enough;  but  his  reprimands  were  altogether 
too  severe,  and  ho  even  went  so  far  as  to  blamo 
(iuorra  for  not  having  attacked  the  insurgents,  which 
Avas  in  very  bad  taste  indeed,  after  his  own  failure  to 
defend  Monterey  with  resources  vastly  superior  to 
tliose  of  Santa  Bilrbara.^^  Poor  Molina  had  to  bear 
the  brunt  of  the  governor's  wrath,  ^ince  he  was  sen- 
tenced to  six  years  in  the  chain-gang  after  receiving 
a  hundred  blows  on  his  bare  back.  It  was  never 
clearly  known  whether  he  had  deserted  to  the  insur- 

•isoner,  or  had  oone  on 


.xlly 


pri 


'^  Bouchard's  letters  are  not  extant,  but  tliose  of  the  comandante  arc  prc- 
pcrvi'd  in  blotters  in  Giterra,  Doc.  I/U.  (.'at.,  MS.,  iii.  138-41,  Dec.  !)th, 
fiiiLrraolso  reports  the  exchange  to  Sola,  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  'J24,  aii- 
luuiiicinj;  at  the  same  time  his  purpose  to  attack  Bouchard  if  ho  shouhl  break 
liis  word  and  land  again.  The  prisoners  had  been  examined  at  Santa  Biiiljara 
en  Die.  5th.  Their  testimony  has  been  utilized  elsewhere  in  the  narrative. 
lioiirhard,  Testlmomo,  etc.,  MS. 

^^  Dec.  9th,  Sola  to  Guerra,  reprimanding  him  in  very  severe  terms,  and 
expressing  the  tear  that  Bouchard  had  not  done  with  California  yet.  Pror. 
>S>.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlix.  10-21,  Also  same  to  Padre  lvodri.s,mez  on 
till!  same  subject.  Id.,  21.  Dec.  1 1th,  Sola  to  Guerra,  after  receipt  of  the 
iiittei  's  communication  of  Dec.  9th.  Complaints  of  not  being  informed  whether 
lioiicliard  departed  or  not  on  receipt  of  bis  prisoners,  and  urging  precautions. 
/'/.,  xlix.  22-4.  Sola,  in  his  Notk'ia,  28o,  'Dieron  fondo  en  la  rada  del  pre- 
sidio de  Sta  Biirbara  con  bandera  parlementaria  y  ajustaron  con  aquel  coman- 
dante Capt.  D.  Josd  de  la  Guerra  cange  de  prisioneros,  no  teniendo  ellos 
iiingmio;  pero  llaniaban  asl  A  un  paisano  que  en  Monterey  quedo  ilbrio  el  dia 
de  la  salida,  de  donde  se  lo  llevaron  d  bordo,  y  a  estc  vociferaban  prisioncro.' 


TH-r 


240 


BOUCHARD  AND  THE  INSURGENTS. 


board  the  ship  too  drunk  to  know  his  own  mind,^*  It 
is  not  quite  certain  whether  Bouchard  sailed  at  once 
on  the  9th  or  three  days  later.  It  is  not  unlikely 
that  he  went  to  some  of  the  Channel  islands  for  wood 
and  water,  and  finally  disappeared  from  night  on  tlie 
12th.  At  any  rate  he  was  off  San  Pedro  on  the 
lOth.'""  JVIeanwhilo  the  troops  from  Santa  Btirbara 
wcj  o  hurried  south  to  protect  San  Diego  and  the 
missions  of  that  jurisdiction. 

At  San  Buenaventura  the  alarm  was  i^reat,  though 
no  enemy  came  tlicrc.  Padre  Sciian  with  his  noo- 
pjiytcs  and  the  guard  abandoned  the  mission,  taking 
with  them  the  sacred  vessels  and  all  other  movable 
property,  and  went  several  leagues  away  to  the  caiia- 
da  do  Purisima  Nueva,  where  a  temporary  church 
was  erected,  and  where  they  remained  twenty-four 
days.  In  his  entry  in  the  mission-books  Scnau 
classifies  the  insurgents  as  heretics,  schismatics,  ex- 
communicated persons,  heathen,  and  a  few  INIoors  '"" 
Bouchard  did  not,  however,  keep  quite  faithfully  his 
promise  to  quit  the  coast  without  further  hostilities,  for 
on  December  14tli  to  15th  he  was  at  San  Juan  Capis- 
trano.  At  the  first  news  of  his  approach  Commandant 
Iluiz  of  San  Diego  sent  Alferez  Santiago  Argiiello 
with  thirty  men  on  the  13tli  to  protect  the  mission. 
The  padres  had  not  been  so  energetic  at  San  Juan 
as  elsewhere  in  removing  property;  but  Argiiello's 
men  hastily  completed  the  work  as  far  as  possible, 
and  I'amilies  were  sent  to  the  Trabuco  rancho.  When 
Bouchai'd  landed,  probably  on  the  14th,  he  sent  a  let- 
ter to  the  person  in  charge,  rsking  for  certain  supplies. 

'*  Molina's  sentence,  and  the  testimony  of  some  insurgent  tleuerters  in  I:i3 
case,  in  /Voo.  S/.  Piij)..  Ben.  MIL,  MS.,  xlix.  'I'l-A,  4.')  (},  (i()-7-'. 

^•"St'c  note  30  of  tiiis  chapter.  The  arrival  at  San  I'cdro  is  mentioned  liy 
Sola  i-i  a  letter  of  Dee.  )''th.    Prov.  St.  /'up.,  Ben.  Mil.,  iMS.,  xlix.  24. 

'"  A  child  was  prescted  for  liaptisni  after  the  saereil  ves.sils.  holy  oils, 
etc.,  had  been  removed  on  Nov.  'JUth.  Tliero  was  much  suH'ei'ing  from  cold 
at  La  Purisima,  and  several  burials  were  recorded.  Tlie  return  to  tlie  old 
mission  church  was  Dec.  Slst.  S.  Bueuiiirntiini,  fJh.  Mitlaii,  MS.,  17--I, 
(jI-'J.  Jose  liamon  Antonio  Vahh's,  Mcmona.i,  MS-.,  3,  4,  relates  tlie  sumo 
occurrcuces.     It  was  his  brother  who  was  thus  baptized  informally. 


I:       1 


AT  SAX  JUAN  CAPISTRAXO. 


241 


Argiiollo,  posted  witli  his  force  on   a  hill  near  the 
mission,  refused  the  request,  very  likely  in  no  gentle 
tonus.     I  do  not  deem  it  certain  that  the  insurgents 
did  any  damage  at  San  Juan.     Sola  says  that  thev 
homed  a  few  straw  houses  of  the  ncoj>hytes  before 
going  on  board.     jVfost  of  my  later  v»'itnesscs  state 
that  some  wine  and  brandy  were  spilled,  and  it  is  not 
unlikely  that  such   iri'cijularities  were  connnitted  by 
.some  <;)f  T^ouchard  s  men  even  without  his  coi^sent.'"^ 
Next  day  reenfoicements  arrived  from  Santa  i>;u'- 
bara  and  Los  Angeles,  soon  followed  by  Guerra  him- 
self, who,  as  Sola  t<'iis  us,  challenged  the  foe  to  land 
and  fight,  but  without  success.    After  the  vessels  had 
sailed,  on  the  I'^th  or  IGth,  four  deserters  presented 
themselves  and  asked  for  pardon  on  the  ground  that 
they  had  been  forced  against  their  will  to  enlist  in 
the  insurgent  service.     There  was  no  reason  to  doubt 
their  honest  intentions,  and  tliey  were  merely  sent 
into  the  interior  and  ke[)t  under  guard  for  a  time  as  a 
precaution.     Strangely  enough,  so  far  as  the  records 
sliow,  these  men  were  never  examined  with  a  view  to 
get  iidbrmation  about  Bouchard's  expedition,  though 
thiir  testimony  was  taken  respecting  the  actions  of 
^lolina.     Tlie  four  men  were  the  negro  !Mateo  Jose 
]'ascual,  who  had  before  l)een  ca))turedand  exchanged; 
Jelm  liose,  a  Scotch  drunnner,  aged  twenty-seven; 
Pedro  Zaldibar,  of  Buenos  Aires;  and  Nicolas  Cha- 
vari'ia  of  ]iogota,  both  young  men, 


3S 


^'  Amador,  ^Fniiorias,  MS.,  .'iO,  says  they  carried  away  some  goods  from 
the  warehouse.  Did  some  damage.  (I'oirjilc-,  K.rpirioi^'ia-i,  yif>.,  10,  II.  Tlie 
iiiissimi  wassaekcd  and  tiuriied.  Vnlhjo,  Uisf.  Vtil.,  MS.,  i.  '237-8.  ])id  miiek 
ilaiiia;_'e,  spilling  wine  and  oil  that  could  no"  liocarrieilaway.  Ord,  (.kiirrenrio.i, 
MS.,  (i,  7.  The  chief  huildiiig  was  lired,  liut  the  clunch  (destioyed  years  l)e- 
ti  111)  was  res|iected  at  the  re(|Mest  of  sumo  of  the  enemy.  (As/o,  llixl.  ('((/., 
MS. ,  4(i.  Spilled  the  Mine  and  did  other  damage.  Umiu'io,  Xolas,  MS.,  I'J. 
IJavaging  and  Imniing.  Li"ji>,  \"iilt(.  MS.,  ,'>,  (i.  Avila,  Xotm^,  .MS.,  ,")-S, 
says  his  father  tried  to  jtersnade  Argiiello  to  attack  the  jiirates  while  they 
Were  iceling  under  the  inlhicnce  of  the  stolen  lienor;  l)ut  he  would  neither 
attack  nor  ]>eriuit  others  to  do  so. 

'•"'Sdhi.  Xotiriii,  '28(i.      Names  of  the  prisoners  with  their  testimony.   Prnv. 

.S'.  /•„/(.,  MS.,  XX.  (i'J:  /</.,  li,„.  .1///.,  xlix.  (id- 7'-'.     Oct.  'JH,    jslll,  viceroy 

orders  ])roeeedings  to  I)e  institntid  against  the  men.    Pmr.  Si.  /'"/'.,  MS.,  xx. 

(iJ.    Sohi's  eonununications  to  coinnmuduuts  (iuerra  and  liuiz  on  l)ec.  IS,  1!), 

Uiai'.  Cai..,  Vul.  II.    lu 


ii 


m 
,1' 


242 


T30UCHAKD  AXD  THE  INSURGENTS. 


•h    .  m 


In  the  last  clays  of  the  Sf)l(licrs'  stay  at  San  Juan 
there  arose  a  new  strife,  much  more  bitter,  but  quite 
as  bloodless  as  that  with  the  j/!\*-?4-ii5,^^j\vas  between 

the  padres  of  the  mission  and  Don  SanUa^?^  

The  former  charufod  the  alfeiez  with  lia\ino;  neu'lecteTT 
the  mission  property,  during  the  brief  military  occu- 
])ation,  to  such  an  extent  that,  besides  other  articles 
injured  or  lost,  considerable  wine  and  brandy  had  been 
wasted,  two  Indians  drank  themselves  to  death,  while 
another  became  insane.  He  was  likewise  charged  witli 
having  neediossly  dri\'en  away  the  friars  when  tlu\v 
came  back  on  December  1  Gth,  forcing  them  to  wander 
about  in  great  suflering  for  two  days  more,  and  with 
having  returned  to  San  Diei»^o  without  leaving  aiiv 
soldiers  for  the  protection  of  San  Juan.  ArgUello, 
on  the  other  hand,  denied  that  any  material  damag(! 
had  been  done,  t»r  that  any  Indians  had  been  kiUed; 
charging  at  the  same  time  that  the  friars  had  been 
remiss  in  removing  and  caring  for  mission  property, 
and  that  they  had  with  insultinijf  words  refused  the 
horses,  food,  and  other  aid  needed  by  the  military 
for'X'  under  his  connnand.  The  correspondence  on 
this  subject  though  rpiite  extensive  is  not  important. 
As  to  the  merits  of  the  case  the  letters  of  Jose  la 
Guerra  are  most  conclusive.  He  was  the  last  man  in 
California  to  entertain  any  feeling  of  hostility  to  the 
friars;  and  yet  he  expresses  the  deliberate  opinion 
that  they  trumi)ed  up  the  charges  against  Arguello 
only  to  [)alliate  their  own  culpable  failure  to  do  their 
duty.='^* 

Here  more  aj^propriately  than  elsewhere  I  may  call 
the  reader's  attention  to  another  controversial  phe- 
nomenon of  the  ]3oucliard  invasion,  in  the  north  at 
Santa  Cruz,  where  the  excitement  ran  higher,  if  pos- 
sible, than  elsewhere;  and  where  considerable  damage 

ncknowlcdgiiiff  receipt  -if  their  I'cporta,  and  ordering  sovi  ro  mcnsiires  agniiist 
the  jiirnte  jih^aroH  of  wiiose  depai'tiire  lie  was  not  yet  aware.  J'ruv.  SI.  I'l'i'., 
Bin.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlix.  2.V7. 

"'••  t'drrespondeiiee  of  Arjiiiello.  (liierra,  and  l!oscaua,  \\\  Prov.  St.  Pap., 
MS.,  .NX.  67-1)-;  Arch.  ArzuO.,  MS.,  iii.  ^it.  ii.  00-9. 


y  call 
plic- 

th  at 
pos- 

nia;j,t! 

t.  Ptq>., 


TROUBLE  AT  SANTA  CRUZ. 


243 


uas  (lone,  tliougli  not  by  pirates'  guns,  Padro  Kanion 
()ll)us,  the  njinister  of  Santa  Cruz,  entertained  a  low 
opinion  of  the  settlers  of  Branci forte:  he  had  accused 
\l\v'\\\  lu  advance  of  an  intention  i r>  j(jin  the  pirates  in 
-\\;yA^^'A  i.U>'  v.iissioii."*'^  He  subsequently  com[)laincd,  in 
i.,.,_^  w,/v .  ,v»  /i^vssv^'  A>  a  friar  could  use,  that  on  the 
ap[»roach  of  t/ie  \e.3,5(.]^  ijjc  rascally  rilUo^os  had  de- 
li',, '-ately  sacked  the  mission  with  the  intention  of 
charging  that  act  upon  the  insurgents,  who,  however, 
by  not  landing,  left  them  in  the  lurch.  The  friar's 
charges  were  sweeping,  including  the  theft  of  every 
movable  article,  the  wanton  destruction  of  all  that 
was  immovable  or  useless  to  the  thieves,  and  the  most 
sh(K'i:lng  desecration  of  the  church  and  holy  images — 
in  lact,  nothing  but  the  bare  walls  of  the  buildini-'s 
icniained  to  show  for  all  the  i)ast  toil  of  the  mission- 
aries, and  Olbes  declared  that  ^!ie  establishment  must 
1)0  abandoned,  f(;r  he  would  not  go  back  to  submit 
longer  to  the  inhuman  outrages  of  the  people  of  Bran- 
cilbrtt,'.'*^ 

Xaturally  such  serious  and  direct  charges  attracted 
the  earnest  attention  of  both  the  president  anil  the 
governor,  and  the  latter  at  once  set  on  foot  a  strict 
investigation,  Santa  Cruz  being  in  the  mean  while 
practically  abandoned.  xVs  the  investigation  went  on 
()ll)es  became  more  violent  than  betbre,  reiterating 
his  charges  and  pronouncing  the  pretended  investiga- 
tion by  Luis  Ai'giiello  a  fraud.  He  declared  that  the 
settlers  had  the  impudence  to  come  to  chuich  clad  in 
the  stolen  clot  lies,  and  had  besides  plenty  to  sell.  '*  Justi- 
tia  no  habita  en  California,"  where  such  crimes  can  go 
unpunished!  The  proceedings  instituted  by  Sola,  and 
canied  on  by  Estrada  from  ]\[onterey  and  Argi'iello 
from  San  Francisco  at  different  dates  for  several 
months,  involved  the   taking   of  testimony  from  all 

*"0,'t.  2!lth,  ill  GiK-rni,  Dor.  Jfi-f.  Cxf.,  MS.,  vii.  !V2. 

"OlliOa'  Ktturs  of  Xuv.  'JOtli.  I'Ttli,  J»i'c.  (illi,  ami  March  "Jil  to  Sola  ami 
I'.iycias.  1)IIh/i,  Carlti.i  ao/iri'  el  Tinnullo  </<•  Saiila  ('nr-.,  ISIS,  MS.,  besides 
iLUiiii(.i.'s  ill  sul),si'i|uiiit  i>rocei'(liii;ra.  'i'lie  Miitcr  was  lurIi  t;xciti:il,  ami  ho 
t'Jt-'s  into  some  very  miimtu  ami  aimisiug  tk'taila. 


i[| 


m 

'■4  t,  Ji 


in™ 


i  I 


lilf' 


li 


Ml 


ii 


llipt 


244 


BOUCHARD  AND  THE  INSURGENTS. 


the  male  residents,  de  razon,  of  villa  and  mission, 
from  many  women,  and  from  not  a  few  neophytes. 
Tlie  record  is  somewhat  voluminous,*^  but  the  testi- 
mony was  not  very  conflicting,  and  the  result  showed 
the  following  facts. 

On  Xovember  21st  by  advice  of  Ex-profecto  Sarii'a, 
Sola  ordered  Gibes  to  abandon  Santa  Cruz  and  '^o  to 
Santa  Clara  with  his  neophytes.  He  was  inclined  a 
day  or  two  later  to  have  the  mission  burned,  to  keej) 
the  grain  and  other  property  from  the  foe;  but  he 
contented  himself  with  sending  an  order  t(i  Comisi- 
onado  Joaquin  Buelna  of  Branciforte  to  go  to  the  mis- 
sion, and  if  it  had  been  abandoned,  to  remove  all  lie 
could  of  the  propert}'.*^  Buelna  went  with  a  party  to 
execute  the  order  on  the  2J:th,  and  there  are  indica- 
tions that  his  movements  were  quickened  by  tlie  ap- 
proach of  some  of  Bouchard's  boats,  which,  however, 
could  not  land  on  account  of  the  surf  At  any  rate 
the  doors  of  various  buildings  were  forced,  and  the 
work  was  begun.  On  the  morning  of  the  2;]d,  Padre 
(^ll)es  with  his  neophytes  and  a  few  soldiers  of  the 
guard  had  started  for  Santa  Clara.  Joaquin  Castro, 
the  maj(n'd()mo,  and  a  part  of  the  Indians  stopped  on 
tlie  w'liy  and  next  morning  returned  to  Santa  Cruz  to 
save  some  of  the  mission  goods.  Castro  found  Buelna 
hard  at  work,  and  nnturally  was  surprised;  but  when 
he  learned  the  |)Ui[i!)rt  of  the  governor's  order  he 
joined  his  force  to  that  of  the  comisionado.  (_)ne  or 
two  casks  of  wine  and  aguardiente  that  could  not  be 
carried  away  it  was  deemed  best  to  spill,  not  improh 
ably  into  the  tlu'oats  of  those  present,  Aftc.-r  this  the 
work  went  bravuly  on,  but  naturally  the  goods  were 
not  'saved'  witli  the  systematic  care  that  wouM  Iiave 
been  desired  by  the  Iriars.  Doors  were  broken,  cur- 
tains wert;  torn,  vestments  were  soiled,  a  few  images 

*'-S(uitn  Crir.,  Tiitiivoiiio  snhrc  <l.  Tnnvillo  ile  Nov'iemhre  ilc  ISIS,  ^IS. ; 
J:ni.  L'T,  ISI!),  Sdlii  to  ])ivsi.leiit.   Pnn\  1!,,:.  MS.,  xii.  Kif!-!). 

'^  llue'.na  tt'stilicil  that  tlio  order  inchutoil  iilao  the  ik'struotioii  of  smli 
IMojH'ity  ii»  t'iMild  nut  lio  I'arri'.'d  away,  though  nothing  was  iutontiuiuiUy  iK'- 
Btroycd.     The  ilociiiin.'nt  i.s  not  txtant. 


li 


!: 


A  MISSION  TLUNDERED, 


245 


f 


MClv  defaced;  and  it  is  by  no  means  unlikely  that  in 
tlie  eonfusiou  a  few  tritlcs  were  appropriated  by  both 
settlers  and  Indians.  Of  the  mission  effects  a  part 
Wire  buried  or  otherwise  concealed;  others  were  listed 
ill  an  inventory  by  Buolna  and  taken  to  the  villa;  antl 
still  others  were  carried  to  Santa  Clara  by  Castro  and 
liis  Indians.  On  the  way  a  trunk  belonging  to  Olbes 
liad  to  be  left  for  a  time,  during  which  it  was  broken 
open.  The  guilty  pobladores  were  detected  by  means 
of  certain  pairs  of  the  padre's  stockings  which  one  of 
theui  had  given  to  a  young  lady,  and  two  of  them 
Mere  impris(.)ned  at  San  I'rancisco.  Such  was  sub- 
stantially the  friars'  grievance.  The  missionary  author- 
it  ies,  somewhat  excited  at  first,  finally  a(hnitted  that 
the  danger  had  been  exaggerated;"  Olbes  himself, 
cah'iing  his  wrath,  went  back  to  his  post;  and  the 
mission  of  the  holy  cross  escaped  the  threatened  anni- 
hilation.*^ 


on 

to 

Ina 

U.'ll 

ho 
or 

1.0 

ho 
cro 
avo 
.•ur- 

igcs 

^tS. : 

SlU'll 

V  ill'- 


After  leaving  San  Juan  Capistrano  Bouchard's  in- 
surgents touched  no  more  on  the  coast  of  California. 
At  San  Diego  Ruiz  made  every  possible  preparation, 
(ven  to  the  extent  of  red-hot  balls,  but  the  ships 
passed  by  without  attempting  to  enter  the  [lort.  The 
northern  soldiers  on  their  way  to  reiinfurce  the  presi- 

'*  March  15, 1S19,  PnyerastoSola.  Arch.Anob.,^1^.,  iii.  pt.ii.  1)9-70.  TXc 
?,0,  ISIS.  San-iii  to  Ciipt.  .Ar','iiello.  Prov.  Sf.  I'ap.,  li,  ,i.  Mil.,  MS.,  1. !).  Jan. 
•JS,  isi!),  Tapis  to  presulciit.  Arch.  S/a  J!.,  :MS..  xii.  .S7-'  1^. 

^^Mrs  Onl,  Ociirn  )iri(t,i,  MS.,  3,  hoard  that  the  ini.ssinn  wan  plundered  hy 
Indiaus  'and  hy  sonic  who  were  not  Indians.'  Aniailnr,  Mf/norli's,  MS.,  ,">0  (1, 
gives  quite  an  accurate  though  brief  .account  of  tlie  matter.  He  says  tlieio 
Were  certain  jiooplc  who  wore  l)recc!ies  made  of  line  red  clotli  stolen  from  tlie 
luisr^ion.  Alvarado's  version,  /fis/.  Val.,  MS.,  i.  171?  4,  is  that  a  kind  of  nioh 
was  formed  to  plunder  and  destroy,  on  the  ground  that  the  ]iroperty  mi,i.'iit 
as  well  fall  into  their  hands  as  those  of  the  pirates;  l>ut  .Fudge  lUielna  hacked 
liy  a  few  good  citizens  succeeded  in  dispersing  the  inoh.  Vallejo,  I  lift.  <'al., 
MS.,  i.  'J  14  "JO,  gives  the  same  version,  lleatldsthat  IJuelna  was  much  dislikeil 
liy  tlie  conspirators,  who  caused  him  nuicli  trouble  until  lie  wrote  some  verses 
and  sent  a  copy  to  each.  The  ignorant  villanos  took  the  poetry  f(ir  some  bad 
and  devilish  thing,  aiul  wcie  so  frightened  that  they  marciied  in  jirocession  to 
restore  stolen  ]iropcrty  and  beg  the  ])ailre  to  intircede  with  lUielna  for  them. 
The  \erses  are  given.  Having  succeeded  s  •  veil  in  this.  lUielna  tried  poetry 
on  some  young  men  who  were  disposed  to  make  h)ve  to  his  wife.  I'lie  versiw 
were  bad,  but  they  bi'ought  about  peace,  domestic  and  political,  for  .Judgo 
b,u!na.  I'raneisco  IJodriguez  recited  a  poem  on  the  event  ut  Stu Cruz  und  in 
praise 


1.     1  raneisco  Jtodnguez  recitea  a  poem  on  tlr 
of  Buulna.   Vt-rrtiti'a  llambliinj-i,  MS.,  207-9. 


I     ■  •• 


21(] 


BOUCHARD  x\XD  THE  INSURGENTS. 


! 


WVf' 


dio  camo  no  farther  than  San  Luis  Hey,  and  the  San 
Diego  famihes  retired  from  Pala  to  their  homes.  Thus 
tlie  padres  of  the  far  south,  tliougli  burning  with  mil- 
itary ardor,  had  no  opportunity  to  meet  the  fue.*" 

Respecting  Bouchard's  movements  after  leaving 
California  we  have  but  a  few  doubtful  and  disconnected 
items  of  information.  Several  of  thcCalifornians  speak 
of  the  sacking  of  Lorcto  and  of  other  places  in  the 
])eninsula;  but  they  clearly  confound  the  ravages  of 
IJouchard  with  those  of  Cochrane  several  years  later. 
The  president  of  the  Lower  California  missions  re- 
ceived news  that  two  vessels  supposed  to  be  the  same 
anchored  in  Todos  Santos  Bay  on  Jan.  2Gth,  departing 
the  next  day ;  but  the  comandante  of  San  Bias  thought 
there  was  an  error  of  date,  and  that  the  vessels  were 
seen  from  the  24th  to  the  27th  of  January  in  the  re- 
gi(m  of  S:in  Bias.  On  the  19th  Governor  Argiiello  at 
Loreto  heard  of  the  attack  in  the  north,  and  fifteoii 
days  later  he  informed  the  viceroy  that  he  had  taken 
every  j)recaution,  but  had  heard  nothing  more.  About 
the  middle  of  February  the  Indians  reported  the  ar- 
I'ival  of  certain  vessels  at  Motincs  on  the  Colima  coast, 
a  report  which  caused  great  alarm  and  mustering  of 
forces,  but  nothing  deiinite  was  learned  about  the 
strange  ships.  Finally  two  suspicious  frigates  were 
noticed  near  Acapulco  on  the  12th  of  ]\Iarch.  These 
items,  all  that  could  be  collected  in  ]\Ioxico  before 
]\Iarch  24th,  I  take  from  correspondence  appended  to 

^^  Dec.  l(Jth,  Sola  to  Gncrra,  spcukin/r  of  the  prcpanitiona  at  S.  Diego.  Pror. 
S/.  Pup.,  Jjiii.  MIL,  MS.,  xlix.  l2l.  Tint  (loot  passed  in  siglit  oi  S  Diego  in 
sailing  south,  (liwrra,  ])<i<\  Jli.if.  Cttl.,  MS.,  vii.  '24.  Dona  ,Jnana  ^laehaiJo 
(le  Kidington  was  a  chihl  in  San  Diego  .at  the  time.  In  her  niemory  of  the 
event,  or  of  what  was  said  about  it,  f<iic  has  evidently  oonfoiimled  it  with  tl;o 
mueh  earlier  afl'air  of  the  J.cHa  IJi/nl,  since  she  speaks  of  soldiers  having  lieeu 
carried  away.  Mcvhwlo,  Ticinjtox  Panadiif,  MS.,  4, ,").  Dee.  lUtli,  Padre  .Nlnfii;/. 
writes  to  Sola  that  he  eanic  to  'give  a  good  lilow'  to  the  rebels,  hut  tluy,  like 
cowards,  absented  themselves.  1  )ee.  .'iOth  (?)  he  writes:  '  We  are  ready  for  t!ie 
insurgents.  AVheu  do  they  come?'  Ho  has  three  and)Ushes  prcjtared  and  ij 
at  the  head  of  his  men.  'Esta  mision  es  ya  militur;  no  hay  miedo.  l'".>ti! 
tierra  ha  dc  sor  do  Fernando,  y  de  consiguieute  en  eila  dcbe  veinar  la  religion 
eatolical!'  Dec.  '27th,  I'adre  Eseiide  of  San  Luis  Rey  to  Sola.  Thanks  (iod 
the  aborlox  i/rl  iiijicnio  have  disappeai-ed.  An/i.  Ar.oh.,  MS.,  iii.  pt.  ii.  '21  '.K 
40-1.  I'io  rico,  Jli-t.  CuL,  MS.,  5,  brielly  alludes  to  the  preparations  to  de- 
fend San  ])ie;'o. 


ig  of 

'tlle 

were 

'liese 

'fore 

d  to 

Prov. 

u)go  ill 

[arluido 

(if  Iho 
ith  tlic 
vj.  bei'U 
'  Mil  Til  iz 
L'v,  ini>' 
't'ortho 

iiiul  i-i 

dii^uiu 

ks  (<oil 

.  27-'.>. 

,  to  tU'- 


OFFICIAL  RK POUTS. 


:4: 


Sola's  report  in  the  ofiiclal  newsjiaper/^  O.sio  in  his 
inanusc'ri])t  liistory  adds,  on  authority  of  which  I 
know  nothing,  that  Ijouchard's  vessel  while  lying  in 
wiiit  for  tlie  treasure-ship  Jftria  at  the  Tres  Marias, 
was  attacked  and  badly  cri[)pled  with  great  loss  of  men 
hy  the  cruiser  Fideliclad;  but  a  breeze  springing  up 
t!.e  vessel  escaped,  and  Bouchard  himself  died  at  Lima 
live  years  later,  having  been  supported  during  his  last 
yeais  by  charity/^ 

Sola  in  his  report  to  the  viceroy  pictured  the  heroic 
efforts  of  the  Californians  and  theii'  sufferings  during 
this  winter  campaign  against  invaders,  in  colors  most 
\ivid.  The  Gaceta  in  which  that  re[)ort  w;is  [)rinted 
contained  the  viceroy's  warmest  thanks  to  all,  the 
notice  of  Sola's  promotion  to  l)o  colonel,  while  flannel 
(Jomez  and  Jose  Estrada  were  made  lieutenants,  and 
the  announcement  of  orders  to  send  immediate  reiin- 
forcements  and  supplies  for  the  relief  of  California.'" 
A\'hen  the  Gaceta  reached  California  it  was  of  course 
read  with  great  interest;  but  the  friars  noticed  with 
pain  that  their  own  distinguished  services  and  patri- 
otic sacrifices  had  not  been  mentioned  by  the  viceroy 
or  governor.  Complaint  was  made  to  Sola,  who  rec- 
tilied  the  past  omission  in  a  sui)plemcntary  report  in 
Vvhich  full  justice  was  done  to  the  missionary  warriors, 

■•'  ddcdas  de Mexico,  xxxix.  28G-90.  Alaman,  Il'i-'t.  Mijirn,  iv.  GfKi-T,  nftir 
stating  that  the  insurgents  'sigiiierou  liaciciido  iguak's  (k'[)ri'(lati(iiu'S  en  tiMli's 
Lis  ini.sioiifs  <k^  la  costa  dc  la  alta  y  IjajaCalifoir.ia  liasta  el  cabo  <k'  S.  T^i'ieas.' 
idiitintics:  'tliey  presented  tlieinsclves  also  on  the  coast  of  New  (ialieia,  vhi  re 
liii'V  iruisrd  for  .sonic  days  without  danng  to  h'.nd  on  account  of  pncautioiin 
tidicii  liy  tlic  eomniaiidantof  (^oliniii;  andaltliou.^h  at  Acajinko  they  ant  hoitil 
(ill'tCah'ta,  tliey  made  no  landing  according  to  the  I'eportof  l)ov.  (iainhira.  On 
the  coast  of  Coalniayutla  they  parleyed  witli  <!ueir(.id,  who  .sent  an  olliccr.  .  . 
liiit  tlie  vessels  did  not  apjicar. '  ."^ee  alsf) mention  of  thr  atVairiii  Svth'ioxo  (Ifii., 
.\'(ircli  ;.'9,  JSIU;  and  a  l)liin(k>ring  account  in  iJixoii's  White  L'uii'/ii'st,  i.  ;j.'!-l. 

"^ ''.</<),  JIi.':t.  Cal.,  MS.,  40-01!.  I  suppose  tiierc  is  no  foundation  for  his 
.statement. 

'"Jan.  '20,  1819,  viceroy  to  Sola  has  already  heard  of  the  attack  on  ^lon- 
ti  ley,  the  r.i.ws  liaving  been  br(;nght  to  San  IMas  by  the  Annturi ro  on  l>cc. 
:!()tli.  Pmr.  St.  J'tiji.,  ^IS.,  XX.  (i(i.  ]Maicli  .'!Oth.  Sola  forwards  the  infoiina- 
ti  .n,  including  the  promise  of  rci-iiforccmcTits,  to  the  ]:,idrcs.  Arrli.  Arvih,, 
iii.  )it,  7"'-.S,  ^!aich  'Ji'd,  viceroy  ti>  Sola,  ackniiW  Icdging  receipt  of  reports  of 
^ov.  4i]i  and  I)ee.  Iiith,  thankin,:;'  evcryljody,  and  Ji]  jiroving  measures  for 
i!aVnce.  ,SV.  Paji.,  Si;c.,  MS.,  vii.  (iCh-iu;  I'vr.v.  St.  /V/y..  :MS.,  xx.  70. 
•b.ly  (1,  IcSli),  Sola  c(jmmunicatea  the  precciling  despatch  to  the  coniandante. 
Id.,  Leu.  Mil.,  1.  'Jo,     Koiice  of  the  promotions.  Id.,  xlix.  o'2. 


■    P- 


243 


BOUCHARD  AND  THE  INSURGENTS. 


to  wlioni  also  tliu  viceroy  sul)scr[ncntly  expressed  his 


\¥ 


,  ."0 


thank: 

A  Hcliooncr  arrived  at  Suii  Diego  in  April  1811^), 
wliieli  was  said  to  liave  been  chased  Ijy  tlie  insurgents 
off  tlie  Tres  Marias,  in  conse<iiiencc  of  which  news  and 
on  general  principles  orders  were  issued  on  several 
occasions  during  the  year  witli  a  view  to  prevent  too 
entile  a  relaxation  of  [)recautions  at  the  missions  and 
presidios.''^  Tlie  Bouchard  invasion  increased  tlie 
nunil)er  of  permanent  Anglo-Saxon  residents  in  Cali- 
foinia  to  five,  Gilroy,  Doak,  and  Call  being  the  three 
whose  coming  may  be  traced  to  an  earlier  date.  One 
of  the  new-comers  was  John  Hose,  the  Scotchman 
who  gave  himself  up  at  San  Juan;  the  other  was 
the  American  captured  at  Monterey,  Jose^jh  Cha[)- 
man,  the  third  American  jjioneer,  afterward  some- 
what famous,  as  will  be  seen.'^^  By  the  same  event 
the  foreign  African  population  of  the  province  was  in- 
creased to  three  bv  tiie  addition  of  Pascual  and  Fisher, 
or  Norris- — Bob,  left  by  Smith,  having  been  the  pio- 
neer negro  so  far  as  the  records  show. 

What  were  Bouchard's  plans  and  motives  in  com- 
ing to  California  cannot  be  clearly  known,  but  may 


•"^"June  2."),  ISin,  Piulic  Ripoll's  complaint  to  Sola.  Arrh.  Jc2oft.,MS.,  iii. 
pt.  ii.  117-18.  Aiii'il  '2(1,  Saiiti;ij.;oArgucllo  praises  the  padres  of  San  Luis  l!iy. 
Prow  St.  Po)).,  MS.,  XX.  1)2.  July  (i,  1SI9,  »S"o/f(,  In/oniie  Sujilvmi'iitario,  .MS. 
Jnly  lOtli,  Sola  to  (iiierra  on  the  sulijeet.  Pnn\  St.  Pup..,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS,, 
xlix.  '.VXA:  irKcrrn,  Doc.  Ilixt.,  Cut.,  MS.,  iv.  '27.  Oct.  ■2iSth,  viceroy  to  Sola, 
highly  i)k'ase(l  with  the  friars'  conduct,  especially  that  of  I'ayeras  and  Mai'- 
tiiiez.  J'ror.  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  xx.  Gl.  April  4,  1810,  Sola  in  name  of  the  king 
thanks  tlie  padres.  April  17th,  Payeras  acknowledges  receipt.  Arch.  Arzoh., 
MS.,  iv.  pt.  i.  14. 

•''  F(jr  these  orders  and  responses,  which  call  for  no  special  attention,  see 
Proi\  St.  Pajt.,  lien.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlix.  30;  1.  '20-31;  ilucrrn,  iJor.  Hist.  Cul., 
MS.,  V.  82;  Prov.  St.  Paj>.  MS.,  xx.  71-'2,  87,235;  /Voc.  AVc,  MS.,  x.  32. 

'■^Sec  chap,  xiii.,  this  vol.,  for  information  on  these  early  pioneers  down 
to  18'20.  Neither  Sola  nor  any  other  contemporary  authority  mentions  Chap- 
man's name  in  connection  with  the  Bouchard  alliair,  but  Chapman  himself 
stated  in  a  later  document  that  he  '  remained  here  as  a  prisoner  because  ho 
was  forced  with  other  persons  at  the  Sandwich  I»lands  on  the  expedition  of 
lionchard.'  Dvpt.St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  (!)0-7);  iv.  l."0-8.  TheCalifornians  in 
their  testimony  generally  confound  the  Monterey  prisoners,  those  exchanged 
at  8ta  IJilrbara,  iuid  those  who  gave  themselves  up  at  S.  Juan.  Gonzalez, 
however,  A'a,yx-n'wM'(V(iJ,  M.S.,  9, 10,  itiniembers  the  American  prisoner  as  Joseph 


MOTIVES  OF  THE  INVADERS. 


240 


liU 


111. 
1  Hty. 
MS. 
MS., 

.  Sola, 
Mar- 
Idiig 

I  rzoli., 

m,  see 
Cal., 
',i-2. 
lown 
Cliap- 
iiiist'lf 
use  ho 
ion  of 
aiis  in 
iiigeil 
zakz, 
oseph 


1)0  conjueturcd.  The  Califoiniiins  liad  no  doubt  tluit 
liu  cainc  to  coiKjiier  theii'  province  and  to  plunder  it, 
Itut  was  repelled  by  tlioir  energetic  measures,  braveTv, 
and  unswervinsj;'  loyalt}'  to  the  kiiii^.  That  he  had  no 
.viuh  intention  is  best  shown  by  the  fact  that  he  did 
not  carry  it  into  execution,  which  he  certainly  nii<>ht 
liave  done  without  encounterinj^  any  very  fbrniidaljle 
()l),4acles.  Cruising  in  the  Pacific  in  search  of  rich 
jiiizcs,  he  doubtless  entered  the  port  t)f  ]\[onterey 
chiilly  to  obtain  sonic  needed  su[)])lies.  That  he  vras 
inclined  to  ascertain  the  political  feeling  of  the  [jcoplo 
and  willing  to  aid  in  a  revolt  is  not  unlikely.  Nor  is  it 
improbable  that  in  the  resulting  troubles  he  hoped  to 
get  a  share  of  the  mission  plunder  popularly  suppcjsed 
to  be  very  rich.  Whatever  Were  his  [)lans  and  hopes, 
they  were  effectually  overthrown  on  his  arrival  at 
Monterey.  The  coohiess  of  his  reception,  the  refusal 
to  fur-nish  sup})lies,  the  popular  alarm  at  his  approach, 
the  removal  of  every  portable  article  of  property,  the 
iin{)ossil)ility  of  coming  in  contact  with  the  soldiers, 
made  it  e\ident  to  Boucthard  that  no  profitable  busi- 
ness, revolutionary  or  predatory,  could  be  done  in  this 
inovince.  Angry  at  the  inliospitality  of  the  Cali- 
i'oniians  and  at  the  damage  done  to  his  ships,  if  any 
A\as  really  done,  he  allowed  his  men  to  take  all  they 
could  find  and  to  wreak  their  vengeance  on  the  pre- 
sidio buildings,  and  then  left  the  capital  in  disgust. 
Th.e  Ortegas,  however,  w'ere  ccjinmoiily  believed,  as 
notorious  smugglers  and  confidential  aijents  of  the 
fiiars,  to  have  largo  amounts  of  money  or  valuables 
at  their  rancho;  and  made  aware  of  these  rumors, 
perl  laps  by  Molina,  the  insurgent  privateer  resolved 
to  strike  another  blow  at  Refugio,  with  what  success, 
so  far  as  valuables  are  concerned,  there  are  no  means 
of  ascertaining. 

('lKi))nian,  Foster,  Fit-Kt  American  hi  Los  Avf/rlen,  gives  an  interesting  skotcli 
1 1  (  liupmau's  capture,  etc. ,  which  is  purely  tictitioua  so  fur  as  details  arc  con- 
ccnied. 


:i 


^'1;  i 


CHAPTER  XII. 


■  i< 


LAST  THREE  YE.>  IS  OF  THE  DECADE. 

1818-1820. 
SoLv's  Rkport  on  Phksidios  and  Missions — Dkstititios — Mission  Aid— 

KKii.NFOKt-'KMKNTS   FUOM   MkXICO — XaVAURKTIv's  CoMI'ANY  OK  Sa.V    IJLAS 

Imantby — Poutilla's  CoMi-ANY  01'  Mazatlan  Cavaluy — The  Cim- 
Los-  Hard  Timks  Cosiinckd— Sola  Disccstku— S.mali, Comfort  from 
TiiK  Vh^kroy— Oknkrosity  of  thk  Friars — No  Forkion  Carook.s— 
The  Governor  Tries  in  vain  to  Resion — Captain  Jose  de  i.a 
Gherra  Sent  to  ^Iexico — His  Aims  and  Efforts— His  Return  with 
Sui'i-UES— Revival  of  Forkion  and  Spanish  Trade  —  Arrival  of 
Artillery  Detachment  under  Ramirez— Fear  of  Insurgents — Roy- 
alist Co^u'ANIEs-  -The  Spanish  Constitution  of  ISl'J  in  California. 

I  HAVE  already  noticed  Sola's  general  re[)ort  on  tlio 
condition  and  needs  of  tlie  province  at  the  beixinnlno- 
of  1817.^  A  large  portion  of  that  year  Avas  spent  by 
him  in  malvinix  a  tour  of  insiiection,  inclndinLT  everv 
])residio,  pueblo,  and  mission  Irom  San  Francisco  to 
San  Diego.  On  April  3,  1818,  he  sent  to  Viceroy 
Apodaca  the  result  of  his  observations.  The  report 
was  chiefly  devoted  to  local  descriptions;  but  attention 
was  given  in  general  way  to  the  neophytes,  their  alarjii- 
ing  mortality,  41,000  having  died  out  of  64,000  bap- 
tized, the  prevalence  of  hei-editary  venereal  disease 
being  rapidly  communicated  from  the  Christians  to 
the  gentiles.  The  comparative  worthlessness  of  tlic 
Indians  as  an  element  of  future  prosperity  was  noticed, 
the  faithful  services  of  the  friars,  and  the  urgent  need 
of  supernumeraries  tt)  act  as  chaplains.  Agricultural 
resources,  progress,  and  prospects  were  given,  with 
the  increasing  devastations  of  squirrels,  gophers,  grass- 


'  See  chap.  x.  this  volume. 


(250) 


I 


SOLA'S  RrCOMM  END ATIOXS. 


W! 


the 

p 

iii'j; 

K^ 

l)y 

■ 

erv 

H 

)  to 

H 

roy 

^ 

M)lt 

ml 

:i(Mi 

■1 

nu- 

H 

)a])- 

B 

;aso 

H 

1  to 

1 

tlio 

E 

•e<l. 

m- 

cr.l 

ll 

]io|)pors,  and  \hv  chafnn'sflr  in  tlie  south.  Ilis  observa- 
tions on  tlu'sc  and  other  sjtccial  topics  I  sliall  utilize 
clscwlioro.  llu  t^avo  the  wliitc  pojtulation  ot'Cnlit'or- 
iiia  MS  ,'],000  at  the  end  of  1817.  His  suggestion  for 
the  <'ure  of  tlie  evil  wliich  threatened  speedy  ruin  to 
the  missions  was  the  establishment  of  mission  schools, 
ill  which  female  children  could  be  trained  from  the  age 
of  thi'ee  or  four  years  entirely  free  from  th'  debasing 
iiiilueiices  of  contact  with  older  Indians;  and  also  a 
L;ener;d  school  or  collegi;  for  the  training  of  tive  or  six 
chosen  neophytes  from  each  mission.  The  subject  of 
coast  defences,  with  the  urgent  necessity  of  thwarting 
j'oreign  schemes,  was  again  presented;  but  still  tlie 
introduction  of  colonists  was  poi:)te<l  out  as  the  comi- 
trv's  most  pressing  need.  The  new  settlers  shoidd 
luunber  at  least  one  thousand  families;  should  be  ex- 
empt from  all  taxation  for  ten  years,  and  should  have 
two  vessels  to  carry  away  their  produce  in  semi-an- 
nual voyages  to  southern  ports." 

Want  in  the  ]>residios  must  have  been  grer^.ier  than 
ever  in  1818,  for  the  sources  of  supi)ly  from  without 
the  ])rovinco  were  fewer  even  than  usual.  Goods  to 
the  amount  of  about  $14,000  were  purchased  for  drafts 
I'rom  the  ^Manila  ship  San  Ihtpcrto,  which  ])ut  into 
]\Tontere\'  in  January  with  a  scurvy-stricken  crew.'"' 
]v()(picfeuil  took  produce  at  San  Fi-ancisco  in  Se[)- 
temher  to  the  vahte  of  about  67,000.'*  It  is  probable 
that  some  relief  also  was  obtained  from  Hawmeister 
and  Golovnin,  who  visited  Monterey  in  the  autumn: 
but  very  little  is  known  of  those  visits.^  Sola  was 
still  timid  and  reluctant  about  engaging  in  this  unlaw- 
iid  trade  with  foreigners;  but  the  condition  of  affairs 
lelt  no  alternative,  and  after  carrying  his  refusals  and 
protestations  to  such  an  extent  as  his  oflficial  conscience 
(leu:anded,  he  always  yielded.     No  Lima  ships  came 

'■Sold,  Ohiierrnrhnpn  Iierhai^  ni  la  Viiifa  de  la  Prorlncia  dmh'  San  Fran' 
d<ci'  lt<i.<ta  Snii  J)'ii'<io,  ISJS,  MS. 
•'/Vrw.  Ifcc,  .MS.,  ix.   17."). 
*S«.ii  cliap.  xiii.  tliis  volume. 
^Seecliap.  xiv.  tliis  volume. 


i 


in 

1 
1 
1 

' 

.  Ifc       ' 

808 


LAST  TllREK  YEARS  OF  THE  DECADE. 


for  tallow.     If  aiivtirm<'  was  obtained  from  the  Chirhm 

t,  n 

('X('e])t  a  warning-  a;LJfaiiist  the  pirates  the  records  do 
not  show  it.  No  iiR'Uioria.s  eaine,  noi*  wa.s  there  any 
eiiooiiraifeiiieiit  for  the  I'liture  in  this  resjux't."  Mean- 
while the  friars  siipjjorted  the  ^rovenimeiit  and  troops 
from  the  i)roducts  of  their  neopliytes'  lahor,  withont 
much  I'eliietanee  for  the  most  part  as  it  seems;  thoii^Ii 
there  was  a  ('om[)laint  from  Santa  l^iirhara  that  cattle 
for  fresh  meat  weie  refused  exci'pt  at  excessive  j)ri('es. 
The  friars  even  furnished  on  (Hie  occasion  !?"J,HO()  in 
silver  coin.''  Complaints  t)f  suflerin_L(  wi-re,  like  sup- 
j)lies,  scarcer  than  usual;  and  iiiijJly  in  their  t('n'or  at 
the  Bouchard  invasion  the  [)eoj)le  well  nigh  forgot 
for  u  time  their  destitution. 

The  first  news  of  Bouchard's  attack  on  Monterey 
reached  ^Mexico,  as  we  have  seen,  in  13eceml>er  181H. 
So  serious  was  tl'e  emergency  in  the  eyes  of  Viceroy 
Apodaca,  who  supposed  that  a  part  of  the  j)rovinco 
had  very  likely  fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  foes  of 
Spain,  that  he  not  only  urged  Sola  to  strain  every 
nerve  in  the  defence  of  his  country,  but  immediately 
sent  orders  to  Guadalajara  and  San  Bias  and  Sonora 
that  two  vessels  should  he  despatched  forthwith  with 
all  the  troops  and  munitions  of  war  they  could  carry 
for  the  relief  of  California.  Such  was  the  purport  of 
the  viceroy's  letter  of  January  20,  1819,*^  and  the  good 
news  was  circulated  at  the  end  of  March,  A  little 
later  when  Sola's  official  report  of  the  invasion  was 
received,  showing  that  the  Spanish  dominicMi  was  still 
intact  in  the  north-west,  the  danger  still  seemed  so 
imminent  and  the  earnest  appeal  for  reenforcements 

"Aug.  4,  1818,  Jos(5  Maria  Nar%-aez  to  Ouerra.  The  habilitado  general 
has  no  hope  of  getting  the  silitadn;  and  even  if  the  funds  were  fortliconiiiig 
there  are  no  vessels  availal)le  for  transportation.  G'lcrra,  Doc.  JJM.  Ctil., 
MS.,  vi.  119.  Complaints  of  <lestitution.  /</.,  iii.  97,  107.  All  the  autiioi- 
ities  on  the  Bouchard  affair  named  in  the  preceding  chapter  speak  of  the 
great  want  which  followed. 

''Gucrra,  JJoc.  UUt.  (.'al.,  MS.,  iii.  98;  v.  ,33.  List  of  missions  with  pro- 
rata of  .«!3,000  called  for  by  the  government.  Anh.  Slu  B.,  MS.,  vi.  283, 

^Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  x.\.  GU-7. 


nEliNFOnCICMKXTS. 

so  Mfll  fonndc-'d,  that  past  oi'dcrs  wore  not  oonnter- 
iii;ui(1l;Iiiii<1  ineasuies  forrt'licf  wi-iv  actiialh'  liastciicd. 
ill  .Iimt'  and  July  tlui  coiiiiiij^'  of  vessels  with  troops 
was  di  liiiitely  anioiiiieed." 

The  first  (letaehiiieiit  of  troops  that  started  north- 
ward was  the  San  ]>las  infanti'y  eonii)any  of  one  liun- 
(lifd  men  under  tluM'onnnand  of  Caj>tain  Jose  Antonio 
Xavari'ete,  l^ieutenant  Antonio  del  A'alle,  and  Suh- 
licntenant  Franeiseo  de  Haro.  The  ti'ans[)oj-t  San 
C'drfos  was  l)r')U,L;ht  int(j  service  to  carry  the  lieuten- 
ants and  half  the  company,  and  was  commanded  l»y 
( (onzalo  de  I'lloa.  The  captain  with  the  rest  of  the 
nun  embarked  on  the  shi[)  /'ciiKt  de  Los  AikjcIcx,  (\'ip- 
tain  .lose  ]>andini,  chartered  lor  this  tri}).*"  The 
vessels  sailed  from  San  ]^las  on  June  8th,  and  hoth 
landed  their  troops  at  ]\ronterey  between  July  L'ath 
and  Septend)er  7th,  there  bein*^  much  coni'usion  abont 
the  t'xact  dates."  The  Jit'iiKi  amonjjj  other  war-stores 
bionght  five  ii'on  six-pouncbrs  and  ten  four-pounders, 
while  the  Sax  Carlos  had  four  hundred  sabres  and 
tluee  national  Hags.  Forty  men  of  the  company  under 
IJeutei-ant  Valle  were  soon  transferred  from  the  caj)- 
ital  to  San  Francisco. 

The  second  detachment  of  reenforcements  was  a 
]iart  of  the  ]!^scuadron  de  Mazatlan,  a  company  of 
cavalry  one  hundretl  strong,  under  Captain  l^d)l()  de 

*  March  30,  1810.  Sola  in  a  circulnr  to  the  padres  directs  tliat  if  tlie  ships, 
txpieted  to  arrive  with  troops,  should  be  Keen  soutii  of  San  Ihu'iiaventiira  tln-y 
me  to  be  directeil  to  Sta  ljiiil)ara;  Imt  if  furtlier  nortii,  to  Monterey  or  San 
I'raneisco.  J'ror.  St.  I'(t/>.,  MS,,  xx.  80.  June  21st,  Sohi  lias  Iieard  that  a 
Vessel  is  litting  out  at  Mazatlan  to  bring  100  men  under  Antonio  (J)rdero. 
J'rot:  J'fc.,  MS.,  X,  So.  July  Gth,  Sola  expects  the  iS".  Carlos  and  Caxmrk; 
1<I.,  X.  3(i. 

'"She  was  chartered  for  810,000,  with  .^4.000  a  month  from  Aitril  18th  for 
time  lost  at  San  IJhis  or  inC'alifornia.  Prof.  St.  J''i/>.,  /'/•<■<.,  MS.,  i.  \'2.  .lose' 
llanilnii  was  a  Peruvian  who  afterwards  settled  in  California,  and  whose  son 
v.as  a  prominent  man  in  later  times. 

".June  8,  1810,  instructions  from  Commandant  Antonio  Quartara  of  S. 
ISl.is  to  Lieut.  Ulloa  for  the  voyage,  giving  details  of  what  is  to  be  done  in 
e;iseof  meeting  hostile  vessels,  precautions  in  approaching  ('alifornia,  relations 
with  Sola,  etc.  The  vessels  wei'e  to  bring  back  a  cargo  of  hemp  if  it  could  bo 
had.  J'ror.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  'j;58-43.  Announcements  of  sailing  ami  ar- 
rival, with  other  tniim|iortant  matti'r  cfincerning  the  <'xpedition.  /(/.,  xx.  71, 
71,  .S-'-:i;  A/.,  JJr.i.  Mil.,  xlix.  :\-2.  .T.;  1.  -M.  41);  I'rnr.  /!,r.,  MS.,  x.  30-40; 
i*>V.  Pcji.  Sac,  MS.,  V.  54-5;  d'ucrra,  Dor.  J  list.  L'aL,  MS.,  vi. 


l! 


i\ 


^ 


'■ill 


H 


1! 


254 


LACT  THREE  YEARS  OF  THE  DECADE. 


Iti  Portilki,  lieutouants  Juan  ^lan'a  Ibarra  antl  Xar- 
cisc)  Fabrcgat,  and  Altci'cz  lunacio  Uclgado.  This 
ounipaiiy  embarked  at  Mazatlaii  in  the  Cossack  on 
Jidy  14th.  The  N'essel  was  chartei'ed  I'or  San  Diego 
direct,  but  the  winds  carried  her  to  tlie  gulf  instead, 
and  on  August  Tth  the  troops,  thirty-seven  of  whom 
are  said  to  have  been  dangerously  ill,  were  landed  at 
ISan  Luis  Gonzaga  Bay.  From  this  point  they 
niarched  slowly  northward,  and  arrived  at  St.n  Dieuo 
on  the  IGth  of  September.  These  troo})s  came  toler- 
ably well  armed  with  muskets  and  bayonets;  and  they 
brought  ten  thousand  dollars  in  money  with  which  to 
dei'ray  exi)enses.^-  Forty-live  of  the  men  under  Fa- 
bregat  and  Delgado  were  soon  added  to  the  garrison 
at  Santa  Barbara;  so  that  the  new  forces  were  in  a 
few  weeks  ])retty  eveidy  distributed  among  the  lour 
])residios,  giving  each  an  increase  of  about  lifty  men. 
Xone  of  these  men  were  at  this  time  aceonn>anicd  by 
their  families.  A  rcenforcement  of  artillery  had  been 
asked  for,  promised,  and  had  even  started,  but  did  not 
arrive  this  year. 

The  only  especial  use  for  a  military  force  this  year 
was  in  the  series  of  expeditions  made  in  th'.-  autumn 
against  the  Indians  of  the  interior  valleys,  nhich,  in- 
cluding the  disaster  at  San  Buenaventura  and  tlio 
resulting  cani])aign  of  Moraga  towards  the  Colorado, 
I  narrate  fidly  elsewhere.^'*  The  newcomers  aided  in 
these  ex[)editions,  part  of  the  southern  com[)any  going 
with  Moraga,  and  the  infantry  by  garrison  duty  in 
tiie  north  released  the  presidial  soldiers  for  campaign 
service.  Portilla's  jSlazatlan  company  was  composed 
of  a  good  class  of  men,  who  subsequently  gave  no 
grounds  for  ci)mplaint,  being  e(pial  in  character  an' I 
disci[ilino  to  the  regular  presidial  troops.  Xavarrete's 
infantry  comitany,  t'le  •' vetcranos  de  San  I-)ias,  solda- 
dos  de  la  otra  banda,"  or  as  they  were  best  known  in 

''■^  Corrcsponiloncc  abrmt  tlie  cnniiiifj  of  tlie  Cnx.^ivk  and  tlie  ^[azatlan  •  f-.a- 
panv  ii!  J'r-ir.  Sf.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  71.  74.  SI,  S.5-(i,  •j;i;i-4;  Iil.,  J!rii.  JUL.  xlvi. 
)],  l-J:  xlix.  ;{•_',  :y,  :fN-!l;  r>i,r.  /,'.'.,  MS.,  X.  :{7-S,  41. 

'■^  St'o  chap.  XV.  (jf  this  vuhiuiL', 


'car 

ti'.ii 
ill- 
US 

ii 
in-' 
ill 
Li,^':i 

111) 

:n:'l 

!tl'"s 

Ida- 
I  ill 

xlvi. 


THE  CIIOLO.S,  AND  HARD  TIMES.  253 

California,  the  cltolus,^^  were  on  the  contrary  most 
t  uiphatieally  a  batl  lot.  Sucii  i.s  tlie  unanimous  tos- 
tiiDoiiy  of  governor,  connnandants,  friars,  and  citizens, 
no  one  of  whom  luis  a  word  to  say  in  their  fu^'or. 
They  belonged  to  the  criminal  and  vagabond  classe;-' ; 
were  taken  for  the  most  part  from  the  jaijs  oi  piv^kod. 
up  by  press-gangs  in  New  Galicia,  and  they  A^'oru 
alt^^•cther  ignorant  of  milita'-y  disciijline  ortlie  use  of 
arms.  Xotwithstaiiuing  the  suit  of  clothes  and  two 
iiiuiiths'  advance  i)ay  which  they  luiil  received,  they 
suoii  j;roved  a  burden  rather  than  a  relief  to  Cali- 
fornia!" 

.\ii(l  here  T  am  brought  back  once  more  to  the  ever- 
jL'curring  topic  of  hard  times.  Nt'itlu'r  thr  Sa/ii 
('dflos  nor  the  llviini  brought  the  long  hoped  for 
iiiciiiorias,  though,  goods  to  the  sniall  amoimt  of  .$3,000 
srcin  to  have  been  obtained  from  one  of  the  captains. '** 
Si'la  had  baseil  some  very  sanguine  expectations  on 
the  viceroy's  communications.     Besides  the   legular 

'  *  ( 'Iv'Io  in  American  provincial  Sjianisli  i.s  tlm  fifrs]irinj,'  of  ji  Spanish  father 
and  Iniliaii  niuther;  liut  it  was  never  used  in  ('ulilornia  except  in  an  oll'ensive 
)<ci)si>,  with  reference  to  character  I'ather  tlian  to  race.  It  vas  ap[)lied  only 
to  viii;al)(inds  wlio  came  from  Mexico. 

''Sept.  '2S,  rsiS),  Sola  to  (.iiierra  say;i  lie  has  conijilaincd  very  l)ittcrly  to 
the  \iccrov  about  the  clas.s  of  men  '  .sent  at  a  co.-;l  of  nearly  S()(),(l(JO  to  aug- 
ment my  troubles.'  I'roi:  St.  Pap.,  JJni.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlix.  42.  Sept.  (itli, 
J.icut.  Estrada  sayti  not  one  of  the  men  e\er  had  a  nni^ket  in  liis  liands. 
diiimt,  iJnr.  Hid.  Cdl.,  :MS.,  V.  bsil-;j;  iv.  4:j.  Sept.  17th,  I'aihe  Mariinez 
t  I  Sola,  the  new  tioop.s  '.sin  diseiiilina  y  .sin  i'eli^;i(m.'  'J'he  valley  of  tho 
'i'uhue.s  is  a  good  pi. ice  to  tann.  hor.-cs  and  .soldiers.  The  \'.  It.  should  be 
talked  to  very  plainly.  Aicii.  Ar..,  ■>.,  MS.,  iii.  pt.  ii.  00-0.  Sept.  Idth,  I'ayeras 
tuSiila,  prijtests  against  the  n^'w  troops  being  tpiartered  at  the  missions  or 
liaving  anytliing  to  do  witii  the  neophytes.  It  is  liai'd  enough  to  manage  tlio 
Indians  with  tlic  be.st  soldiers  of  the  [iresidial  com))anics  as  cscoltas.  Tlio 
mw  troops  should  be  kept  in  tho  presidios;  but  if  Some  of  them  must  come 
tn  ilio  missions  he  will  notify  the  padres  to  have  separate  ((uartcrs  built  t'lr 
tlu'Mi.  Oct.  8th,  Payeras  to  padres  giving  diri'ctions  for  SLicii  buildings.  /'/. , 
iii.  pt.  ii.  00-104  Of  mixed  race  and  worse  than  mixed  cliaracter,  vicious  and 
(luarrelscaie.  Their  eoUiluct  inspired  ili.sgust  an<l  was  the  oriL;in  of  the  .'•ub- 
cijuent  bitter  feelings  between  (alifornians  and  Mexicans.  Small  in  .stature, 
caring  the  liair  short  in  contrast  with  the  ]>rcsidial  tnio|>s,  diunkards, 
J  imblcrs,  and  thieves.  Ahann/o,  J{i.<t.  (',(/.,  MS.,  iii.  II,  12.  (lood  and 
I  ■  cenied  (jliieers;  but  the  large  majority  of  the  privates  were  rrgular  /'/■(/o.'t. 
I  ''  ",  .Uonln'iiiiiciUox,  MS.,  4,  .").  'J'lic  moment  they  ani^ed  at  Monterey 
1  bberies,  excesses,  and  nnu'ilcrs  bcyaii  in  C'aliiornia.  o.s/'o,  J/id.  Cat.,  MS., 
r  -5.  Nov.  l,"!,  ISi'O,  10  of  the  company  sent  back  to  Sun  iilas  for  insubor- 
d  nation.  St.  I'ap.  .Vhc,  MS  ,  vi.  'J'J. 

"'/'/V'l'.  -SV.  I'a/).,  li<i,.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlix.  o7.  Capt.  Eandini  also  ga\e  his 
draft  fur  !,-l,  14."),  wh.it  for  does  ni^t  appear. 


I 


:^\\i 


1,1 


k 


t.. 


I 


.'IB 


m 


!  !!• 


2.-C 


L\ST  THREE  YEARS  OF  THE  DECADE. 


prosiflial  supplios  of  })lcasin!nf  moniory,  lie  hoped  for 
and  re<^ardGd  as  })roiiiised  a  dotaehineiit  of  artillery, 
400  carbines,  300  swords,  fifteen  or  twc^nty  cannon  of 
lariiX!  calibre,  and  a  considerable  sum  of  money  for  the 
re])airing  of  forts."  None  of  these  things  came  ex- 
cej)t  some  .sai)re-l)lades,  "  not  fit  for  sickles,"  to  which 
rnde  wooden  handles  had  been  fitted  durinsx  the  sea- 
voyage.  Sola  was  filled  wii-h  indignation  and  disgnst, 
which  he  expressed  rather  freely  with  more  force  than 
di'jfnity  to  suiJcriors  and  suboi'dinates.  The  viceroy 
he  accnsed  of  breaking  his  promises,  and  General 
Cruz  of  disoi)eying  the  viceroy's  orders;  all,  as  lie 
peevishly  implies,  for  no  other  motive  than  to  increase 
the  troubles  that  were  keeping  him  restless  night  and 
day.^'^ 

Viceroy  Apodaca  had  been  almost  surprised  at  his 
own  zeal  in  having  made  such  extraordiniry  etfoits  in 
behalf  of  California.  He  was  inclined  to  expect  iVoni 
the  far  north  an  outburst  of  p'ratitude  which  would 
AvijK)  out  all  the  shortcomings  of  his  predecessors,  and 
his  own  in  the  past  and  future.  He  was  accordingly 
astounded  at  Sola's  impudence  and  ingratitude,  and  on 
recei[)t  of  his  complaints  he  administered  a  severe  re[)- 
rimand,  and  wrote  in  substance:  "You  have  no  con- 
sideration of  the  difficulties  encountered,  or  of  the  sac- 
rifices made  in  sending  to  your  province  such  an  army 
as  it  never  saw  before,  and  you  dare  to  sa}'' you  are  in 
a  worse  condition  than  ever.  The  swords  are  not  'tit 
for  sickles;'  in  fact  were  not  intended  to  be,  but  lor 
weapons;  and  if  the  handles  are  not  suitable  then  put 
on  better  ones,  and  supi)ly  the  lack  of  scabl)ards  from 
the  hides  so  abundant  in  your  country.  Xo  carbines 
were  sent  because  none  could  be  found;  let  the  troops 

''Those  liopcs  rested  on  the  viooroy's  letters  of  April  SOth  niul  Manli 
2()tli.  /•/'))'.  .S7.  I'lip.,  MS.,  XX.  (kS-i),  70,  in  which  sdine  of  tlie  items  wetf 
proiuiseil  '  if  possihlc;'  and  respecting  others  '  oi'dei'.s  liiid  been  issued  "  'iier<ly. 

'■' Sola's  eorrespouilence  in  I'nn-.  SI.  Pa/i.,  Jluii.  Mi/.,  MS.,  xlvi.  ]•_';  \li\. 
S,").  41-'-*;  (,'mrni.  Dor.  //itt.  Cul.,  MS.,  iv.  .'W-.S,  .'!.'),  4:t-4.  Sola's  coniiilaint.s 
to  tlie  v.  I!,  and  (Jen.  Cniz  arc  not  extant;  hut  his  letter  to  the  l.itttr  was 
dated  Dec.  Gth,  and  was  evidently  of  the  same  purport  us  those  to  the  eonian- 
dantcs. 


VM 


COUNSEL  FROM  THE  VICEROY. 


237 


•iiiy 
■  ill 
'fit 

|)Ut 

I'Dlll 

iiu'S 

)()jiS 
av.h 

V.CVl' 
■IVIV. 

xlik. 

aiui.s 

was 

1111,111- 


ns;c  muskets  to  which  thov  arc  better  accustomed. 
Tlio  artillery  is  on  the  way,  has  been  delayed  I  sup- 
jKise,  and  will  arrive  in  due  time.  Two  vessels  have 
licci)  laden  with  supplies,  and  will  take  away  the  pro- 
(hicts  of  the  country,  thus  aiding  the  pueblo  you  say 
vou  have  to  feed.  And  those  settlers,  let  them  ijo  to 
AV(»rk,  as  God  and  the  king  require;  lot  them  develop 
the  rich  resources  of  tlieir  province  and  talk  less,  and 
tluis  will  they  live  comfoi-tably,  and  also  be  an  aid 
rather  than  a  burden  to  the  fjovernnieiit  in  sucli  trv- 
iiig  times  as  these.  I  shall  continue  to  do  all  in  my 
pDWcr  for  your  province,  and  I  shall  despatch  the 
tSmi  Carlos  next  March  with  eisj^ht  missionaries,  be- 
sides  money  and  goods.  Meanwhile  if  the  two  hun- 
(h'ed  men  I  have  sent  are  of  no  use  to  you,  send  them 
hack."" 

Not  a  single  cargo  of  goods  for  trado  was  lirought 
ill  1819  l)y  cither  Spanish  or  foreign  craft.  The  gov- 
V  iiior  made  no  secret  of  his  determination  to  trade 
with  the  Russians  as  the  only  partial  remedy  for  ex- 
isting necessities ;-°  but  the  opportunity  seems  not  to 
have  occurred,  and  the  only  dependence  for  supplies 
was  on  the  missions.  The  response  of  the  mission- 
aries was  most  satisfactory  and  liberal;  especially  when 
we  consider  that  there  were  now  200  additional  mouths 
to  feed,  that  the  losses  of  the  missions  in  connection 
with  the  Jjouchard  affair  had  been  quite  considerable 
ill  time,  labor,  and  effects,  besid(>s  the  inconveniences 
naturally  arising  from  the  hasty  abandonment  of  so 
Hi.iiiy  estabrishments,  and  that  tlu!  [ladres  mack'  a 
direct  contribution  of  about  8'>,o00  to  sujiply  losses 
sustained  at  ]\[onterey,  besides  furnishing  laborers 
and  many  articles  to  which  no  special  value  was  given, 

''■'Dec.  15,  ism,  vk'oroy  to  Solii.  Pror.  ,SV.  P,i/i.,  MS.,  xx.  KW,.  Oct. 
-Stli,  the  V.  Iv.  luul  ■written  tli.'it  tliei'c  were  no  ciirliines  to  lie  lia<l,  ami  that 
l!ie  treasury  of  Sonorii  eonhl  furnish  iki  sii]iplies.  A/.,  xx.  T-.  ])ee.  "Jd,  Alejo 
'  i.ii'eia  (.'onde  froiu  !)in'iin';o  to  Sol.i.  Money  iind  arms  very  .searce.  Ciinsenil 
no  funds.  ///.,  XX.  S4.  ])ee.  Sth,  'no  ha\'  iio\-i'dad  en  California,'  darclit  dn 
Mc.r..  xli.  41,S. 

■-"Sejit.  (i.  LSI!).  Sola  to  Payeriis.   /'ror.  y.Vc,  .MS.,  xii,  17!)-S0. 
Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  11.    IJ 


i 

fej; 


f'    III 


2o8 


LAST  THREE  YEARS  OF  THE  DECADE. 


li 


and  besides  liavinj^  l)ecn  put  to  miidi  trouble  and  ex- 
pense early  in  1811)  to  [)r()teet  the  provinee  from  the 
new  attaeks  uhieh  were  feared.-^ 

It  is  indeed  surprising  how  cheerfully  each  mission 
did  its  j)art  either  in  voluntary  gifts,  in  regularly  as- 
sessed contributions,  or  in  res[)onse  to  special  local 
demands,  and  how  rarely  even  slight  misundcrstand- 
injjl's  <irose  in  individual  cases.^'"  The  friars  seem  to 
have  realized  the  fact  that  they  had  the  province  to 
support,  and  to  have  made  the  best  of  it,  cheering 
tliemselves  with  the  idea  that  they  were  working  for 
the  king  and  their  own  existence  as  missionaries,  and 
with  the  ho])e  of  better  times  to  come."'^  Yet  at  times 
they  were  much  discouraged  at  the  prospect  before 
them."*     Sola  did  not  tail  toward  the  end  of  1811)  to 

^^  .Tan.  28,  1819,  Sola  to  president.  Calls  for  the  establishment  of  .1  station 
■with  l.jO  horses  ready  for  sci'vioc;  between  each  two  missions;  also  for  the 
nianufaeturc  of  '200  machetes  and  ]'iO  cartrid,t;c-boxes;  also  for  40  skilled 
archers  to  be  kept  ready  at  each  mission.  I'eb.  '27 th,  president  to  padi'es  ,i;iviiiy 
the  cori'esponding  instructions,  thou^di  the  hoises  were  to  be  ke]>t  at  the  mis- 
sions until  the  alarm  shoidd  be  fiiven.  A  rrh.  A  r:.!ih.,  MS.,  iii.  pt.  ii.  .")!-"),  ();!-(); 
Pror.  S/.  rap.,  Bni.  Mil.,  MS..  1.  2(i-:jl.  March  .SOth,  April  4th,  corre- 
spondence betweeen  .Sola  and  jjrefect  on  aid  for  the  expected  reiinforccmcnts. 
Arch.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  iii.  pt.  ii.  121-'2;  Pror.  St.  Pa/i.,  MS.,  xx.  80.  Jan.  •27th, 
I'el).  '2(itli,  .June  '2(Jth,  Sola's  ap]ieals  for  aid  for  Monterey,  and  I'aycrr.!)' 
favorable  responses,  apportionin;^  I?:?, oW) among  tlio  missions  in  the  name  of  the 
conuuunities  of  neopiiytes.  Arrh.  Arzoh.,  M.S.,  iii.  pt.  ii.  4n-.">l,  0.'}-!>,  1'2.V(I. 
Thaidvs  of  viceroy  and  {governor  to  padies  for  past  .".ervices  during  tlic  inva- 
sion, eonimnnicated  by  .Sola  June  27th,  and  by  I'ayer.is  July  '2Sth.  JJor.  Il'ist. 
('((/.,  MS.,  iv.  440-1.  Correspondence  about  supplies  for  tiie  new  troops  after 
tiieir  arrival.  Aug.-Sept.  )S1(».  J'ror.  SI.  P(i/>.,  Jim.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlix.  -  : 
.SV.  P'ip.  Sar.,  MS.,  viii.  07;  Pror.  Ri-c,  ISIS.,  xii.  170  8.".. 

''-  The  (jUarrels  at  Sta  Cruz  and  at  San  .hum  CapistraiKi  have  been  recorded 
in  the  last  chapter.  March  '22,  ISIO,  Santiago  Argiiello  say.s  he  dislikes  lo 
liave  iinything  to  do  with  the  padres,  for  they  act  like  tiie  apothecary  who 
sugars  liis  pills,  implying  more  than  they  would  dare  to  say.  G'licrra,  Ix.r. 
J/i</.  ('(('..  .MS.,  vii.  77. 

-'•'  Kxteusive  correspondence  on  special  contributions  during  lSl!)-'2!\ 
slio\\  iiig  no  ivluctanco  on  tlie  part  of  the  jiadres.  Arr/i.  Arvih.,  MS.,  iv.  ).t.  i. 
jiassim.  Kspecial  zeal  is  shown  in  a  circukxrof  President  I'aycras  dated  Dec. 
1'.),  ISl!),  in  which  he  a])proved  of  the  goveiiior's  resoit  to  ro>i/riliiiri(iii''</or- 
r.ir.'i'!  in  ciicunistances  of  extreme  necessity,  and  calls  on  the  padres  to  respimd 
libcri'.lly  anil  witliout  complaint.  Cloth  is  tlie  chief  tiling  needed;  great  at 
tention  must  l)e  jjaid  to  raising  hemp,  even  to  tiie  neglect  of  vineyards  iinil 
otli(  r  industries.  'J'he  southern  nassions  nuist  also  make  a  desperate  client 
to  glow  cotton.  Endorsed  by  a  padre  at  every  mission  between  Jan.  I>d  iind 
•22(1.    /./..  iii.  i.  1-0. 

-*  .Ian.  4th,  Senan  to  Sola.  'Our  time  of  troulile  lias  eome;  tlie  Americans 
>\  ill  do  all  the  hfirm  tliey  can;  old  conneetions  arc  liroiicn;  no  more  menioiiii.-; 
foreigneis  (lisres])ectful;  the  Limenos  charged  us  \'>  |)er  cent,  on  goods  last 
year,  and  will  take  uO  per  cent,  next  year  if  they  come  at  all;  from  the  gen- 


MISSION  SUPPLIES. 


259 


IX. 


■ini)vi:i>; 
hIs  last 
.lie  gtii- 


im 


A  cut  sonic  of  his  pcevislinoss  on  tlio  fnars,  nccusing 
tlii'in,  as  he  accused  everybody,  of  lukewaruniess  and 
a  faikire  to  appreciate  his  own  troubles  and  efforts; 
but  tlie  president  repHed  in  a  dignified  manner  that 
lie  had  given  no  just  cause  for  such  conipkiints;  that 
lie  fully  realized  the  governor's  difficulties,  and  that 
lie  had  done  and  would  do  all  in  his  power  Ibr  the 
province.  Yet  he  was  about  to  resign  and  hoped  his 
successor  would  give  better  satisfaction;  and  he  in- 
sisted that  while  the  padres  were  strainin<i:  everv  nerve 
tn  support  the  trooj^s,  and  doing  everything  excejit 
the  impossible,  the  comaudantcs  should  be  ordered  to 
(•()nii)ly  promptly  with  the  friars'  suggesti(Mis  in  minor 
matters,  such  as  the  transfer  of  guards  and  details  <»f 
mission  disciplinc.'^^  In  1820  there  was  no  ccmtro- 
versy  on  the  subject  and  all  went  smoothly,  the  cor- 
respondence being  very  meagre.  At  the  end  of  the 
clicade  the  outstanding  habilitados'  drafts  in  favor  of 
tlie  missions  amounted  to  $400,000,  Of  some  of  the 
niissionarii.'s'  troubles  at  homo  and  in  ^lexico,  caused 
by  the  failure  to  collect  cither  stipends  or  money  for 
(hafts,  I  shall  have  more  to  say  in  another  chaptcj'. 

Sola,  whose  term  of  office  would  natui'ally  expire  at 
tlie  end  1819,  had  in  May  1818  sent  a  memorial  to 
the  kinu'  asking  for  the  rank  of  colonel,  and  also  for  a 
new  term  as  governor  when  the  five  years  sht)uld  ox- 

eral  outlook  of  afTairs  I  infer  tlio  dcminpuro  of  tlio  province.'  Yet  he  wil 
.^Irivu  anl  jiray  for  relief  from  the  government  ami  (iml,  to  prevent  the  alian- 
(loiiinent  of  .sueh  a,  country  ami  of  so  many  .souls  I'ipe  for  sahation.  Ai-di. 
Arjili.y  MS.,  iii.  j)t>  ii.  4(J-8.     \A\vi  Martinez  also  taUi's  a  melanchoiico-joeooo 


lis  paih'e's  writiiiL; 
is  no  giiitar-iiiayer 


view  of  thin.u'H  in  hi.s  ktter.s  to  (ir.erra,  tlioUL;li  mmli  of  tli 

is  not  over-ilear  to  the  luiinitiated.    For  iiistai 

to  <k'vote  himself  to  the  prepai-ation  of  ii  tunc  for  them  to  dance  to.     ^ly 

{..'iiitur  has  only  two  string's,  aiul  I  alone  understand  it,  and  whin  I  ]ilay  .■^ome 

ilanee  and  1  amuse  niyself~.so  you  must  ponder   upon  this,  for  the  apjiear- 


)f  all'airs  is  bad.'  < 


])<>•:  III"/.  ''((/.,  MS. 


ill.  (>.  S. 


■-■(•(JlT 


es])on( 


leneeof  Oet.-Dei 


[Ari-h.  Arztih.,  MS.,  iii.  pt.  ii.  12fi- 

1, 


Al- 


tli< 


iiailo,  Jli.-it.  Ciil.,  MS.,  i.  ].S7-!U.  di'srribcs  a  formal  eiMiteicme  at  Monterey 
I'tueen  Sola  and  iiadres  from  7  mis.sions  on  the  suiiolv  oiustioii  .soon  afti 


I  anil  padres  irom  ,   mis.sions  on  the  supiily  i|iustion  .soon  after 


aril 


val  of  tlie  choli 


He 


iVH  that  Sola  liad  to  tal 


a  very  lirm  stain 


jiltd-e  his  pri»-!ite  wealth,  and  cviii  use  some  (liieats  licfoiv  the  |  ;idrrs  wo 
eoMsrnt  to  smfifiort  the  new  troops.     Correspondence  of   ISl'O.   HiKrnt.   I. 


uhl 


Do 


lli^t.  Vul..  >iS.,  ii.  |.V>,  iii.  8;  I'atUJo,  J)oi\  Hist.  L'nL,  MS.,  xxviii.  'J,j,  •lH 
at.  Pup.  ^J<%c.,  MS.,  vi.  22;  xviii.  3J-U,  45. 


M 


M 


i-i 


', 

1 

11 

ifi 

' 

iH 

it 

W 

i 

il 

;^i 


%.  5"B>y  a  '  1' 

-  f 

! 

■f    ■ 

i 
!  i 

2G0 


LAST  THREE  YEARS  OF  THE  DECADE. 


piro.  Ho  was  in  a  contented  mood  at  that  time  and 
expressed  a  desire  to  end  his  days  in  Cahf'ornia.-'" 
With  increasing  troubles,  however,  lie  became  discon- 
tented, and  a  year  later,  although  he  had  in  the  mean 
time  been  made  colonel  of  provincial  militia,  he 
announced  his  expectation  of  being  relieved  at  the 
end  of  his  term  in  ac(X)rdance  with  his  request  long 
ago  forwarded  to  the  viceroy."''  In  the  spring  of  18l'() 
ho  .sent  in  his  formal  resignation,  thus  arousing  strong 
hopes  among  the  friends  of  Ca[)tain  Guerra  that  the 
latter  might  through  the  aid  of  San  Fernando  college 
secure  the  position.^  Throughout  the  year  Sola  ap- 
pears to  have  urged  the  acceptance  of  his  resignation 
of  an  office  that  yielded  him  neither  honor  nor  profit, 
nothing  but  vexation  of  spirit.  His  friends  were  asked 
to  work  for  him  and  secure  a  better  place,  as  intend- 
ant  or  minister  of  the  exchequer;  but  no  attention 
was  paid  to  the  matter,  perhaps  partly  on  account  of 
the  demand  for  a  better  place;  on  the  contrary  his 
appointment  as  governor  was  royally  confirmed  in 
June,  though  the  announcement  did  not  reach  Cali- 
i'ornia  until  the  next  year.-'' 

Oil'  .nensure  for  relief  devised  and  executed  by 
tlio  goverjior,  with  the  advice  and  aid  of  his  subordi- 
nates, was  to  send  a  special  commissioner  to  Mexi(,'o 

=6  May  T),  1818,  Sola  to  viceroy.  Prov.  /?pr. ,  MS. ,  ix.  19(5.  In  April  Moran 
l.iiil  wiittcii  to  (iiicrni  from  Alcxieo  that  Sola  sliould  l)u  proniotcd;  'he  iiiii:t 
let  fly  his  memorials '  and  get  tlio  reward  duo  him  for  the  '  liaiiishmont  lie 
i:n]»)scd  upon  hiiusclf  with  profit  to  tho  service  and  benefit  to  that  neglet-teil 
settlement.'  Oiicrra,  Doc  J  fist.  CnL,  MS.,  vi.  117. 

-'  June  21,  isnt.  Sola  to  (ruerra.  He  says  liis  request  was  sent  10  months 
at.'i>,  tliat  i.s  ahfiut  the  time  lie  had  really  asked  for  a  continuatiin.  Prnr.  Si. 
J'l'ji.,  /I'll.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlix.  ."W-H.  On  ^lanii  7th  a  notice  a))pcared  tiiat  Uh' 
j^iivcniorship  of  Cnlifornia  was  vacan':,  witli  a  re(|uest  to  aspii-ants  to  niai<i' 
the  pr(i|)cr  applicatiiins  for  tiic  position.  G'ff'v/o.s' (/e  jl/cr. ,  xxxix. '2.'13.  Jiiih' 
1  tth,  i'adre  J'^scudi'  liavinLt  seen  that  notice  congratulates  Sola  thatlic  will  imw 
he  all'  to  retii'c  to  S])ain  as  lie  has  K)ng  desired,  aii<l  will  he  rewarded  for  hi^ 
'lioiiorablo  retreat'  fnim  Monterey  in  ISIS.  Arch.  Aryih.,  MS.,  iii.  pt.  ii.  114. 

'•"•Mar.  .SOth,  .\pr.  l^id.  Lieut."  Kstudillo  to  (iuerra.  urging  the  latter  to 
avail  iiimself  of  the  tipportunity.   J>v<\  llixi.  CaL,  MS.,  iv.  4(n-'i,  40."). 

'".lulv  2.'),  lS-_'(),  Sola  to  I'jitrieio  Humana.  J'mr.  Ihr.,  MS.,  x.  .")().  Oct. 
7th,  Sola  to  Ruiz  de  Cahafias.  ,SV.  Pup.,  Snr.,  'MS.,  vi.  'JO-1.  Oct.  9tli.  s,,la 
to  Guerra,  askinu;  him  to  call  on  several  intluential  persons  in  his  behalf. 
Prov.  Si.  P(ip..  Il'ii.  Mi!..  MS.,  xlix.  40.  Royal  order  of  June  1820.  St.  Pui'.. 
Sue,  MS.,  vi.  'AS. 


■>,  , 


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Oct, 
Sola 
Imlf. 

r<ii'.. 


GUERRA'S  MISSION  TO  MEXICO. 


201 


witli  a  power  of  attorney  from  all  the  commandants, 
in  lay  before  the  viceroy  the  critical  condition  of  })ro- 
vincial  matters,  and  also  to  investigate  the  state  of 
tilings  in  the  habilitado  general's  office  and  see  if 
(ici'vasio  ArgUcllo  could  not  be  made  to  render  more 
ttlcctive  service,  that  official  being  apparently  inclined 
to  live  very  much  at  his  ease  at  Guadalajara  instead 
of  the  capital.  For  this  important  mission  Jose  do 
l;i  (juerra  y  Noriega  was  selected  as  a  man  who 
enjoyed  the  confidence  of  all  classes,  and  an  cxti-a 
siilaiy  of  one  hundred  d(jllers  per  month  was  pledged 
by  the  officers  and  men  of  the  four  presidios.  He 
siiiled  early  in  November  with  Bandini  on  the  llc'nia 
lie  /<>s  Arxjelcs  for  San  Bias.  His  instructions,  dated 
September  23d,  re([uired  him  to  hasten  to  ^lexico, 
on  no  account  to  delay  at  Guadalajara  or  to  [)lace  any 
reliance  on  the  treasury  official  there,  to  treat  directly 
w  ith  the  viceroy,  to  be  put  off  with  no  frivolous  ex- 
cuses, to  claim  the  promised  armament  not  sent  with 
the  troops  and  also  the  detachment  of  artillery,  and 
above  all  things  to  insist  on  the  innnediate  payment 
of  sir)0,000  or  $200,000,  half  of  which  was  to  "be  in- 
vested in  the  supplies  most  needed  according  to 
( \  uerra's  judgment.^" 

JJoubtless  a  better  man  than  Guerra  could  not  have 
been  chosen  as  commissioner,  and  he  accomplished  the 
little  that  was  possible.  He  wrote  from  San  Bias  on 
Xoveinber  2Gth  to  the  viceroy,  who  on  January  12t!i 
replied  that  he  was  making  jireparations  to  send 
.^.j(),000  to  the  habilitado  general  at  Guadalajai'a; 
that  he  had  informed  Sola  of  his  efforts  to  do  for 
C  alifornia  all  that  the  conditit)n  (»f  the  treasurv  would 
jiennit;  and  that  if  he,  Guerra,  had  no  other  business 
in  Mexico  he  might  return  to  his  post  on  the  Sun 

'"Gniria,  Drte.rmhxicion  fohrc  t<u  Ida  d  Mcrico,  <■  In.tlrin-cioiu'.f  ih'l  dnhr. 
Sila,  ISII),  Ms.  Cori'esi)oii<l.'nco  on  the  Hulijeet,  incluiluig  the  powciH  of 
.'ittoriK'y  Iroin  the  coiiiaiidiiiiteM  and  tho  guarantei;  of  a  salaiy,  !?'2.">  fioiii  each 
incsi 'ill,  wliii  h  ( iueira  asUcd  for,  hut  \\  liii.li  ho  suhsu(|iiuiitly  seems  tohavo 
(lecli,  ci  vohiiitaiily.  /-/.,  iv.  (CJ:  vi.  Ul_'-4;  I'rov.  St.  I'up.,  Bin.  Mil.,  MS., 
xli\.  3o-0,  ;}8,  4U-1,  44;  1.   oV~\;  I'ruv.  Rec,  MS.,  x.  40,  40. 


tm 


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LAST  THREE  YEARS  OF  THE  DECADE. 


Carlos,  since  liis  longer  stay  was  unnecessary/^^  Yet 
the  captain  thought  it  l^est  to  go  to  the  capital,  where 
he  succeeded  in  increasing  the  amount  of  the  appropri- 
ation, and  ])erhaj)s,  thougli  this  is  not  so  clear,  in  get- 
ting' a  part  of  the  amount  to  expend  in  Mexico,  where 
it  is  stated  that  supplies  could  be  purchased  much 
cheaper  than  in  (Aiadalajara.  At  any  rate  he  obtained 
a  [>ass])ort  for  return  on  April  15th,  and  sailed  froiu 
San  Bias,  probably  on  the  San  CtUioti,  in  June,  with 
goods  invoiced  at  !?-tl,.319,  but  valued  in  California  at 
6:34,000  or  $3G,000,  with  which  he  arrived  at  Mon- 
terey in  August.^"' 

Meanwhile  complaints  of  destitution  in  the  prov- 
ince were  frequent,  several  of  them  having  been  for- 
warded to  Guei'ia  while  he  was  in  Mexico.''^  The 
memorias  if  of  slight  amount  were  better  than  nothing 
after  so  long  waiting;  and  trade,  moreover,  was  nuicli 
moi'e  brisk  than  in  the  preceding  year.  There  were 
at  least  five  Spnnisli  craft  l)esi(les  the  transjiort  San 
(Au'h)S  on  the  coast,  which  afibrded  a  market  for  more 
tallow  than  could  be  obtained,  and  in  addition  to 
their  trade  with  the  padres  and  settlers  sold  to  the 


^'■Tan.  12,  1820,  viceroy  to  Cuorra.  C'ltprra,  Doc.  Ilht.  Cal.,^\9..,  iv.  104; 
vi.  94-.").  Oil  tlio  same  date  the  V.  R.  wrote  to  Sola  expressing  j^reat  suipiiso 
at  the  hitter's  letter  of  Sept.  21,  ISK),  on  the  uselcssncss  of  the  expense  iu- 
enrrcil  to  seiul  the  vessels  with  100  jail-birds  as  soldiers.  Prnv.  St.  I'd/)., 
^IS.,  XX.  282.  Same  date  also  Moran  to  Gueria,  doubting  that  the  latter  will 
get  anything,'  in  Mexico  more  satisfactory  than  fair  promises.  Oucrra,  JJvr, 
J/i.'it.  Cal.,   .Ms.,  vi.  118. 

^'^  March  1S20,  (lUerrain  Mexico  thanks  viceroy  for  his  interest  in  tlic  wel- 
fare of  California,  and  asks  for  money  to  invest  in  supplies.  Guerru,  Ihx. 
Hint.  Cal.,  MS.,  iii.  l.")2-.'').  April  l.")th,  viceroy's  passport.  Id.,  vi.  12l'. 
Invoices  dated  Ciuadalajara,  May  l.jtii.  J'ruv.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  ii.  4;5;  /■/., 
Ijcii.  Mil.,  li.  10.  March  2'Jtli,  the  .S'.  Vdrloa  will  be  overhauled  and  then 
proceed  with  invoices  to  Califoniia.  Arch.  Sfa  Ji.,  MS.,  xii.  40.">-(i.  Aug. 
2.")th,  Sola  says  that  Noriega  has  arrived  with  .?;}(!, 000  in  supplies.  Pmr. 
Per.,  MS.,  X.  58.  Luis  Argiiello  on  Aug.  12th  says  the  i?;i4,000  brought  liy 
(iucrrawill  be  but  slight  relief  to  the  4  presidios.  Oucrra,  Doc.  IPid.  Cal., 
^slS.,  vi.  127-8. 

^^Sueli  complaints  in  1  SI 0-20,  the  purport  of  which  it  i.i  anncccssarv  to 
r-ncat;  in  dnirm.  Doc.  Hist.  Cat.,  :*IS  ,  Iv.  52,  5.')-(),  l.S(J;  v.  200-7,  2;!()-l, 
1M-\;  Pr'iv.  J.'tc,  MS.,  x.  24;  Pror.  St.  P,ip.,  MS.,  xx.  202-;i,  no  ink  fn; 
writing,  gunpowder  used;  /'/. ,  /iiii.  Mil.,  xlix.  5;)-4;  St.  /'c/).,  .S'nc. ,  MS.,  vi. 
24.  Dec.  23tli,  Sola  to  (iarcia  Conde.  Aii'airs  in  a  bad  condition;  no  trade; 
only  11,000  people  from  whom  to  collect  tithes;  the  dockyards  of  S.  Bias 
ouglit  to  be  transferred  to  L'alifoniia.  Id.,  vi.  25-0. 


M 


$ 


PARTIAL  RKLIEF. 


288 


OS. 


presidios  at  least  $17,000  worth  of  goods.^  Besidt> 
Kldchnikot'  came  IVoiii  the  north  with  the  welcome 
(•ai'L;'o  of  the  liuhhikoj;  and  possibly  another  Rus- 
sian carijfo  was  obtained,  to  say  ncithing  of  small 
sums  received  from  two  Russian  vessels  bound  to  the 
north,  and  from  a  liritish  whaler  for  fresh  })rovisions 
iarnished.  Thus  financially  atfairs  were  a  little  brighter 
at  tlu!  close  of  the  decade. 

]  think  the  detachment  of  artillery,  about  twenty 
stroiiL;',  including  a  few  artisans,  under  Sulj-lieutenant 
.lose  Ramirez,  must  have  arrived  this  year,  perha]>s 
in  the  Cleopaffd  which  arrived  at  Monterey  on  May 
7th,  though  there  is  no  positive  record  to  that  effect. 
The  reiiidbrcement  was  a  niost  welcome  one  to  the 
province,  since  the  few  remaining  artillerymen  under 
(ioniez  were  for  the  most  j)art  old  and  disabled,  and 
the  new  men  were  of  a  good  class  under  an  able 
olliccr.^''  Throughout  the  year  the  Californians  were 
on  the  watch  for  hostile  vessels.  A  lai-ge  ship  was 
seen  at  San  Francisco  in  the  evening  of  March  I'Jth, 
hut  had  disa[)peared  next  niorning.  This  brought  (^ut 
from  the  governor  an  order  to  the  padres  to  keep 
their  valuables  boxed  and  ready  for  removal.^" 
Within  less  than  a  month  there  came  a  warning  from 
^[exico  that  four  insurgent  vessels  from  Chili  misjcht 
be  expected  at  any  moment  ou  the  northern  coasts. 


^'Stc  chap,  xiii.,  this  volume. 

^'Tlio  movenienta  of  tliis  iirtillery  (letiichmcnt  arc  not  very  clear. 


Alost 
of  my  narratives  speak  of  it  as  liaving  come  with  the  otlii'r  reeiiforceineiits  iii 
ISl'.i;  Init  we  have  seen  tiiat  such  vas  not  tlic  ease.  March  "JO,  1810,  the 
viceroy  announced  their  coining,  /'ror.  Sf.  /'np.,  MS.,  xx.  08-9, 71.  Attheenil 
of  May  181(1,  llaniirez  and  his  men  are  said  to  have  left  Mexico  for  C'alifoinia 
liy  way  of  Durango,  (iuaymas,  and  Loieto.  Arih.  Aryli.,  MS.,  iii.  pt.  ii.  1  lit. 
Si'pt.  'J.Sth,  Sola  had  received  news  of  their  coming,  from  (Uiaymas.  I'l-or.  S(. 
J'd/i.,  Hell.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlix.  4"_*.  Oct.  '-'Sth,  the  \iceroy  ad\  ised  Sola  that  the 
artillerymen  were  at  Mazatlan.  I'roi:  Sf.  J'ap.,  MS.,  xx.  7-.  l're])aration3 
for  their  coming  in  Sept. -Oct.  /il.,XK.  'i."il-'J.  March  ilt,  \i>'l{),  thcCliojiii/rn 
is  said  to  he  iitting  at  San  ]$his  to  carry  artillerymen  and  war-stores.  Arch. 
Slit  /).,  MS.,  xii.  40")-0.  ]5ut  in  the  notice  of  the  Cloojuttra'.'i  arrival  tliere  is 
nothing  said  of  artillery,  (literra.  Doc.  Hist.  <'(il.,  MS.,  v.  '2()7-!t;  /'rrtv.  Ji'ic., 
Ms.,  54.  I'ico,  Aronticimiculfix,  MS.,  4,  tells  us  that  the  artilleiynien  were 
nearly  all  men  of  good  cliaracter  ami  pure  Spanish  Mood,  .hily  20,  IS'JO, 
Ramirez  renders  an  account  at  Monterey.  Dept.  St.  Pup.,  Um.  MIL,  MS., 
liii.  :i. 

^'^  March  ill,  1820,  Sola  to  padres.  Arch.  Arzob.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  i.  7. 


Ill 


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LAST  TIIRf:E  YEARS  OF  THE  DECADE. 


!  t 


Accordingly  Sola  issued  on  April  9th  orders  to  co- 
liuiudiuites  and  friars  which  ref(uired  a  renewal  of  the 
measures  of  1818,  and  a  readiness  to  send  families  and 
jtroperty  into  the  interior  and  rally  for  the  defence  of 
the  country  at  the  first  notice  of  an  enemy's  ap[)roach."^ 
The  only  new  feature  in  the  governor's  precautionary 
measures  was  the  j)roposed  organization  of  companies 
of  (^-ilifornia  royalists,  for  which  })urpose  lists  were 
called  for  of  all  civilians  over  fifteen  years  of  age  in 
the  province.  ]t  does  not  clearly  appear  that  the 
organization  of  the  faithful  realisias  was  carried  fur- 
ther than  the  formation  of  these  lists.  The  neophyte 
warriors  were,  however,  organized  and  drilled  to  some 
extent,  especially  at  Santa  Barbara,  where  Padre 
RipoU  formed  a  'compania  de  urbanos  realistas  de  Santa 
Barbara,'  one  hundred  strong  and  armed  with  bows, 
besides  a  compan}-  of  fifty  machete ros,  and  another  of 
thirty  lancers,  all  picked  men.  These  Indians  })rom- 
ised  to  shed  their  last  drop  of  blood  for  their  king, 
and  Ilipoll,  meanwhile  keeping  their  arms  locked  up, 
had  much  confidence  in  them,  but  President  Payeras 
liad  his  doubts  about  their  conduct  in  battle.^^ 

Fernando  VII.  having  been  forced  in  March  of 
this  year  to  accept  the  liberal  constitution  of  1812, 
Viceroy  Apodaca  with  his  ministr}'  followed  the  king's 
example  in  jMay,  announcing  the  fact  in  a  hamlo,  or 
decree,  of  May  31st.  This  document  was  forwarded 
to  California  for  publication  by  the  bishop  of  Sonoia 
July  1st,  but  there  is  no  record  of  its  reception.  On 
the  7tli  of  June,  or  July,  however,  the  viceroy  issued 
another  bando,  requiring  a  formal  oath  of  allegiance  to 
the  constitution  to  be  sworn  to  by  all  before  the  curate 

'•  Api'il  9,  1820,  Sola  to  President  Payeras  and  to  commandants.  Prov.  St. 
Pap.,  MS.,  XX.  '2~l-'l\  Arch.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  i.  1,'}.  Preiiarations  at  Sail 
liafat'l,  where  the  news  arrived  April  18th.  Vallejo,  Doc.  Jlid.  Cat.,  MS., 
xxviii.  27. 

""April  10,  1820,  E.studillo  to  coniisionado  of  San  Jos<5.  iS'.  Jose,  Arch., 
MS.,  iii.  15.  One  hundred  and  eiglity-sevcn  men  tit  for  arms  at  San  Diego. 
Prov.  I\e<'.,  MS.,  xi.  52;  Prov.  St.  J'l'i'.,  MS.,  xx.  48.  Maitorena  makta  out 
list  at  Monterey,  (hwrrn,  J)of.  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  v.  207.  Padres  conliikiit 
in  Indian  loyalty  and  bravery.  Arch.  Ar~ol).,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  i.  31  et  al.  Piipoll's 
preparations  at  Sta  liiirbara.  Id.,  iv.  17,20. 


CONSTITUTION  OF  1812. 


'20.' 


of  each  parisli  on  the  first  ilia  do  Jicsfd  after  tlio 
|iul)lii'ati()ii  of  the  edict.  This  order  was  forwarded 
liv  the  hishop  from  Arizpo  on  Auijjust  lOth,  and 
leached  Cahfornia  in  Oetober."'"'  The  matter  lirst 
appears  in  the  provincial  records  on  October  8th, 
when  SoUi  took  the  oath  before  Padre  Suner,  Ca[>tain 
(le  la  Guerra,  and  the  assembled  j)eople  at  the  presi- 
(lial  chai)el  at  Santa  Barbara.  Next  day  he  notified 
the  prefect  that  the  friars  must  be  ordered  by  circular 
to  take  the  prescribed  pk'dijfe.  October  l!Oth  Lieu- 
ti'ii.nit  Valle  went  to  San  .fose  as  commissioner  to 
iiceive  the  oath  of  the  pueblo  officials.  The  li'Jd 
l^csident  Paveras  took  the  oath  at  Monterey  and 
Stilt  out  the  re(]uired  circukirs.  These  are  the  only 
iec(»r;led  instances;  but  doubtk\ss  the  formality  was 
ciiinplied  with  eveiywhere  during'  the  month.  The 
only  evidence  of  reluctance  is  f(jund  in  a  communica- 
tion of  Sola  to  Captain  Xavarrete,  according  to  which 
the  padres  of  San  Carlos  arc  to  be  warned  that  if 
they  ftiil  to  swear  on  the  next  Sunday  they  will  lose 
their  priestly  character  and  j)rerogatives."  The  king's 
oi'dcr  on  this  subject  was  obeyed  by  the  loyalists  of 
C'alirornia  simply  because  it  was  the  king's  order, 
without  discussion,  and,  so  far  as  the  majority  of  the 
]>eople  were  concerned,  without  any  clear  ideas  as  to 
the  pur})ort  of  the  new  constitution.  It  is  not  even 
(•ei'tain  that  there  was  a  copy*"  of  the  document  in 
(.'alilbrnia  at  this  time.     The  missionaries  understood 

''•'  CoHxtifiiclon  E^'panola  de  1S12.  Bttndos  del  Virr;/  y  Ohinpo  noire  Kitjiifa, 
iiSVO,  Ms.  The  form  of  oath  was  to  be:  '  Do  you  swear  hy  God  and  the  1  Inly 
(in^;]ll'ls  ti)  observe  tlie  political  constitution  of  the  Spanish  Monarchy  saju- 
tiomil  by  the  Ocncral  and  Extraordinary  Cortes  of  the  Nation,  and  to  bo 
f.iitlifid  to  the  King?'  the  response  of  all  to  be  'Si  juro.'  This  oath  was  to  be 
prccodcd  iiy  a  mass  of  thanksgiving,  and  followed  by  a  te  deum  ami  a  i]\^- 
Liiuise  by  tile  curate.  Next  day  after  the  publication,  all  prisoners  for  other 
tliaii  ciiiiiinal  ofl'ences  were  to  beset  at  libei'ty.  The  viceroy's  order  of  Jidy 
;ilsf  is  also  mentioned  in  Prov.  St.  7'o/).,  MS.,  xx.  127-.  On  .Tan.  '21st,  Sola, 
li;i  ti'anscribed  an  order  to  prevent  the  circulation  of  suliversive  periodicals 
siuli  as  the  Etpaiiol  t'onstitucioncd,  O'ubiiute  da  Curiosidadtti,  etc.  Jd.,  JJcii. 
Mil..  11.  8. 

'"■St.  I'np.,  Sac,  MS.,  xviii.  .3.3;  v.  50;  S.  Jox^  Arch.,  ]\1S.,  iii.  l.'],  1(1; 
Ai-rli.  Anol).,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  i.  •2:i;  Omrrn,  Dw.  Hid.  Cul..  MS.,  vi.  IKi. 

"  I  have  what  appears  to  be  the  original  copy  sent  to  California.  Doc, 
lli.l.  fill.,  MS.,  i.  1  -4"J,  but  it  has  nothing  to  show  when  it  was  received. 


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LAST  THREE  YEARS  OF  THE  DECADE. 


the  principles  involved,  and  had  no  sympathy  with 
them;  but  they  realized  fully  that  they  and  their 
peculiar  institutions  must  fall  with  royalty,  and  that 
m  unwavering  fidelity  to  the  king  lay  their  only  hope 
for  the  future. 


CHAPTER  XIII. 


FOREIGN  RELATIONS— MARITIME  AFFAIRS— AND 
CONTRABAND  TRADE. 

1811-1820. 

]5ia\nKA-FLEETS — Captttre  of  the  'Mercury' — Cannon  at  San  Pedro — 
The  'Pedler'  Seized — The  'Isaac  Todd' and  ' Raccoon '—Gilroy— 
The  War  of  1812 — Restrictions— The  'Colcmbia '—Eliot  de  Castro 

AND    THE    'IlMEN' — ThE    'LyDIA'  AND    'ALBATROSS' — THOMAS    DOAK  — 

Kotzebce's  Visit— Chamisso  and  Choris — A  Scpply-ship  at  Last — 
The  Lima  Traders — Tallow — Wilcox  and  the  'Caminante'— The 
Capitan  Colorado — Roqcefeuil's  Visits  in  the  '  Bordelais'-  -i-EUNAN  - 

DEZ  AND  SuSOL — ItEMS  OF  THE   LaST    ThREE  YeARS— ThE    InSURGKNTS 

Coming — Ffjirs  of  Americans— Cilapman  and  Rose — Trading  Fleet 
of  1820. 

Two  subjects  connected  with  foreign  relations  for 
this  decade,  Bouchard's  invasion  and  relations  with 
the  Russians,  are  treated  in  separate  chapters,^  receiv- 
iut,'  here  only  such  brief  mention  as  convenience  may 
iv(iuire.  The  visits  in  1811-12  of  certain  American 
vessels  with  bidarka-fleets  hunting  otters  under  Rus- 
sian contracts — of  the  Winships  in  the  Albatwsa  and 
O'Cain,  Davis  in  the  Isabella,  Meek  in  the  Ametlnjst, 
Blanchard  in  the  Catherine,  and  Whittemorc  in  the 
Charon — are  elsewhere  recorded,  little  being  known 
iihf)ut  most  of  them  beyond  their  presence  on  the 
coast  and  the  number  of  otter-skins  they  carried  uwav." 
Kuskof  in  the  schooner  Chi rikqf  came  down  to  Bodega 
in  1811,  returned  to  establish  Fort  Ross  in  1812,  and 
the  following  year  entered  into  commercial  relations 
with  the  Spaniards  at  San  Francisco.* 

'  Chapters  xi.  and  xiv.  of  this  volume. 
^  See  chapter  v,  this  volume. 

'  Thu  niercliaiit  brig  Mexkano,  Capt.  Josd  Arci,  anchored  at  Monterey  iu 

I  207  J 


268 


MARITIME  AFFAIRS  AND  CONTRABAND  TRADE. 


I   I 


In  1813  the  American  trader  Mcrcmy,  Captain 
George  Washington  Ayres,  repeated  her  visit  to  the 
coast  in  search  of  opportunities  for  contraband  trade, 
and  came  to  grief  in  the  attempt.*  Two  Spanish 
vessels,  Flora,  Nicolds  No^,  and  Tagle,  Anangua,  were 
on  the  coast  this  year,  having  come  up  from  Lima  un 
a  trading  voyage,^  and  the  former  had  the  good  fortune 
to  find  and  capture  the  Mei^cury  just  above  Santa 
Barbara  on  June  2d.  The  circumstances  of  the  cap- 
ture and  the  testimony  of  officers  and  crew  left  no 
doubt  in  the  mind  of  Argiiello,  who  by  the  governor's 
orders  held  a  formal  investigation  on  the  19th,"  that 
the  Americans  had  neglected  no  opportunity  for  clan- 
destine trade.  Accordingly  a  formal  inventory  was 
made  of  the  captured  effects,  the  officers  and  meji 
being  secured  at  the  presidio  until  all  could  be  sent 
south  and  the  matter  be  turned  over  to  the  superior 
government  for  final  disposal.  Noe  did  not  approve 
this  course, since  ho  wished  the  Flora  to  be  pronounced 
a  privateer,  and  the  Mercury  her  prize  to  be  confiscated 
and  sold  with  all  her  effects  for  the  benefit  of  himself 

September  1811.  Prov.  Rec,  M.S.,  xi.  220;  and  the  Columbia  was  on  the  Cali- 
fornia coast  in  1812.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  158. 

*  Sola  in  1813  states  tliat  Ayres,  called  I'ayus,  was  left  at  Monterey  nine 
years  ago,  or  in  1804,  by  a  smuggler,  and  was  sent  to  Mexico,  soon  making 
Ilia  reappearance  on  the  coast.  /Vor.  liec,  MS.,  ix.  133.  This  is  mj'sterioii.s, 
unless  ix)ssibly  Ayres  was  the  mate  of  the  Peacock  captured  in  1800.  Seo 
chap.  ii.  of  this  vol.  A  scrap  in  JJayes'  Einifj.  Notes,  702,  says  an  American 
snuigglur,  Capt.  Geo.  Washington,  being  at  Refucio  at  the  time  of  the  earth- 
quake of  Dec.  20, 1812,  was  carried  upacanon  and  brought  back  by  the  wave. 
This  was  from  tlie  S.  F.  Bulletin  and  was  written  probably  by  Taylor. 

^Arch.  Sta  Ii.,  MS.,  xii.  92-3;  Guerra,  Doc.  Hid.  Cal.,  MS.,  iii.  21«; 
Pror.  St.  Pup.,  xix.  351,  and  allusions  in  references  of  following  notes.  Noo 
sold  §2.000  in  supplies  to  the  presidios,  taking  a  draft.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS., 
xix.  372. 

'^Mercury,  Expediente  de  investifjacion  sobre  captura  de  la  fragaia  Am&ri- 
cana  '  Meiriirio,'  1S13,  MS.  All  admittetl  occasional  traffic  for  skins  ami 
supplies.  Ayres  testified  that  he  had  been  eight  years  on  the  coast,  cngagiil 
for  the  most  part  as  on  the  present  voyage  in  bringing  supplies  for  tiic  Rus- 
sians and  carrying  their  otter-skins  to  China,  but  also  trading  with  the  Indians; 
had  never  entered  the  ports  of  California;  had  a  U.  S.  patent,  but  no  spoijial 
passiH)rt  for  these  waters;  was  not  in  company  with  any  other  vessel,  though 
there  were  eight  American  vessels  trading  on  the  coast;  had  some  watches 
from  Ross  to  be  repaired  in  China.  Pilot  John  Dillaway  said  an  American 
vessel  would  soon  airive  from  China;  and  he  offered  to  aid  in  the  capture  nf 
the  Charon,  then  at  San  Quintin.  June  8th,  Arrillaga  to  Noe,  ordering  invtii- 
tory  and  investigation  made.  Proi'.  Ike,  MS.,  xi.  10,  20.  Also  to  command- 
ant. Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  352-3. 


CAPTURE  OF  THE  'MERCURY.' 


a  Amfii- 
kins  mill 

cngagiil 

the  Kus- 
eliuliaus; 
no  Bpt'c.ial 
il,  thout;li 
e  watches 
American 

apturu  of 
ing  inveii- 

ommanJ- 


and  his  men.''  This  Arrillaga  and  Argiicllo  could  not 
reconcile  with  their  ideas  of  international  law,  or  at 
least,  they  preferred  to  evade  the  responsibility.  The 
property  must  all  go  San  Bias,  except  •ii'lGjOOO  in  coin, 
which  it  was  more  convenient  to  send  in  the  form  of 
a  draft  on  Guadalajara,  a  perfectly  unobjectionahle 
operation,  though  a  very  shrewd  one,  by  which  Cali- 
i'ornia  was  enabled  to  see  once  more  the  color  of  the 
king's  money  in  spite  of  the  treasury  officials  and  the 
revolution.' 

Noe  left  his  own  vessels  at  Santa  Barbara  and 
continued  his  voyage  in  the  Mercury  to  Monterey 
and  other  points.  There  were  rumors  of  other  snuig- 
glers  about  the  Channel  islands,  and  Noe  hoped  to 
capture  some  of  them,  but  there  is  no  record  of  his 
success."  Finally  the  prisoners  were  taken  to  San 
]^las  in  October  on  the  Catalum,  alias  the  Tatjlc, 
which  carried  also  three  Russian  deserters.^"  I  sup- 
jiose  that  the  Mercury  and  Flora  sailed  about  the  same 
time."  Captain  Ayres  had  on  his  vessel  a  woman 
from  the  Hawaiian  Islands  who  had  accompanied  him 
ior  four  years  as  wife,  or  mistress,  and  had  borL'c  him 
a  (laughter  at  sea  a  finv  days  before  the  capture.  Both 
mother  and  child  were  left  in  California  and  became 
good  Catholics.*^ 

'  June  27th,  No(5  to  commandant,  being  hia  not  quite  disinterested  views 
on  the  'customary'  disposition  of  contral)and  vessels  according  to  the  'rules 
of  the  Pacific'  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  .349-r)0. 

^Prov.  Rpc,  MS.,  ix.  133;  xi.  21.  In  one  document  the  sum  seems  to  ho 
given  as  $8,800. 

"JuncOth,  Arrillaga  to  Argiiello.  Pror.  Ppc.,  MS.,  xi.  20-1.  .Tune  2(>th, 
Argiicllo  to  An'illaga.  Proi:  St.  Paji.,  MS.,  xix.  .T)0-2.  It  was  rccom- 
tiicndud  to  send  the  prisoners  up  to  Monterey  for  safc-ljccping,  Imt  it  appa- 
rently was  not  done.  According  to  /(/.,  xix.  302  3,  tlic  captain  was  allowed 
j*l  a  (lay  for  support,  and  each  of  the  men  20  cents.  Only  four  men  liesidrs 
tlic  captain  are  mentioned;  anil  only  three  testified,  one  being  a  native  of 
-Manila,  another,  Thomas  Jones,  of  Marhlchead,  besides  the  pilot. 

"7Vm'.  Uer.,  MS.,  ix.  l:(l. 

"Oslo,  //(V.  Cat,  MS.,  28-f),  writing,  probably  from  memory,  an  account 
of  the  smuggling  operations  of  these  years,  in  which  details  are  inovtricaldy 
confused,  sjiys  that  tlic  captains  of  the  Siilfavn  and  Urlmitn,  then  at  Sail 
I'mncisci),  oll'ered  to  aid  Capt.  Davis,  owner  of  the  Mcnuri/,  to  recapture  llio 
vcsM'l,  but  he  declined.  This  is  all  wrong,  and  no  such  vessels  were  on  the 
coast. 

'- August,  1810,  Onerra  to  Sola.  The  woman  is  called  Maria  Antonia  do 
la  Ascension  Stuurt,  and  is  said  to  have  lived  at  (Juerra's  hou.se.     Aceordiaft 


270 


MARITIME  AFFAIRS  AND  CONTRABAND  TRADE. 


There  are  records  of  subsequent  corrcspontlence 
respecting  the  Mercitn/,  but  none  which  make  known 
the  ultimate  result.  Orders  were  issued  by  the  vice- 
roy that  Ayres  should  be  well  treated  and  his  prop- 
erty protected.  It  was  decid^id  that  the  captured 
vessel  must  be  treated  as  a  sUiUggler  and  not  a.s  a 

1>rize  of  war,  and  in  1815  the  Mcrcuri/  was  ordered  t<> 
»e  sold  at  Ayres'  petition,  since  she  was  rapidly 
breaking  up.  At  last  in  181G  General  Cruz  was 
named  as  judge  to  dispose  of  the  whole  matter,  l)ut 
the  fmal  issue  as  I  have  stated  is  not  known."  Noe, 
for  some  unexplained  reason,  left  six  or  eight  cannon 
at  San  Pedro  in  care  of  Bartolo  Tapia,  [)robabl3'  to 
make  room  for  more  tallow  and  grain  on  board  his 
vessel.  A  rumor  found  its  way  from  Lower  Califor- 
nia to  the  ears  of  President  Scnan  that  ijuns  hud 
been  left  buried  in  the  country  by  Americans  with  a 
view  to  future  hostilities.  The  report  was  sent  to 
Sola,  and  naturally,  the  truth  being  known,  created 
no  special  excitement;  yet  in  view  of  the  frequent 
visits  of  Americans  known  to  have  designs  on  the 
northern  coast,"  and  of  the  efforts  in  progress  for 
jMexican  independence,  it  was  deemed  prudent  to  take 
the  [)recaution  of  spikiiig  the  cannon  secretly. ^^ 

to  <S'.  Dw/o,  Lib.  Mimon,  MS.,  13,  the  child  was  baptized  Nov.  7, 1H13,  at  the 
age  (if  T)  inontlis,  and  named  Maria  de  los  Betnedios  Joscfa  Antouia,  tlio 
iiiuther  ))ciiig  spoken  of  as  Margarita  G<l-gue, 

"/Vov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  365,  374-5;  xx.  4-C;  Prov.  Rec,  MS.,  xi.  Xi; 
Giierra,  Doc.  llht.  t'al.,  MS.,  vi.  98-9.  It  seems  to  be  implied  that  Ay ns 
^va3  ])ack  in  California,  but  this  is  unlikely.  Nov.  7,  1817,  he  writes  fiom 
(lUadulajara  to  Ouerra  that  Medina,  Noii's  security,  is  to  bo  arrested  and  liiM 
until  he  pays  for  all  damage  and  loss.  Doc.  Jlist.  t'al.,  MS.,  iv.  335-7. 

'*.July  1),  1813,  viceroy  to  governor,  has  heard  of  maritime  cxpcditiims 
fi-om  thi-  U.  S.  to  the  Pacific,  which  may  seek  to  unite  with  overland  jiartii's 
to  the  ("ohunbia,  and  tlierc  to  establish  tliem.selvea.  They  must  lie  tlosi'ly 
watfhod  anil  treated  as  per  enclosed  private  orders  (not  given);  and  if  jiiiatis 
or  adventurers,  tliey  must  be  driven  out  with  aid  from  adjoining  proviuci..-. 
Pn:r.  ,SI.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  334-5. 

'■'April  i;i,  1813,  two  letters,  Scfian  to  Arrillaga,  in  Arch,  irzoh..  MS.,  ii. 
90  4,  !»(j  7.  March  30th,  Arrillaga  to  Si'uan.  Pror.  Pec,  MS.,  xii.  10.")  (>. 
Sonan  notes  the  presence  of  an  American  vessel  with  a  l)idarka-(Iect  at  mn! 
of  tlie  islands  since  December.  There  were  08  canoes,  and  the  men  were  on 
camped  in  straw  huts  with  4  women  to  make  their  tortillas.  It  Lsdidicult  to 
identify  tliis  vessel  or  the  two  mentioned  by  the  same  writer  as  having  bci  ii 
at  San  Pedro  in  January  and  March  1812.  Tlie  latter,  an  American,  is  wiid 
to  have  brought  much  clothing  which  it  waa  intended  to  land  had  the  insur- 


CAPTURE  OF  THE  TEDLER. 


271 


The  Tarfle  came  back  in  1814  under  Josd  Cavcne- 
ciii  who  was  fortunate  enoujTjh  to  siij^ht  the  American 
hriu^  Peillcras  she  was  entering  the  biglitot'San  Luis 
Obispo.  Until  she  was  inside,  the  T(((flc  raised  tlie 
stars  and  stripes,  but  then  hoisted  Spanish  colors  and 
tlri'd  a  blank  charge  to  stop  the  prize,  which  showed 
iv  disposition  to  make  off.  Two  more  guns,  this  time 
loadetl  with  balls,  caused  the  Pedler  to  heave  to,  and 
a  boat  with  twenty-five  men  was  sent  to  take  posses- 
sion, secure  all  papers,  take  the  prize  to  Santa  ]3ur- 
Itaia,  and  lock  her  hatches.  In  an  investigation, 
coiKkicted  by  Lieutenant  Estudillo,  it  was  shown  that 
the  vcsstl  had  come  from  the  Hawaiian  Islands  with 
a  cargo  for  Koss,  and  had  entered  San  Luis  because 
shi'  had  mistaken  the  Tatjle  for  a  Russian  ship  to 
whicli  a  part  of  the  cargo  was  to  be  delivered.  This 
(•\])lanation  may  not  have  been  (|uite  satisfactory; 
iiHlc'ud  as  a  matter  of  fact  the  vessel  was  one  chartered 
by  tlie  Pacific  Fur  Company's  agent,  Hunt,  who  was 
the  II  on  board  homeward  bound  from  Astoria  to  New 
Vork;'"  yet  there  was  no  proof  of  contraband  trade, 
and  tlie  captured  brig  was  released  with  an  order  to 
(juit  these  waters  at  once.  The  viceroy  approved 
the  ivlease." 

The  affair  of  the  PcOlcr  occurred  in  August  and 
Se[)tember.  Earlier  two  English  vessels  had  visited 
tlie  coast.  The  armed  merchantman  Isaac  Todd,  Cap- 
tain Fiazer  Smith,  ostensibly  bound  to  Manila  for  tea, 

('onts  been  found  in  possession  of  any  part  of  the  coast.  'Ha  Soilor!  Los 
Aiit'lo-Aiucricanos  con  los  I  lispano- Americanos  I  Ik'Uu  union!'  Tlie  fiiiir 
l.iiiunts  tlie  rapid  destruction  of  sea-otter,  l>y  forcii,'ners.  Fonnerly  Sjin 
iiiuiiii Ventura  employed  six  canoes  and  got  from  100  to  KM)  nkin.s  eaeli  yi-ar, 
liut  Jill  that  was  past.  Tliere  is  no  foundation  for  tiie  remark  m  ('rnul^'t 
Xiil.  Wmllh,  'M't,  that  in  or  before  ISI'i  a  number  of  stragglers  f.om  the  f>ir 
<(iin|ianies  found  their  way  to  (jilifoniia  anil  caused  nnich  trouble  to  the 
jiuilics  l>y  taking  the  best  looking  s(|uaws  foi'  liousekeejiers. 

'''St;c  J/isl.  AorlkirrMf  Coast,  i.  .S.'VJ  .'I;  ii.  '2X>,  tiiis  scries.  There  is  no 
inithority  for  the  report  that  she  was  sent  to  San  lUas  as  a  prize. 

'•/'/•or.  ,S7.  Pn/i.,  MS.,  xix.  .'W.'l;  I<1.,  Urn.  Mil.,  xlv.  .S-(i.  Besides  the 
'/'";//<■  tlie  Santa  Eiilal'ia  or  lifnoliii-hm  was  on  the  coa.st  in  1.S14,  and  sold  the 
presidios  8Hj,000  of  supplies.  Giiirra,  Dor.  I/!st.  ('a/.,  MS.,  iv.  110-12.  The 
liitrijiiilo  from  Panama  for  California  touched  at  Acapulco  in  May.  Gactta 
ill  Mcx:,  XXX.  790. 


MARITIME  AFFAIRS  AND  CONTRABAND  TRADE. 


ii 


but  really  to  the  Columbia  River  with  supplies  for 
the  Northwest  Company,  with  a  view  to  the  .seiz- 
ure of  Fort  Astoria,"  anchored  at  Monterey  in 
January  and  remained  a  month  there  and  at  San 
Francisco,  thence  proceedin<^  up  the  coast.  Eight 
men  deserted,  and  three  others  were  left  at  IMonterey 
to  recover  from  the  scurvy.  One  of  the  three  was 
John  Gilroy,  the  first  foreigner  to  take  up  his  perma- 
nent residence  in  the  province,  of  whom  I  have  some- 
thing to  say  elsewhere.*"  The  other  vessel  was  tlio 
man-of-war  Raccoon,  Captain  William  Black,  cruising 
against  the  United  States,  which  had  left  the  I'odd 
at  Rio  Janeiro,  and  rejoined  her  at  San  Francisco  in 
February.  Black  had  visited  the  Columbia  River 
\vhere  he  had  captured  an  American  fort  as  he  said— 
that  is  Astoria;  but  his  vessel  had  been  damaged,  per- 
haps in  crossing  the  Columbia  bar,  and  he  had  been 
forced  by  this  accident  and  the  need  of  supplies  to  San 
Francisco.  He  was  kindly  treated  by  Argiiello,  and 
beached  and  repaired  his  vessel  with  the  aid  of  tlie 
lodd's  crew.'^"  He  obtained  a  thousand  pounds  of 
gunpowder  with  other  needed  supplies,  recovering, 
perhaps,  the  deserters  lost  by  the  Todd,  and  at  last 
sailed  for  the  Islands.^* 

Early  in  this  year  came  orders  from  the  king  that 


""Sc'C  Hint.  Northwest  Coast,  i.  .33.3;  ii.,  chap,  ix-xi.,  this  series.  The  Toihl 
aiTivcd  jit  the  Cohimbia  in  April. 

'•/Voc.  ,S7.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  .308-70;  Prov.  Itec,  MS.,  xii.  22G-7.  Julian 
Malcolm,  baptizetl  as  Francisco  Migiu'l,  with  Gilroy  on  Sept.  21st,  and  .Jiiiiics 
M.  Baldwin,  baptized  as  Diego  Mariano  on  Nov.  l'2th,  were  very  likely  (iil- 
roy's  companions.  Tai/lor'n  Dlncov.  and  Founders,  ii.  no.  "28.  These  two  may 
have  died,  or  more  likely  recovered  and  been  given  up  Mith  the  desertci-s. 
John  Mulligan,  or  Milligan,  the  Irish  weaver,  may  also  have  been  one  of 
tiiese  men.  Spence,  Hist.  Note,  MS.,  2o,  says  Mulligan  came  about  the  same 
time  as  (Jilroy;  and  in  1819  he  was  included  with  Gilroy  and  Doak  in  a  per- 
mit to  marry  and  settle.  Deyt.  St.  Pap.,  M.S.,  xix.  1. 

'"Cox,  Adventures,  i.  285-6,  says  that  Black  had  determined  to  abandon 
the  Itdccoou  and  proceed  overland,  and  would  have  done  so  but  for  the  Toibl's 
assistance.  He  is  the  only  authority  for  the  visit  of  the  Todd  to  San  Francisco. 
All  these  voyages  connected  with  the  annals  of  Astoria  are  fully  recorded  in 
llixt.  Northwest  Const,  this  series. 

"Jan.  15,  1814,  Argiiello  to  Arrillaga.  Pror.  Her.,  MS.,  xii.  220-8;  ix. 
1.32-3;  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  .308-70.  The  visit  is  mentioned  iii,Vo/(/''i 
Annals  of  S.  F.,  10.3.  Zavalishin,  Deh  o  Kolovii/  Posh,  0,  says  that  Bhick 
was  an  unwelcome  guest  at  San  Francisco,  and  treated  the  Spaniards  aa  sub- 
ordinates.    The  liUCCooH  had  28  guns  and  loO  men. 


TRADK  WITH  TIIF,  NORTinVE^T. 


278 


stiict  innitralitv  must  bo  oUscrvod  1)V  tlic  Califoruian 
jiutlioritioH  ill  the  war  l>et\vc'on  Eiij,d}iiul  jukI  tlio 
I'liitcd  States,  tho  war  of  1H12.  No  aid  was  to  ho 
j^ivoii  to  American  privateers,  nor  were  prizes  taken 
liv  either  nation  to  he  admitted  into  tho  ports  ox('ej)t 
i;i  cases  of  tho  most  ur<;ent  necessity."'  This  onler 
was  followed  a  little  later  hy  other  roj'al  instructions. 
TIu'  kini^'s  attention  had  heen  called  to  tijo  excesses 
(Miiimitted  hy  forei<rn  vessels  which,  under  the  ]>re- 
tcst  of  whale-fishinj^,  did  a  larijfo  contraband  trade. 
J'oreiijfners  nmst  hy  every  possil)lo  means  ho  kept 
away  from  the  coast,  and  tho  oft-repeated  orders  in 
such  cases  must  be  strictly  enforced.  Vessels  seized 
must  bo  confiscated  accordinj^  to  the  rei^ulations,  and 
the  Spanish  minister  at  Washington  was  said  to  have 
ht'iii  notitioil  that  stringent  measures  would  be  adopted 
to  remedy  the  evil. 


23 


In  July  and  August,  1815,  the  North-west  Com- 
jiaiiy's  schooner  Columbia,  Ca[)tain  Jennings,  visited 
.Monterey  and  obtained  without  difficulty  such  sup- 
plies as  were  needed  for  the  voyage.  Jennings'  chief 
nliject  was  to  establish  a  trade  between  California  and 
,l!iu  Columbia  establishment  lately  purchased  from 
the  Americans,  but  Sola  refused  to  allow  the  landing 
(if  goods  or  the  purchase  of  suj)plies  on  credit,  though 
ill  his  letters  to  tho  viceroy  he  favored  the  i)roftered 
traffic.  Ho  also  refused  to  allow  one  Duncan  to 
remain  at  Monterey  under  pretence  of  awaiting  letters 
iVoni  England.  Ten  deserters  were  left  behind  at 
first,  but  the  CuIumJ>ia  after  a  trip  to  Bodega  returned 
and  recovered  them  from  the  Spanish  authorities  who 
had   placed  them    under   arrest.^*     The    decision    in 

--July  nth,  Jnnc  '28th,  Aug.  '28th,  1813,  viceroy  to  governor.  Proi:  St. 
]''ilK,  MS.,  xix.  :W.>-!). 

-■' l);ite<l  April  15,  1814,  in  Mexico,  with  a  note  to  the  effect  that  there 
was  iiDthing  ill  tlie  treaty  with  Kngland  to  prevent  proceeding  hy  Spanish 
laws  iiijai list  lingliahmeu  who  engage  in  illicit  traile.  I'ror.  St.  Puj>.,  MS., 
-NX.  !KS-100. 

'■'One  man,  however,  remained  from  tho  folimihia  and  became  a  perma- 
111  lit  resident.  This  was  Antonio  llocha,  a  Portuguese.  Vejj.  St.  Pu/i.,  MS., 
i..  15ti-8. 

Hut.  Cal.,  Vol.  II.    18 


274 


.>rARITIME  AFFAinS  AND  CONTRABAND  TRADE. 


i  1,1,1 


Mexico,  wliich  arrived  a  year  later,  was  iinfavoraldo 
to  Jennings'  proposition  and  the  governor's  reeoiu- 
inendation.  It  was  a[)parent  to  tlie  viceroy's  advisers 
tliat  the  true  aim  of  tlie  Enghshnien  was  to  ol)taiu 
otter-skins  and  to  reconnoitre  the  country  witli  a 
view  to  its  seizure.  Tliereforc  thi-y  were  to  \m 
watclied  and  furnished  with  such  aid  oidy  as  was  re- 
quired by  the  laws  of  hospitality." 

The  affair  of  the  Ilmen  in  which  Eliot  de  Castro 
visited  the  coast  this  year  with  a  bidarka  fleet,  heiit 
on  contraband  trade  and  otter-hunting,  is  recorded  in 
a  chapter  devoted  to  Russian  annals.''*  By  the  or- 
tlers  of  Sola,  the  Russian  Boris  Tarakdnof  with  some 
twenty  Aleuts  was  captured  at  San  Pedro  and  put  iu 
jail  at  Los  Angeles,  This  was  on  September  IDtli, 
and  on  the  25th  Eliot  with  an  American  and  foni' 
Russians  was  taken  at  El  Cojo,  the  Ilmen  escaping/^ 
Sergeant  Jose  Ortega  of  Refugio  was  suspected  of 
complicity  with  Eliot,  and  still  worse,  with  other 
American  contrabandistas;  and  Sola  caused  a  strict 
watch  to  be  kept  on  his  movements.^^  A  little  earlier 
in  the  year,  in  August,  the  Suvdrof,  Captain  Makdrof, 
had  traded  at  San  Francisco.^"  On  one  of  these  ves- 
sels, I  suppose,  came  Josd  Bolcof,  a  permanent  Russian, 
settler  in  California.*' 

»Proi\  St.  Pap.,  MS.,xix.  387-9,  398-9;  Prov.  liec,  MS.,  ix.  1.3.5,  1.37-!t: 
Giierra,  Doc.  /list.  Cal.,  MS.,  vii.  11.  Brooks,  Orhjin  of  Japanese,  i.,  piestrvLS 
a  statement  of  Captain  Adams  to  the  effect  that  on  March  24,  1815,  while  sail- 
ing-maste.'  on  the  Forrester,  Capt.  Pickett,  he  saw  off  Santa  Bilrbara  a  Japancso 
jink  drifting,  from  which  three  men  were  rescued.  From  the  fact  that,  in  ;in- 
otlicr  item  cited  l>y  this  writer,  Capt.  John  Jennings  is  represented  as  captain 
of  tlie  Forrester  in  1813,  the  suggestion  presents  itself  that  this  may  possibly 
have  been  the  true  name  of  the  vessel,  called  by  the  Spaniards  Columbia. 

'•"^  Cliap.  xiv.  of  this  volume. 

■''  Sept.  21,  1815,  Sola  has  heard  of  the  arrival  of  the  Germania  {Ilmen), 
and  orders  the  arrest  of  all  who  land.  Prov.  lt<c.,  MS.,  xi.  22.  Sept.  -4, 
(luerra  sends  the  governor  two  Euglislnnen,  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS., 
xliv.  10.  It  is  said  that  a  soldier  was  offered  §2,000  to  release  Eliot.  Pror. 
St.  Pap.,  MS.,xix.  390-1. 

'^'^Prov.  Rec,  MS.,  xi.  24-6. 

^*  See  chap.  xiv.  of  this  volume.  The  Paz  y  lielig'ton  seems  to  have  been  on 
the  coast  in  the  autumn.  Prov.  liec,  MS.,  ix.  13G.  I  have  a  fragment  of  an 
original  log-book,  Libro  de.  Bitdcora,  MS.,  of  a  vessel  not  named  sailing  on 
the  coast  in  June  and  July,  1815. 

3"  AiTived  in  1815;  baptized  June  13,  1817,  at  Soledad.  Dept.  St.  Pap., 
MS.,  xix.  (258-71).    He  was  a  native  of  Kamchatka. 


AiiRCST  OF  (;yzi:laaii  and  smith. 


8» 


About  the  middle  of  January  181(5  two  AuKricaii 
( i;il't  ajuioared  at  Keluj^io  just  above  Santa  Barbara, 
coining  Ironi  Sitka.  One  was  the  sclioonor  Lijili<t, 
Captain  Henry  (^yzelaar,  and  the  other  the  ship  ^il- 
hufross,  Ca|»tain  Wilhani  Smith,  tlie  hitter  commander 
and  probably  his  vessel  bein>if  known  of  old  to  the 
nader."'  Comandante  (iuerra  immediately  proceeded 
to  IJefugio,  and  with  the  aid  of  Carlos  Carrillo  and 
Santia<^o  Aryi'iello  arrested  the  two  captains  with  a 
i'rw  men  who  had  landed  in  boats.  Possession  was  at 
(tiice  taken  by  Sergeant  Carrillo  of  the  Li/dia,  since 


she 


had 


no  means  o 


f  def 


ence 


an< 


I  t 


o 


))i event  her 


breaking-up  in  case  of  a  wind  she  was  taken  to  Santa 
]);hbara.  The  j:llhatross  was  too  well  armed  to  bo 
taken  so  easily.  Smith  absolutely  I'efuscd  to  order 
her  surrender,  and  she  sailed  away  under  a  promise 
to  return  in  eight  days  to  learn  what  had  been  decided 
respecting  her  captain.  Guerra  hoped  that  the  lack 
(tf  provisions  and  loss  of  connnander,  passport,  and 
part  of  the  crew  would  bring  her  back  and  ])»  rhaps 
within  his  power,  but  she  never  came.  The  ])risoner.s 
were  taken  to  the  i)residio  before  the  20tli  of  Jan- 


uary 


33 


I 


^' For  former  visits  of  the  A I  hat  rosn,  Capt.  Winsliip,  Mate  Smith,  in  lSlO-1'2, 
sec  iliiip.  V.  of  this  voliiine.  The  author  of  JJoslun  in  the  Xortfiinnf,  MS.,  "J'.i, 
well  iic'(inuiiitc(l  with  the  snhject,  sjijs  the  AlhatroK.^  never  eaiiie  haek  to  the 
I'iuilie  iitter  Winship  left  lier  at  liostoii  in  hSHt.  Siio  may  tiierefore  have 
taken  Wiiiship  liomu  after  this  visit,  or  Smitii  may  have  minicd  a  new  vessel 
fur  the  old  one. 

^■'The  LydkCs  crew  were  Captain  Henry  (iyzelaar,  pilots  Jacob  Smith  and 
Wni  Owen  Jones,  sailniaker  Arehi.  IJean,  sailors  (!eo.  Heft,  Jas.  Kowe,  .lohan 
Dnnderfeldt,  Nathaniel  Dcnniaon,  and  TIiom.  IJennett;  carpenters.  Win. 
Muore,  Amos,  and  Doliver;  servant,  Cheek,  1,'<  in  all.  Those  of  the  Allm- 
li-o.is  arrested  were  C'apt.  Smith,  white  sailors  Wni  Stajig  and  Henry  .Septem, 
Kiinakixs  Ropiam  and  Atnay,  ami  the  ne;,'ro  Boh,  hesides  two  deserters, 
Tliuuias  Doak  and  Nathaniel  Sawis,  who  were  arrested  just  before  or  just 
iit'ter  tiic  rest — 8  in  all.  Jan.  18,  181(1,  ,S(da  writes  to  reprove  (luerra  wlioui 
lif  erroneously  supposed  to  have  allowed  Smith  to  sail  on  the  Atlifttnunon  his 
jirutnise  to  return  in  8  days.  I'mv.  lire,  MS.,  xi.  'J!).  The  governor  under- 
iitiinils  that  the  Lydin  i\rst  arrived  on  .Tan.  7th.  In  I'ror.  St.  /*«/».,  Hen. 
Mil.,  MS.,  xlvii.  4-5,  is  given  a  brief  diary  of  events  from  .Ian.  14th  to  20th. 
It  was  reported  to  the  viceroy  that  tiie  Lydia  arrived  at  Refugio  in  distress, 
iiiid  was  furnished  with  supplies  gratis,  because  the  captain  gave  for  the  bat- 
tery 1  small  cannon  and  50  axes.  Prov.  St.  I'aji.,  MS.,  xx.  l'2't.  This  is  the 
"Illy  trace  I  find  of  the  whole  affair  in  Mexico,  being  in  the  V.  R.'s  letter  of 
•Inly  '.'8,  181G.  Jan.  14th,  Avila  claims  to  have  aided  Carrillo  in  the  capture. 
I'ror.  JSt.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  ii.  11. 


1 


27n 


MARITIMR  AFFAIRS  AND  CONTRAnAXD  TRADE. 


Ill  the  jtartial  investijjfatioii  wliicli  now  took  place 
G^'zrlaar  ami  all  liis  nicii  affirmed  in  writiiij^  that  on 
account  ofdaniaufcs  to  the  Li/<lia,  and  the  wantoC  food 
and  water,  it  would  have  heen  impossible  to  continue 
the  voya;^^'  without  touchinj^on  the  coast,  and  he  had 
anchored  at  the  first  place  seen  where  there  wvw. 
houses.  The  vessel  was  hound  from  Sitka  to  the 
(  hina  seas,  belon<^in<^  to  the  Anierican  consul  at  Can- 
ton. In  a  letter  to  Sola  (lyzelaar  states  that  he  is 
an  utter  stranjj^er  on  the  coast;  came  here  only  from 
necessity ;  has  .s<)0  000  at  stake  on  the  voyaLfe,  ami  hc'-s 
ti)  be  released.  The  schooner  was  ordered  to  ^Toii- 
tei'ey,  and  by  the  advice  of  Padre  ^Martinez  was  rein- 
tiusted  to  her  own  ca})tain,  who  agreed  to  take  her 
Hafely  to  the  noi'thern  port.  Sola  disapproved  tliis 
act,  facetiously  likenin^f  it  to  a  delivery  of  the  church 
for  protection  to  Ijuther;"'^  but  the  honest  Dutchman, 
aided  by  four  of  his  own  men,  with  two  from  the  J/- 
h(tf)vss,iHH\  «5uarded  by  (*arrillo  with  six  soldiers,  kejjt 
his  ]>romise.  At  ^lonterey  a  new  investigation  was 
c  iiductcd  by  Estudillo,"'*  and  as  there  was  no  evidence; 
<  f  any  intention  to  engage  in  smuggliniif.  Sola  decided 
to  release  the  Li/dia,  following  the  action  of  Argiiello  in 
the  case  of  the  PcdU'V  as  a  pn  ;cdent  a[)[»rove(l  by  the 
yiceroy.  Gyzelaar  accordingly  sailed  on  Maivh  llth 
for  the  south,  leaving  at  least  one  of  Smith's  men, 
Thomas  J)oak,  behind  us  the  first  xVuiericun  ssettler  in 
Calilornia.''* 

''Jan.  25th,  Sola  to  Martinez.  Pror,  Rec,  jMS.,  xii.  115.  Tlio  schooner 
saik'il  oa  l'\l).  '1<\.  Sec  correspondence  on  support  of  the  prisoners  by  coiitii- 
Initions  from  the  missions,  in  Arch.  Arxoh.,  MS.,  iii.  pt.  i.  ■_'0-'J4;  I'ror.  SK 
J'<i]>.,  M.S.,  XX.  115. 

^'  It  took  place  on  Feb.  19th,  and  the  records  arc  given  in  Si.  P(ij>.,  Um., 
^IS.,  i.  51  (i.'J.  It  appcarcil  from  the  testimony  that  tlio  Liidia  had  ciirricd  ii 
curj,'o  of  liijUors,  annnunitlon,  etc.,  from  Canton  to  Sitka,  and  that  she  was 
i:u\v  bound  for  tiic  Manpicsas  with  a  few  ni'ticlcs  for  trade,  and  comparatively 
heavy  armament  for  defence. 

■■■-  I'lur.  y.Vc,  .MS.,  xi.  ;n-2;  aiicrra.  Dor.  I/ixt.  <\,l.,  MS.,  iii.  2'24.  Tlio-s. 
l>oak,  of  ]V)ston,  according  to  the  mis.sion  books  of  San  Cih'los  as  cxainiiieil 
by  Taylor,  J)isroi:  and  /•hiiiid.,  ii.,  no.  28,  was  baptized  on  Dec.  22d  of  tliis 
year.  Three  otlier  men  baptized  at  San  Cilrlos  this  year,  according  to  the 
same  authority,  were  Marcus  Messon  of  IJoston,  (ieo.  Mayo  of  I'lymonth, 
and  Sam.  (Jrovcr  of  Maiden,  .luan  Maria  Romero,  an  Irish  resident,  is  .saiil 
to  have  served  as  interpreter  in  the  Lydia  case.  St.  Pu/i.,  liiii.,  M.S.,  i.  51-2. 


RELEASn  OF  THK  CAPTIVES. 


877 


^reainvliik!  Smith  was  uiulor  arrest  at  Santa  Biir- 
IiMiii,  l»ut  stiivitjj^  earnestly  for  release.  He,  too, 
liitutul  from  New  Arelmn^'el  to  the  Saiidwieli  Islands, 
liad  heen  driven  hy  lack  (»!'  food  and  water  to  seek  aii 
jiiicliorajjfe,  without  the  faintest  idea  of  contraband 
trade,  lie  feared  that  his  boatswain  would  disobey 
liis  orders  to  return  in  eiy-lit  davs  with  the  A/lt(«(i'(>s;<, 
nr  peirhaneeshe  had  been  l(»st,  beint^  so  sh()rt-handed. 
lie  pleaded  old  aj^e,  and  be«jf;^ed  humbly  and  hanl  ti> 
be  set  free.^"  His  petition  was  j^M'anted.and  on  March 
Ijth,  when  the  LifiUa  touched  at  Santa  l>,ii'bara, 
Smith  and  two  of  his  men  took  their  de|»arture.  Tho 
luLfio  and  twt)  Kanakas  ivmained  to  be  instrticted  in 
tlu'  true  faith,  as  Doak  had  done  at  Monter  .'*'  That 
tlic  two  captains  camo  to  Itefus^io  for  nothing;  but 
contrab.u.i  trade  tliere  is  but  little  room  I'o)'  duubt; 
but  haviniL;  the  full  sympathy  of  the  padns  and  tho 
people,  with  only  a  pretence  of  opposition  from  ;iny 


ecided 
uelloiii 
bvtlie 

nth 


schooner 
)y  coutii- 
rror.  .S'. 


•2i.  Tlios. 
cxiiiiiiiied 
•2d  of  this 
ing  to  tlio 
I'lyiiioiitli, 
lit,  is  saiil 

i.  :a-'2. 


In  S<iiil(t  Durham,  L'lh.  Minion,  MS.,  19,  is  roforilcil  tho  hiiptisiii  on  Octolxr 
7t!i,  of  ,J4ih6  Miimu'l,  aged  '11,  of  ItoKton,  wiiii  also  had  ti  lirothor  I*aiii<'l 
Kk'M/cr  ill  the  country  Impti/cd  a.s  Ihmiel  Martyr .Tohc  do  Santa  llosa.  I'liin  .loso 
Mamu'l  (Liaa)  is  referred  tol)y  Sohiinah'ttcrof  Dec.  'J(>th,  asoiu;  of  the  Li/iHii'h 
crcu  whom  (iuerra  ougiit  not  to  liavu  aUoweil  to  remain,  I'ror.  ltd'.,  MS.,  xi. 
4.'<.  The  Marcus  Messoii  was  doubtk>ss  the  Anthony  A.  Mason  Imptixed 
at  San  (.'arh)8  May '2.'{,  1SI(»,  t()  whom  the  iiresident  jjave  a  h'ttcr  of  rccoin- 
luciulation  on  Feb.  10th,  wlieii  ho  proposed  to  go  to  .NIanila,  accordini;  to  .V. 
Aiildiiiii,  Muerto  tic.  P.  iSarrid,  MS.;  Arrh.  Aizoh.,  MS.,  iii.  pt.  i.  lS-)ii.  Who 
all  these  men  were,  except  |)oak,  and  what  l)ecanio  of  tlu^m  it  is  ik  t  easy  to 
aHccrtain.  Taylor,  Lint  of  Pi'nii rrs,  MS.,  tells  us  tiiat  Thos.  Ihikedied  heforo 
islCi,  near  Santa  C'!ara;  John  Mulligan,  a  sailor  from  Ireland  who  came  in 
Isl.'t,  died  before  1840,  near  Monterey;  Marcos  Mason,  IJeo.  Mayo,  Sam. 
(iinvcr,  and  .luliiin  Malcolm  died  beforo  1840;  and  .Tames  lialdwin  dieil  be- 
fiire  ls;i().  Mostof  these  statements  doubtless  are  founded  only  inthc  imagina- 
tion of  the  writer.  Doak  at  any  rate  ]>aintcd  the  S.  .luan  Church  in  ISIS,  .1  nfi. 
Ar.oh.,  MS.,  iii.  pt.  ii.  45;  was  permitted  by  the  viceroy  ti>  marry  and  settle  on 
Oit.  -JO,  1S19,  Dcpt.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  1;  was  married  on  Nov.  8,  IS'-'O, 
umlcr  the  name  of  Felipe  Santiago  Doc,  to  a  daughter  of  Mariano  ta-stro,  N. 
Jiiitii  Ikuiti.tia,  Lib.  Misiun,  MS.,  'J7;  aii<l,  as  we  shall  see,  lived  long  in  the 
iiiuiitry.  We  must  not  forget  the  liegn*  Dob  and  the  two  Kanakas  who  re- 
iiiaiiR'(l  from  the  Alh<ilrox.t.  Proi:  St.  Piiji.,  MS.,  xx.  117.  On  Augu.st  Ki, 
l^lll,  IJob  was  baptized  as  Juan  Cristobal  by  ItipoU.  Sta  Ii.,  Lil>.  Jlitiuii, 
.MS.. -JO. 

•;";  Proi:  St.  Pap.,  Bfii.,  MS.,  ii.  11-14. 

^"  J'l-or.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  XX.  117.  On  foreignci  •  romainiii;,'  in  the  country 
SIC  ))rece(ling  note.  In  addition  to  the  numerous  Sdurces  of  infoiniation  about 
Uw  Alliiitro.'in  and  Lydia  already  referred  to,  see,  as  most  iiii'inrtJiiit  of  all, 
J.Hi'ttrass  and  Lydia,  ('omnuiruciotiin  rvlatira.^  d  ta  raptiirn  ti  I  'lul'-td  Aiiic- 
riniiin  Li/dia  ft  urnstavioii  del  rapitan  dc  lajrai/ata  Alliatrofs.  ISld,  MS.,  and 
also  some  odJitioual  papers  in  Otterra,  Doc.  Hid.  Cut.,  MS.,  ii.  90-110, 120-1. 


27S 


MARITIME  AFFAIRS  AXD  CONTRABAXD  TRADE. 


i 


l)ut  the  liijjlicst  officials,  it  is  not  stranijo  tliat  no 
evidence  could  bo  found  against  tliem.^* 

Tlie  viceroy's  orders  in  the  case  of  the  Colxmhid 
had  been  very  strict  against  the  proposed  trade  with 
tlie  northern  English  post;  yd  when  at  the  end  of 
August  181Gthe  Northwest  Company's  brig  Colonel, 
(Captain  Daniels,  came  into  Monterey  with  a  tempt- 
ing array  of  goods  in  charge  of  Donald  McTavisli, 
Sola  was  unable  to  withstand  the  pressure  l)rought  to 
bear  on  him  through  the  importunities  of  the  super- 
cargo McDougal,  the  mute  petitions  of  tlio  needy 
soldiers  and  families,  and  the  advice  of  friars  and  offi- 
cers. He  yielded  to  the  temptation,  sent  out  circulars 
to  the  missions  calling  for  Hour  and  other  produce, 
and  bartered  the  result  to  the  extent  of  ,$G,79G  fir 
needed  articles  in  deliberate  defiance  of  the  viceroy's 
orders.  In  his  letters  to  the  friars  and  his  report  to 
^Mexico  he  frankly  avowed  the  illegality  of  his  action, 
but  pleaded  urgent  necessity;  and  it  d(jcs  n(jt  appear 
that  he  was  ever  blamed.'^'* 

On  the  2d  of  October  the  liurik  under  Otto  vo.i 
Kotzebue,  of  the  Russij^n  navy,  anchored  in  Sau 
Francisco  ]^ay.*'  Fitted  out  at  the  expense  of  Count 
Kumiantzof  for  an  exploring  voyage  to  the  luutli 
l^icific,  slic  had  left  Russia  in  1815,  rounded  Ca[)e 
]Iorn,  touched  on  the  coast  of  Chile,  explored  Kani- 
chutlva  and  Alaska,  and  sailed  from  Unalaska  8e[)- 


'"  Orders  to  prevent  all  communication  with  foreigners  came  from  Mexico 
thin  year  as  usual.  I'rov.  SI.  Pap.,  JIS.,  x.\.  5,  1)3. 

^^  It  would  appear  that  even  before  the  ( 'olonfl'M  arrival,  Sola  had  resolved 
to  ti'ade;  for  on  Feb.  10,  IHl.")  (must  bo  J81(i),  President  Sarriii  called  on  the 
jiadrert  by  the  governor's  requeat  to  contribute  Hour,  etc.,  for  the  i'uhtmlihi  on 
iicr  return.  In  response  San  Jtuin  Bautista,  Soledad,  and  San  Antonio  otreicd 
Gi)0  of  the  1 ,000  (irrohax  of  Hour  desired;  San  Miguel  could  give  only  wiuo  ami 
wool;  San  Luis,  only  blankets:  ami  San  Carlos  somo  ■••nrijifn.  Arr/i.  Stu  Jl.. 
MS.,  ix.  l!)7--y3.  Arrival  of  the  vessel,  and  Sola's  correspondenco  witli  thi^ 
friars,  inehuliut,' llieajiprovalof  Payeiasand  l)ur,iu.  Arch.  /bv-o/*. ,MS.,  iii.  ]it. 
i.  (iJ-."i,  71,  S7-'J7,  1-0-1.  Oct.  lOtii,  Sola  to  viceroy,  acknowledging  his  dis- 
obedience of  tlic  order  of  July  8th,  and  justifying  his  conduct.  He  assiiris 
the  viceroy  that  all  possible  care  is  taken  to  prevent  intercourse  of  forcij.'nii  -i 
Willi  any 'but  the  chief  oflicials.  I'ror.  J!cc.,  MS.,  ix.  144-.">0.  The  Colons' 
Bailed  Oct.  I'Jth.     Tlic  Colonel  Allan  seems  to  have  been  the  full  name. 

<»  Pror.  S/.  I'll II.,  MS.,  xx.  30-4;  /./.,  Urn.  Mil.,  xlvi.  37.  Two  deserters 
from  the  liiiril:  captured.  Pror.  liec,  ix.  loO. 


KOTZKEUF/S  VISIT. 


279 


Sail 

Count 

north 

Capo 

Kum- 

a  Sop- 


+('n)1)cr  14th  for  California  in  quest  of  fresh  suj)i)lies 
\vith  whic'li  to  eontinue  lier  explorations.  Argiiello 
received  the  offieers  and  seieiitilie  corps  with  every 
])()ssible  attention  and  furnished  all  that  was  needed, 
jis  indeed  he  was  required  to  do  hy  ])revious  instruc- 
tinus  from  Spain  and  ]\[exico.'*'  The  friars  were 
(■(lually  attentive,  and  entertained  the  strangers  at 
t'le  mission  on  the  9th,  with  I'estivities  in  honor  of 
tlic  j)atron  saint.  A  bull  and  bear  light  took  place  at 
the  presidio.  Sola  came  uj)  from  the  capital  on  the 
Kitli  to  greet  the  foreign  guests,  and  the  Spanish 
ellicers  were  often  entertained  at  Kotzt'bue's  tent  on 
f^hore;  communications  were  established  witii  Iloss; 
fiesh  provisions  were  furnished  in  abundance  lor  the 
ship,  and  after  a  pleasant  month's  .stay  the  Jiiirifc 
saiK'd  on  November  1st  for  the  Islands,  thence  to  re- 
sume her  northern  explorations.*^ 

The  Spanish  officers  at  the  presidio  could  not  re- 
I'l-ain  from  acquainting  the  visitors  with  their  jx't 
grievance,  and  spoke  bitterly  of  the  fiiai-s,  vvho  in 
these  times  of  scarcity  and  suifering  would  furnish  tlie 
lueu  only  with  the  barest  necessities  on  the  formal 
lequisition  of  the  governor,  although  they  had  plenty 

"June  27,  1S1.5,  royal  order;  Dec.  21,  ISlo,  viceroy  to  Sola;  Apr.  .10,  1810, 
S'lla  to  coiiiiiiiin(hiiit.s.  St.  J'aji.,  Srtr.,  M.-'  ,  xviii.  4It-.")fl;  I'ror.  Sf.  P"p., 
MS.,  xix.  .'584;  xx.  13.'J-4.  Argiicllo'.s  letter  annoiinciiis,' ariival,  vitli  copies 
fit'  various  passports  and  other  oilieial  papers  furuisheil  by  Kotzeijuc,  sent  Ity 
Sila  to  vii;eroy.  Id.,  xx.  1H7— 10.  Oct.  5,  ISId,  Kot/el)uc  to  Sola,  writti  n  in 
I'lesuli,  presenting  his  respects  and  thanks  for  kind  attentions;  explaining 
tI:aMiis  only  object  is  to  get  fi'esh  stores,  and  lie  does  not  intend  to  reiiuiin 
over  |.">  days;  h:',a  jiapers  wliich  lie  <lesires  to  forward  to  Ivuskof  at  lio.ss;  and 
is  glad  to  liear  of  the  governor '.s  intended  visit.  /</. .  xx.  2I)-0. 

^^('haniissD  notes  a  few  iiuidents  rmt  reiniiled  by  Kotzebuc.  There  w.is 
a  little  iiiisundeistunding  .'iliMUt  a  .'-alute,  the  Kussians  having  iireil  7  guns  and 
tlieSiianiards  returning  only.").  Wiien  Sdia  eanie.both  h>'and  Koti'cbuesci  ni  tn 
have  e\[iectiMl  tlu'  tii\st  eiil'.  Hotli  vere  somewhat  obstiiiati^  in  tiieir  ileas  of 
I  !i'|\K'tte,  and  Sola,  declaring  lie  could  not  endure  tlie  salt  water,  was  on  the. 
]"iint  of  returning  to  Monto-ey,  ^^■hen  Kotzebuc  eanie  on  shore  to  ni.aku  his 
ii'iiii  observations,  and  t!nis  Spjiin  and  liussja  were  eualileil  to  eudirace. 
1  lually  at  the  parting  dinner  in  Ivit/i  bm^'s  tent,  a  gnod  inis.-iunary  allowed 
lliln^elf  to  drink  too  nnuhwine.  I'wotzebne  tnok  with  him  Mliot  de  Cisti  )  and 
tliric  Itussian  jirisoners,  having  no  roum  for  the  rest,  vhuni  Sola  siems  to 
have  bcrn  willing  to  give  up.  One  of  tluso  IJussians  went  o'.it  U>  hunt  mar 
tlir  pvi'yidio  before  end);irkiug,  and,  drnppiug  a  sjiark  into  his  jviv,  di  rhurn, 
vas  sn  seriously  injured  that  he  died  soon  after  sailing.  At  his  (irst  approaeii 
t'  San  I'rancisco,  Kotzeltuc  tells  tis  there  was  great  activity  and  preiiaratiijn. 
Itji'  dei'encu  ut  ;  ■  c  fortress  of  '  St  Toai^uiu. ' 


2S0 


MARITIME  AFFAIRS  AND  CONTRABAND  TRADE. 


of  cvciytliing.  Sola  presented  his  coin[)laint  against 
the  intruders  at  Koss;  in  faet  it  was  for  this  ])ur[)f;;;(! 
chieily  tha':  he  came  up  from  Monterey.  Kusk(  t" 
came  down  to  San  Francisco  and  a  somewhat  impoi- 
tant  conference  was  held,  but  this  subject  is  treated 
elsewhere.^'* 

Kotzebue's  voyage  derives  its  chief  importance,  so 
far  as  California  is  concerned,  from  the  iact  that  it 
gave  rise  to  at  least  three  books,  each  containing  in- 
formation about  the  country,  though  in  many  resjKxts 
the  visitors  took  little  advantage  of  their  opj)ortunitie>. 
The  commander's  narrative  is  a  brief  statement  of 
events  connected  with  the  visit,  without  any  mentioii 
of.  the  negotiations  respecting  Ross,  and  without  any 
very  valuable  observations  on  the  country  or  its  insti- 
tutions. Kotzebue's  general  imi)ressi()ns  were  unfavor- 
able. Beyond  the  country  itself  in  its  natural  state, 
and  S[)anish  hospitality,  he  found  nothing  to  praist'. 
The  natives  were  ugly  and  stupid  and  n()t  at  all  im- 
proved by  mission  life,  and  the  ])adres  cared  little  or 
nothiiii;  for  their  subiects.  "  The  ri\u:o  for  convertiiiij' 
savage  nations  is  now  spreading  over  the  whole  South 
Sea,  and  causes  much  mischiel",  because  the  mistsioii- 
aries  do  not  take  pains  to  make  men  of  them  before 
they  make  them  Christians."  The  soldiers 'were  in  a 
destitute  and  miserable  condition,  as  disgusted  with 
the  government  as  with  the  missions.  California  was 
a  source  t)f  great  expense  and  no  profit  to  S|)ain: 
in  fact  a  fine  and  fruitful  country  was  lying  entirely 
useless.^* 

Adelbert   von   Chamisso,  a    Frenchman   of  nobk- 


"  Sec  cliiip.  xiv.  of  this  volumt". 

''  Kol~.i hue's  I'oi/it'ir  of  Jiisfun n/  Into  Ihf. Smith  Sia  and  I>(cr'itiij!<  Slr<t'l^, 
vie,  Loudon  IS..'/,  Srn,  ,1  mh.  Tlicru  wore  scvlmhI  cilitioiiH  in  (lif.tTL'iit  hiM- 
guiigt's.  See,  aluo,  S(d)iii\'<  Dlr'loiKiri/,  uniliT  '  Kotzelmc'  Tlie  visit  to  (';i!i- 
fiiiiiia  is  (k'NCfilii'il  in  vol.  i.  j).  '27<i-S!*.  A  impor  Ly  I)r  K.si'lisciioltz  in  vol.  ii. 
p.  ;{"27-;{0.(lii.sfiilH'si  the  iii'iiilint  to  the  Riissiiin  jii-isoni-'.  I'jineiliardt,  in  m'I. 
iii.  !>.  .'{:>7  !•,  liiis  ii  pajier  '  on  tlio  iiatuii,' of  thciocksoi  the  ooaHt  of  ('iilit'orni:i.' 
( '/ii(iiii.t.'«i'.'<  li'i'iiiiirLs  and  O/iiiiiiuiH.  in  vol.  ii.  II.V),  contiiinM  a  luief  mention  of  a 
volcano  on  the  eojist;  and,  in  vol.  iii.  ,'iS-.">l,  a  soniewhat  e.vteiided  acLMnint  if 
California,  its  natnral  history  and  institntii  ns.  'the  nmiis  and  i  lutes  contain 
uotJiin^iou  •(.iilifornia. 


obk 


II 


to  Caii- 
m  vol.  ii. 
It.iii  v,.l. 
ilif(inii:i.' 
ititm  i)t'  .'1 

CCOlllll  I  I 
S  COlltilill 


CHAMISSO  AND  CHORIS. 


281 


l.irtli,  was  the  naturalist  of  the  expedition,  and  served 
;il>i»  ill  California  as  interprett;r.  His  narrative  of 
(•\  cuts  as  well  as  of  his  observations  on  the  state  of  the 
eouiitiT,  is  more  eoniplcte  than  that  of  the  eoni- 
luaiuler,  to  say  nothinijf  of  his  valuable  remarks  oii 
natural  history.  His  eonelusions,  however,  res[)eet- 
iiiH'  Spanish  institutions,  are  substantially  the  same  as 
those  of  Kotzebue/'  The  third  book  written  in  eon- 
iitction  with  this  voyage  was  eomposed  <»f  llthoorai)h 
ilhistrations  from  drawiiirjs  bv  j\[.  Louis  Choris, 
painter  of  the  expedition,  with  a  descri[)tive  text  by 
tlie  artist,  Chaniisso,  and  others.  The  text  is  very 
interesting,  and  like  the  drawings  largely  devoted  to 
tlie  Indians  of  the  mission.*^ 


*■'  <  'hnniinno,  Pipsp  vm  dk  ^Velf,  2  vols.,  lioinif  torn.  iii.  iv.  of  ('Iicml'on, 
M'd-b ,  liorliii,  18.";G.  The  matter  on  California  is  in  torn.  i..  p.  1"J!)-4I,  ami 
ti'iii.  ii.,  p.  30.  Tom.  ii.  is  subBoi|Utntly  the  same  as  the  liiiiKirkK  ami 
< )/:iiiiiiii.i  uttachwl  to  the  Knglish  edition  of  Kotzebiie".-*  V(iya;,'e.  TIp'  iiaria- 
tivc  (if  the  visit  to  San  Franciseo  is  well  translated  hy  Mi.ss  (ieorgii,'  McKlroy 
ill  the  (In  rliiiid  Monthly,  x.  201-8.  The  following  (juotutions  are  takiii  from 
thi'  iJiiiiirLt  mill  OjiiniotiK,  iii.  38-51:  'Mehinelioly  feeliiiys  atttnil  our  olVer- 
iii;:  a  fi  w  words  on  the  Spanish  settlements  on  this  eoast.  VVitli  an  aval  i- 
timis  thirst  for  possession,  Spain  e.xtends  her  territory  here  merely  lieear.su 
A\.-  envies  others  the  room.  Siie  maintains  her  presidios  at  a  great  eM[iensc, 
and  tries,  hy  the  jnoiiihition  of  all  trade,  to  foiee  ready  numey  hark  t"  it.s 
sdiiive.  lint  ii  little  liberty  Would  make  California  tlie  granary  and  market 
of  lliu  northern  eoastsof  tlie.se  seas,  and  the  general  resort  of  the  slii]  s  v.liii.li 
navigate  tli<-'in.'  'Yet  California  lies  without  industry,  trade,  and  navi^.a- 
ti'ii.  desert  and  unpeopled.'  'Only  a  smuggling  tnule,  whieh  the  new  ;;o.- 
iiimr  has  tried  to  suppress,  furnishes  this  provinee  wilii  the  mo-^t  indisixiita- 
I'lc  articles.  Spain  has  given  way  in  the  atl'air  of  Xootka.  Knglanil  ;:nd  tlse 
l".  S.,  without  regarding  its  vain  territorial  possessions,  arc  now  ncgntiati!!;^ 
alp'iut  the  eolony  at  the  mouth  of  the  (.'ohiinljia;  and  the  Kuss.  Am.  Co. 
have  still  a  settlement  u  few  leagues  north  of  San  Franeiseo.'  The  work  if 
eouvertiiig  lieathen  'has  been  here  injudieiously  begun  and  ill-exeented.  T!.o 
liinus  Franeiseans  are  not  skilled  in  the  art.s  and  trades  which  they  oi'glit  to 
i\crci!<i;  and  teaeli,  nor  in  any  of  the  languages  spoken  hy  the  natimis  ti) 
Mhoiu  they  are  sent.  They  are  monks,  exactly  like  tliose  in  tlie  eonxents  if 
l-.:iriipe.'  'Theeontcmpt  which  the  missionaries  have  for  tlie  people  to  whui.i 
tluy  are  sent  seems  to  us,  considering  their  pious  occuiiatioii,  .1  very  niilo:  ■ 
tiiiiate  eircnmstancc.  None  of  them  appear  to  have  troubled  thenisclvts 
aliiiiit  their  history,  customs,  religions,  or  languages."  '  \\'e  ol).sei'ved  with 
ii^iet  that  tin;  l.'est  niuler.standing  does  not  exist  between  the  luissiins  iiii<l 
tiic  ]iresidio.  'J'lie  fathers  consider  tiiemselves  as  the  first  in  this  country, 
and  tlie  )iresidios  merely  for  its  protection.'  'The  jiresidio  accused  the  n:i.s- 
^\"\\  of  not  endeavoring  to  relieve  their  wants.'  Chaniisso  gives  eonsiili  r.^ibK- 
iiiioriiiation  about  the  Indians,  including  the  nanus  of  18  tribes  around  San 
I  lancisco.     He  also  gives  sonic  local  items  elsewhere  utili/eu. 

"'('iKins,   ]'iii/fiiif  J^iffof'stjiic  (iitloiir  lilt  Mniiilr,  Paris,  |N'_'2,  folio.     1  here 


an 


10  plates  and  l.'J  pages  of  text  relating  to  ("alifornia.     'J'he  plates  arc:    I, 
cuust  views,  entrance  of  S.  F'eo  Bay;  2,  presidio;  3,  Indian  dunce,  v.itli  view 


n 


1 


maimum 


282 


MARITIME  AFFAIRS  AND  CONTRABAND  TRADE. 


Tlic  Pacific  ports  of  South  America  being  more  or 
loss  blockaded  by  the  Buenos  Aires  iiisui-gents,  no 
trading  vessels  came  from  Linui  or  Callao  this  }X'ar,*' 
thougdi  they  resumed  their  trips  later.  The  regular 
incmoria  ship,  however,  made  its  appearance  in  181 C 
for  the  first  time  since  1810.  It  was  the  San  Carlos, 
arriving  at  Monterey  late  in  October,  and  brinufinrif  a 
cargo  of  damaged  sup[)lies  and  war  stores."*^  Of  two 
American  vessels  which  entered  California  ports  oa 
their  way  to  or  from  Sitka,  in  addition  to  those  already 
mentioned,  we  know  nothing  beyond  the  fact  that  tlic 
Sultan  or  Sultana  touched  at  Monterey  in  August,'" 
and  the  Atala  or  Atlas,  Captain  Kelly,  from  Boston, 
at  Santa  Bi'irbara  late  in  November/^  leaving  oiu! 
American  settler.^^ 


No  supply-ship  came  in  1817;  but  two  vessels 
brouucht  goods  from  Lima  to  exchanije  for  tallow  as 
before.  These  were  the  San  Antonio,  Captain  Caxc- 
necia,  and  the  Ilcrmom  Mcxicana,  supercargo  Genoa 
y  Aguirrc,  which  arrived  at  Monterey  in  August''" and 


of  mission;  4,  Indi.an  games;  ft,  j.Tizzly  bear;  0-7,  Indian  faces;  S,  r.rnis  iunl 
implrnit'iits;  9,  balza;  II,  sea-lion;  1'-',  head-dress  of  Indians;  i;{,  Indiim 
liuiiters. 

^' A]iiil  20,  ISIO,  Capt.  Cavcneeia,  Lima,  to  Gucrra.  Gnrrni,  Doc.  llisi. 
Cal.,  MS.,  vi.  124. 

^^Koy-.  (),  181(i,  Sola  to  viceroy.  Pror.  Her.,  MS.,  ix.  lo^.  Kotzebue  moii- 
tions  tlie  arrival  durin;,'  his  stay. 

*»J'n>r.  lire,  MS.,  i.\.  141;  Prov.  St.  Prip.,  MS.,  xx.  23.  Taylor,  DUcr. 
auil  Fiiuiii!.,  i.  No.  12,  in  an  imiierfuct  list  of  vessel.)  trading  on  the  coast  fmni 
ISIO  to  1S14,  includes  tlie  Siiltan,  ('apt.  lieynohls,  and  tlio  Arnii.  ('a]it.  \\'Lit- 
tcniore.  Osio,  J/it<t.  (\il.,  MS.,  14-17,  2S-!»,  names  the  >'«//«/(«,  ('apt.  Isaac. 
find  I'rhuud,  Capt.  Raynaldo;  but  he  couples  tlu'lr  ari'ival  with  that  of  the 
M<r<iinj,  and  with  Capt.  Davis' otter-hunting  ex])Ioit.s  about  San  Francisco 
ill  a  manner  in  wliich  ciironology  and  fact  go  for  notliing. 

■•"Dee.  2,  ISIO,  Sola  to  (iuiara,  the  vessel  ordeieil  to  Monterey.  Pnn-. 
Per.,  MS.,  xi.  42.  I'assport  dated  Doston,  July  1."),  1815,  countersiu'iiecl  ,it 
Santa  IVirbara,  Dec.  7,  181(i.  Pror.  ,St.  J'iip.,'M>i.,  xix.  l.SiMM):  J>r,/.  Si. 
J'rij).,  AIS.,  iv.  ir)8.  June-July,  a  huge  I'dsloti  ship  off  San  Ciirlos  cause  ■! 
great  tear.  Arrh  Arzoh.,  MS.,  iii.  pt.  i,  40-.")0,  (M).  Afterward  oil'  Santa  ll;ii- 
bara  in  July.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  !()!». 

^'  Daniil  Call,  an  American  carpenter,  age  17.  who  mnrried  and  remained. 
Ih'p.  St.  J'ap.,  JIS.,  iv.  l.'O-H.  According  to  the  newspapers  ('a|)t.  Win 
O'.N'cil  came  to  Cal.  from  (.hiiia  this  yeai'.  Santa  Cruz  Snitiinl,  Sept.  1.*^, 
187.".. 

^■'Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  ir)4-.'-.,  172,  1^:(>,  202;  I'n.r.  llrr.,  MS.,  iv. 
171-3;  S.  Jofr,  Arch.,  MS.,  iii.  ID.    Caveneeia  was  owner,  but  perhapa  not  on 


THE  T^VLLOW  TRADE. 


283 


Si  ptembcr  respectively.  Sola  favored  the  exporta- 
lidii  of  the  tallow,  of  which  there  was  a  surphis  of 
(ivci-  1,250  tons  in  the  country  according  to  his  state- 
iiiciit.  He  wished  the  missions  to  furnish  fifty  tons 
t«i  ciU'li  presidio  to  he  exclianged  for  articles  which 
i\\r  soldiers  needed;  but  the  friars  showed  no  enthu- 
,vi;isiu  for  such  a  })lan,  j)referring  to  trade  directly 
V.  illi  the  Linui  shi})s,  or  sliip  the  tallow  to  Mexico  on 
tlicir  own  account;^^  yet  tlu-re  is  no  indication  that 
iliLie  was  anv  difficultv  in  obtaininjjf  cargoes  either  for 
tllc^-c  vessels  or  for  the  Cazadora  from  Panama,  which 
(.line  to  ^lonterey  in  Septendjcr,  and  remained  on 
{\w  coast  until  Decendjer.'*  The  cominjx  of  two  ves- 
^rls,  the  Paz  11  Relirjion  and  the  Bastanij,  from  Tepic 
(111  the  same  business  was  announced,  with  the  proba- 
Itihty  that  numy  others  might  be  despatched;  but 
imiie  seem  to  have  come  this  year.'*''  The  Russian 
^i>its  of  the  year  were  that  of  Padushkin  on  the 
( 'hi rib f  to  San  Francisco  and  Monterey  in  the  spring, 
;iii<l  that  of  Hau'onieister  on  the  Kutusufio  San  Fran- 
cisco  in  the  autumn,  both  brin<>ing  goods  and  takinuf 
away  grain."" 

Sola  made  no  attempt  to  carry  out  the  viceroy's 
orders  by  using  force  against  the  Russians;  but  in  his 
It  port  of  January  2,  18  l~,  exi>laincd  the  utter  impos- 
sihihty  of  accom|)lishinL'  anvthinu:  without  stron'*" 
rciinrorccmcnts,  and  the  absurdity  of  expecting  such 
rcciiforcemcnts  from  New  Galicia.  He  also  expressed 
Iiiiiisclf  very  freely  respeciing  the  danger  to  be  appre- 

li'>anl  of  the  »S'((M  Antonio  tiiis  trip.  She  ivmnincd  until  Novomlicr.  Tho 
M'.ricaiia  jiaitl  8")S2  exjiort  tUitics  which  shoiihl  havu  hocn  \vnil  ut  Callao. 
'i'liis  Was  accoiilinj,'  to  law  uiul  was  a  Cdiivciiii'iice  tu  Calii'uriiia.  Sou  al.-.i) 
<.'ii(n;i,  Doc.  Ilht.  CuL,  MS.,  iii.  'lAV'r,  iv.  1. 

^  I'mr.  ],'<<•.,  MS.,  xi.  49.  Sola  t'j  (iuti'ia.  The  daiigor  of  an  attack  froni 
the  r.uiiios  AiiX'S  insurgents  was;  },'iven  as  a  reason  for  /.'etting  rid  of  tlie  siir- 
1  Ills  tallow  as  qiiicidy  as  possihle.  See  also  Airli.  -S'/a.  Jj.,  MS.,  vi.  Gl-.'{; 
(■'1^  ri-it,  JJvc.  //i.^l.  C'«/.,  MS.,  iii.  'J4.VG. 

■''I'ror.  a/.  ]'(ip.,  MS.,  .\x.  180,  107;  Cinrrn,  Dor.  J/i.it.  CtL,  .MS.,  iv.  1. 
•Iiilv  ll',  ISK),  viceroy  to  Sola,  trade  hetweiii  I'an.inia  and  the  I'aeilie  ports 
el  .\\\v  Spiiiii  strictly  forl)Ldden.  Prov.  SI.  /'(ij,.,  MS.,  .\x.  |-J4. 

■"•Iuiie4lh,  '27th,  IVdro  Negrcte,  'JVjjic,  toduerra.  I'rvr.  SI,  Pup.,  MS., 
^.^    lS."i,  ji.!).     A  contract  with  settlora  tor  tallow  is  uUuded  to. 

■^Sec  chup.  xiv.  of  tliis  voluine. 


"I  -.ui 


i   !■ 


2S4 


MARITIME  AFFAIRS  AND  CONTRABAND  TRADE. 


licndcd  from  the  Anglo- Auicricaii  ve.ssels,aiul  dcelart'l 
that  the  province  ooukl  not  be  in  any  sense  protects < I 
against  probable  hostile  designs  of  foreign  jioweis, 
ludess  two  companies  of  infantry,  with  field  artillery, 
and  an  armed  cruiser  were  stationed  })ermanently  <  n 
the  eoast."'^  No  English  craft  appeared.  Orders  cann' 
fioni  Viceroy  Apodaca  that  the  ]^ritish  ship  (lix.iJ 
Hope  must  be  confiscated  whether  engaged  in  contra- 
band trade  or  not,  ap[)arently  on  account  of  sonic 
irregularity  of  conduct  at  Mazatlan/''^  but  Captain 
liamsay  did  not  show  himself 

The  American  contrabandistas  and  Aleut  otttr- 
hunters  left  but  slight  trace  of  their  presence  on  the 
coast  this  year,  if  tliey  came  at  all,  as  is  indicated  l»y 
occasional  allusions  in  official  correspondence.'^'  These 
allusions  show  that  Sola  had  no  faith  in  the  honesty 


:!  ! 


".S'o/rt,  fii/orme  General,  1S17,  :\IS. 

°»Xov.  10,  1817,  viceroy  to  Sola.  Prov.  St.  Pop.,  JIS.,  xx.  216-18.     The 
liiK-na  E.i])f runza  was  bouiul  from  Deiigal  to  the  Russian  settlcineiits. 

■''••Ill  I'obruary  Guerra  explains  to  Sola  the  careful  precautions  lie  alviiys 
takes  on  the  arrival  of  foreign  vessels  to  examine  their  papers,  etc.,  tlnm^h 
lie  labors  under  difiiculties  through  not  understanding  the  language.  \\  lil 
continue  his  precautions,  and  will  report  arrivals  before  furnishing  Kupplie-, 
though  he  reminds  the  governor  that  vessels  cannot  lie  long  at  anchor  at  Saiit.i 
Barbara  without  danger  from  storms.  Other  eonnnunieati(ms  from  tlie  huiin; 
source  and  apparently  of  about  the  same  date  mention  the  escape  of  kou.u 
Kadiaks  to  the  islands,  and  the  presence  of  boats  from  an  American  vc:-s(l 
engaged  in  taking  otter.  He  asks  for  authority  to  send  out  an  cxpeditii-.i 
against  theui.  O'liirm.  Doc.  //isf.  CuL,  MS.,  iii.  0!)-7'2.  In  a  letter  of  Ajuil 
I'Jth,  Padre  Amoros  explains  to  the  governor  some  of  his  ideas  of  trade  to  the 
eO'ect  bliat  foreigners  being  also  chiklren  of  Ciod  and  in  a  sense  brethren  i  t 
tiic  Spaniards,  it  was  not  generous  or  honorable  to  charge  them  a  maxinun:i 
price — like  $8,  §12,  or  §1.},  for  a  cow  worth  §4 — and  tind  fault  with  tlicin  I'nf 
not  .selling  goods  at  the  miniimun,  especially  as  the  trade  was  benelicial  u 
the  country  and  might  be  lost  by  bad  policy.  /(/. ,  vii.  12-14.  .July  2Sth  iin 
American  ship  left  four  men — three  Americans  and  a  Spaniard— at  San  Liiii 
Obi.spo.  They  were  to  l)e  put  at  work  at  Santa  Barbara  and  watchul,  t) 
])revent  intercourse  with  people  at  the  presidio.  /(/.,  iii.  2.%,  241.  'i'lmniiis 
Lester,  an  English  sailor  who  settled  in  Californiii,  is  said  to  have  desutcd 
from  a  ves.sel  in  1817.  Ih'iit.  St.  J'aji.,  MS.,  xix.  24-!(.  Davis,  (i^hiijixe",  MS  , 
241-2,  says  that  tiie  Boston  ship  L'ci'jlc,  Wm.  H.  Davis,  master,  visited  Cali- 
fornia in  1817  or  1818,  and  twice  later.  July  .'10th,  i'adrc  Arroyo  assures  S.iU 
that  the  friurs  of  San  .luan  Bautista  will  iu)t  allow  foreigners  to  observe  tli.; 
country.  I'ror.  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  xx.  14.").  Alvarado  remembers  that  .'<oiuo 
smugglers  were  tried  at  Monterey  in  1817.  The  Kiimurio  ought  to  be  in  tho 
archives,  lli.st.  Cal.,  MS.,  i.  ISO.  In  November  .Sola  eliided  Argiiello  i if  Smi 
]'"iancisco  very  severely  both  in  an  oilicial  ami  private  letter  for  his  slowiic^-i 
in  reporting  the  arrival  of  vessels  and  for  his  permission  of  contraband  tr;;(K.; 
'for  you  cannot  make  ine  believe  you  were  ignorant  of  it. '  Proi:  St.  P(ii'> 
M&).,  XX.  211-14. 


"WILCOX  AXD  THE  'CAMIXANTE.' 


289 


-18.    Tlio 

s. 

he  al\v:iys 

,   tll<)U_ll 

!;e.  W.il 
tUiptilii'S 

it  !''an;.i 
the  huiiic 

of  sou.o 

111  Vl.:-^^l  1 

j)f(litii;i 
of  Ainil 
ai\e  totliu 
liivii  '  f 
iiiixiiini'.M 
tliiin  1>  r 
t'ticial  .11 
•JSth  ail 
Sail  l.iiii 
H.l.  to 
'I'lidinas 

lll'SUtl-.l 

sr.-,  MS  , 
itcil  «'ali- 

iserve  tli  ■ 
lat  sennit' 
)c  ill  tl;i' 

llo  of  Sua 

slo\Vlir>-i 

uul  traik; 

Si.  P(tl'; 


itf 


1m 


Miul  zoal  with  'Aliicli  Ai'^iiello  at  San  Francisco  and 
(iiu-rra  at  Santa  ]"5arbara  exerted  tlieniselves  to  pre- 
\  (  lit  illicit  connnerce.  Affairs  at  ^lonterey  came  more 
iiimii'diately  under  the  governor's  own  eyo,  and  San 
1  )iego  the  snuij^glcrs  Heeni  to  have  neglected  altogether 
in  these  days. 

'Vho  presence  of  one  American  vessel,  howcvt'r,  is 
(Iiiiiiitely  recorded,  that  of  the  Trarr/lcr,  translated 
\>v  the  Spaniards  into  Camlnante,  Captain  James 
Smith  Wilcox.  This  schooner  came  from  Sitka,  made 
idiiie  repairs  at  l^odega  in  December  18 1 (5,  and  ar- 
rived at  Santa  Barbara  on  Januar}'  20,  1817."'  Wil- 
cox, said  to  be  a  brother  of  the  United  States  consul 
at  ( 'auton,  was  furnished  with  supplies  to  satisfy-  the 
Dioic  pressing  wants  of  the  crew,  and  good-naturedly 
cDiiseiited  to  wait  for  more  until  the  governor  could 
])(•  consulted,  whereu])on  he  Ijought  additional  pro- 
^  isjoiis  to  the  extent  of  $(550  for  cash.*"  Then  in  Yvh- 
luai y  he  went  up  to  Monterey  and  sold  $700  worth 
ol' cloth  for  the  soldiers.  Juan  B.  Alvarado,  then  a 
is(i!<()M)ov,  jxives  an  amusing  account  of  the  Yankee 
c;'i)tain's  arrival.  One  s[)ring  morning  the  sentinel 
IV  in  Point  Pinos  came  rushing  in  with  the  news  of 
;',■'.  approaching  sail.  Drums  beat  the  alarm,  soldiers 
i.ounted  their  horses,  artillerymen  and  militia  rushed 
to  man  the  castiUo,  and  balls  were  bi'ought  from  the 
(asciiiate.  Families  made  readv  for  fliolit,  while  Co- 
iiiaiidante  Estudillo  mounted  a  high  rock,  e([ui])ped 
with  telescope,  trumpet,  and  ling-book,  all  in  al)out 
iiTteen  minutes.  To  the  inquiry  ";que  buque:"'  as  the 
schooner  ap})roached  the  sho'ie  came  the  reply  "no 
sal)(^  espanol."  Ordered  to  come  ashore  the  strangin" 
landed  and  was  escorted  l>y  the  cavalry  to  tlu;  jireseiice 
of  Sola  who  awaited  his  approach  clad  in  i'uU  uniform 
and  asked  his  business.  Through  an  inter[)reter  it 
was  learned  that  the  captain  had  goods  to  sell,  and 

'"III  Pror.  Per.,  MS.,  xi.  4.'),  the  date  is  given  as  Jiui.  Sth;  and  Sola  calla 
tlir  vosscl  the  Tratiliu.     See  also  A/.,  ix.  I.Vt. 
"inid-ra,  JJuc.  JJint.  CtiL,  MS.,  iii.  71-2. 


r 


,.-^ 


iMHHiiiittiiiii 


286 


MARITIME  AFFAIRS  AND  CONTRABAND  TRADE. 


Sola  was  about  to  dismiss  liiui  wlion  soiuobody  sii^- 
gu!>ted  ]io  might  bo  the  spy  of  some  foreign  j)o\ver, 
and  it  was  decided  to  hold  a  council  of  war.  Mean- 
while the  Yankee,  an  exceedingly  tall  and  lean  speci- 
men of  the  race,  clothed  in  blaclc  witli  a  swallow-tail 
coat  and  tall  fur  hat,  stood  under  arrest  in  the  middle 
of  the  plaza,  wiping  his  })erspiring  face  with  a  larg(> 
red  handkerchief,  while  all  the  women  and  boys  of 
the  capital  came  as  near  as  they  dared  to  get  a  lonk 
at  this  bold  foreigner  who  thus  dared  to  invade  the 
Spanish  realm.  The  ludicrous  aspect  of  the  situation 
was  not  diminished  when  the  noon  bell  rant;  and  tlu; 
prisoner  was  required  to  kneel  in  the  dust  and  un- 
cover his  bald  head.  Yet  the  council  could  find  no 
sufficient  evidence  that  ho  was  a  spy."^  Wilcox  not 
only  sold  his  cloth,  but  was  trusted  to  carry  south  the 
portions  allotted  to  Santa  Barbara  and  San  Diego, 
having  apparently  made  himself  very  popular  with  the 
Californians.  He  left  Santa  Barbara  on  March  IGth 
for  San  Diego  and  Baja  California,  leaving  two  men 
who  were  sick  and  wished  to  become  Catholics."^ 

In  Juno  Wilcox  returned  from  Loreto  and  remained 
until  September,  touching  more  than  once  at  eacli 
place  on  the  coast  from  Santa  Cruz  to  San  Diego, 
enjoying  the  full  confidence  of  the  authorities,  and 
making  himself  generally  useful  by  transporting  sup- 
j)lies  and  lumber  from  point  to  point  in  his  Camuiaiiti'. 
If  he  indulged  in  contraband  trade  he  did  it  veiy 
care fully  and  excited  no  suspicion.  The  only  pri\  i- 
leges  refused  him  were  those  of  buying  otter-skins  and 
travelling  by  land  in  defiance  of  the  law.  He  finally 
carried  away  the  four  American  prisoners  of  the  ]))e- 
ceding  year,  but  whether  he  took  also  the  two  men  lie 
had  left  before  does  not  appear. ***     He  was  also  al- 

^■"^  Alvarwlo,  1114.  Col. ,  MS. ,  i.  12,'5-32.  The  author  does  not  sny  that  this 
'Capitaii  Colorado'  was  Wilcox,  and  in  fact  there  are  some  detiiilsof  the  stoiy 
as  narrated  that  do  not  apply  very  well  to  him;  but  there  was  no  other  cupt;  in 
who  arrived  at  this  time  so  far  as  I  can  learn,  and  the  story  is  too  good  to  \i»-r. 

^'■^Giicrra,  Doc.  Hid.  Cal.,  MS.,  iii.  ~i.  The  names  of  the  men  are  giviu 
as  Est  and  Yems.    Est  was  perhaps  Thomas  Lester. 

**  Gucrra,  Doc.  Hist.  Val.,  MS.,  iii.  24'J.    The  four  prisoners  were  tliuso 


ROQUEFEUIL'S  VISIT. 


L87 


Idwed  to  take  a  carj^o  of  oraiii  at  Sail  DIc!.^o  fur  Lo- 
ivto.  In  this  latter  jK)rt  tlio  TrarcKcr  was  sci/.eil  on 
October  30th,  by  the  treasury  official  Francisco  ]ia- 
iiiircz,  who  managed  to  steal  a  considerable  amount 
(if  property  before  the  vessel  was  released,  as  it  soon 
w;is  through  the  influence  of  Sola  and  Argiicllo,  the 
latter  being  now  governor  of  Baja  Calilornia.  Jt  is 
iViiHi  the  letters  written  by  Wilcox,  chiefly  at  (iuay- 
iiias  while  seeking  reparation  for  the  wrongs  done 
liiiii,  that  most  of  my  information  respecting  his  voy- 
ages is  derived."^ 

The  merchantman  Bonlclai.s  anchored  at  San  Fran- 
cisco on  Aufjust  5th,  beini>'  the  lirst  vessel  carryinn'  the 
Fi'ench  flag  that  had  ever  entered  the  port.  She  was 
c.)Uiinanded  by  Lieutenant  Camille  de  Kofpiefeuil  of 
tlie  I'^rench  navy,  though  the  voyage  was  a  private 
and  j)urely  commercial  venture  to  the  Pacilic  and 
round  the  world  undertaken  bv  a  merchant  of  IJor- 
(Icaux.  Roquefeuil  came  direct  fi'om  Chile  and  Peru, 
having  in  the  former  country  rendered  important  aid 

inciitioncd  in  note  4.S.  May  9th  tlie  commanilcr  at  Santa  Cruz  iiotities  Sola 
lluit  a  vusicl  has  aucliorod  anil  wants  wood  anil  water.  Arr/i.  Ann').,  MS., 
iii.  pt.  i.  lli.'i.  This  could  not  he  Wilcox'o  vessel  if  the  date  is  corroct,  anil  may 
.•n;.".'est  simie  light  on  Alvarado's  'capitan  Colorado.'  Wilcox  tonU  in  Cali- 
f  .i;iia  a  iliaft  for  .Sii.tMii  7">,  wiiich  was  not  paid,  at  lea.st  not  pronipily,  at  ( ina- 
il:.laj,ira.   J'lor.  St.  )'((/>.,  MS.,  xx.  IS'.). 

'■' ir(7'0.i',  C'drtit-^  rarict.i  sohri'  Kill  r'uuiex  en  la  ufihta  Camhiaiilc,  lSt7,  MS. 
Jiin.  7,  ISlS,  (.ov.  Cordero,  of  .Sonora,  informs  Sola  that  the  (.'(iikUkiiiIh  Jiiis 
Ihcii  conliscated,  to<;ether  with  all  jiroperty  hclo'igin;'  to  Wilcox  whuivvcr  it 
iM:iy  lie  found  in  Spanish  dominions.  A/.,  xx.  'IV.K  li:  another  letter  evidently 
fmm  Wilciix.  dated  Octoher  2d,  at  Lorcto,  it  is  stated  that  the  vessel  was 
taken  nn  Septend)cr  HOth,  by  a  'desespcrado  de  Lima  llamado  rranci.seo  Ka- 
i"iie/,'  aided  i)y  the  patron  and  two  'nialvados'  whom  the  governor  had  forced 
hiiii  to  take  on  hoard  at  Sta  Barbara.  Himself,  Don  Gnillermo  (often  men- 
timied  in  the  correspondence,  hut  I  cannot,  tell  who  he  was),  and  live  sailors 
Ii;id  lieen  put  on  shore  immediately  after  the  capture.  Arch.  Arzoli.,  MS.,  iii. 
jit.  i.  It,").  Early  in  April  1818  an  attempt  to  take  Wilcox":*  .ichi)oni.r  out  i  f 
'oiaymas  hy  an  American  vessel  is  mentioned,  some  men  having  been  kilhd 
on  liuth  sides.  Ginrm,  Doc.  JJM.  t'dl.,  MS.,  vi.  ST.  Cajit.  Wilcox  wislied  lo 
ui.niy  l)oua  Concepcion  Argiiello,  heroine  of  the  liezanof  romance,  and  lie 
u.i.i  at  one  time  very  near  success  in  his  wooing;  but  at  last  tiie  lady  declined 
the  offer.  dKcrm.  Doc.  IIIM.  Cat.,  MS.,  iii.  "J.ST-S;  vi.  i:U-'J.  March  8,  IS'J-J, 
tlie  .secretary  of  foreign  relations  reported  that  a  patent  had  i)een  issued  to 
Wileox  to  introduce  steam  engines  ia  Mexico  for  the  drainage  of  mines. 
.\l,.rira,  Mem.  Uciurioiii-n,  IS^.',  p.  11.  Sept.  18,  IS-J'-*,  \Vilcox  writes  that  he 
i-i  r.  S.  consul  in  Mexico,  and  intends  to  do  bu.siness  on  a  large  .scale  with 
California,-  monopolizing  the  trade  in  hides  and  horns.  Gucint,  Due.  Jli.-^t. 
CV(.'.,  MS.,  vi.  134. 


i ;; 
I  f 

II 


li 


i 


S88 


^lARITIMF  AFFAirS  AND  CO\TRABA\r>  TRADE. 


to  ilic  Spanish  victini.s  of  tlio  revolution  by  tr.nns- 
l)oi"tinuf  tlieni  to  a  j)la('L'  of*  salbty.  Ho  was  liospitaMy 
trtatc'd  tlurinj^  liis  stay  of  nine  days  by  Ari^Midlo, 
!Moiaga,  and  Fatlicr  Aln'lla;  and  lie  seems  not  to 
have  met  the  sliixhtest  ohstacle  in  trading'  his  jro(»(ls 
for  produce,  or  even  for  the  few  otter-skins  that  were 
on  IkuhI.'* 

The  10th  of  October,  after  a  trip  to  Xootha  and  a 
call  at  Koss,  the  Jiordc/ais  returned  i'or  furtlu'r  harti  r, 
heiiiiX  ohliired  to  riMuain  till  Xovend>er  20th  waitin' 
for  the  I'ceovery  of  the  crew,  four  of  whom  were  cared 
for  at  the  mission,  and  .le  (»f  whom,  the  hoatswaiii 
lienom,  died  there.  Two  men  also  d(\serted  hut  woe 
re-taken."'  After  a  trip  to  the  ^larquesas  and  aj^aiii 
to  the  north  coasts,  l^oquefeuil  made  Ids  a])pearanc(,; 
for  a  third  time  at  San  Francisco  on  September  'ioth, 
1818,  rcmaininuf  just  one  month. "^  He  counted  on 
obtaining  produce  with  which  to  fill  a  contract  made 
in  Sitka,  and  he  did  obtain  it  through  Luis  Argiiello's 
nsual  tlisregard  for  the  governor's  instructions;  for 
Sola,  when  he  learned  that  the  exi)edition  was  purely 
ji  commercial  one,  directed  that  she  must  submit  to 
tiie  regulations  and  be  content  with  the  sujtplics 
absolutely  needed  for  the  voyage;  though  he  suhsc- 

'"  I'dr/iir/iiiil,  A  I'oyctfifi  rovml  the  Worh/,  hctirren  tltcyrrtrK  ISIC-lCi.  hi/  M. 
CfDiii/li'  (Ir  J'diiucj'cii'il,  ill  Ihc  xli'iji  l^c  lUifthUi'ix,  London,  IS'J.'l,  Svo,  1 12  jiiigcs. 
'J'liis  iirst  visit  to  San  Francisco  is  dcscrilictl  on  pp.  'l\\-~.  Any.  Stli,  Roijuclciiil 
to  Sola  enclosing  ii  letter  of  recommendation  from  Cavenccia  of  Lima,  and 
flsking  for  friendly  eonsiileration  on  acconnt  of  French  sympathy  for  tlic 
.Spaniards  in  (,'hile.  Pi'of.  St.  Pop.,  MS.,  xx.  "iOiS-'J.  Sept.  lOth,  Sola  to  vice- 
roy, announcing  the  visit,  and  stating  that  Ivoipiefeuil  left  4  Knglishiiien  I';) 
on  his  (Kpartiire.  Prnr.  Jtrr.,  MS.,  ix.  17L  iSlight  allusions  to  the  visit  in 
.?.Iirhi<Hii,  Nolkc,  GO;  Browne's  L.  Cal.,  i'2;  A'o«t'.  An.  den  Voy.,  xviii. 
•_MU-,-)4. 

"'  J!ri<iucfcwVx  Voi/nfif,  30-40.  One  of  tlie  two  deserters,  named  Ostciii, 
v.as  acciused  of  an  attempt  at  mutiny  and  the  author  disposes  of  him  after  liis 
re-arrest  by  saying:  'In  the  night,  the  ship  was  rid  of  OsLein;  his  removal 
gave  general  satisfaction  to  the  crew,'  leaving  his  exact  fate  to  the  imagina- 
tion of  the  reader.  Sola  mentions  the  presence  of  a  Frencli  bark  for  9  days,  and 
her  sailing  to  the  north-west.  J'ror.  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  xx.  180.  Oct.  'J.')th,  it(j([m'- 
feinl  to  Sola  (in  French)  asks  permission  to  ship  a  couple  of  foreign  seanieii. 
being  short-handed.  J<l.,  xx.  1S7.  If  this  retpiest  was  granted,  it  disposes  of 
two  ot  the  foreign  residents,  one  being  perhaps  Mason. 

'^  PoiiWjhiU'it  Voi/wje,  10,5-10.  A  lire  on  the  mountains  near  Cape  Men- 
docino explained  to  this  navigator  what  La  Perou.^c  ha<l  probably  mistaken 
for  an  active  volcano — an  error  repeated  perhaps  by  Chamisso. 


FORKKIN  SKTTLI:RS. 


(|iuiilly  coiisoiitt'd  to  till'  salt'  of  pi'otliu'c  for  inoiu  v, 
iiiid.  aciMjnliny  to  Ko(|Utrcuil,  ovi'ii  eonseiitud  liiuilly 
\,<  liiiicli  inoru  satisfactoi'v  tcriiLs.** 

W'Ik'H  lloquei'uuil  t'liiharkcd  from  San  Francisco 
i'.iiiilly  lor  Sitka  and  the  Islands  on  XovcndnT  "Jntli, 
lit  1(  I't  two  men  at  the  mission  who  wciv  too  ill  to 
'tfocccd  on  their  vovayje.'"  lie  also  hroULilit  to  ("ali- 
1  .1  iii.i  two  yoinin'  men,  natixes  of  Spain,  whom  lie  ^^1^^=, 
iiii|  mention,  nnless  possihly  one  of  them  may  have 
hieii  one  of  the  two  sick  sailors,  hut  who  ai'ti'i'ward 
hicaine  somewhat  }H'ominent  and  respected  citizens  of 
the  |ii'ovince,  where  they  both  died  at  an  advanced. 
i.'j;v.  One  Avas  Jose  Fernandez,  who,  accordiiin'  to  his 
o.\n  statement,  "took  [lassai^e"  in  the  Jionfr/ids  Irom 
]/niia;  and  the  other  was  Antonit)  ]\Iaria  Sm'iol,  who, 
liixinn"  shipped  as  a  sailor  for  the  I'ound  trip,  could 
hut  land  with  Fernandez  as  he  wished  when  the  ves- 
M  1  (ir,4  arrived,  and  was  therefore  under  the  necessity 
oi' iimnin<j['  away  wlien  .she  came  back.'^  The  French 
ii;;\  i'-ator's  observations  respectinn'  the  countrv  as  re- 
jmrled  in  his  narrative  are  slight.  ]le  noted  the 
i;:pid  decrease  of  the  ottcr.sall  along  the  coast;  learned 
that  Ai'guello  had  explored  the  river  'San  Sacra- 
iriiiito'  fifty  leagues  fi'om  its  mouth;  was  ]>erha]>s  the 
liist  writer  to  mention  the  annual  tloods  of  that  river; 


}| 


f 


'■"  Sept.  22,  1818,  f^oila  to  Argiicllo  containing  the  usnal  instructions,  to  l>o 
(ii!iii'(X(l  ill  the  c.'iwe  of  tlie  Jionl' lais.  St.  I'ti/i.  Snr.,  MS.,  ii.  l(4-(i.  'J"hi.s 
l;ii'|i!tf('uil  siiys,  ]'(>!/.  Ion,  anived  on  tiu.'2."ith,  ami  wuis  .'inswered  liy  an  ox- 
lil.iiiatii'ii  of  tlie  purity  of  the  trader'.s  intentions  and  his  Itelief  that  simie 
iiiiijiy  hud  lied  about  liiiii.  .Sept.  2()tli,  .Sola  to  Argiiello,  consenting  tn  tracU^ 
i'V  money,  duties  being  paid,  and  iid  padres  or  i-iti/eiis  being  allowed  to  have 
ii:iytliiiig  to  do  in  the  matter.  Sf.  J')tji.  Sar.,  M.S.,  ii.  94-0.  This  came  on 
the  2.sth  and  was  regarded  l)y  Knijuefeuil,  !'('//.  i".V,  as  'vague'  aii<l  'tolerably 
f-.itisf;irt(iry.'  A  circular  from  A rgiiello  to  tlie  padres  to  furnish  grain  was 
i.'t  (ilieyed;  but  on  Oct.  (Ith,  a  courier  came  in  from  Sola  with  'despatches  eii- 
tii\  ly  satisfactory'  and  the  process  of  loading  vent  on  rapiiUy.  The  totid 
i.:iiuuiit  of  trade  on  the  three  visits  was  §(),3oG,  of  which  .f^lIW  was  paid  in 

iKdlley. 

•"tine  of  them  was  perhaps  Ignacio  Thomas,  descrilied  as  an  Englislnnan 
lift  at  S;iii  Francisco  from  the  JionUlats,  who  remained  for  11  years  and  more. 
j:':t.Sl.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  (1'2). 

'■'Finianiliz,  Corns  de  Cal.,  M.S.,  07-70;   Vdlkjo,  llixt.  CaL,  :SIS.,  i.  170- 
>''2.     Alvarado,  Hint.  CaL,  MS.,  i.  182—10,  mentions  the  arrival  at  Monterey 
1.;'ll'  ill  1S17  of  a  man-of-war  pretending  to  be  English  on  a  scientific  expedi- 
tiuu,  but  really  one  of  Bouchard's  ships.     This  is  probably  an  error. 
Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  II.    19 


.11 


890 


MARITIME  APrAIRS  AND  COXTUAIJAXI)  TRADE. 


was  told  of  the  exploits  of  the  Kiuliaks  in  their  M- 
(larkas,  and  learned  of  "the  ti'rrible  deerease  of  tin- 
native'  race  in  tlie  missions  of  the  two  CaliCornias." 
I  ajipcnd  a  map  of  the  western  rejj^ions  ineludin<^  Cali- 
Inrnia  made  in  1818.     It  peeuliarities  arc  self-expian- 


Ul 


31" 


The  Pacific  Coast  in  1818. 

Forcijjn  affai  ^  and  maritime  annals  for  the  last 
three  years  of  ti  ;  decade,  exclusive  of  Bouchard's  in- 
vasion, the  all-a  sorbing  topic  of  the  period,  take  the 
form  of  a  series  of  comparatively  unimportant  items, 
>vhich  may  be  grouped  as  follows:  In  1818  the  Amcr- 

"'^  Drawn  by  Roberdeau  under  inspection  of  Win  Rector,  U.  S.  Surveyor  of 
Mo.  and  III.     rublished  in  W'arreu'a  Memoir,  pi.  ii. 


nuMons  OF  plots. 


201 


i(;i!i  \'r'\'^  Clarion,  Captain  Dyzi'laar,  fonncrlv  of  tlio 
J.ihli'ii,  toiiclied  at,  Santa  liarhai'u  lor  Ji  wt'ok  IVoiii 
Octoher  Otli,  obtaiiiiii;^  beef  and  lu-ans,  and  IcaviiiL;'  a 
wni'iiiiiijf  a^faiiist  the  Biiciios  Aires  insurf^ents.'^  Jlu- 
iiiiTs  (if  war  Ixtweeii  Spain  and  the  I'nitod  States, 
Mild  (if  a  ])r()jeeted  plan  of  Anu>riean  invasion  lV(»m 
New  Mexieo,  are  also  said  to  have  fonnd  their  way  to 
Ciililoniia  in  the  friars' eorres[)on(K'nre;''*  and  indeed 
("ajitain  AViieox  had  been  accused  the  year  before  jit 
],nnto  and  (iuavinas  of  revolutionary  schemes  of 
similar  j)Ui'port.  At  the  be'^^'Miiinuf  of  N'ovend)ei'  an 
llii^lish  sloo[)-of-war,  the  Ji/ossoin,  llickey  connnandcr, 
IVoin  the  Cohnnbia,  and  havinijf  on  boartl  the  conniiis- 
siomr  ehari'etl  with  transferriiiLT  the  northern  post  of 
Astoiia  to  the  United  States,  touched  at  ^[onteri'y 
I'or  sup[)lies.''''  At  about  the  same  time  the  Russian 
Vessels  of  llaiLjemeister  and  (iolovnin  were  at  the  same 
jiuit,  while  lv(K|ueJ'euil  visited  San  Francisco  as  already 
recoi'ded. 

It  lu'ed  hardly  be  added  that  Sola  issued  this  year, 
as  usual,  his  orders  to  conunandants  that  foreign  ves- 
sels must  be  treated  exactly  accordiuL,^  to  the  laws."" 
The  Lima  vossel  Cazadora  either  came  back  to  Cali- 
fornia this  spring  or  possibly  had  wintered  on  the 
ccast;"'  and  on  January  24tli  the  San  lhq)erto,  Cajt- 


"  Giicrra,  Doi'.  Hint.  CuL,  MS.,  iii.  110,  l.'i4-.').  In  July  nn  American  sl-.ip 
v.as  aiaiiorcd  oil'  San  Pedro,  iiuiiie  not  given.  /</.,  iii.  8i)-(l().  And  on  Sept. 
-lithe  governor  reported  to  tho  viceroy  the  iirrivaluf  tlio.Vmerican  man-of-war 
{hii(u-i<i.  I'ror.  /'('<:,  MS.,  ix.  107.  Jan.  Ttli,  Governor  Cordero  of  Sonora  to 
Siila.  The  Cosnac/j,  for  outraj^ea  at  Guaynuis,  to  be  eontiseatud  if  alio  appears 
i.i  (  alifoniia.  Pror.  ,S/.  Pap.,  MS.  xx.  1'I8. 

''  '/'iti/lor,  in  Cut.  Farmer,  Mar.  HI,  JS(JH;  Id.,  in  liron-ne's  L.  Cal.,  74. 

'■'  I'r;i\  St.  Pap.,  JJi-ii.  MIL,  MS.,  xlix.  'JS;  Giurra,  Dor.  jfist.  Cn/.,  MS., 
iv,  'JO  1.  See  Jlixt.  A'^ort  lured  Coast.,  i.  33').  (Jommissioner  Prcvost  Mn»tc  a 
report  to  the  U.  S.  Go^ernvient  from  Monterey,  <latcd  Nov.  I'Jth. 

■'•April  8,  1818.  St.  Pap.  Sac,  MS.,  ii.  80.  A  vessel  may  bo  given  water 
Jiiiil  cue  bullock  per  day  until  a  reply  from  the  governor  is  received.  April 
(itli,  Miiiloz  notilies  Sola  tliat  he  and  other  padres  will  take  care  to  arrest  any 
iir-'<iits  of  'Pepo  Botellaa'  (Joseph  Bonaparte)  tliut  may  appeal'.  Arch.  Ar-j  li., 
M.S.,  iii.  pt.  ii.  44. 

"'  March  5,  1818,  Sola  says  she  has  taken  2,500  butts  of  tallow  besides 
hides,  soap,  etc.  Gwrra,  Doc.  Dht.  Cal.,  MS.,  iv.  11.  Sept.  Ctli,  tlie  ariival 
of  the  //ov/io.srt  yl/Her/«(«rt  (Mcxieaua?)  is  noted.  Prov.  Ike,  MS.,  ix.  I!t7. 
Ill  Silriiio  Co.  Uht,,  452,  it  is  stated  that  tlie  llonfjua  touclied  on  tlie  enant 
fiuiu  C'liiua  in  1818.    According  to  the  Wtst  Short  Gazette,  ii,  7>  a  Scotch 


292 


ISIArJTIMK  AFFAIRS  AXD  CONTRAIIAXD  TRADE. 


tain  Varela,  from  Manila,  was  driven  into  ^lontoroy 
to  escai)o  the  gales  and  scurvy.  A  ver\'  large  amount 
of  goods  was  purchased  from  her  for  the  presidios'^ — 
a  god-send  for  the  soldiers,  since  "please  pay  the 
amount  due"  was  Sola's  messafje  to  the  vicei-ov. 
The  ]^ouchard  aflair  increased  the  foreign  populatinii 
(if  the  province  hy  the  addition  of  at  least  Jose[)h 
(  hapman,  John  Rose,  and  two  negroes."'' 

]JurimT  the  whole  year  of  1819  the  onlv  definitclv 
recorded  arrival  of  vessels  were  those  of  tlie  San  (Mr- 
his  and  Xvera  licina  de  Los  Angeles,  from  San  ])]as 
with  reenforcements  and  war-stores,  respecting wliiili 
cargo  I  have  much  to  say  elsewhere.  There  are,  how- 
ever, lie  or  two  vague  references  to  the  presence  of 
an  American  schooner  on  the  coast.^°  And  there  ap- 
}iear  in  the  archives  a  few  items,  not  without  a  certain 
interest,  concerning  the  foreign  residents  of  California 
at  this  early  date.*^ 

Fiiilor,  deserting  about  tliis  time,  settled  among  the  natis-es  of  Grand  Island, 
«  liere  his  Imlf-hreed  obildren  were  found  in  1S41.  A  stone  is  said  to  have 
liccn  found  on  Feather  River  in  1851  inseriijed:  '  ISIS — gold  eave,  in  this  .M. 
Mn|> — Lodes,  L.  M.,'  the  inscription  being  possibly,  as  tiie  author  thinks,  tliu 
sailor "s  work. 

'8/Voc.  /iVr.,  MS.,  ix.  175;  xii.  147;  Guerra,  Dc:  Hht.  CaL,  MS.,  iv.  '.». 
The  goods  bought  in  aildition  to  the  value  of  supplies  funiished  was  i-^lli.S'J-J. 

'"See  eliai).  xi.  on  tlic  IJoucliard  all'air.  .Stephen  ('.  Foster  has  an  iiiteri>t- 
ing  but  unreliable  aeeount  of  Cliapniau  and  one  of  the  negroes.  Foster's  Fir-f- 
Aiiif  ricaii  ill  Fos  Aiiiitlis.  He  erroneously  calls  Chapman  the  tirst  American 
settler  in  t'alifornia,  ])('ak  being  entitled  to  that  honor,  lie  calls  the  negio 
Fisiier  and  says  he  disajijieared  in  the  mining  excitement  of  lS4S-!».  Snine 
< '.difornians  call  the  negro  Norris.  In  June  ls20  Chapman  came  to  Santa 
hus,  where  he  was  euiitloyed  as  a  carpenter  and  blaek.'^mith,  also  liiiilding  a 
fiist-mill.  Dcj>t.  .V'.  J'lip.,  MS.,  xix.  (S-1-5).  We  shall  hear  more  of  him  in 
later  years.  On  the  arrival  of  Rose  see  chap.  xi.  of  this  vol.  l)uring  this 
(liinde  we  only  know  of  liim  that  in  1S2()  he  was  removed  from  the  mission 
of  San  Diego  on  account  of  his  religious  heresies.  Hut  as  he  was  willing  to 
liecome  a  Christian,  and  was  also  a  good  meniler  of  drums,  his  salvation  \vas 
undertaken  with  good  prospects  of  success.  Anh.  AtjAl,  M.S.,  iv.  jit.  i.  'J  b 
."II  1;  Tuiihr,  in  Vat.  Farmer,  Mavcli  21,  18C"J.  James  I'easo,  still  living  in 
1.S7S,  is  said  to  have  c(jmc  in  ISIS,  North  S.  Juan  Tiiius,  April  \i,  iJsT."'; 
Jiruii-iii'.i  Statement,  IS-IO. 

•■"  Jan.  ;{1,  ISl!),  Padre  Rodriguez  writes  of  a  two-masted  vessel  off  Ft  San 
Simeon,  which  after  taking  many  lobeji  mariiios  sailed  toward  Monteiiv . 
Anh.  Air.n/i.,  AiS.,  iii.  pt.  ii.  55-0.  June  1 2th,  (luerra,  reports  the  illegal  said  t 
grain  and  cattle  to  an  American  scliooner  at  San  Pedro  by  Manuel  (jrutierrez, 
the  guard  being  bribed.  Guerra,  Doc.  Hist.  CaL,  MS.,  iii.  141-2. 

*■'  Oct.  2l)th,  \'iceroy  Venadito  sends  permissir)n  to  marry  and  settle  in 
('aliforL'..,  according  to  tiie  Ley  de  Indias,  to  Juan  Maria  (MullignriV),  an 
Irish  weaver,  and  others.     JJe/it.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  1.     Jan.  Cth,  Sola  Jip- 

I 


S..  iv.  ',1. 

8i:).s2J. 

iiituiv.-t- 
Aniericiiii 

the  lU'LTi'i) 

I.     S.'iiic 

to  S;iiit;i 

uilliiiu'  ;i. 

liiiu  in 

I'iiiL;  till!) 

e  ini.ssii'U 

willinu'  to 

itiijii  «:is 

\A.  i.  -Jl, 

liviiii:  in 


settle  lU 
i^'anV).  iiii 
,"Sula  ;ip- 


EXD  OF  THE  DECADE. 


293 


For  1820  the  maritime  annals  are  .sli^'htly  more  ex- 
tensive, since  there  were  no  le^.s  than  live  S[iani.sh 
craft  on  the  coast.  In  ^Slay  there  came  the  San  Fran- 
cisco dc  Paula,  or  Dos  Ilcrmanos,  Captain  Bias  Cosio, 
from  ^[azatlan,  and  the  Cleopatra.,  well  manned,  and 
aniu'd  probably  as  an  escort.  They  brought  an  as- 
.sorted  cargo  and  some  money,  but  failed  to  g(;t  as 
much  tallow  as  was  expected  even  from  debtors.'^- 

Fiom  September  to  November  there  were  threi; 
Vessels  in  the  ports,  the  Europa  from  Callao;  the  Svno- 
riiiiio,  Captain  Juan  Malarin;  and  the  San  Francisco 
Jm-icr,  or  Alcion,  the  two  latter  ap[)arently  from  San 
])las,  all  with  goods  and  coin  to  exchange  for  tallow 
and  soap.*^  Four  Russian  vessels  visited  Californian 
])tii'ts,  the  Bnhldb)/' and  II men  t(.)Ucliing  at  Monterey 
ill  August,  and  the  Otkruitie  and  Blar/onajuerinie  at 
San  Francisco  in  Xovendjcr.  The  only  other  foreign 
craft  was  the  British  whaler  Discover//  at  San  l)iego, 
in  (juest  of  fresh  provisions  in  August.^* 

piovi.s  the  carrying  cif  the  American  prisoner,  who  Mas  at  San  ^lignel.  to 
Siiiitii  IWrliara.  Proi:  .S7.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlix.  28.  Sept.  Kith^  liishop 
of  Sunora  replies  uj  I'ayeras  about  the  Ijapti.sni  (jf  an  I]n;^lisli  protestant  named 
Tlioiiia.s  Ciiear.    Vail' jo,  JJvr.  Hist.  CW/.,MS.,  xxviii.  llii. 

^^(Jurrra,  JJoc.  H'ist.  CuL,  MS.,  v.  :207-!t;  Pnn:  /.V'',,  MS.,  xi.  iJ4.  lixnacio 
MaiH'isiilor  seems  to  li.TVc  been  connected,  with  this  venture.  Ho  sold  .sj,'J,j4 
wurtli  of  ^'oods.  Prof.  >■>!.  Puji.,  MS.,  xx.  "273. 

",^7.  J'ap.  .S'((0.,  'Sia.,  V.  *2I-'J,  .">7;  vi.  1!);  xviii.  33;  JJcpf.  St.  J'(ij>.,  Jim. 
r>i.<f.  11.,  MS,,  i.  17,  3'J;  Guen-n,  Due.  //..■it.  CuL,  MS.,  iii.  44;  iv.  TiS;  vi.  lo'J. 
fJncrra  g'lt  an  invoice  of  .?1(),441  on  the  :<(  nor'Kdin,  and  sent  I)y  lier  .'^D.SO'J  iu 
tallow.  The  Enropa  Jiad  %!4,tH)0  in  goods.  The  governor  spiaks  of  the  threo 
Vessels  as  I'lii'ili.-li.  Feb.  '.  .'d,  viceroy  advises  Sola  that  Jose  (iarcia  Jjerdngo 
of  C.diz  has  license  to  send  a  eonnnereial  expedition  to  I'aeilic  ports.  Prm'. 
''it.  J'iii>.,  MS.,  XX.  "283.     The  Pumt  on  th',-  coast  (?).   Ihj,t.  P(,\,  i.  273. 

'"'/^•c/C.  iSt.  Piip.,  MS.,  xlvi.  18.  T)ie  captain's  name  is  given  as  \'ig. 
Tims,  J'irijjficiii.i,  MS.,  132,  speaks  of  a  negro  slave  wom:in  brou'.'ht  from 
I'eru  in  1828,  but  who  went  back  latei'.  There  is  no  foundation  for  the  state- 
iiieut  iu  tV(//((Vc'.i  ytU.  W"il/li,  40  1;  )'>i'ni  (',,.  //;>/.,  27,  and  other  woiks, 
that  in  1S2^)  hunters  and  trappei's  found  their  way  from  the  east  into  ( 'alitor- 
liia.  Aeeonliug  to  San-inneiito  Ricord-l' nion,  Aug.  4,  1877,  Major  Stirling^ 
liNiugatSta  liosa  iu  1877,  came  to  the  California  coast  for  the  lirsttimein  1820, 


j  l;|. 


-i 


u 


' 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

IIUS.SIANS  EST  CALIFORNIA— FOUXDATIOX  AND   PROGRESS  OF 

FORT  ROSS. 

1811-1820. 

Pkoclamatiox  of  the  Company — Kcskof's  Fikst  Visit  to  Bodega — Second 
YisiT — Founding  of  Ross — Moraua's  Three  Visits  to  Ross— Sloisod- 
chikof's  Traffic — Vicei;oy's  Orders— Excuses — Mouaoa's  Reihiut— 
Capture  of  the  'I'edler' — Aroiello's  Policv — The  'Suwakoi'  at 
San  Francisco — Visit  of  Kcskof  in  the  'Cuiiukof' — Sola's  roi.icv-  - 
The  'Ilmen  '—Capture  of  I^liot  de  Castro,  Tarakanof,  and  Alki  is 
— Kotzebi'e's  Visit— Gervasio  Arglello  at  Ross— Confi-.rence  at 
the  Presidio- Padcshkin  at  Monterey— The  Russians  just  (In— 
A  TerritorialClai-M— Hag EMEisTEii's  Visit — Visits  of  Goujvn in  and 
Khleunikof— RujioRS  of  Cession — I'lioPosnioN  to  Abandon  Ross. 

KusKOF  in  behalf  of  the  Russian  fur  company  liad 
s|ieiit  the  spring  and  suunner  of  1809  at  lx)(lo';a. 
The  company  liad  determined  with  imperial  encoiii- 
agement  not  only  to  secure  the  Californian  trade,  ])ut 
to  found  an  agricultural  and  conmiercial  supjily  station 
on  the  New  Albion  coast,  with  a  hope,  rather  than  a 
definite  jnn'pose,  to  acquire  eventually  territory  south 
of  San  Francisco,  the  northern  limit  of  Spanish  jios- 
sessions  as  it  pleased  the  Ilussiaiis  to  regard  the 
matter.  A  proclamation  to  the  Californian  people 
had  been  forwarded  from  St  Petersburg  to  Sitka; 
and  Kuskof  had  attempted  unsuccessfully  to  make  a 
new  expedition  to  California  in  1810.  Such  was  the 
situation  when  in  a  former  chapter  I  dropi>od  the 
thiead  of  Russian  aimalis.^ 

The  proclamation  was  ct)uched  in  the  most  concili- 
atory terms  and  was  intended  to  put  the  advantages 


'  Sec  chap.  iv.  this  vohimc. 


(291) 


ADDRESS  OF  THE  COMPANY. 


295 


of  mutual  traclo  in  the  most  tempting  light.  Somo- 
time  boforc  jMarcli  1812,  exactly  when  aiul  how  does 
not  appear,  the  document  was  received  in  Lower 
California  and  perhaps  in  the  north.'     A  reply  was 

-'According  to  the  Kussian  niithoritiea  it  was  sent  dov/nby  Captain  Ayros, 
KV  by  a  contidi'ntial  afrcnt  who  sailed  in  his  Vfsstl,  in  Isj-J,  and  was  foiwardid 
to  tl  0  coniniaudant  at  San  Vicente,  flannel  Luis  (Ruiz),  wlioso  anciwcr  is 
cjuoted  without  a  date.  Tikhmcmf,  l4or.  Olnnrniiir,  i.  iO,");  I'lilirhiii,  Siltnle 
Ji'iiiS  8.  Cai)t.  Ayres  in  tliu  Mmitii/  was  at  Jiiake  I'ay  in  Xovendier  ISIO, 
and  was  captured  at  Santa  ISarbara  early  in  June  IS  13.  Of  his  wlierealiouts 
in  tlie  mean  time  notliin},' is  definitely  known,  hut  ho  may  have  come  down 
finiii  tlio  north  at  the  end  of  1811.  March  "JO,  isli',  Kuiz  at  San  N'icente, 
writing;  to  a  person  not  named,  probahly  t!ie  eonlideutial  a;.;ent  alluded  to, 
acknowledges  the  receipt  of  the  proclamation  in  three  dill'erent  lan;:uag(s. 
lle.^ayshe  has  forwarded  the  documents  to  (iov.  ( Jnycoeciiea,  liut  feels  .sure 
that  no  trade  will  be  i>ernnttcd  by  tiie  ruler  of  either  (Aalifornia  with  a:iy 
f  ii'eii,'n  power  however  friendly,  or  whatever  may  be  the  advantaires  of  such 
liiule,  except  with  the  permission  of  Fernando  \'1I.,  or  the  junt.i  de  la  regeu- 
cia.  /'(•(,(■.  St.  PdjK,  MS.,  xi.v.  3u'2-3.  The  text  of  the  proclamation,  given 
in  Spauish  and  Latin  in  /</.,  xix.  'J7i-3,  and  in  Russian  in  I'olirhin,  Sdt  iiio 
/iVs  4-.'p,  is  as  follows;  'Health,  Happiness,  ami  the  lllessing  of  the  AH- 
rowciful  to  our  friends  and  neighlwjrs  the  noble  and  brave  Sjianiards,  inhab- 
itants df  the  Californias,  to  whom  is  addressed  tiiis  oliicial  communication. 
Krdin  the  General  Directory  of  the  Russian  AiUiericau  Company  undci' t!ie 
i:niiic(liate  protection  of  his  Majesty  the  emperor,  autocrat  of  all  tiie  Russias, 
Al.xanderl.' 

'  \i HI  know  the  good  understanding  and  friendship  that  have  always  cx- 
i-itcil  between  the  two  grand  powers  of  Russia  and  Spain.  Now  Mhen  all 
Kuiope  is  involved  in  wars,  these  two  nations  still  continue  to  esteem  each 
otlicr  and  to  jireserve  their  ancient  frieiulship.  In  tlic  year  JSOiJ  there 
ariivcd  at  the  port  of  San  ]''rancisco  ])on  Nicolas  de  Re;:;inof,  <  'hamberlr.in  of 
His  imperial  Majesty,  share-holder  and  Agent  of  the  Rus>ian  Amirii'au 
Company  of  which  the  uiwh'rsigned  are  Directors,  ehar;;cd  with  estah!is!iii:g 
some  couMnunieations  between  the  Californi:is  and  the  coloniis  of  the  ii.  A. 
Co.  on  the  I'acilio  Ocean.  On  his  return  ho  told  us  of  the  kind  reception 
V  liicli  he  had  merited  on  those  shores.  <!ov.  .lose  de  .\rriliaga,  altliougli  lie 
did  nut  refuse  the  propositions,  did  not  dare  to  make  an  agreement,  since  the 
(  oui't  of  Madrid  had  not  pernutted  it  and  did  nut  ^\  ish  furi'igners  to  cunie  to 
tliiisi' eoasts;  still  he  promised  Rezanof  to  lay  the  matter  before  the  N'icer'iy 
I'l  .Mexico.  Our  Court,  desirous  of  establishing  these  mercantile  relations, 
I'ldrrci!  overtures  made  to  that  of  Madrid  mIucIi  arrived  at  that  unlucky 
tiiiie  when  the  king,  C:ulos  IV.,  renounced  his  irowii  and  Spain's  gi'eat  nns- 
t'litniK'S  began;  so  that  down  to  the  present  time  it  has  not  l>e(n  possible  to 
.-icuii,'  the  results  of  this  negotiation  which  cnuld  nut  have  failed  to  give 
MutMid  satisfaction.  The  actual  cundition  of  l^urope  in  general  and  of  Sjiain 
i.i  lirlicidar  gives  rise  to  the  jironniption  that  there  is  to-day  no  iuipedi- 
!■  lit  to  the  admission  of  the  Russians  to  the  coast,  especially  since  their 
'  hjici;  serves  the  interests  of  both  parties.  A\'ith  this  \w\\  we  have  ordered 
I'le  Oovernor  of  the  colonies,  the  ( 'ouiisellur  ami  (  hevalicr  1  •.  Alexandi-. 
llaranof,  resident  in  the  island  of  Kadiak,  latily  Sitka,  to  send  a  slii;,  with 
some  merchandiso  under  the  command  of  a  suboi'dinate  of  his,  for  the  pur- 
)iose  of  establishing  commercial  relations  with  our  milile  and  estee'ii'd  iieigli- 
l"Ms.  and  of  8np])lying  them  with  vaiious  lines  of  goods  which  t!iey  neid  and 
«!■  ran  ]iidcure  for  them,  taking  in  exchange'  giviin,  tallow,  cattle,  ami  other 
]i|ddHctiiiii.s  V  hicli  thei'i'  abound.  \\  e  eoiitemplale  seiidi'.ig  aimilK  r  ship  to 
Culilornia  from  this  city  arouml  the  world  as  koou  as  circumstances  may  per- 


ul[ 


206 


RUSSIANS  IN  CALIFORNIA. 


elicited  from  Comandante  Ruiz  of  La  Frontera,  and 
perhaps  from  the  governor,  refusing  to  permit  trade 
contrary  to  the  laws  without  the  consent  of  the  au- 
thoi'itles  at  ^ladrld. 

]Meanwhile  the  energetic  chief  director  had  unt 
neglected  his  plans  for  the  New  Albion  settlement. 
On  February  2,  1811,  perhaps  before  the  receipt  of 
any  definite  instructions  from  St  Petersburg,  liaranof 
desjiatehed  Kuskof  on  the  Cliinhf^ov  Bodega,  uhero 
he  arrived  the  4th  of  March.  Few  details  have  been 
preserved  respecting  this  visit.  Otter  were  not  plen- 
tiful at  BodcLja  at  that  time,  and  therefore  twentv- 
two  Ijidarkas  were  sent  Into  San  Francisco  Bay,  where 
hunting  was  carried  on  for  some  months  In  company 
with  two  other  parties  of  Aleuts  from  the  L^abcll". 
and  Albatross,^  with  a  result  of  1,200  otter-skins  fur 
Kuskof's  party.  The  Russians  say  that  though  the 
Si)anlards  could  do  nothing  at  first  to  interrupt  this 
wholesale  [)oachIng,  they  at  last  hit  upon  the  expedi- 
ent of  guarding  the  springs  of  fresh  water  and  thus 
forced  the  Aleuts  to  withdraw.  The  Spanish  records 
rather  strangely  contain  nothing  on  this  topic.  ])u!- 
inu'  the  absence  of  his  hunters  the  commander  suem-; 
to  have  devoted  liis  attention  to  tlic  conciliation  <  t" 
the  natives  and  to  the  exploration  of  the  region  round 
Bodega  Bay,  or  Rumlantzof  Bay  as  the  liussiaus 
called  it  In  honor  of  the  imperial  chancellor.  The  site 
for  a  settlement  selected  by  means  of  this  and  previ- 
ous exi>lorers,  or  possibly  not  finally  determined  o;i 
until  the  next  year,  was  about  einfliteen  miles  abt)vc 
the  bay,  wliere,  though  there  was  no  good  anchoragx', 
all  other  advantages  of  soil,  timber,  water,  and  ])as- 
turage  were  much  better  than  at  Bodeij^a.     It  Is  said 

init  nii<l  tiioro  be  no  danger  from  foes,  since  all  Europe  is  now  belligoiviit. 
Yours,  etc.,  etc.     (Sitrnccl)  Michael  Buldiikof,  Lenedict  Krcnior. 
'St  retcrslmrjr,  Miirdi  1."),  hSlO.' 

•*  Sec  cliap.  V.  of  tiiis  volume  for  brief  notice  from  the  Spanish  rccovV-) 
of  the  pi-esi'iicc  of  thin  1)i*1arka  ileet  in  the  bay.  Kuskof's  visit  is  not  otln  r- 
wise  nicii..i(iiu'd  )iy  the  S]iauiards.  The  log-ljook  of  the  AUm/ronK  docs  ii'it 
mcntiou  any  visit  of  AVinship's  meu  to  Sun  t'ruuuitiuu  l»ay,  but  it  is  not  un- 
likely that  tlicy  were  there. 


KUSKOF  AT  BODEGA. 


207 


tliat  tho  valley  of  the  Slaviaiika,  or  liussian  River, 
called  b}'  the  natives  Sliabaikai,  was  examined  for  fifty 
miles,  but  no  better  loeation  could  be  found. 

The  native  chiefs  were  made  friends  by  the  distri- 
iiuti(^n  of  petty  gifts,  and  there  is  not  much  doubt 
that  they  made,  either  now  or  the  next  jx'ar,  some 
kind  of  a  formal  cession  of  territory  to  the  new-comers. 
The  price  paid,  according  to  the  statement  of  the 
nntivcfi  in  later  years,  as  Payeras  tells  us,  was  three 
blankets,  three  pairs  of  breeches,  two  axes,  three  hoes, 
and  some  beads.  Always  more  or  less  hostile  to  the 
Spaniards  and  to  their  brethren  under  Spanish  rule, 
the  natives  were  indeed  glad  to  have  the  strangers 
(Oiiie  as  allies  and  protectors.  In  later  disputes  the 
liussians  dwelt  upon  this  cession  as  one  of  the  strong- 
est elements  in  their  title — so  expeilient  has  it  always 
l)cen  found  in  the  Xow  World  to  affirm  the  natives' 
ri'dit  of  ownership  where  the  soil  could  be  bouiiht  for 
a  .->ong,  and  to  deny  it  when  forcible  possession  must 
be  taken.  Having  obtained  a  supply  of  sea-lion  meat 
iVom  the,  Farallones,  Kuskof  sailed  for  the  north  the 
first  of  Julv,  reaching  Sitka  the  8th  of  Aun'ust.* 

^lean while  Baninof  probably  received  from  St 
Petersburg  expected  instructions  to  found  the  settle- 
ment without  further  delay.  At  all  events,  late  in 
1811,  or  possibly  early  in  1812,^  he  once  more  de- 
spatched Kuskof  in  the  Chtrikof  with  all  that  was 
deemed  necessary  for  the  foundation  of  the  new 
establishment.  There  were  in  the  company  ninety- 
ii\e  men  of  Russian  blood,  including  twentv-five 
mechanics,  and  probal)ly  eighty  Aleuts  in  a  hunting- 
ileet  of  forty  bidarkas.''     The  arrival  seems  to  have 


*Kh''hii;kof,Zaphli,U,  138;  Tllhmfnef,  htor.  O'losrniih;  i.  208;  Potechin, 
iSili  iiif  /'iiMn,  ,")-();  I'ui/cniH,  Xoticiaf  fohve  Itox-',  MS.,  42!)-.'ii). 

''Klik'liiiikof  says  it  was  in  Xovoinlier  1811;  Tikliuu'iiof  and  rotecliiii, 
March  ISI'J,  alluding  perhaps,  howuvtr,  to  the  arrival  at  ]'.()ilci:a. 

'AH  authorities  agree  on  the  40  l.ndarkas,  ami  there  weredoulitlessas  usual 
two  luintc'-s  to  eacli  boat.  Khleltnikof, /f«/</.-7i'/,  137-8.  gives  the  number  of 
l!u.>^si;iiis  as  {).").  The  Spaniards  reported  tlie  number  as  about  ItX).  Mot'ras, 
L.Liil'imlioti,  ii.  W,  states  that  there  were  100  Russians  and  100  Kailiak  Ind- 
ians, and  this  stutenieiit,  uut  very  iuaociutito,  Las  been  generally  I'uUowed  by 


208 


RUSSIANS  IX  CALIFORNIA. 


been  in  March  or  April  of  ^812,  though  of  this  and 
immediately  succeeding  events  there  is  no  detailed 
I'ecord.  The  Aleuts  were  sent  out  to  hunt  otter  along 
the  coast,  apparently  with  instructions  not  to  ent<.T 
San  Francisco  Bay,  for  it  was  best  not  to  offend  the 
8})aniards  just  at  this  time.'' 

The  Russians  prepared  timber  for  several  months. 
When  all  was  ready  the  Aleuts  were  recalled  to  aid  the 
mechanics,  and  everybody  went  to  work  vvith  a  will  on  ;i 
fort  and  other  necessary  buildings,  and  in  the  course  of 
a  few  months  a  fortified  villaije  had  arisen  on  the  sliores 
of  New  Albion.  The  site,  selected  probably  during  the 
previous  visit,  was  some  eighteen  miles  above  Bodega 
Bav,  called  by  the  natives  Mad-shui-nui,  in  latitude  38 ' 

t^    '  t,'  ' 

?>?j',  longitude  123'  15',  according  to  Russian  observa- 
tions, and  the  fort  with  its  ten  cannons  was  xx-ted 
on  a  bluff  some  hundred  feet  or  more  above  the  sea. 
Of  the  buildinii's  and  surroundinu's  I  shall  have  more 
to  say  later.  All  was  completed  and  ready  for  occu- 
pation  early  in  September.^     On  September  lOtli,  or 

American  writers.  A  large  part  of  the  Russians  seem  to  have  been  sent  back 
ti)  the  nurth  after  a  little. 

"  Yet  several  bidarkas  were  seen  by  the  Spaniards  in  t'le  bay  duiiiig  the 
month  of  July,  and  were  supposed  to  belong  to  the  vessel  reported  at  JJiidega. 
So  says  the  commandant  of  San  Francisco  to  the  governor  in  his  letter  of 
July  81st.  Pror.  .St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  ."'ii-S. 

''  According  to  B<in'tnof,  Slihiico/iiasanic,  127-9,  the  Chlrihof,  Beusemau 
master,  sailed  from  Sitka  in  November  ISll.  Tikhnu'nef,  Idor.  Ohonmii:', 
i.  "208,  says  Kuskof  returned  to  New  Albion  in  March  1812.  He  gives  lat. 
liS^,  long.  123'.  Khlebnikof,  Zuiiinh'i,  11,  i;{7-8,  .says  Kuskof  sailed  in  Nov. 
1811,  and  began  the  settlement  in  June,  lie  gives  the  latitude  and  longitudes 
as  in  my  text.  On  p.  107  he  seems  to  .say  either  tliat  the  fort  was  establi^lad 
on  March  2Gth,  in  lat.  38°  40',  at  :Mad-shui-nui,  or  that  the  vessel  left  Sitka 
on  that  date;  but  I  think  that  this  was  probably  the  date  of  arrival.  I'ott- 
ehin,  Sclcnie  lio.'Hi.  .">-(!,  says  that  the  fur  company  sent  out  the  expedition  in 
l'V'l)ruary  1812,  and  that  Jvuskof  founded  the  settlement  on  ^lay  2(itli.  M'l- 
raira  late  in  August  reported  that  the  llussians  had  arrived  live  months  liefure, 
or  in  March.   Prof.  ,S7.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  32-1-0. 

The  works  named  ai'e  my  authorities  on  the  foundation  of  the  Russian  set- 
tlement. American  and  other  wiiters  mention  the  foundation  brieliy  and 
often  incorrectly  in  connection  with  subsequent  history  down  to  1841.  Cri>- 
niso,  Xatiiral  U'calth  of  Cut.,  37,  tells  us  that  in  1S20  the  Russians  fornu'il  a 
Ki'ttlement  on  the  river  Sebastian  40  miles  north  of  Rodega,  called  by  tluia 
Slawianska,  by  the  settlers  Fort  Ross,  and  now  known  as  Mount  Kof.:-'. 
(Ireenhow,  Jfift.  Or.,  18,  says  the  Russians  formed  an  cstal)li8]nnent  on 
tlie  shci'o  of  the  northern  branch  of  Rodega  Bay  in  1812,  and  some  years  later 
another  called  Ross  3:)  miles  north  of  Rodega.  Manuel  I'astro,  Uddi-ioii  I'l: 
Alta  Cat.,  MS.,  83,  informs  us  that  Ross  was  established  under  a  special 


FOUNDING  OF  ROSS. 


299 


uscmau 

^niiih , 
•f.s  hit. 
Nov. 
'iittiilc 

Sitkii 

1011  in 
Mo- 

lii'fori', 

an  sct- 
lly  ami 
Ci-o- 
•iiiL'd  a 
y  them 
lios:; ! 

Jilt    nil 

•ri  later 
iuii  <''■ 
.spfL'ial 


Au^'ust  30th  of  the  Russian  calendar,"  the  'name-day' 
of  J']uipcror  Alexander,  the  establishment  was  for- 
mally dedicated  with  great  festivities  and  named  Ross, 
from  the  root  of  the  name  Russia,  a  word  extending 
iar  back  into  antiquity.^" 

Thus  tlie  company's  cherished  plan  for  gaining  a 
footing  on  the  California  coast  was  brought  to  a  suc- 
(•o.-^sful  issue,  and  as  yet  without  opposition  either 
fiom  the  natives,  whom  the  new-comers  chose  to 
legard  as  the  owners  of  the  country,^^  or  from  the 
(Spaniards,  whom  they  aflected  to  look  upon  as  ncigh- 

titaty  between  Spain  and  Russia  in  181."),  and  was  occupied  l>y  aOO  men  until 
the  ttrni  of  the  treaty  had  exjiircd!  Chaniisso,  Itil^c,  i.  l.'>l-2,  says  Kuskof 
wttlt<l  with  20  Russians  and  50  Kadiaks  in  fi  fine  fort  with  12  cannon.  (Such 
Mas  ]irobably  about  tlio  force  at  the  time  of  his  visit.  FOdix,  L'())rij<i>i, 
Kill-  10,  has  it  that  theRussiaiia  obtained  permission  to  buikl  houses  from  the 
govenior  of  California,  who  afterwards  repented  but  was  not  strong  enough 
to  expel  the  unwelcome  guest.  Scala,  L'Ainueii  Compto'ir  ItusHe,  .'Wl-2,  states 
that  the  Russians  in  1814  fortified  the  entrance  of  lJode;,'a  JJiiy,  and  built  a 
village  to  which  they  gave  the  mystic  name  of  Ross;  while  hundreds  of  C'ifio- 
!■  rii-i  roamed  through  the  interior  hunting  bull'aloes  to  supply  meat  for  the  far 
north!  Kotzebue,  New  Vfyiuje,  ii.  120-3,  erroneously  represents  that  tho 
Spaniards  for  a  small  compensation  aeipiiesced  in  tho  Russian  plans  and  only 
made  trouble  when  they  were  alanned  at  the  prosiicrity  of  Ross,  becoming 
aj.'aia  friendly  when  the  Russians  lirmly  refused  to  yield  to  their  p'etensioiis. 
For  other  mentions  containing  no  errors  requiring  notice,  sec  Vulbjn,  lli-it. 
C'll.,  .MS.,  i.  10.')-7;  Fcniainlcr.,  Co-iUi  dcCal.,  MS.,  2-l-r>;  Iictinlol/ih'.t  Oration, 
;(||;  Ttilli'iirr  nut.  Cal.,  110-20;  T/iomji'^nii's  Hist.  Soiio.mi,  8-10;  L'.'<l<ir>. 
J,'ii<'j.-'.,  MS.,  1-4;  Sonoma  Co.  Hist.,  8GH-74;  Marin  Co.  llist.,  'M,  4.1;  Jaih- 
ciy.<  ('niixc  of  the  Dale,  31. 

'•'  Twelve  days  must  bo  added  to  a  Russian  date  to  make  it  conform  to  tho 
Koiiian  calendar;  but  in  Alaska  11  di'.ys  sntiice,  for  tho  loss  of  a  day  in  eoni- 
iiiu'  eastward  from  St  Petersburg  was  never  taken  into  account  unUl  Alaska 
V  as  tranferred  to  the  U.  S. 

'"It  is  thought  that  Ross  may  be  identical  with  tho  Ileln'ow  ro-7t  of  £"■.(.'- 
/''/,  xxxviii.  2;  xxxix.  1,  translated  'chief  in  the  IhiLrlish  version,  with  the 
'Uos'  of  the  Byzantine  writers,  and  with  tho  'Rus'  people  on  tlic  Volga. 
Aceording  to  tho  Arabian  trf^dition,  Ros  was  a  son  of  Japliet.  However  tliii 
may  be,  it  is  certain  that  the  Russians  were  formerly  known  as  the  '  people 
of  itoss,' and  their  country  is  still  Rossiia,  or  Russia  in  English.  Galit/iii, 
AoZ/'C  Jlioj.  Kitr  BaranoJ)',  in  Nonv.  An.  dc<  I'o//., ex.w.  21."),  says:  'The name  ot' 
lloKS  is  derived  from  the  word  Russiia,  Russia.'  Relclier,  I'oi/a'jc,  i.  '.i\'.\,  says 
it  Miiaiis  'Little  Russia.'  Khlebnikof  tells  us  the  place  v.as  called  Slavensk, 
orl!oss.  Some  very  absurd  derivations  have  been  given  by  late  v.riteis,  as 
i'lV  instance  that  from  the  Spanish  '  Fuerte  do  los  llusos,'as  corrupted  by 
Aimiicans!  Sonoma  Co.  Jliif.,  oTl;  and  J/urjicr'.-i  Mmj.,  Ixvi.  102. 

"Tile  Indians  were  friendly  and  at  lirst  came  often  to  the  fort;  but 
I'otechin,  Seleiiie  I'oss,  G-7,  tells  us  that  gradually  the  visits,  especially  of  dio 
)"'",  became  more  and  more  rare.  Alvarailo,  J/i--t.  Cut.,  MS.,  ii.  12,  nien- 
tioin  an  attack  on  the  settlement  by  a  Sotoyome  chief  soon  after  the  coming 
ot  the  Russians,  easily  repelled  by  a  few  discharges  of  musketry.  This  v,  riter 
thinks  the  liussians  entitled  to  some  credit  for  having  helped  to  keep  the 
noithcrn  Indians  in  check. 


"'Mm 


300 


RUSSIANS  IN  CALIFORNIA. 


ii   I  1 


bors,  dwellers  in  another  country,  California,  sepa- 
rated from  New  Albion  by  San  Francisco  Bay.  The 
latter,  however,  were  by  no  means  ignorant  of  what 
was  being  done  at  Bodega,  though  in  no  condition 
to  interfere.  In  July  Comandante  Argiiello  noticed 
bidarkas  in  the  bay,  and  sending  out  native  scouts, 
learned  that  a  vessel  was  on  the  beach  north  of  Bo- 
dega. On  August  25th  Mora^ja  was  sent  with  seven 
men  to  mvestigate.    He  came  back  September  Ist  and 


Bodega  and  Ross. 

reported  that  the  vessel  was  a  small  schooner  stranded, 
or  beached  for  repairs,  eight  leagues  above  Bodega, 
and  that  she  was  in  bad  condition.  Kuskof's  eighty 
men  were  in  great  want  of  food;  the  Russians  who 
had  been  in  the  country  for  five  months,  had  built  a 
fort  protected  by  artillery,  and  apparently  intended  to 
remain.  Moraga,  whose  visit  was  just  before  the 
dedication  of  the  fort,  was  courteously  rsceived,  but 
communication  for  want  of  an  interpreter  was  difficult. 


MORAGA  VISITS  ROSS. 


801 


On  liis  return  he  was  sent  to  Monterey  with  a  letter 
iVoiii  Argucllo,  and  to  report  in  person  to  the  gov- 
ernor: but  of  the  additional  information  thus  imparted 
wc  only  know  of  Kuskof's  desire  to  trade  for  grain, 
meat,  and  tiUlow.^"  Russian  authorities  say  nothing 
(if  the  difficulty  of  communication,  but  state  that  Mo- 
raga  made  a  complete  inspection  of  the  settlement, 
received  full  explanations  of  the  company's  plans,  was 
shown  the  instructions  of  the  chief  directory,  and 
jiioniised  to  use  liis  influence  in  favor  of  the  desired 
trade.'^  There  was  no  further  intercourse  between 
the  Russians  and  Spaniards  in  1812,  except  that  early 
in  December  a  flag  was  noticed  across  the  bay  from 
San  Francisco,  and  a  sergeant  crossing  in  a  launch 
brought  back  three  Russians  found  on  the  beach  in  a 
state  of  starvation.  They  had  deserted  from  Ross  in 
consequence  of  the  great  want  experienced  there. 
Their  vessel  was  still  aground,  they  said;  and  Kuskof 
was  hard  at  work  on  his  buildings;  but ''they  flaimed 
to  kiK»w  nothing  whatever  of  the  object  of  the  settle- 
ment." 


Moraga  went  back  to  Ross  late  in  January  1813, 
v;liere  he  conferred  with  Kuskof  about  trade,  was 
shown  a  copy  of  the  proclamation  of  1810,  and  ac- 
quainted himself  with  the  details  of  the  plans  of  the 
.strangers.  He  returned  January  27th,  and  four  days 
later  was  sent  to  report  at  Monterey  the  Russian  de- 
sire for  traffic,  bearing  also  a  letter  in  which  the  des- 
titution of  the  troops  was  vividly  described,  doubtless 
as  the  strongest  argument  in  favor  of  the  proposed 
trade.  Arrillaga  comuiunicated  to  the  viceroy  the 
result  of  Moraga's  two  visits.^"     There  is  not  a  word 

'-.Tulv  31, 1812,  and  Sept.  7th,  Arguello  to  Amlhiga.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS., 
xix.  3'2J-(;;  Pnw.  AVc,  MS.,  ix.  12S-'J. 

'■''  TiklimeiKj,  htor.  Obonrame,  i.  '212-13;  Potechh,  Selenie  lioss,  7.  These 
vritci's  stem  to  inako  tlie  date  of  Moi'aga's  visit  October. 

"Dec.  16,  1812,  Arguello  to  Arrillaga.  Proo.  St.  Pap.,  lien.  Mil,  MS., 
xliii.  8-lt. 

'^Jiin.  31,  1S13,  Argiiello  to  Arrillaga.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  34.V4. 
Jan.  2."ith,  Moraga  at  'Nova  Rosa,  six  leagues  north  of  Bodega,'  certiliea  to  a 


■  il 


' 


302 


RUSSIANS  IX  CALIFORNIA. 


in  the  Spanish  record  to  indicate  tliat  the  governor 
or  connnandant  had  consented  or  would  consent  to 
any  trade  without  tlie  viceroy's  permission;  yet  tliu 
Russians  state  that  Moraga  on  tliis  second  visit 
brought  not  only  twent}^  cattle  and  three  horses  as  a 
gift,  but  also  the  verbal  announcement,  as  welcome 
as  unexpected,  that  Arrillaga  had  consented  to  an  ex- 
change of  commodities  on  condition  that  pending  the 
viceroy's  decision,  the  company's  vessels  should  not 
enter  the  ports,  but  transfer  goods  in  boats.  Accoid- 
ingly  Kuskof  at  once  despatched  his  clerk  Slobuil- 
cliikof  to  San  Francisco  with  a  cargo  which,  in  the 
manner  prescribed  and  to  the  value  of  $14,000,  was 
exchanged  for  bread-stuffs.  Trade  was  thus  continued 
for  some  time,  but  no  particulars  are  given.  That 
this  traffic  was  allowed,  considering  the  urgent  needs 
of  California,  is  not  strange;  nor  is  the  silence  of  the 
Spanish  record  to  be  wondered  at,  since  the  trade 
was  illicit.  There  is  no  good  reason  to  doubt  the  ac- 
curacy of  the  Russian  statement.^" 

The  viceroy  in  the  mean  time  learned  indirectly 
through  the  authorities  of  Lower  California  and  New 
Galicia  that  the  Russians  were  at  Bodega,  and  on 
July  9th  he  wrote  to  Arrillaga  instructing  him  to  ob- 
serve closely  the  movements  of  the  strangers,  and 
ascertain  their  designs.  He  did  not  apprehend  any 
hostilities  on  the  part  of  Russia  in  view  of  friendly 
international  relations,  but  he  feared  the  intruders 
might  be  other  than  they  seemed  and  connected  with 
Anglo-American  designs  upon  California."  Three 
weeks  later,  having  learned  the  true  state  of  affairs 
from  the  governor's  letter,  the  viceroy  wrote  again 

copy  of  the  proclamation  of  March  15,  1810,  shown  him  at  that  date  liy 
Kuskof,  or  Coseof,  as  the  Spaniards  called  him.  Id.,  344.  Feb  4th,  Arrillaga 
to  viceroy.  Piov.  liec,  MS.,  ix.  128-9. 

^^  Tihhmenef,  Istor.  OboHranie,  i.  213;  Potcchin,  Selenie  Pons,  7. 

"July  9,  1813,  viceroy  to  governor.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  3.33-5. 
Manuel  Varela,  commanding  the  Bostones,  told  the  commandant  of  San  Bias 
that  he  had  seen  a  communication  of  Arrillaga  to  the  governor  of  Lower  Cal- 
ifornia on  this  subject.  From  San  Bias  the  news  went  to  Gen.  Cruz  of  New 
Galicia,  who  forwarded  it  to  the  V.  R.  in  a  letter  of  May  20th. 


THE  RUSSIANS  MUST  CO. 


803 


enclosing  tlic  treaty  of  July  20,  1812,  between  Spain 
and  Russia.  Kuskof  was  to  be  notified  at  once  tliat 
the  company's  occupation  of  Spanish  territory  was  a 
clear  violation  of  the  treaty;  reminded  that  it  was  a 
duty  of  the  subjects  of  friendly  powers  not  to  embroil 
their  respective  courts;  and  requested  to  remove  his 
establishment  before  the  matter  was  brought  to  the 
attention  of  the  national  authorities.  Meanwhile  the 
Ilussians  were  to  bo  closely  watched,  and  the  military 
authorities  of  the  peninsula  and  the  western  Interior 
J'rovinces  were  to  be  ready  to  furnish  aid  in  case  of  an 
emergency.  ^^ 

These  communications  reached  California  early  in 
1814,  and  in  April  Moraga,  with  Gervasio  Argiiello 
and  an  escort,  was  sent  a  third  time  to  Ross  bear- 
ing letters  in  which  Arrillaga  made  known  to  Kus- 
kof the  viceregal  instructions."  The  Russian  com- 
niander  was  thus  placed  in  a  difficult  position,  and  he 
thought  it  best  to  make  no  definite  answer  until  he 
could  hear  from  Barilnof  and  Luis  Argiiello.  Accord- 
ingly he  waited  until  June  20th  before  he  answered 
the  governor's  letter,  which  even  with  Moraga'.s  ex- 
l)lanatlons  he  claimed  not  to  understand  sufficiently 
to  justify  official  action.  It  was  always  with  great 
difficulty  that  either  Russians  or  Spaniards  could  be 
made  to  understand  an  unwelcome  message  in  a  for- 
eign language.  Having  thus  disposed  of  the  main 
subject,  Kuskof  proceeded  to  offijr  Arrillaga  as  a  gilt 
a  tent  formerly  left  at  San  Francisco,  and  closed  his 
letter  bv  makinof  a  formal  demand  for  the  return  of 
certain  Kadiak  captives  who  it  was  clamied  had  cn- 


ite  by 
L-ilUiga 


333-."). 

Dlus 
[r  Cul- 

New 


"  Ang.  3<1,  viceroy  to  Arrillaga.  Prov.  Sf.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  .330-1. 

'*  KhUhuihtf,  Zafiinki,  i.  214.  Arrillaga'.s  letter  as  quoted  by  Potechin, 
Selciiii-  lioss,  8-^10,  calls  ow'iy  for  a  circumstantial  statement  for  the  viceroy's 
information  of  all  tliat  the  company  had  done  or  }iro])osed  to  do,  and  of  the 
.luthority  under  which  the  settlement  was  formed;  therefore  it  is  possible  that 
(inly  the  V.  H.'s  first  letter  had  been  received  and  was  sent  up  bj-  Moraf^'a;  }\t 
had  this  been  the  case  and  an  explanation  only  been  demanded,  Kuskof 
vimld  naturally  have  funiished  it  as  he  had  done  before,  and  would  hardly 
have  been  obliged  to  fall  back  on  his  ignorance  of  Spouisih. 


304 


RUSSIANS  IN  CALIFORNIA. 


tercd  tlio  bay  to  oscnpo  the  storm  witli  no  evil  inten- 
tion, and  of  rertiiin  others  who  had  deserted  from 
Fort  ]l()SH.  To  Arj^'i'iello  in  a  letter  of  the  same  date 
he  sent  haek  a  Spanish  letter  to  he  interj)reted,  and 
re[)cated  his  demand  lor  the  release  of  eaptives. 
These  letters  were  carried  down  to  San  Francisco  hy 
the  aoent  Slohodchikof,  who  went  after  «jfrjnn  still  dne 
and  with  a  small  caru^o  of  "^oods  for  traltic.^"  It  was 
hojjed  that  the  trouble  caused  by  the  viceroy's  orders 
would  blow  over  and  that  trade  might  proceed.  It 
was  the  company's  policy  to  keep  its  afl'airs  in  Cali- 
I'ornia  as  quiet  as  po.ssible  at  St  Petersburg  and  ^Mad- 
lid,  and  by  no  means  to  cause  a  (juarrel  between  the 
two  courts,  an  easy  task  on  account  of  the  disturbed 
condition  of  Spain,  and  to  trust  for  the  permanence 
and  prosperity  of  Fort  Rosa  to  the  revolutionary  con- 
dition and  consequent  weakness  of  Mexico,  and  to  the 
good  will  and  needs  of  the  Californians.  The  ])re- 
tence  of  an  equitable  right  to  any  part  of  the  Califor- 
nian  territory  was  an  idea  of  later  growth."^  Mora^'a 
on  July  30tli  made  out  from  his  recent  observations 
a  full  report  on  the  establishment  of  Ross,  particularly 
on  the  strength  of  its  defences.-^ 

The  capture  of  the  American  smuggler  Mercury, 
Captain  Ay  res,  in  the  preceding  year,  though  she  liad 
been  for  years  in  the  service  of  the  company,  if  not 
still  in  that  service,  seems  not  to  have  had  any  bearing 
on  the  Russian  question.     This  year,  however,  another 


'"111110  20,  1814,  Kuskof  to  Arrillj^rii  ckI  Argfiello  (written  in  Russian). 
Prov.  SI.  I'dji..  MS.,  xi.\.  30.")-7.  It  \>^  perhaps  worth  iioticiui^  that  tlie  tent 
ci'.r'ercd  to  the  governor  and  which  K'  -k'  i  took  pnins  to  represent  as  having' 
l)cen  left  at  San  Francisco  by  carelfadi' jss,  was  really  sent  clown  from  Ross 
witli  the  letters. 

"'  Raynal,  JIi<t.  PhVoiophiquc,  xii.  70^-0,  tells  ua  of  secret  negotiations  at 
the  Vienna  congress  of  1814  between  the  ministers  of  Russia  ami  Spain  as  a 
result  of  which  some  part  of  California  was  ceiled  to  Russia.  England  pene- 
tiated  the  secret  but  did  not  reveal  it.  I  suppose  this  to  be  without  founda- 
tion. Zavalishin,  IMn  o  Knloiihj  L'onti,  fi.  says  that  Capt.  Black  (of  the  English 
sliip  liaccoou),  wlio  refitted  at  San  Francisco  in  1814,  hinted  to  Slobodchiknf, 
as  shown  by  Kuskof's  report  of  July  18,  1814,  that  the  occupation  of  Ross 
was  a  violation  of  English  rights  to  New  Albion  which  'aa  the  very  name 
shows'  belongs  to  England  and  not  to  Spain. 

2^  JJoraga  to  governor,  July  .30,  1814.  Frov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xis.  360-7. 


ARGt'ELLO  TO  Kl'SKOF. 


805 


vosRol  was  cnpturod,  tlio  Ainorican  PecVrr,  Captjiin 
SainiU'l  Nortliroj),  which  was  taken  l)y  Cavcnociu  of 
the  Spanish  vi'shcI  Tdijli'  in  August.  Invcstiujation 
)-h(»\vi'(l,  or  poihapH  more  i)rojK'rly  was  made  to  ^how, 
that,  thouufh  .sht!  luul  a  Russian  (•t>ntra('t  and  |)assj)ort, 
!.h(;  liad  nioroly  hrou^lit  a  car'jf()  of  8U))pliL'.s  to  Fort 
lioss,  i)art  of  whicli  was  still  on  hoard  t(>  he  ti-ansferred 
to  a  Russian  vessel  for  whicli  the  Tuijle  had  heen  mis- 
taken; and  as  there  was  no  evidence  of  contrahand 
trade,  the  only  plausihle  pretext  for  the  detention  of 
nil  American  craft,  she  was  released  with  a  warninn^ 
to  leave  Spanish  waters  forthwith.'^  Arrilla_iL(a  luul 
(lii'd  in  July,  and  Jose  ArgUello  was  now  j^overnor 
III}  interim.  The  change  was  not  favorahle  lor  the 
llussians,  for  Argiiello,  either  from  natural  inclina- 
tions, or  more  likely  on  account  of  his  temporary 
power  and  future  ])olitical  aspirations,  was  much  less 
iViendlv  to  the  foreion  colonv  than  had  been  liis  dc- 
ceased  friend  or  his  own  sou  Luis."* 


Early  in  1815  Argliollo  wrote  a  peremptory  letter 
to  Kuskof,  stating  that  by  the  viceroy's  orders  the 
M'ttloment  c)f  Ross  must  be  abandoned  if  friendly 
iclations  were  to  be  maintained  between  Spain  and 
liussia,  and  also  expressing  great  surprise  that  Arri- 
I'.aga's  letter  of  inquiry  had  not  yet  been  answered, 
luiskofs  only  reply  was  that  he  could  do  nothing 
without  instructions  from  his  superior,  Bariinof."   Yet 

"•'The  capture  was  between  the  1.3th  au(12Gth  of  August,  and  the  governor 
okUivcI  the  iel»mse  Sept.  lOth.  Pnn:  Sf.  /'<///.,  Jlni.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlv.  .3-0; 
Airk.  Arzoh,,  MS.,  ii.  101.  March  "),  ISl."),  viceroy's  ajiproval  of  tiie  release. 
J'lvr.  SI.  J'ftjK,  MS.,  xix.  .38.3;  J'ror.  J,'<r.,  MS.,  ix.  VM.  Tikhmenef,  Isior. 
iili:,sr(iiiir,  i.  '213-14,  say.s  that  the  vessel  was  leleased  as  soon  as  it  wa.s  known 
that  tilt  car>,'o  and  most  of  the  crew  beloni^'ed  to  the  eonipaiis'.  Tlie  Pvdler 
v,(iit  liiick  to  Rosa  before  continuing  her  voyage  round  ('ape  Horn. 

-'•With  the  death  of  Arrillaga,'  writes  'I'ikhiiiruef,  htor.  Ohotranii',  i. 
■J14,  'the  Eussinn  colonies  lost  a  true  friend.  His  general  good  Teeling 
toward  the  llussians  and  his  coniidiance  with  all  their  wishes  so  far  as  possi- 
l!e.  in  spite  of  the  uncertainty  of  Spanish  politics  and  his  limited  power, 
luntinued  since  the  time  of  Kczanof.' 

'■'  I'oli'chhi,  Silciiii'  L'osn,  10,  11;  T'd'hmeuef,  Ixfor.  OhoHrnvic,  i.  21.5.  As  I 
have  before  impiied,  it  is  possible  that  the  viceroy's  orders  of  August  1813 
luid  only  just  arrived  and  were  the  cause  of  Argiiello's  peremptory  commuui- 
ttitiuu. 

HiBT.  Cal.,  Vol.  II,    20 


306 


RUSSIANS  IN  CALIFORNIA. 


1  i  i 


trade  continued,  juul  on  Aujjfust   20tli  tlic  Sitrdrof, 
Captain    jMakiirof,   arrived   at  San    Franeisco.     She 
had  been  despatched  from   St  Petershnr;^  lor  Lima, 
and  lier  ostensible  business  at  San  Fi'ancisco  was  in 
o-et  water  and  fresh  i'ood.     Yet  slie  liad  on  board    a 
])i-ocIamation  similar  to  that  of  1810  addressed  by  tju' 
directory  of  the  company  to  "our  good  friends  and 
neighbor?!,  the  noble  Spaniards,"  in  which  the  a(iva)i- 
ta'»es  of  mutual  trade  were  aufain  set  foi'th.      Jt  docs 
not  appear  that  the  authorities  consented  to  any  tral- 
ilc  beyt)nd  the  furnishing  of  necessary  su[)[)lies;   but 
the  peo|)le  could  by  no  means  resist  the  t(>m[)tation  <(» 
I'xchange   their  products   for  goods,  and  there  is  no 
reason  to  doubt  the  Russian  statement  that  a  largi' 
jtart  of  the  Siirdnirs  cargo  was  sold.      The  proclama- 
tion brought  out  a  new  h-tter  iVom  Argiiello,  or  ]»im- 
haps  I'rom  Sola,  to  Jvuskof,  in  which  he  expressed  his 
sur|)rise  at  the  presumi)tion  slu)wn  in  addressing  such 
a  document    to    the    people   or  even    the    p)-ovincial 
authorities  of  California,  since  as  a  matter  of  course 
only  the  king  could  act  in  the  mattei'.     lie  would  not 
ri'ply  to  the  proposition  for  tralHc,  but  had  sent  (hr 
l)apers  to  the  viceroy.     This  conununication,  like  the 
former,  received  no  deluiite  answer,      "^riade,  howevt'i', 
was  by  no  means  suspended,  for  the  Ch'n'ikof  and  the 
Jiiiicn  both  came  to  San  Francisco  this  year  and  ob- 
tamed  large  (quantities  of  grain  which  was  shipped  to 
Sitka  on  the  Chin'h>f'.     Kuskof  can»e  down  in  person 
on  the  latter  vessel,  and  with  the  other  agents  exerted 
himself  to  tlie  utmost  to  avert  the  tlu'catened  troubles. 
He  still  labored  to  conciliate  California  and  kee]>  the 
controversy  from  Madrid,  there  being  no  fear  of  Mex- 
ican   action.      The    Americans    were    seizing    eveiy 
opportunity  to  work  against    Russian  interests   and 
warn   the    Spaniards    of  their  and)itious  designs  to 
seize    San    Francisco    I^ay.      The    company  in    turn 
uttered  Marnings  against  the  Anglo-vVmericans;  rc|t- 
resented  its  settlement  as  the  best  possible  protection 
for  the  Spanish  frontier;  disclaimed  all  desire  for  ter- 


SOLA'S  POLICY. 


307 


ritorinl  possossIoiiH  soutli  of  l^^ica;  iirncd  tliut  tlio 
kiii"^^  (»!' S|)iiin  would  liavo  nuulc  known  liis  (lisj)lcasuro 
lonn' since,  liad  l»c  IV'lt  any,  iho  foundation  liavinjj^  Ix'cn 
known  it  Madi'id  before  the  news  reached  St  Pete)"s- 
huri^;  and  linally  ])ietured  in  hriglitest  colors  tlie  e\  i- 
(Icnt  iidvantago  of  trade  to  the  ne<^lected  soldiers  of 
tilt'  ]ii\'sidios  and  their  faniiii 


(Jovernor  Sola  luul  anivt'd  in  Auufust,  and  his  di> 


losition  was  not  at  first  more  favora 


ble  t 


oward 


tl 


le 


jvussians  than  Arsj^iiello's  had  been,  since  he  was  more 
IVcslily  ind)Ued  with  JSlexican  leelint*'  and  knew  less 
(if  (  ahfornia's  needs,  lie  at  once  called  upon  Ijuis 
Ar<.,^iu'll()  lor  a  i-eport  on  past  visits  of  liussians  to 
San  Francisco,  the  supj)lics  I'urnished,  and  how  they 


dl 


Hi  Deen  paid  lor 


If. 


lie  also  seems  to  have  sent  oi'der; 


to  Ivoss  forbiddiuL^  the  illegal  entiy  of  all  foreiijfn  ves- 
sels into  Californian  ports. -"^  The  ail'air  of  tin;  Iliiwa 
ai)out  this  time  pave  tlui  ntnv  ijovernor  a  chance  to 
show  his  devotion  to  Spanish  laws.  This  vessel,  snil- 
iii^-  under  the  American  Ww^  as  the  I^'i'fi/,  was  ]»ui'- 


cnasi 


(1  by  Uaranof  in  1HI;{  and  sent  down   to   1 


k  ( tss 


uiidci'  an   1 


Vmerican  master.-^  She  had  on  boaid  a 
liaiid  of  Aleut  hunters  under  l^oris  Tarakanof,  and  a 
(•aro'o  of  ij^oods  I'or  traflic  in  charge  of  Juan  ]']liot  (K; 
Castro  as  aiifont  of  the  company,  who  is  said  to  ha\e 
Ih'cii  in  California  before.  Of  his  proceedini^s  down 
to  the  middle  of  1815  we    »nly  know  that  he  visited 

-■■/■/•o)'.  Sf.  Pnp.,  :MS.,  xix.  'MC,  ^02  ?,;  xx.  .''),  G,  /'/.,  Hen.  Mil.,  xlvi.  ;!7; 
l\i!i'-hiii,  Sfloiie.  7iVw.i,  8  11;  Til.-lniie'iri\  I>tur.  <)lo.'<r((iiii\  i.  'JITt;  K/ililmiLif, 
/.iil'isl;},  14(i;  ]t(irdiiiij\  ^ki'tiri'i'iaxtniii',  M7;  Zui'idhlihi,  JJda  o  Juiloiih/  Ji'i.ss, 
7.  'J  he  o;ii)tain  of  the  >S'«  (•«)•';/' is  uImi  imIIiiI  Lm/juvF,  .•mil  IIk'  .supcirai  i.'(i  \v;i.s 
]|i  riiwiii  Mulvcc.  Slic  w.MH  of  ."lOO  Ions.  'I'ikiiiin  ik  f  ;illiiil<.'s  to  tlic  (li'lciilinii 
I't'  !i  ^■(•s.s^'l  .sent  to  Sun  Fiiiiicisco  hikI  tln'  sci/mi'  of  luT  ciirjio  aiiil  |i;i]icis. 
It  is  not  cli'ar  wlmt  vcs.sel  isnfcircd  to.  Tott'i'liiii  .siiys  Ai'giii'llo'N  first  li'ttii' 
M.is  sent  ill  Miircli  ami  tiio  srcoml  in  .Inly,  wiiicli  latter  ni.'iy  Ik'  an  ciror  if 
till'  Siirdrof  witli  tlu!  iiroclaniation  canic  in  Aii;,'iist.  Kiiskof  is  siiid  to  liavo 
Hliin))cil  V).^''''  lounds  of  j,'i'aiii  to  Sitka;  I'Uiot,  of  tlic  llimii,  lioniilit  in  .liiiio 
iiiiil  .\iig;,  "  ,.(,371  worth;  and  a  :<rlio(MKr  in  S('|>t('nil)er  l)ion;,'lit  .'^'J, s|.s  in 
illcrts  for  tii(:  troojis.  Tlio  proclamutiou  was  datud  July  Li,  iJSl.'t,  and  is 
jiic.icrvcd  in  tlic  arcliiM'S. 

'■Sept.  'J(i,  ISL"),  Sola  to  Arpiii'llo.  Pror.  St.  Pap.,  Ikii.  Md..,  ^IS.,  y.\\\. 
iio;    'I'ilJuiK  )i('j\  I.slnr    Oho-rniiii,  i.  'JI.V  l(i. 

■*'Hi'  is  called  W'lsdr.-isii,  \Vo,sdwit,  Wodwit,  and  ^Vii8on  Woowarck. 
Kikulorof  was  elurk,  or  (supercaigo. 


J 


I ' 


308 


RUSSIANS  IN  CALIFORNIA. 


most  of  the  places  on  the  coast,  made  many  friends, 
and  was  very  successful  both  in  tiude  and  hunting-, 
sending  to  Sitka  a  large  quantity  of  grain,  400  otter- 
skins,  and  $10,000  in  money.  Success  made  him  reck- 
less, or  perhaps  he  was  not  fully  aware  of  Sola's  strict 
ortlers  against  contraband  trade;  at  any  rate  on  Se))- 
tember  19th  Tarakdnof,  having  paid  no  attention  to 
warnings  to  quit  the  coast,  was  captured  with  over 
twenty  Aleuts  at  San  Pedro  by  Comisionado  Cota 
and  put  in  the  jail  at  Los  Angeles.  Six  days  later 
Eliot  himself,  landing  from  his  vessel  at  El  Cojo,  near 
San  Luis  Obispo,  was  also  arrested  with  another 
American,  four  Russians,  and  an  Aleut.  The  Ilincn 
escaped  and  sailed  for  the  Sandwich  Islands  by  way 
of  Ross.  Tlie  captives  were  sent  to  Santa  Barbara 
and  Monterey  in  October,  the  officers  being  treated 
with  every  attention  and  the  rest  obliged  to  work  for 
their  rations  like  Spanish  prisoners.  The  ))rotestations 
of  Kiiskof  were  for  a  time  of  no  avail;  but  some  of 
the  Aleuts,  whom  the  Spaniards  foolishly  sent  out  to 
catch  otter  for  their  new  masters,  made  their  escape 
to  Ross;  while  a  few  embraced  the  catholic  faith  and 
prepared  to  remain  in  the  country.-'^ 


^^ 


■^ Dnrdnof,  Shkncojiimink,  1^5-0;  Khh'hvilof,  Zaphli,  11;  T'lJJuiirnrf, 
iMor.  (Jlionraiile,  i.  '2l'A,  'JUi.  This  author  accuses  tlic  8j)aiiiui'ils  of  cruolty  to 
the  captives,  stating  that  a'.'conliiig  to  Kuskoi's  report  one  Aleut  who  refiisi d 
to  lieeoiue  a  Catholic  died  from  ill-trcatincut  received  from  the  padre  at  S;m 
Francisco.  The  Spanish  records  arc  somewhat  voluminous  on  this  afi'air,  Imt 
not  very  important,  being  largely  rejietitions  of  thi-  same  statements  liy  ilit- 
ferent  olficials  or  minor  details  respecting  the  vransportation  or  examin;ition 
of  the  captives.  Elii.t  dc  CnMro,  Pitju !is  loaiiilix  a  sii  (irnstdcloii  y  la  ilf  otru.i 
('niitraUiiKlixtfix  del  hiriiaul'm  nisa  '  Ihinn';  I'ror.  Ii'ic,  MS.,  ix.  IS.Vd;  xi. 
'2'A-ik  Proi:  Hi.  l'aj>.,  MS.,  xix.  IMV2,  IMU-Sl,  .'{84-7,  .S!tO-l;  J,/.,  Jkii.  Mil., 
xlvi.  .S-4,  33,  41-'J.  Sept.  l.')th.  Sola,  in  an  original  letter,  s]icid:s  of  a  hoat  cr.yi- 
tured  at  San  Luis  on  .luly'JTtli.  S.  Aiiloiiio,  ]>o<\  Siiclhin,  MS,,  73-4.  1  lie 
vessel  is  often  called  Ilcrmhua,  Anniini,  or  J/iiii  iiiii.  Kliot  is  also  sjioken  of 
as  an  Knglishnian.  Two  American  deserters  from  tlie  IIiiku  aic  said  to  liiive 
come  to  Slonterey  in  November.  Several  Aleuts  were  wounded  in  a  skiriiii>li 
at  their  capture.  All  armed  reconnoissanee  of  the  Sta  ISiiibara  Islands  was 
onlered  in  tlie  hope  of  linding  a  de))osit  of  otter-skins;  but  no  result  is  re- 
corded. It  is  anuising  to  read  the  transj)arent  excuses  the  I'lissian  prisom  is 
always  ma<le  when  taken  redhanded  at  smuggling  or  jioaching.  They  \\cie 
'driven  in  J>y  stress  of  weather,' or  had  'lost  their  way,'  and  if  suddiiiiy 
cornered  by  cross-exiimination  they  suddenly  became  profoundly  ignonuit  ui 
every  language  but  the  simplest  lUissian,  Taiakiiiidf  liiid  some  silli  goods  in 
his  bidurka  when  captured,  which  he  had  the  impudence  to  ileclare  were 


A  CONFERENCE. 


309 


nunrf, 
Ity'to 

fuscil 
t  S;iu 
liut 
lif- 
iiiitiiiii 

(l;  si. 
Mil., 

It  .T.I.- 

IIr; 
licll  of 
III  VI' 

niiisli 
Is  was 

is  10- 
■soiicrs 

Wl'I'O 

Iciily 
aiit  (if 
Kills  ill 


P< 


So  far  as  the  records  show  iiotliing  was  aecom- 
])llslicd  by  the  Russians  in  the  way  of  trade  durini^ 
18l(j,  a  condition  of  things  made  more  endurable  to 
tlio  Spaniards  by  the  arrival  of  the  supply-ship  for 
the  first  time  since  1810.  The  leading  event  of  the 
year  so  far  as  the  present  matters  are  concerned  was 
the  visit  of  Lieutenant  Otto  von  Kotzebue  on  the 
liiD'ik  in  command  of  a  Russian  scientific  expedition, 
wlio  spent  the  month  of  October  at  San  Francisco  as 
elsewhere  related.^^  Sola  came  up  i'rom  Monterey  to 
welcome  Kotzebue  and  profited  by  the  occasion  to 
(•()m})lain  of  his  nation's  grievance  at  the  hands  of 
Kuskof  and  the  company  which  he  represented.  Kot- 
zebue, of  course,  said  he  had  no  authority  in  the 
matter,  but  promised  to  bring  the  subject  to  the  at- 
tention of  his  goverimient;  and  finally  he  consented 
to  summon  Kuskof  to  a  conference.  Accordingly 
Gorvasio  Arglicllo  was  sent  to  Ross  with  the  sum- 
mons or  request,"^  and  Kuskof  came  down  the  2oth  of 
October.  During  three  following  days  a  conference 
was  held  at  the  presidio,  the  result  of  whi(;h  is 
preserved  in  a  documentary  record  signed  by  Kot- 
zebue, Kuskof,  Chamisso  as  interpreter,  and  Luis 
AvL^ilello  and  Jose  Maria  Estudillo  as  witnesses.^-  Li 
tliis  piper  are  narrated  the  circumstances  under  whicli 
the  conference  was  held;  Sola's  complaint  that  Kuskof 
lui'i  sett'  ;d  :*n  Spanish  territory  and  neglected  to  obey 
t'  c  viofjoy's  orders  to  depart,  or  even  to  give  any 
•i'liiiif'-'  answer  t^  the  governor's  letters;  Kuskof 's 
de(liui..j;  i.-»  make  any  argument  on  the  merits  of  the 

iiitcndcJ  for  his  own  use!  Wlien  asked  if  he  bad  not  been  warned  to  ijuit 
till'  cuiist  ho  could  not  understand  the  (question. 

■'"  See  chap.  xiii.  of  this  volume. 

^'  The  messenger  on  his  return  made  a  report  on  the  condition  of  the  Ilus- 
siaii  settlement.  Anjiic.llo  {fi'i  rvn.^io),  Olistrrwiniit.i  fiirhaf  par  il  Caihic.  .  .( .i 
<l  F,!<(ahlrcimie.nto  que  tieiien  los  ruitoif  como  a  Um  7  Icjuas  at  A'ortc  dc  Jiod'  /a, 
I    ;,  M,S.     Dated  Oct.  ilst. 

"'Coiifereiicia  celchrada  en  cl  Prexiilio  de  San  Fravri.iro  cntre  clOohi  niinh.r 
*"'  ^  it  ('iii/iandantc  d'i  lenjautln  riiso  '7?h)vW-,' .S'r  Knfzrhur  1/  Cusi-'.;!',  ;/./;- 
('  '.'  '■.'i/crimU iito  rtiso  arrd/n  de  Dode(j(i.  Oetuhrr  de  ISKJ,  MS.  ('luimisso, 
%\h''  i  in,iliit''d  the  document,  says  Sola  bad  the  whole  document  re-written 
tu  a^ttie  with  some  of  his,  Chamisso's,  suggestions. 


■rJ 


310 


RUSSIANS  IN  CALIFORNIA. 


case,  or  to  abandon  the  settlement  without  orders  fr-om 
IBarilnof ;  and  Kotzebue's  declaration  that  he  had  no  au- 
thority to  act  but  would  submit  the  case  to  his  sovereign. 

It  is  evident  enough,  and  in  fact  Chamisso  so  states,^ 
that  Kotzebue  recognized  the  entire  justice  of  the 
Spanish  claim;  and  it  is  equally  certain  that  Kuskof 
Mas  by  no  means  pleased  with  the  turn  things  were 
taking.  He  wanted  to  be  let  alone  to  deal  with  the 
Californians  after  his  own  manner.  He  was  thinking 
more  of  the  present  than  of  the  future,  more  of  his 
company  thav  of  his  nation.  It  is  doubtful  if  the 
idea  of  RussJ.i  "  hts  under  international  law  to 
any  territorial  p<  ^sions  in  California  had  yet  been 
conceived;  but  cvuti  if  there  was  a  vague  hope  of 
future  conquests  based  on  the  occupancy  of  Ross,  the 
company  did  not  want  the  question  submitted  yet  to 
tlic  home  governments,  since  such  a  submission  must 
needs  unfavorably  affect  for  a  time  their  smuggling 
ojierations  on  the  coast.  A  later  Russian  writer 
blames  Kotzebue  not  only  for  meddling  in  an  aftair 
that  did  not  concein  him,  but  also  for  simiino:  a  docu- 
ment  which  virtually  admitted  the  Spanish  title  to 
all  south  of  Juan  de  Fuca.^* 

The  archives  contain  a  few  slight  references  to  tlie 
Aleut  and  Russian  prisoners  in  California,  some  of 
the  former  having  been  attached  to  the  southern 
missions.'^^     Eliot  de  Castro  and  Tarakdnof  were  sent 


■    SI 


n|.:; 


''  Chamiftso,  Rehe,  i.  1.S2,  134,  137-9.  He  says  the  document  found  its 
way  into  the  proper  minister's  office  at  St  Peterslmrg  without  bcinfj;  artcil 
■upon;  that  Sola  was  to  receive  a  Knssian  decoration;  and  finally  that  wliilu 
<he  conference  was  being  lield,  Kuskof,  with  Kotzebue's  consent,  sent  out  two 
bidarkos  to  catch  otter  in  the  bay ! 

"^  TiLhmenef,  htor.  Obosraiiie,  i.  217.  Whatever  Kotzebue  may  lia%-o 
thought,  however,  the  document  in  question  can  liardly  be  deemed  an  a<hiiis- 
sion  of  Spanish  rights,  since  it  was  simply  a  record  of  Sola's  claim  and  Kii.s- 
kof's  failure  to  reply.  Khk-nikof,  Zapiski,  147-S,  merely  mentions  timt 
Kuskof  visited  San  Francisco  at  Sola's  invitation.  Sola  in  a  letter  to  tlic 
viceroy  dated  Nov.  6,  181(i,  gives  a  brief  account  of  tlie  negotiations  con- 
nected with  Kotzebue's  visit,  Prov.  Tier.,  MS.,  ix.  ir)l-3.  Capt.  Wdcox  in 
a  letter  of  Dec.  12,  1817,  says  ho  tonelied  at  IJodega  on  Dec.  2."),  18;(i,  Imt 
could  sell  nothing,  though  he  refitted  his  vessel,  the  CamUiruitc,  there,  l^ror. 
AV  /V(/<.,  MS.,  XX.  IGiVG.  The  arrival  of  a  Russian  vessel,  the  Concoff,  is 
noted  at  Monterey  from  San  Francisco.   Prov.  liec,  MS.,  ix.   143. 

^'Sefian's letters  in  (/»(/•/•((,  Dor.  J/iM.  Cat.,  MS.,  v.  01-3;  Prov.  St.  Pap., 
i\;s.,  XX.   lOti;  /(/.,  IJcn.  Mil.,  xlvi.  39. 


VICEROY  S  ORDERS. 


311 


to  Sal)  Bias  by  the  Paz  y  I?eIir/ion  but  were  brouglit 
liack  by  the  /S'a/i  Cth'los:'^  Eliot  was  taken  away  by 
Kotzebue  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  where  he  became 
secretary  of  state  to  the  kinj^.  Tliree  Russian  desert- 
ris  were  also  taken  away  to  R(ws.  Whether  the 
coiiiinander  was  not  willing  to  take  more  or  Sola  to 
give  them  up  does  not  clearl}^  appear.^' 

Sola  is  said  by  Chamisso  to  have  promised,  and 
]ti'oi)ably  did  promise,  not  to  use  forcible  measures  to 
t'ject  the  Russian  intruders  until  the  matter  could  be 
considered  at  court.  Such  an  agreement  was  not  a 
wry  important  on*,  for  either  party;  for  the  governor 
was  hardly  in  a  positKU  to  use  force  had  he  desired  to 
do  so,  and  he  knew  that  he  could  not  keep  such  a 
promise  by  his  own  authority,  since  he  was  subject  to 
the  viceroy's  orders.  Late  in  the  year  came  a  com- 
iiiuiiication  from  Viceroy  Calleja,  in  which,  while  not 
(hsjip[)roving  the  past  exchange  of  grain  for  articles 
needed  by  the  soldiers,  he  ordered  a  strict  watch  to  be 
kept  on  the  Russians,  who  Avere  by  no  means  to  be 
allowed  to  enter  Californian  por^s  or  visit  the  presi- 
dios "to  ascertain  the  condition  of  our  forces. "^^  And 
this  was  followed  by  another  order  to  force  an  aban- 
donment  of  Ross,  and  to  call  upon  the  rulers  of  other 
] >iovinces  for  aid  if  necessary.^''  The  order  of  course  was 
not  carried  out,  but  the  progress  of  the  colony  in  the 
direction  of  commercial  intercourse  was  at  a  standstill. 

In  his  report  of  1817,  Sola  replied  to  the  viceroy's 

^^Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  03;  Dept.  St.  Pnp.,  Den.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxxvii. 
G'2.  June  17tli,  Sola  vritcs  to  Onoira  that  Tnrakauof  before  sailing  revcakd 
the  fact  tliat  there  was  a  large  dejiosit  of  skins  on  one  of  the  islaiuls.  These 
arc  to  he  taken  and  a  secret  report  made.  Pior.  Ric,  MS.,  xi.  3.")  (i.  I'ailre 
Martiiie/,  says  of  Eliot  in  a  letter  of  Dee.  1  Ith,  tliat  unless  he  luendHhiH  ways 
lie  will  go  hence  'to  hell — not  because  I  will  send  hiiu  tlierc,  for  I  am  not  in 
the  sservicc  of  devils,  but  bei^ause  ho  so  wishes  it.'  Oiicrra,  J)uc.  Jli.if.  Cri/., 
-^IS.,  iii.   10. 

'■'■  Kdtzilme'H  Voif.,  i.  280-7,  ii.  13;  Chmvi.^fo,  /?^/>,  i.  130-7;  Bdnhiof. 
t<lic.nioj>(ii.-'anie,  15'?;  Prov.  St.  Pnp.,   MS.,  xx.  .31;    Valbjo,  JIi<t.  Cdl.,  M.S., 

iv.  'im-\\. 

=•"  April  1(5,  1810,  viceroy  to  Sola.  Prm:  Si.  Pnp.,  MS.,  xx.  T). 

•'"June  30th,  viceroy  to  govenior  of  L.  Califoniia.  Pror.  St.  Pnp.,  MS.,  xxii. 
28;  Xov.  14th,  Sola  acknowledges  receipt  of  such  orders.  Prov.  llec,  MS., 
ix.  154. 


812 


RUSSIANS  IN  CALIFORNIA. 


I  1,1 


bi 


comnmuications,  and  ex])laiiiecl  tlie  difficulties  in  tlio 
wa}^  of  ousting  tlic  liussian  intruders.  To  make  the 
attempt  with  any  chance  of  success  at  least  one  Imii- 
dred  infantry  and  four  iield-pieces  with  artillerynitii 
were  necessary,  besides  annnunition,  and  even  sui)[)lits 
of  food,  of  which  there  were  none  at  the  govcrno:' s 
difs})o.sal.  As  for  aid  from  New  Galicia  the  viceroy 
was  simj)ly  reminded  of  the  time  it  would  take  to  send 
a  courier,  obtain  the  necessary  orders,  organize  an 
expedition,  and  land  the  troops  in  California;  and  was 
left  to  meditate  upon  the  absurdity  of  such  a  propo- 
sition.'"' Made  acquainted  with  the  state  of  afJ'airs  in 
the  south  by  Kuskof's  letters,  Barilnof  despatchwl 
Lieutenant  Yakov  Padusldiin  in  the  CJilnkof,  Beuse- 
man  master,'*  to  treat  with  the  California  officials. 
His  credentials,  in  the  form  of  a  letter  from  Baninof 
to  Sola,^'^  n.ontio)\cd  as  the  sulyect  of  negotiation  only 
the  release  of  Aleut  and  Russian  prisoners;  but  no 
doubt  Padushkin  was  also  commissioned  to  agitate  the 
all-important  matter  of  trade;  and  he  was  probably 
instructed  to  so  conciliate  the  Spaniards,  if  possii)lc, 
as  to  effect  a  cessation  of  the  troublesome  insistence 
on  the  abandonment  of  Ross.  It  is  noticeable,  how- 
ever, that  the  couipany  was  very  shy  of  intrusting  to 
paper  its  ideas  on  this  latter  subject. 

Arrivinof  at  San  Francisco  late  in  March,  Padusli- 
kin  applied  to  Argiiello  for  permission  to  go  by  land 
to  IMonterey,  which,  on  reference  to  the  governor,  was 
refused  and  the  trip  was  made  by  sea."     At  the  cap- 

*" Sola,  Ivforme.  General  al  V'trey  sobre  Defawan  dc  hi Cali/oniia,  1S17,  M'^. 

^'Christopher  Marthicvich  Beuseman,  master  of  the  Ross  schooner  ('lun- 
leaf  (the  Spaniards  call  her  ^Sciiiia  Chiriko'),  was  a  Prussian  and  first  served 
the  company  as  mate  on  the  Peacock.  He  finally  became  a  Russian  subject 
anil  in  1825  was  madea  noble  of  the  14th  class,  lini'dnof,  Shizneopinsaiiic,  10!). 

*'■  Feb.  2,  1817,  Barauof  to  Sola,  written  in  Russian.  Prov.  St.  P(ij>.,  M^., 
XX.  20G-8.  The  writer  regrets  his  inability  through  ignorance  of  SpiuiiHli  to 
enlarge  on  his  own  views,  but  he  has  given  Padushkin  full  powers  to  'di.scuss 
without  any  ill-feeling  or  hostile  pretensions  the  questions  referred  to. ' 

«  March  31,  1817,  Sola  to  Argiiello.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlvi. 
38.  April  10th,  May  12th,  Sola  to  viceroy.  Prov.  L'ec,  MS.,  ix.  169-70.  It 
would  seeui  that  the  schooner  did  not  enter  the  bay,  but  that  the  oliicer.s 
lauded  in  bidarkas,  or  cayncos  as  the  Spaniards  always  called  them.  Ajnil 
24th,  Padushkin  at  Monterey  asked  for  arrest  of  an  Aleut  who  had  desertcil 
from  the  vessel  at  Ross.  Pruv.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  205. 


THE  GOVERNOR'S  PROTEST. 


313 


ital  Sola  received  liiin  politely,  and  without  the  slight- 
est Iiesitation  delivered  the  prisoners  to  the  number 
I  if  liftcen,  promising  to  give  up  the  rest  as  soon  as 
tluy  could  be  brought  in  from  distant  points.*'  As  to 
trade  the  governor,  though  he  seems  tt)  have  jiermitted 
l*a(hishkin  to  obtain  a  cargo  of  provisions,'^  refused 
to  commit  himself  without  the  consent  of  his  suj)eri- 
ors,  and  took  the  same  ground  respecting  a  proposi- 
tion to  hunt  otter  in  partnership  with  the  California 
government.*"  These  matters  being  disposed  of,  Sola 
reverted  to  the  old  complaint  against  Kuskof,  wlio 
persisted  in  keeping  up  a  settlement  in  California 
against  the  wishes  and  orders  of  the  Spanish  authori- 
ties. By  Padushkin,  who  returned  to  Sitka  in  June, 
lie  sent  a  letter  to  Baninof,  in  which,  after  alluding  to 
liis  ]iast  dealings  with  Kuskof  and  stating  his  reasons 
for  having  delayed  the  release  of  the  prisoners,  he 
says:  "And  now  I  hope  that  you  will  proceed  to  re- 
move every  ground  of  complaint,  by  immediately  with- 
drawing the  establishment  of  Bodega  beyond  the 
Sjjanisli  limits,  which,  as  already  stated,  extend  to 
tlie  Strait  of  Fuca;  which  being  done  and  this  cause 
of  ill-feeling  on  the  part  of  both  sovereigns  being  re- 
moved, I  shall  report  to  the  viceroy,  and  perhaps  this 
will  make  my  king  more  favorably  disposed  to  accede 
to  your  proposal  of  obtaining  the  products  of  this 
country  for  the  support  of  the  inhabitants  of  your 
own."  Then  he  ventures  to  doubt  the  genuineness  of 
a  license  of  the  Russian  emperor  to  found  the  settle- 
ment of  Ross,  because  such  an  act  must  naturally 


"  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  214-10;  Bardnof.  f^hizneophsanie,  147.  One  of 
tlu'  rclciised  prisoners  was  Tarakanof,  or  Tarasof  as  the  Spaniards  called  hUn. 
Sdiiio  who  had  married  Californian  women  were  allowed  to  remain  at  the 
missions.  Sola  had  intended  to  give  up  the  prisoners  to  Kuskof  the  year  be- 
fore, liut  had  been  so  disgusted  at  the  latter's  excuses  about  quitting  Califor- 
nia in  accordance  with  the  viceroy's  orders  that  he  had  concluded  to  wait  a 
uliilc, 

'■'  Khh'hnihof,  Zapi-tki,  148.  For  this  ])urpose  the  Chirilnf  seems  to  have 
L'oiR'  down  to  Sta  Barbara.  May  9th,  I'adre  Ifipoll  to  Sola.  Ai-<h.  Arzo//., 
-MS.,  iii.  pt.  ii.  2. 

*'■  Ho  even  refused  to  allow  the  lieutenant  to  leave  a  few  hunters  at  tlio 
hight  of  Sttu  Autouio  'to  kill  deer.'  Proc.  iSl.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlvi.  38. 


314 


RUSSIANS  IN  CALIFORNIA. 


liavG  been  transmitted  to  Spain  and  tlicneo  to  INTcxico 
and  California;  and  finally,  after  ex])osing  the  Hinisy 
nature  of  Kuskof's  excuses  and  showing  that  there 
had  been  no  lack  of  time  or  opportunity  for  repeated 
comnmnications  with  Sitka  and  St  Petersburg,  he 
concludes  by  stating  that  Padushkin  fissured  him  that 
within  twenty  days  after  the  receipt  of  this  letter  Bar- 
anof  wouhl  order  Kuskof  to  leave  Ross  and  retire  to 
Ilussian  territory.*'^  Tikhmenef  chooses  to  term  Sola's 
simple  obedience  to  the  laws  of  his  country  and  tlic 
orders  of  his  superiors,  obstinacy,  which  he  absurdly 
attributes  to  Kotzebue's  intermeddling  and  opposition 
to  the  company's  schemes.*^ 

The  modern  Russian  writers  whom  I  have  cited,  or 
some  of  them,  imply  that  almost  from  the  beginning 
their  countrymen  maintained  the  equity  of  their  claim 
to  the  country  round  Ross.  A  close  examination, 
however,  shows  that  these  writers  simply  antedate 
their  own  views  and  the  arguments  resulting  from 
later  disputes.  The  idea  of  a  claim  to  territory  soutli 
of  the  Columbia,  if  entertained  by  the  Russians,  Avas 
never  broached  by  them  to  the  Spaniards  before  181". 
Contemporary  documents  show  that  the  matter  was 
never  brought  forward  in  the  recorded  discussions; 
and  it  is  easy  to  see  that  such  a  pretension  must  have 
interfered  seriously  and  uselessly  with  the  company's 
cherished  connnercial  plans.  Not  even  in  1817  was 
the  claim  urged  in  California;  but  there  is  some  evi- 
dence that  about  this  time  it  was  brought  forward 
elsewhere.  In  fact  such  a  claim  was  the  only  plausi- 
ble answer  to  Sola's  complaint,  unless  the  conj})any 
was  willing  to  promise  the  abandonment  of  Ross;  and 
it  is  said  that  the  Spanish  ambassador  at  St  Peters- 
burg complained  this  same  year  in  a  note  to  Count 
Ncsselrode  that  the  Russians,  "  forgetful  of  every 
feeling  of  justice  and  esteem  to  a  friendly  empire, ' 

"  This  letter  dated  May  .5,  1817,  ia  copied  in  Vnlkjo,  Hist.  Gal.,  MS.,  i\ . 
20()-ll.  It  is  a  very  important  document,  being  a  manly  and  able  present- 
ment of  tlie  Spanish  claim. 

"  'J'ikhineueJ',  htor.  Oboxraiiie,  i.  21G-17. 


HAGEMEISTER'S  VISIT. 


31i 


was 
.817. 

was 

5ioiis; 

have 

auy's 

was 

ovi- 

•wai'd 

ausi- 

panv 

aiul 
iters- 
^ouiit 
3vcrv 
)ire, ' 

IS.,  iv. 
hrusciit- 


had  established  themselves  for  commercial  purposes 
(111  lands  not  belonging  to  them,  asking  in  the  name 
(if  liis  king  that  steps  be  taken  for  the  removal  of  the 
settlement.  To  this  note,  as  we  are  told  by  Tikh- 
nienef  and  Potechin,*"  the  comdany  replied  by  main- 
taining the  lawfulness  of  their  settlement,  thei-e 
being  nothing  on  any  existing  chart  to  show  that 
the  country  from  San  Francisco  to  the  Columbia 
lielonged  in  1812  to  any  European  nation.  We  know 
])ut  little  about  this  correspondence;  but  it  is  possible 
that  the  claim  was  now  set  up  as  the  oidy  way  out  of 
existing  difficulties;  not,  I  sup[)Ose,  so  much  with  a 
])urposc  of  permanent  occupancy  as  with  a  hope  of 
1  (altering  the  claim  for  connnercial  privileges  later, 
liaranof  was  about  this  time  replaced  by  Hagemeister, 
who  came  down  to  Ro.ss,  and  among  other  measures 
is  said  to  have  eifected  a  renewal  and  extension  of  the 
old  cession  by  native  chieftains. 

Not  only  did  Hagemeister  come  to  Ross,  but  he 
extended  his  visit  to  San  Francisco  in  October,  and 
])i'()Ught  Kuskof  with  him  on  board  chc  Kutusof.^^ 
The  pretext  of  this  '^isit  was  to  collect  certain  debts 
and  release  the  remaining  prisoners;  the  real  ol)ject 
was  to  see  what  could  be  done  toward  improving 
the  business  relations.  A  correspondence  having  been 
opened  with  the  governor,  the  latter  readily  gave  up 
a  lew  more  prisoners,«and,  with  a  view  of  relieving 
the  wants  of  the  soldiers,  himself  made  the  first  ad- 
vances in  the  way  of  trade  by  a  proposal  to  purchase 
the  cargo  to  the  extent  of  $30,000,  and  pay  in  drafts 
on  Guadalajara.  This  Hagemeister  declined,  feeling 
little  confidence  in  the  ability  or  disposition  of  the 
hianeh  treasury  at  Guadalajara  to  pay  such  debts  for 
California  in  the  present  aspect  of  public  aifairs;  but 
he  offered  to  sell  the  goods  nevertheless,  and  to  take 

^''  Tilhmevef,  htor,  Ohosrniiie,  i.  217-10;  Pofcchin,  Srlenie  Bosii,  11. 

'"'  Ilrivf  mention  of  the  Kiiluso/'n  presence,  in  Prav.  St  J'<i/>.,  MS.,  xx, 
210-11;  ilncrra.  Doc.  Hint.  Cal.,  MS.,  '251,  2,">4;  lioqnefeuW^  Voiiwii',  '.V.)-W. 
Slu'  left  for  Sitka  Nov.  11th.  During  her  stay  a  Russian  letter  '.vas  sent  all 
tilt  way  down  to  Santa  Barbara  and  hack  in  vain  search  for  an  interpreter. 


ii 


i  ^ 


t\ 


11 


310 


RUSSIANS  IN  CALIFORNIA. 


his  pay  in  sca-ottcrs  which  lio  would  catcli  in  Saii 
Francisco  Bay."  Notwithstan(Un<^  the  manifest  ad- 
vantai,'cs  of  such  a  bargain,  Sohxdid  not  feel  atlihcrty 
to  accept  it;®'  but  he  allowed  the  purchase  of  con- 
siderable quantities  of  grain  on  terms  not  stated,  ' 
and  the  general  effect  of  Hagemeistcr's  visit  seems  to 
have  been  a  restoration  of  former  confidence  and 
amity.  For  several  years  the  company  had  but  little 
difficulty  in  disposing  of  the  cargoes,  and  the  old  con- 
troversy was  left  practically  to  take  care  of  itself. 

The  mission  of  San  Rafael,  the  first  permanent 
S])anish  establishment  north  of  the  bay,  was  founded 
at  the  end  of  this  year.  The  Russian  writers  tJiink 
that  this  foundation  was  intended  to  strengthen  tlie 
Spanisli  title  or  to  prevent  the  extension  of  Russian 
possessions.''*  There  is  nothing  to  indicate  such  a  })Ui- 
])Ose  on  the  part  of  either  missionary  or  secular  au- 
thorities; and  if  Ross  was  thought  of  at  all  in  this  con- 
nection it  was  probably,  as  one  writer  asserts,®^  only  as 
the  best  available  mai-ket  for  mission  products,  in 
which  respect  it  proved  a  great  advantage  in  the  al- 
most continued  intercourse  that  followed."" 

There  is  little  of  importance  to  be  recorded  on  Eus- 
sian  relations  during  the  last  three  years  of  the  de- 
cade. Early  in  1818  Sola  acknowledged  the  receipt 
from  the  viceroy  of  a  royal  order  to  strike  a  blow  at 

^'  The  company  was  to  bear  all  the  expenses  of  the  hunt;  to  share  tlie  jiro- 
ceeds  equally  with  the  Spaniards,  anil  to  take  the  sliarc  of  the  latter  in  jiay- 
ment  for  goods  at  a  fixed  price — 88  for  large  skins,  which  was  vui'v  low. 
Po/cckin,  Sclenie  Rosk,  12-14.  According  to  Padre  Arroyo's  letter  to  tho 
governor  there  were  some  Russians  seen  hunting  near  San  Pedro  this  yviw. 
Pror.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  125. 

"  Khlebiiik-qf,  Zapiski,  78,  141-2. 

^^  The  KiUusof,  according  to  Potechin,  took  1,396  pouds  of  wheat;  !)!>  I'f 
barley;  200  of  pease  and  beans;  and  144  of  tallow.  A  pond  was  36  Itis.  'I'ikh- 
nienef,  /star.  Obosranie,  i,  218-19,  states  that  Sola  gave  a  formal  autliDiizii- 
tion  for  future  trade  in  a  letter  to  the  company,  but  this  seems  unlikely,  w  licii 
a  tacit  consent  would  have  served  his  purpose  as  well. 

'^^KhMmllcof,  Zapinki,  148-9;   Tlkhminef,  lator.  Obosranie,  i.  361. 

f  Fernandez,  Corns  dc  Cat.,  MS.,  86. 

^"Moi'ras,  Exploration,  ii.  5,  tells  us  tliat  President  Payeras  on  Ma\  '2, 
1817,  addressed  a  letter  to  the  king  of  Spain  on  the  Russian  colony,  Tliis 
letter  I  have  not  seen. 


GOLOVNIN'S  VISIT. 


817 


the  intruders;  but  he  urged  that  for  such  a  step  re- 
ciilnrceinents  were  needed,  an<l  did  nothing/'  He 
1)(  licved  that  by  his  j)ast  remonstrances  and  his  hite 
iilVivnce  of  the  whole  matter  to  the  superior  govern- 
nieiit,  he  had  done  all  that  could  be  expected  of  him. 
He  understood  now  better  than  at  first  the  pressing 
\nv(\!^  of  his  subjects;  therefore,  especially  as  the  vice- 
loy  had  not  objected  to  barter  for  articles  needed 
1)V  the  troops,  he  seems  to  have  allowed  the  traffic  to 
go  <  111  without  opposition.  Khlebnikof  tells  us  that 
vessels  were  sent  yearly  from  Sitka  without  always 
touching  at  lioss.'^'* 

jii  the  autumn  of  1818  Hagemeister  seems  to  have 
made  a  second  visit  to  the  southern  coast,  meeting 
Sola  at  Monterey,  but  we  know  very  little  about  this 
tri]).'^  Equally  vague  is  our  knowledge  respecting  the 
visit  of  Golovnin  in  the  Kamchatha,  who  was  on  an 
expedition  round  the  world,  and  who  was  at  Monterey 
at  the  same  time  as  Hagemeister.  He  tells  us  of  four 
Aleuts  brought  by  the  latter,  who  with  much  caution 
and  considerable  success  proceeded  to  hunt  otter  ui"h.'r 
the  \ery  noses  of  the  Spaniards  during  the  few  ^\  >  cks 
of  their  stay.^     Golovnin,  however,  gives  m  his  narra- 

''  Aiiril  3,  1818,  Sola  to  viceroy.  Prov.  lice,  MS.  ix.  IflO.  In  this  letter  he 
rcniiirks  that  tiie  Russians  arc  instructing  the  Indians,  who  show  great  aptitude. 

■■'X'i/,id-!,  148. 

''"Tlio  arrival  of  the  Co^^cq//' (perhaps  Kiitmof)  is  announced  by  the  gov- 
ciiKjr.  Sept.  2,  1818.  I'rov.  J!ec.,  MS.,  ix.  11)7.  Khlebnikof,  Zapinki,  78, 
iii(.iiti(in.s  Hagemeister's  second  visit. 

''"(•'niofiiiii,  I'oyatic,  i.  'J71-88,  fragmentary  extracts  in  Mnternihd,  pt.  iv. 
111.  iiiul  in  the  Morxhvi  Slioriiik,  Jan.  18o8.  Correspondence  about  the  delivery 
fit'  ',1  mure  Aleut  prisoners.  Guerra  thinks  some  of  tlicm  ouglit  to  remain  in 
('iilifiiniiii,  since  it  would  be  a  praiseworthy  act  to  enable  them  to  save  their 
.soiils.  Gii'i-m,  Doc.  IJist.  Cat.,  MS.,  iii.  lO(>-7;  iv.  3i»!)-400:  Prov.  St.  Pap., 
Ill  II.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlix.  18.  Arrival  of  the  A'(/>/(t7i«^te  mentioned.  Prov.  Rcc, 
Ms.,  ix.  107;  Poqiicfeiiirs  Voy.,  107.  In  a  letter  of  Jan.  28,  1818,  tlie  com- 
\mn\  is  said  to  have  notified  the  colony  at  Hoss  to  refrain  from  all  dealings  with 
thf  Amoricans.  Zitvuli.thhi,  JMo  o  Koloniy,  7-8.  In  July  Kuskdf  sent  a]iaity 
ol  .')S  bidarkas  to  Trinidad  ]5ay,  but  the  Indians  were  hostile,  and  only  1 1  skins 
Wire  obtained.  Khlrhiiihof,  Z<(jiisl'i,  111!).  In  a  letter  of  July  2,')th  Sefian  men- 
tions a  newspaper  article  from  St  Petersburg  praising  Sola  for  his  reception  of 
Kut/.eljuo.  '  What  has  engaged  my  attention  particularly,'  says  the  friar,  '  is 
V.w  iiaine  of  New  Albion  which  they  apply  to  the  province,  being  one  of  the 
iiinncs  <if  (ireat  Britain.'  Gin'rra,  Doc.  IlUt.  Cat.,  MS.,  vi.  (iO.  In  a  letter 
dated  Monterey  Nov.  11,  1818,  J.  B.  Prevost  notifies  the  U.  S.  secretary  of 
slut"  (if  the  settlement  at  Ross,  and  of  the  probable  ambition  of  tiic  Russians 
to  a(  (jiiiie  additional  territory  on  the  coast.  Amcr.  St.  Pap.,  iv.  Soo. 


818 


RUSSIANS  IN  CALIFORNIA. 


tivc  some  {loscriptivL'  matter  ubout  lloss,  wlicro  lie 
^VJls,  {i|»itarontly  I'or  tlio  secoml  time,  on  Scptemlx  r 
27tli;  niul  he  also  presents  a  formal  argument  on  the 
right  of  the  Russian  company  to  make  a  settlement  on 
the  coast,  the  Spaniards  having  no  rights  there.  New- 
Albion,  ho  argues,  was  discovered  by  Drake,  is  en- 
tirely distinct  from  California,  and  had  never  contaiiird 
a  Spanish  post  before  Ross  was  founded.  He  says 
tiie  Spaniards  were  friendly  at  first,  Sola's  hostile 
j)olicy  being  a  new  one,  and  practically  abandoned  in 
view  of  Kuskofs  defiant  attitude.  The  natives,  Ik; 
claimed,  hated  the  Spaniards,  were  friendly  to  the 
Russians,  and  had  made  a  formal  (session  of  the 
country.  This  is  the  earliest  argument  extant  on  the 
question;  and  it  is  to  be  noted  that  the  views  are 
those  of  an  individual,  Russia  never  assuming  any 
such  position. 

The  annals  of  1819  are  even  more  meagre  than 
those  of  the  preceding  year,  no  arrival  of  a  Russia 
vessel  being  recorded.  The  viceroy  reiterated  hi-, 
orders  that  the  inhabitants  of  California  must  have 
no  trade  with  the  Russian  colony;"^  and  a  rumor 
reached  the  United  States,  apparently  coming  fioni 
the  captain  of  a  Russian  vessel  in  China,  that  eiglit 
hundred  miles  of  the  California  coast  had  been  cedtd 
by  Spain  to  Russia.*^' 

In  1820  Yanofski,  having  succeeded  Hagemcistor  as 
chief  manager  at  Sitka,  sent  Lieutenant  Khlebnikot' 
down  to  Ross  and  to  Monterey  to  perfect  the  ann- 
mercial  arrangements  begun  by  his  predecessor.  Tin; 
Bulddkof  and  possibly  the  Ilmoi  came  down  on  this 
trip."^     Sola  made  no  objection  to  the  trading  of  tlio 

«'Oet.  19,  1819.  Pror.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  73.  A  private  letter  fimii 
Mexico  of  Jan.  27th  speaks  of  the  Ilussian  intrusion  as  a  bad  matter,  ,iimI 
liopes  Sola  Avill  destroy  the  settlement.  Gucrra,  Doc.  JIht.  t'al.,  MS.,  vi. 
117.  In  a  letter  of  May  .31st  Tayeras  says  CoscolF,  or  Ross,  is  '20  k'a,L'm.4 
from  San  Rafael  by  way  of  Olonipali  and  I'etaluma.  Doc.  Hist.  Cat.,  iv.  li-l.'i. 

^■^  Xiles'  Itciilxler,  xvi.  1237;  xvii.  '1?,-1. 

^  Yauofski  iu  a  letter  of  June  13th  introduces  Khliibnikof  and  implies 


WILLING  TO  DEPART. 


319 


ciW'^o  for  grain.  tlu)U«,di  lie  insisted  that  he  had  made 
i;i)  jii'oniisejj  to  Ilagenicister.  lie  receive<l  a  tine 
iiiliKir  as  a  gift,  and  sent  back  in  return  pheasants  and 
tiiii-'iU'S.  lie  couhl  as  vot  nialie  no  definite  reply  to 
tlie  proposal  to  hunt  otters  on  shares.  Two  other 
]iussian  vessels  touched  at  San  Francisco  in  Noveni- 
l)(i',  called  the  Otkntit'C  and  Bku/unamercnk',  coni- 
iM.iiided  by  Captain  Vassilief.  A  royal  order  for  the 
kind  reception  of  these  ships  and  two  others  had  been 
ivccived  by  Sola  in  whicl*  they  were  described  as 
1m  l()nL,Mng  to  a  scientific  expedition  round  the  world 
hikI  to  both  ])oles;  but  it  was  a  custom  of  the  llus- 
sians  to  call  all  the  company's  trips  to  Alaska  voyaLjes 
iDiiiid  the  world.  Of  their  stay  and  business  in  Cal- 
iluniia  I  know  nothin«jf.*^ 

111  1820  the  company  announced  its  willingness  to 
relinquish  the  claim  lately  set  uj)  to  territory  on  the 
coast  ill  exchange  for  the  privilege  of  tiade.  In  a 
letter  to  Nesselrodc,  Russian  minister  of  foreign  af- 
I'airs,  occurs  the  following:  "The  large  capital  invested 
in  this  settlement  has  not  made  the  returns  expected 
IVoin  it  by  the  company,  on  account  of  the  short  time 
elapsed,"  and  the  lack  of  permanent  settlers.  "Yet 
the  Si)aiiish  government  of  Now  California  constantly 
(.Icnuaids  the  abandonment  of  the  settlement  and  the 

tliat  he  sails  on  the  Elmasina;  but  Sola  in  liia  reply  dated  August  2d,  calla 
till-  vctisel  Ylmnia.  St.  Pap.  Sac,  MS.,  viii.  (iO-1.  On  the  other  hand  the 
Jliil<luL'"/'n  arrival  under  Capt.  Cyril  Khlebnikof,  her  buying  grain  at  Santa 
Cniz,  and  her  departure  in  September  are  noted.  Dejit.  St.  Pup.,  Den.  Mil., 
-MS.,  Iv.  t»;  St.  Pap.  Sac.,  MS.,  v.  58. 

"'Dec.  14,  1S19,  viceroy's  instmctiona  to  Sola  in  favor  of  the  two  vessels 
iiiiiiied,  and  also  the  Voatock  and  Mlrlni  under  C;ipt.  liilingshansen.  Sent  to 
c>  imiiaiulant  by  Sola  April  28,  1820.  Pror.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  7-4-0,  270. 
T!iu  (Jtl.ruitle  and  BhujotHimerctiie  sailed  from  Cronstadt  in  August  1819; 
ariivcil  at  San  Francisco  Nov.  22,  1820;  and  apparently  remained  until  Jan- 
tinry  1821.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,xx.  273;  St.  Pap.  Sac',  MS.,  vi.  24;  Gucrra, 
Jhj.:  nut.  Cal.,  MS.,  iv.  02. 

Jose  Maria  Amador,  Memorias,  MS.,  24-.'),  mentions  an  expedition  of 
Miiraj^'a  to  Bodega  and  Ross  this  year  which  he  accompanied  as  a  soldier. 
All  Were  very  kindly  received  by  the  Russians,  especially  by  the  otlicers  of 
twi)  Vessels  at  Rodega,  who  gave  tliem  silk  shirts  and.  fV.w.v  things  U>y  them- 
whes  and  f.amilies,  enabling  them  to  make  a  decided  scnsstion  with  their 
liiK  ry  on  retunrng  to  San  Francisco.  This  expedition  is  not  elsewlicre  nien- 
tiniiLtl,  and  there  may  be  an  error  of  date.  Alvarado,  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  i.  l',)l, 
(.'ivcs  a  not  very  probable  rnmor  that  the  Russians  prompted  the  unfortunato 
expedition  of  the  Spaniards  to  the  north  this  year. 


i 


i 


1  n 


!il 


320 


RtSSIAXS  IN  CALIFORNIA. 


('([ 


departure  of  the  Russians,  claiming  tlie  land  occnpi 
by  tlieni  and  even  the  whole  coast  of  New  Albion  ms 
belonging  to  the  Spanish  crown  on  the  strength  (it 
the  first  discovery  of  Americd  by  Columbus;  and  ])('r- 
ha})s  forcible  measures  would  have  been  rcsorte<l  to 
ere  this  had  they  been  in  a  condition  to  carry  them 
out.  In  this  state  of  affairs  the  Russian  American 
Company  would  willingly  abandon  its  settlem*  iit, 
v.iiicli  fills  the  Spaniards  with  fear,  and  never  more 
think  of  choosing  another  site  on  the  coast  of  Albion, 
if  it  could  by  this  sacrifice  gain  tlie  privilege  of  jitr- 
manent  trade  with  New  California,  which  is  closed  to 
foreigners  by  law  of  the  colony  principally  for  the 
])ur];)ose  of  hiding  the  astonishing  poverty  and  weak- 
ness of  its  governuiLiit."'^^  The  minister  was  urged  to 
influence  the  Spanish  government  in  favor  of  this]  )i<t- 
posal,  and  also  that  of  taking  otter  on  shares.  It  is 
not  unlikely  that  the  terms  might  have  been  accepted 
liad  it  not  been  for  political  changes  in  the  relations 
between  old  and  new  Spain. 

Here  I  might  appropriately  give  a  sketch  of  Ross, 
its  actual  condition  in  1820,  its  buikhngs  an<l  forci's, 
its  industries;  of  the  progress  made  by  the  company  s 
.  'jents  in  California  durinsf  the  first  ten  years  in  coin- 
merec,  in  otter-hunting,  in  cigriculture,  and  ship-bui].l- 
ing;  the  whole  serving  to  show  why  Ross  wasdeei.utl 
a  failure,  and  why  they  were  willing  to  give  it  ii[t. 
This  sketch,  however,  for  no  reason  more  potent  than 
a  desire  to  divide  the  chapters  somewhat  synnnetii- 
cally  in  res])ect  of  length,  is  withheld  for  the  Russian 
annals  of  the  next  decade.*^" 


^  Tikhme>)ef,  Idor.  Ohni^rank,  i.  221-2;  Potechin,  Selevie  lioss,  13-14. 
™  !Si;c  ohapter  xxviii.  of  this  volume. 


CHAPTER  XV. 


EXPLORATIONS-INDIAN  AFFAIRS— FOUNT)ING 
OF  SAN  R^VFAEL. 

1811-1820. 

Abklua  Explores  the  Lower  San  Joaqitim  and  Sacramento  by  Water — 
OuuiiNAL  Namks — Indians  Troublesome  at  San  Oabuiel  — Soto's 
Batt'.e — Pahre  Cabot  Explores  the  Tulares — Sola's  Grand  Expe- 
dition—Friars'  Report  on  the  Indian  Tribes — An  Important  Docu- 
ment— Padre  Martinez  Visits  the  TulareSos — A  Pklsidio  and 
Missions  Recommended — The  Native  Islanders — Founding  of  San 
Rafael  Asistencia — Tour  of  Padre  Payeras — The  Names  Pkia- 
LiMA,  Sacramento,  and  Sonoma — Disaster  at  San  Bpenaventlra — 
Ccplohado  Indians — Victory  of  Sanchiv  over  the  Moquelcmnes  — 
EsTUDiLLo's  Campaign — Moraga's  I^nsuccessful  Expedition  against 
the  Mojaves — Notes  on  Indian  Affairs  of  the  Decade. 

The  annals  of  inland  survey  for  the  decade  open 
with  an  exploration  of  the  lower  San  Joaquin  by  water. 
This  visit  to  a  rej^ion  so  near  the  settlements  and 
already  more  or  less  well  known  to  the  Spaniards 
iiiinht  be  deemed  hardly  worth  notice  as  an  explora- 
tiuii;  yet  by  reason  of  its  local  impoi'tance,  its  minute- 
ness, and  its  application  of  early  and  original  names, 
I  liave  thought  tlie  diary  worthy  of  reproduction  in 
substance  in  a  note.^    Padre  Abella  was  accompanied 

'.I /"//a,  Timrio  de  ui\  rrn'intri)  il<'  Ion  rion  (irriii'l<s,  IStl,  MS.  The  snnic  cx- 
]i(ilitiiin  is  liriefly  notict'd  liy  Mcjfras,  ExjiloiatidU.  i.  4ri0,  wlio  adils:  '  l,e  joiir- 
iiil  iiiauiisci'it  (le  cctte  exploration  inti''rress<uitc  est  cntrc  nos  iiiuiii.s.'  Oct. 
l.")tli  from  the  presidio  anchoraue  ti)  Aixjcl  Ishiiul.  in  a.  m.  and  in  p.  M.  aa 
suoii  as  the  tide  was  favorable,  to  I't  Huuhnnes  (name  of  tlie  Indian.s  tlierc). 
I'xtween  Angel  Island  and  points  Huclionesaiid  Ai)a«io.:  is  fovMied  a  hay  twicu 
as  lavi,'p  as  that  at  tlio  port,  with  S  islands,  mostly  small,  one  of  wliicli  lias  to 
111'  passed  on  the  way  to  Hiiclionea.  This  island  has  a  bar  visilih;  only  at  low 
^vatll•,  and  must  be  passed  on  tlie  west  at  a  little  distanee.  Oct.  Kith  gave  to 
I't  lluehones  the  name  I't  San  Pablo  and  to  the  opposite  point  (probably  the 
one  before  called  Abastos)  that  of  San  Pedro  (both  names  still  retained).  These 
points,  with  two  little  islands  bctv  een,  close  Uie  lirst  bay  and  begin  another 
Hut.  Cal.,  Vol..  II.    21  ( »21 ) 


^1 


322 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


by  Padre  Fortuni  of  Mission  San  Jose;  Sergeant 
Sanchez  seems  to  liave  commanded  the  expedition. 
The  force  is  said  to  have  been  composed  of  sixty-eight 
persons,  sdiHng  in  several  boats.  After  giving  to 
points  San  Pablo  and  San  Pedro  in  the  bay  the  names 
which  they  still  bear,  the  party  went  up  the  western 
and  down  the  eastern  channels  of  the  San  Joaquin, 
which  name,  however,  they  did  not  use,  though  it  had 
been  applied  earlier  to  the  same  river,  choosing  to 
re-name  it,  or  particularly  the  eastern  or  main  brand i, 
Rio  de  San  Juan  Capistrano.  Crossing  over  nito  the 
Sacramento  through  the  Two  Mile  Slough,  they 
descended  that  river  to  its  mouth — its  first  definitely 
recorded  navigation — calling  it  Rio  de  San  Francisco, 
a  name  they  understood  to  have  been  previously 
applied.  Thence  after  a  visit  to  the  country  of  the 
Suisunes,  they  returned  home  after  an  absence  of 
fifteen  days.  Friendly  intercourse  was  held  with  tho 
Indians,  who  were  very  numerous  on  the  Sacramento, 
and  a  few  of  the  aged  and  sick  were  baptized.  Tlio 
Suisunes  showed  more  timidity  than  hostility.     The 


much  larger  one  (San  PaMo  Bay).  There  are  5  gentile  rancheriaa  on  the  north 
and  vest.  On  the  west  enters  an  eMero,  saiJ  by  the  Indians  to  be  large  (i'ct- 
alunia  Creek),  but  Moraga  has  been  round  it  twice — A  league  and  a  half  to 
another  point  named  San  Andrews  (Pt  Pinole).  Th«  intermediate  country  is 
all  'mainland  of  San  Jo8<5,'  belonging  to  the  Iluchones,  mostly  bare  hut  witli 
a  few  oiiks  and  a  fine  stream  (v.'here  San  Pablo  now  stands) — To  the  Stniit 
of  the  Karquines  ending  the  bay  .ind  formed  between  tlie  'tierra  firnic  de  S:iii 
Juscf  and  at  first  an  island  (Mare  Island)  but  farther  on  mainland  al.~-oon  the 
north — Through  the  strait  to  its  end  in  the  country  of  the  Chupunes,  whde 
there  arc  mu<l  flats  and  a  dangerous  concealed  rock.  Place  called  La  Division, 
Oct.  17th,  into  a  large  bay  (Suisun  Bay)  where  the  water  graduaHy  Ijecanm 
fresh — About  18  leagues  eastward  (clearly  erroneous  as  arc  nearly  all  the  di- ■ 
tances  of  the  diary)  along  the  southern  shore,  past  islands,  tules,  and  swaiiii's, 
into  a  right-hand  channel,  to  camp  on  an  island  (Brown  or  Kimball  Isluinl) 
which  was  a  fishing  station  of  the  Ompines.  Oct.  18th,  back  half  a  league  to 
take  the  h^ft-hand  channel,  though  there  was  no  need  as  the  branches  came 
together  again — Eastward  past  another  island,  (Kimball's  or  West's)  jiiist  :i 
widening  whence  a  passage  (Three  Mile  Slough  at  head  of  Sherman  I.xliiii'l, 
explored  on  the  return)  led  througli  into  the  northern  River  of  San  Fri"ieiseo 
(Sacramento) — Half  a  league  farther  on  turnrul  into  the  right-hand  ar'  suiallri- 
l)rane]i  (The  West  Channel  of  the  San  Joaquin),  and  sailed  southward  in  i 
winding  cour.se  with  nothing  in  sight  but  water  and  tule  and  sky,  sleeping  mi 
the  boats  for  want  of  a  landing.  Oct.  10th-22d,  still  up  stream  througli  the 
tiil'js  southward  and  eastwartf  to  the  Pescadero  rancheria  on  an  island  (the 
name  had  been  given  before  and  is  still  sometimes  applied  on  modern  niiqis 
to  the  Bouthem  end  of  Union  Island)  belougiug  to  the  Cholbones— Thcui  u 


TROUBLES  IN  THE  SOUTH. 


323 


the  north 

half  to 
miitry  is 
)ut  with 
lie  .Stniil 
•  do  Sum 
.lion  tht! 
Nvhcit; 
)ivis;oJi. 
becalms 
the  ih:;- 
swamps, 
Islanill 
leagiH'  til 
hcs  c;»iHi,' 
's)  past  a 
u  Waii'l, 
n"K'isiii 
1  siiiaUri- 
anl  ill   1 
epiug  I'll 
oui,'h  tho 
laml  It  ho 
irn  luiips 
-Thcucu 


sliores  of  the  Sacramento  offered  a  favorable  site  for 
a  now  establishment,  though  somewhat  difficult  of 
access. 

Ill  the  south  at  San  Gabriel  the  Indians  were  still 
uneasy  and  troublesome.  Neophytes  and  gentiles 
operated  to  some  extent  in  concert,  stealing  cattle  and 
cvcu  breaking  open  the  mission  store-house.  Some 
Indians  imi)licated  in  past  hostilities  were  still  pris- 
oners at  the  presidios,  a  fact  which  caused  much 
bitterness  of  feeling  among  the  rest;  and  rumors  of 
impending  attack  from  the  Colorado  River  tribes 
were  current  to  increase  the  general  alarm.  The 
missionaries  were  often  called  upon  for  additional 
force,  which  was  sent  on  several  occasions,  so  that  the 
danu'or  was  averted  without  fiohtiuo^.  On  one  occa- 
sion,  however,  in  November,  if  we  may  credit  the 
padres'  reports,  a  body  of  Yumas,  also  called  Amaja- 
Aas,  with  other  savages  actually  approached  to  the 
number  of  eight  hundred,  with  the  intention  of 
destroying  San  Gabriel  and  San  Fernando.  The 
arrival  of  reenforcenients  prevented  the  attack.  Act- 
ual hostilities  seem  to  have  been  limited  on  the  one 


eastward  (noting  the  middle  channel  (vnd  southern  elough  of  modern  maps) 
into  the  main  river,  wliich  they  named  the  San  Juan  Capistrano  (San  Joaquin ). 
At  or  near  the  junction  tliey  set  up  a  cross,  and  supposed  themselves  on  tlio 
piiralkl  of  San  Jost',  (though  really  opposite  San  Francisco).  At  the  junction 
of  the  southern  slough  farther  up  (just  above  the  present  railroad  bridge.  It 
is  not  clear  that  this  party  went  up  there)  was  the  ranchcria  of  the  Cosniis- 
tas— Tlience  down  the  main  stream  (East  Channel)  to  the  ranchcria  of  the 
CoyliDses.  Oct.  '.?OiI-Tt''  down  the  river  to  the  branch  followed  up  from  the 
iMh  (mouth  of  ''.vest  Channel) — through  the  passage  before  noticed  (at  head 
of  SJKi'man  Island)  northward  into  tlic  San  Francisco  (Sacramento),  naming 
the  numerous  Indians  apparently  Tarciuimcncs — and  down  the  river  to  llic 
jnnctidii,  saying  mass  at  the  Lonia  de  los  Tompincs,  opposite  the  Cerro  Alto 
<le  los  Dolboues  (which  was  perhaps  Mt  Diablo).  The  country  on  thi'  San 
l-'iiiiirisco  (Sacramento)  is  desciibed  as  well  fitted  for  settlement,  but  ncci  ssi- 
Mc  (inly  by  water,  by  cro.ssing  either  at  the  presidio  or  at  the  Strait  of  Kar- 
<Hiincs — Thence  northwardly  through  an  edero  (Montezuma  Creek  and  Nui  po 
Sloiiyli)  to  a  spot  one  league  from  the  plain  of  the  Suisuncs.  Oct.  28th-li0tli, 
one  ioague  to  the  head  of  Suisun  Creek,  and  tlio  edge  of  the  largo  lino  pLi.u 
(littcd  with  oaks.  ThoCcrrode  los  Dolboues  was  about  lileaguess.  w.  (s.  i:.';) 
Twi)  raucherias  were  Suisum  and  Malaka,  and  another  at  a  little  distance  win 
I'luhilo.  Two  leagues  distant  was  where  Moraga's  famous  brittle  took  place. 
On  tiic 'JOlh  the  voyagers  returned  to  Angcllsland;  and  spent  all  the  next 
day  in  getting  across  to  the  prcaidio  agaiust  uufavorablc  wiud  and  tide. 


;| 


J 


324 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


side  to  cattle-stealin*^  and  on  the  other  to  the  pursuit 
and  capture  of  a  few  cimarrones,  or  runaways.^ 

Gabriel  Moraga's  three  trips  to  Bodega  and  Ross  in 
1812-14  may  be  here  alluded  to;  though  the  route 
had  been  several  times  gone  over  before,  and  this  offi- 
cer's reports,  so  far  as  extant,  are  confined  to  the  con- 
dition of  affairs  at  the  Russian  settlement.^  There 
were  no  Indian  troubles  during  these  years  except 
such  as  were  connected  with  the  occasional  pursuit  of 
runaway  neophytes  or  the  most  petty  affairs  of  local 
discipline;  though  the  brutal  murder  of  Father  Quin- 
tana  at  Santa  Cruz  in  1812,  elsewhere  narrated,  may 
be  appropriately  mentioned  in  connection  with  the 
subject  of  Indian  affixirs.  There  arc  two  of  the  expe- 
ditions after  fugitives  somewhat  indefinitely  recorded, 
though  not  of  special  importance.  The  first  was  under 
Sergeant  Soto  who,  with  a  hundred  Indians  from  San 
Jose  Mission,  met  twelve  soldiers  who  came  from  San 
Francisco  in  a  boat  and  proceeded  up  a  river  not 
named  but  apparently  the  San  Joaquin.  On  the 
morning  of  October  27th  the  Indians  were  attacked 
on  a  marshy  island,  where  they  had  posted  themselves 
for  a  fight,  the  women  and  children  having  been  re- 
moved. Four  rancherias  had  united  their  forces,  and 
a  thousand  men,  unless  the  Spaniards  counted  some  of 
them  more  than  once,  fell  upon  the  soldiers  and  their 
allies  at  landing.  Soto  was  at  one  time  doubtful  of 
the  result,  so  reliant  were  the  foes  on  their  numbers, 
so  careless  of  life,  and  so  unmindful  of  the  inefficiency 
of  their  arrows.  But  after  three  hours  they  fled  over 
the  marsh  and  escaped  by  swimming,  having  left  many 
dead  but  no  captives,  and  killing  only  one  of  tlio 
neophyte  warriors.     The  force  returned  on  the  28th.* 

'  .Ian.  '21st,  commandant,  of  San  Diego  to  governor.  Prov.  St.  Pnp.,  JIS., 
xix.  307.  July  4th,  padres  of  San  Gabriel  to  President  Tapis.  Arvh.  Ar-."h., 
M.S.,  ii.  85-7.  May  25,  1812,  report  of  Tapis.  Arch.  Sui  B.,  MS.,  x.  '2'M- 
mi.  Pico,  llkt.  Cal.,  MS.,  4-5;  Taylor  in  Cal.  Farmer,  March  21,  ISul'. 

"  See  chap.  xiv.  of  this  volumo. 

■•  .S'o^i,  E.vjH'iUf'ion  MiVifar  del  Snrfjenfo,  1S1,1,  MS.  The  narrative  is  ein- 
boilicd  in  a  report  by  Argiiello.  In  A'.  ,/on('.  Lib.  Mmon,  2.">,  the  troops  are 
eaid,  on  Oct.  2oth,  to  have  gone  aeaiiist  the  Uusumncs,  and  the  Alcalde  Julio 


PADRE  CABOT  IX  THE  TULARES. 


325 


Tlic  second  expedition  was  made  in  October  1814 
witli  aims  less  bloody,  and  apparently  with  a  view  to 
soarcli  for  new  mission  sites,  A  sergeant  with  thirty 
men  accompanied  by  Padre  Juan  Cabot,  left  San  Mi- 
mivl  October  2d,  reached  the  edge  of  the  Tulares  that 
nii;ht,  and  next  day  reached  the  shore  of  th<j  great 
hike  at  the  rancheria  of  Bubal.  There  were  seven 
liuiidred  souls  here,  a  harvest  ripe  for  the  missionary 
reaper  as  Padre  Cabot  believed,  since  twenty-six  of 
the  old  and  sick  submitted  to  baptism  on  this  occasion. 
Next  the  Spaniards  went  on,  nearly  a  day's  march 
across  the  ttdar,  to  the  rancheria  of  Sumtachc  of 
al)()ut  the  same  population  as  the  preceding.  The  aim 
was  to  reconcile  the  two  rancherias,  but  the  Indians 
of  Sumtache  had  heard  false  reports  that  the  S[)an- 
iai'ds  were  coming  to  kill  them,  and  a  skirmish  en- 
sued. Two  horses  were  killed  on  one  side,  and  an  old 
woman  on  the  other;  whereupon  peace  was  made. 
Xext  the  party  came  to  the  fine  river  of  San  Gabriel, 
which  was  forded  at  a  favorable  site  for  a  mission  and 
presidio,  said  by  those  who  had  visited  this  region 
bet'oio  to  be  three  leagues  fi'om  Telame,  the  largest 
raiiclien'a  of  all  the  valley."  Thence  the  route  led  to 
the  abandoned  Guchame,  and  to  the  rancheria  of 
Taclie,  said  to  contain  a  thousand  souls,  neai'ly  all  of 
whom  had  hidden  in  the  tules.  This  was  near  the 
l)anks  of  Kings  River,  and  the  great  disadvantage  of 
the  country  was  the  lack  of  timber.  Still  the  mis- 
sionary favored  a  mission  there,  without  a  doubt  that 
God  would  point  out  a  way  to  success.  The  return 
was  by  a  more  northern  route  not  described  as  far  as 
the  ci\ge  of  the  great  valley." 

was  killed.  In  the  S.  Joaquin  Co.  Jlisf.,  10,  .inrl  Thdham's  IHal.  Sfnrhfon, 
U,  ]\l,iiii,!,'o  (Moriiga)  is  crroncou.sly  said  to  have  explored  the  great  valh'y 
and  named  the  8an  Joaquin  iu  1813. 

■'Sec  cliMi).  iii.  of  this  vol.  for  preceding  explorations.  Details  are  not 
dear,  hut  the  region  was  that  of  VisalijL. 

^i'lihot,  Ex}x:(li(/on  al  Valleilc  lo.i  TiilanK  ISl.'^,  MS.  It  is  dated  at  San 
Mij;iU'l  A])ril  11,  ISIT),  and  is  in  the  form  of  a  letter  to  the  ]iresident.  'J'lie  latter 
oil  .\]iril  4th  had  called  for  information  on  the  siihjeet,  and  besides  the  narra- 
tive lited,  1*.  .Juan  Martin  wrote  on  April  ■2(ith,  strongly  favoring  the  estah- 
li.-5liiiieut  of  a  mission  for  the  beuelit  of  the  tidureilon,  describing  iv  visit  he 


EXPLORAnONS  AXD  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 

The  year  1815  was  marked  by  what  is  somewhat 
vaguely  alluded  to  as  a  grand  expedition  in  pursuit  of 
runaways.  It  is  only  from  allusions  in  the  archives 
that  this  affair  is  known,  for  no  diary  is  extant.  A 
simultaneous  movement  seems  to  have  been  made  l)y 
order  of  Sola  in  October  from  several  points  north 
and  south  over  into  the  valley  of  the  Tulares,  by 
which  quite  a  large  number  of  fugitives  from  various 
missions  were  brought  back  to  their  Christian  duties. 
Sola  regarded  it  as  on  the  whole  a  success,  since  to  it 
he  attributed  the  subsequent  favorable  aspect  of  af- 
fairs in  the  central  missions;^  but  perhaps  he  exagger- 
ated its  importance  because  it  was  his  first  effort  in 
this  direction,  since  Padre  Tapis  tells  us  the  gran  cx- 
j)ed'iGion  did  not  accomplish  all  that  was  expected  of 
it,  though  fortunately  no  casualties  occurred.** 

In  1812  the  Spanish  government  had  directed  to 
the  missionaries,  through  the  bishop  of  Sonora,  a 
series  of  thirty-six  questions  upon  the  manners  and 
customs  of  the  aboriginal  inhabitants  of  the  country.^ 

himself  had  made  to  Bubal  in  1804,  and  urging  that  if  a  mission  were  not 
poon  founded,  fciatan,  war,  and  venereal  disease  would  leave  nobody  to  con- 
vert. Martin,  I'liita  a  los  Gentiles  Tularenoa,  J8O4,  MS. 

'Dec.  15,  ISIG,  Sola  to  Padre  Marquinez.  Arch.  Arzob.,  MS.,  iii.  pt.  i.  00. 
There  arc  frequent  references  in  the  missionary  correspondence  of  1815-lG  to 
minor  local  expeditions  after  runaway  neophytes.  Such  expeditions  were 
usually  unsuccessful,  for  which  result  the  padres  generally  blamed  the  sold- 
iers, and  rice  rerfa.  Id.,  iii.  pt.  i.  passim. 

^  Dec.  2, 1815,  Tapis  from  San  Juan  Bautista  to  Gucrra.  The  expedition  \va<\ 
returned  the  day  before.  Giierra,  iJoc.  Hut.  Cat,  MS.,  v.  9-10.  Diego  Cili- 
vcra  was  one  of  the  party  from  Santa  Bdrbara,  xmder  Juan  Ortega  as  he  says, 
wliieli  met  another  from  Monterey  over  in  the  Tulares.  Many  Indians  eaii- 
tured.  >S'.  F.  BitUet'tn,  May  28,  18G4;  Taylor'' sDiscov.  and  Founders,  ii.  Xo.  Hi. 
Se[it.  14th  toNov.  9th,  several  letters  of  Sola  on  this  expedition.  The  northern 
party  consisted  of  50  men,  was  commanded  by  Gabriel  Moraga;  was  direeted 
ehicily  against  the  rancheria  of  the  Pitemas,  started  from  San  Francis'  for 
Santa  Cruz  about  Sept.  '25th,  and  had  returned — perhaps  teiiipomrily — by  Oct. 
7th.  Eighteen  of  the  captured  Indians  escaped  through  a  window  at  Sau  Fran- 
cisco. Prov.  iSf.  Pep.,  lien.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlvi.  32-4.  In  the  south  Sergt.  I'ieo 
brought  in  11  Indians  charged  with  killing  Christians  and  wounding  va(iu'- 
ros.  Sola  to  Ruiz,  Oct.  5,  1815.  Id.,  xlvi.  5-0.  Boronda,  JVo^of,  MS.,  2,  nuii- 
tions  the  river  Reyes  and  Tache  Lake  in  connection  Mith  «hat  seems  to  bo 
this  expedition,  \vliich  he  accompanied  as  a  soldier.  Oct.  23d,  Seflan  to  (luerra 
about  a 'famous' expedition;  but  as  there  are  chijkco-^  and  sailors  mentioned 
the  campaign  may  be  one  against  otter-hunters  and  not  Indians.  Giierra,  Voc, 
liisf.  Val.,  MS.,  v.  58-9. 

^ Indios,  Litcrrojuturio  del  Supremo  Gohlerno  aolrc  costiimbns,  1S1~,  il^>.. 


MAXNERS  AND  CUSTOMS. 


S27 


The  final  report  in  response  to  this  interrogatory  was 
rendered  for  California  in  1815.  It  contained  local 
reports  from  all  the  missions  classified  according  to 
topics  by  the  author,  who  was  doubtless  President 
Scnan  or  Prefect  Sarria.^'*  This  is  a  very  important 
document,  containing  as  it  does  the  testimony  of  able 
men  who  were  the  first  to  come  in  direct  and  con- 
tinued contact  with  a  race  now  nearly  extinct.  But 
the  subject  does  not  foil  within  the  limits  of  this 
work,  having  been  already  treated  in  the  Native 
Iidres.  It  may  be  stated  that  tlie  conclusions  in  this 
ro[iort  do  not  differ  materially  from  those  given  in 
the  work  alluded  to,  though  they  add  some  interesting 
information  on  several  subjects. 

The  great  valley  of  the  Tularcs  now  attracted  more 
attention  on  the  part  of  the  friars  than  any  other  por- 
tion of  the  province  as  a  prospective  field  for  mission- 
ary operations;  yet  there  was  difference  of  opinion  on 
the  practicability  of  a  new  establishment  in  the  inte- 
rior. Padre  Luis  Martinez  visited  these  rancherias 
airly  in  181G  and  found  the  people  willing  to  be 
Christians  if  the  gospel  could  be  brought  to  them." 
There  were,  however,  troubles  of  no  interest  in  detail 
l)etween  the  natives  and  some  of  the  soldiers  or 
vaqueros.  In  a  subsequent  correspondence  Father 
Cabot  declared  that  the  soldiers  from  San  Luis  were 
wholly  to  blame,  the  gentiles  being   blameless   and 

(latt-'d  C:idiz,  Oct.  Gth.  The  questions  were  probably  addressed  to  other 
ii'giims  besides  California. 

'"///(/(f).'-',  < 'ontestacion  al  Iiiterrofiatoriodc  1S12,  sohre  costtimhrei^  de  CaVfor- 
v'm,  1S15,  MS.,  104  p.  Dated  at  San  Ikieiiaventura,  Aufr.  11,  181.").  Tlio  San 
T>ioj.'o  report  is  omitted,  but  is  found  in  Arch.  Sla  Jl.,  MS.,  iii.  '27-37.  Tlie 
t  ;pic's  are  as  foll'>ws:  Itace,  origin,  Ifinguage,  conjugal  and  parental  love, 
fi^eiing  toward  foreigners,  inclination  for  reading  and  writing,  dominant 
virtues,  superstitions,  idolatry,  medicine,  calendar,  food,  drink,  worship  <if 
sini  and  moon,  burial,  character,  trade  and  money,  government,  music,  future 
f'tate,  and  dress. 

^^  Miirthifz,  Eufrada  d  las  nnvchrriax  d<l  Tuhir,  ISlC,  MS.  The  party 
started  from  San  Luis  Obispo  and  visited  the  following  rancherias:  Lucluc, 
2S  leagues;  Tuohuala,  91.;  (Jeleeto,  18  1.;  Lihuanhilame,  191.;  Quihuame,  7 
1.  on  the  bank  of  a  great  river  not  crossed,  wliieh  flows  into  the  lakes  of  Hue- 
iiiivist.!,  Tuohuala,  and  Geleeto.  Telame.  or  1'elanimi,  is  also  mentioned  but 
tt  us  not  visited.     Tuohuala  was  called  mI    >  Hubal  (Dubai?). 


! 


I 


328 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


friendly;  Father  Munoz  defended  the  party  from  liis 
mission,  expressing  a  lack  of  contiden(3e  in  the  Tula- 
rcnos;  while  Sarria  at  San  Carlos  was  not  surprised  at 
the  troubles,  which  confirmed  him  in  his  previous 
opinion  that  no  good  results  were  to  be  expected  from 
an  expedition  in  which  the  friars  were  attended  by 
soldiers.  Expeditions  to  preach  the  gospel  and  tlio.su 
of  exploration  were  two  very  distinct  affairs,  the  hit- 
ter sometimes  requiring  military  aid,  the  former, 
never.''  In  his  report  for  18 15-1 G,  President  Payeras 
strongly  recommended  the  occupation  of  the  valley  by 
the  early  establishment  of  a  presidio  and  one  or  more 
missions  in  the  Telame  region,  where  there  were  some 
four  thousand  gentiles  accessible. ^^  Such  additional 
information  as  the  records  afford  respecting  Indian 
affairs  during  these  two  years  takes  the  form  of  in- 
definite or  disconnected  items  which  may  best  be  dis- 
posed of  in  a  note.' 


14 


''^  Juno  1,  Cabot  to  prefect  and  Sarria  to  governor  in  Arch.  Afzoh.,  MS., 
iii.  pt.  i.  4(i-(),  51-3,  119-20. 

'••  P<i!/eni.s,  In/orme  Jiicndl,  MS.,  1815-lG,  p.   lU-17. 

'*May  14,  1816,  Sola  to  (Juerra.  Indians  coming  from  the  Colorado  to 
trade  cloths  and  colors  must  bo  warned  not  to  return  on  pain  of  punishnu-iit. 
Prov.  Itec,  MS.,  xi.  34.  June,  181G,  Moraga  made  a  fruitless  expedition 
against  apostate  Christians  at  Ma'.mi  rancheria  near  Santa  Cniz.  Pror.  St. 
Pap.,  MS.,  XX.  103.  Aug.-Scpt.,  1810,  some  Indian  horse-thieves  and  ;i 
murderer  punished  at  San  Diego.  Id.,  lien.  Mil.,  xlvi.  8-9. 

In  lieiir.t  Ind.  of  Lou  Ainjdes;  Tat/lur,  in  Cnl.  Farnin;  Mar.  0,  May  Jf, 
June  S,  ISCli;  JJoivers'  Sta  Rosa  Idand,  in  Smilhsoniuu  Ilcjit.,  1S77,  31(i-20; 
and  Dall'd  Lords  of  the  Inks,  in  Owrland  Moufhh/,  xii.  522-(i,  we  lind  certain 
rather  vague  references  to  the  natives  of  the  Santa  Barbara  Islands,  who 
about  this  time,  being  reduced  to  a  few  survivors,  chiefly  by  the  murderous 
assalts  of  the  Russians  and  Aleuts,  are  said  to  have  been  brought  over  to  tlu' 
main,  except  perhaps  one  old  woman  left  on  San  Miguel.  A  terrible  massucru 
by  the  otter-hunters  of  Capt.  Wiiittemore's  vessel  in  1811,  mentioned  by  Tay- 
lor, is  tlie  only  part  of  the  affair  definitely  stated.  I  suppose  that  most  that 
has  been  w^ritten  on  the  subject  comes  from  Taylor's  researches.  It  is  nut 
unlikely  that  the  Aleuts  and  Indians  quarrelled  occasionally;  and  it  is  certain 
that  the  islanders,  like  those  of  tlie  main,  rapidly  dwindled  in  numbers,  ami 
that  the  survivors  were  gradually  attached  to  the  Channel  missions;  but  I  find 
no  evidence  of  any  particular  annihilation  or  massacre,  or  of  any  general  re- 
moval to  the  main,  though  it  is  noticeable  that  the  first  isleuo  was  baptized  at 
Santa  In(5s  in  1814,  and  tliat  such  baptisms  were  frequent  after  1815.  Sta  lues. 
Lib.  Mision,  MS.,  12-13. 

Vallejo,  Illst.  CaL,  MS.,  i.  144-6,  mentions,  as  having  occurred  in  181(!, 
an  expedition  under  ArgUello  and  Padre  Ordaz  to  tlie  far  north,  in  w  liich  tho 
chief  Marin  was  saptured  in  Petaluma  valley;  but  the  reference  must  be  to  a 
mucli  later  expedition — in  fact  Ordaz  did  not  come  to  the  country  until  1820. 
The  same  writei',  Id.,  i.  151-5,  and  also  Alvarado,  Ilist.  CaL,  MS.,  i.  69-70, 


FOUNDING  OF  SAX  RAFAEL. 


320 


Hi  '20; 
LTtaiu 

who 
Llerous 
to  thti 
issacre 

Tay- 
jt  tliut 
is  ui)t 
lei'tiiiii 
s,  uml 
I  liiul 
•al  re- 
zeil  at 
,  /«'.'■>■, 

1810, 
;;h  the 
ic  to  a 

18-20. 
1)9-70, 


It  was  ill  1817  that  the  Spaniards  founded  their 
first  cstabhshinent  north  of  San  Francisco  l^av.  The 
mortality  among  the  Indians  at  San  Francisco  liad 
become  alarming  and  was  likely  to  create  a  ])anic, 
wlieii  Sola  suggested  as  a  remedy  for  the  evil  the 
transfer  of  a  part  of  the  neophytes  across  the  bay. 
Some  were  sent  over  ps  an  experiment,  greatly  to  the 
bLiielit  of  their  health;  but  at  first  the  president, 
wliilo  approving  Sola's  plan,  hesitated  about  the  formal 
tiiuisfer  for  want  of  friars,  and  because  of  the  diffi- 
culties of  connnunication.  At  last  when  several  neo- 
pliytes  had  died  on  the  other  side  without  religious 
ritis,  Padre  Luis  Gil  y  Taboada,  late  of  Purisima, 
consented  to  become  a  supernumerary  of  San  Fran- 
cisco and  to  take  charge  of  the  branch  establishment.*^ 
Such  was  doubtless  the  true  reason  for  the  new  foun- 
dation, in  addition  to  the  general  desire  to  extend  the 
settlements  in  every  direction.  Russian  writers,  how- 
ever, claim  that  the  movement  was  in  opposition  to 
the  company's  occupation  of  Xew  Albion,  and  one 
Californian  author  states,  with  much  more  plausibility, 

tvidfiitly  confound  another  expedition,  which  they  put  in  1817,  witli  Morag.a'a 
faimms  hattlu  of  1810  (see  chaii.  v.  of  this  vol.)  A'allujo  puts  Sanclie/  iii  ooni- 
nuiuil  (if  tlic  Spaniards,  Malaca  of  the  Suisunes,  and  says  tho  latter  set  fire  to 
thtir  own  huts  ;inil  perished  in  tlic  llanics.  Aivarado  puts  Moiiiga  in  com- 
iiiiiiiil,  and  says  that  Sam  Tetoy,  afterwards  known  as  Solano,  was  captured. 
It  is  not  unlikely  that  these  writers  confound  Moraga's  expedition  of  ISIO 
with  .some  other  actually  made  in  1817.  V^allejo's  account  of  the  campaign  is 
found  also  in  California  Jour.  Senate,  ISoO,  p.  531-'J;  and  in  Solano  Co.  liift., 
II,  17-18. 

•Ian.  '20,  1817,  Sola  writes  to  the  viceroy  that  since  his  arrival  he  has 
onlorcd  7  expeditions  against  the  pagans,  all  resulting  favorably.  Prov.  llec, 
MS.,  ix.  1(58.  Jan.  22d,  Duran  proposes  to  explore  in  May  the  place  where 
the  fugitives  arc,  so  as  to  prepare  a  plan  for  their  capture.  His  weapons  will 
lie  a  santo  cristo  and  a  breviary,  but  he  would  also  like  a  cuuoticilo  for  the 
secular  branch  of  the  expedition.  Ten  men  and  a  jiednro  Avere  pronused. 
^  1  rrh.  A  rtoh. ,  ]M.S. ,  iii.  pt.  i.  1 24-5.  June  1  st,  AbcUa  reports  a  visit  t(j  the  gen- 
tiles who  generally  ran  away  from  their  rancherias.  lie  proposes  a  military 
visit  to  where  a  neophyte  and  his  wife  are  urging  resistance  and  arguing  that 
'tuinliien  los  soldados  tienen  sangre.'  Id.,  iii.  pt.  1.  130-7. 

'■■  Surria,  InJ'orme  del  PreJ'ecto,  Xov.  1S17,  MS.,  p.  73-C.  The  determina- 
tion was  to  found  'a  kind  of  r.ancho  with  its  chapel,  baptisti-y.  and  cemetery, 
with  the  title  of  San  Rafael  Arciingel,  in  order  that  this  most  glorious  prince, 
wild  in  his  name  expresses  the  "healing  of  God,"  may  care'  for  bodies  as  well 
iis  souls.  Sola  gives  the  same  reasons  for  the  new  foundation  in  his  lett  'r  of 
-Vinil  ;i,  1818,  to  the  viceroy.  Prov.  lire,  MS.,  ix.  777.  Dec.  lO,  KS17,  Sarria 
\i rites  to  Sola  that  on  Saturday  next  he  will  go  over  with  Dura.i.  Anh. 
Aizob.,  MS.,  iii.  pt.  ii.  21. 


: 


880 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


that  the  padres  desired  to  be  nearer  Ross  as  a  con- 
venient market.^" 

The  site  was  probably  selected  on  the  advice  of 
Moraga,  who  had  several  times  passed  it  on  his  way 
to  and  from  Bodega;  though  there  may  have  been  a 
special  examination  by  the  friars  not  recorded.  Father 
Gil  was  accompanied  by  Duran,  Abella,  and  Sani'a, 
the  latter  of  whom  on  December  14th,  with  the  saiiir 
ceremonies  that  usually  attended  the  dedication  of  ;i 
regular  mission,  founded  the  asisteiicia  of  San  Rafael 
Arcdngel,on  the  spot  called  by  the  natives  Nanaguaiii.^' 
Though  the  establishment  was  at  first  onlv  a  brand  i 
of  San  Francisco,  an  asistencia  and  not  a  mision,  with 
a  chapel  instead  of  a  church,  under  a  supernumerary 
friar  of  San  Francisco;  yet  there  was  no  real  difference 
between  its  management  and  that  of  the  other  missions. 
The  number  of  neophytes  transferred  at  first  I  suji- 
pose  to  have  been  about  230,  but  there  is  very  little 
evidence  on  the  subject,  and  subsequent  transfers,  if 
any  were  made  in  either  direction,  are  not  recorded. 
By  the  end  of  1820  the  population  had  increased  to 
590.  In  1818  an  adobe  building  87  feet  long,  42  feet 
wide,  and  18  feet  high  had  been  erected;  divided  by 
partitions  into  chapel,  padre's  house,  and  all  other 
apartments  required,  and  furnished  besides  with  a 
corridor  of  tules.^*^  Padre  Gil  y  Taboada  remained  in 
charge  of  San  Rafael  until  the  summer  of  1819,  when 
he  was  succeeded  by  Juan  Amor6s. 

In  May  1818  President  Payeras, with  Comand^iite 
Arguello,  made  a  trip  by  water  to  San  Rafael,  includ- 


'*  KhUhnilcof,  Zaplshi,  148-9;  Tikhmenpf,  Tutor.  Oboaranie,  i.  361;  Fcrnnn- 
dfz,  Cos(LH  lie  C'al.,  MS.,  80. 

".S'.  liafael,  Lib.  Mmon,  MS.,  5;  Arch.  S/a  R,  MS.,iii.  142;  iv.  MT-S, 
xii.  125;  original  memorandum  of  Payeras,  in  Doe.  llisf.  Cal.,  MS.  ;iv.  .'}44-.', 
where  original  name  is  Nanwjuamd.  Curiously  in  the  mission  reports  aft.  r 
iy22  the  clato  of  foundation  is  given  as  Dec.  18th.  Mofras,  Exploration,  i.  4)4, 
lias  copied  this  error.  Of  this  establisliment  I  have  some  of  the  original  i\"j.u- 
ters.  and  copies  of  the  rest. 

»M»tA.  Jraoft.,MS.,v.  pt.ii.  89-92;  Arrh.Sfa  Z?.,MS.,  x.  303.  The  neophytes 
sent  to  San  Rafael  were  not  deducted  for  some  years  in  making  up  the  .sta- 
tistical reports  for  San  Francisco.  Most  of  them  came  originally  from  tho 
country  north  of  the  bay. 


NORTH  OF  THE  BAY. 


831 


11114  a  somewhat  careful  examination  of  the  country 
avoiind.  From  the  top  of  a  hill  near  the  new  mission 
they  looked  upon  the  Canada  de  los  Olompalics  and 
the  Llano  de  los  Petalumas.*^  In  his  general  re- 
marks on  mission  sites  Payeras  mentions  by  their 
jiivscnt  names  the  Sonoma  Creek,  the  Sacramento, 
and  the  San  Joaquin.  It  is  stated  in  the  official 
rccoid  of  Luis  Argiiello's  services  that  in  this  same 
month  of  May  he  went  to  explore  the  river  that  flows 
tVoiu  the  north  into  San  Francisco  Bay,  that  is  the 
.Sacramento,  sailing  on  it  for  seventeen  days,  con- 
stantly threatened  by  the  numerous  Indians,  and  once 
landing  with  four  men  to  fight  them.  It  is  strange 
tliat  Payeras  does  not  mention  this  trip  if  made  in 
May  1818;  and  indeed  it  was  probably  made  one  or 
two  years  earlier,  since  Roquefeuil  seems  to  have  heard 
of  it  from  Argiiello  in  the  autumn  of  1817. 


20 


Runaways  from  the  central  missions,  from  Santa 
Barbara  to  San  Miguel,  were  very  numerous  in  1818, 
and  the  general  place  of  refuge  seems  to  have  been 
the  rancherias  of  the  Tulares.  At  Telamc,  the  region 
favored  for  a  new  mission,  was  what  Payeras  termed 
"a  republic  of  hell  and  a  diabolical  union  of  apos- 
tates." This  friar  writing  from  Purisima  in  May  took 
a  very  dark  view  of  the  situation,  declaring  that  the 
natives  were  losing  all  respect  for  the  padres,  no  longer 
Icared  the  soldiers,  and  that  unless  some  decided  steps 
were  promptly  taken  the  missionaries'  occupation  in 
California  was   gone.'^^     The   trouble   was   reported 

'^Pai/eras,  Noticia  de  un  Via'je  d  San  Rafael,  ISIS,  MS.  In  this  diary 
I'ayeiaa  mentions  the  tradition  that  an  oak  grove  with  a  small  stream  once 
(iccupicd  the  place  of  San  Francisco  Bay.  A  small  island  near  San  Kafacl  is 
culled  Del  Oro,  A  place  called  Gallinas,  2  leagues  away,  and  another  called 
Aranjuoz  are  mentioned.  Tlio  padre's  opinion  of  the  mission  site  was  not  a 
^■ory  favorable  one.  Petaluma  was  12  leagues,  and  Olompali,  (5;  38"  15'  was 
the  estimated  latitude  of  San  Rafael.  A  presidio  at  Bodega  and  a  mission  at 
I'ctahima  and  Suisun  are  recommended. 

'•'^ Arijuello  (Luis),  Iloja  de  Servicios,  1S2S,  JIS.;  lioqueffuiVs  Voy„  25. 

^'  Alay  4th,  Payeras  to  Guerra  in  Gwrra,  Doc.  I/i.it.  Cat.,  MS.,  v.  29-31. 
May  23d,  Juan  Cabot  at  San  Miguel  reports  on  tlie  rancherias  where  the 
fuijitivcs  are  concealed  and  on  tiic  best  way  of  reaching  them.  Th.c  ranche- 
rias named  are  Telame,  Bubal,  Quiuamine,  Yulumne,  and  Choimoc.     Cabot 


Isif 


3.12 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


tlirou<rh  Coinanclaiitu  Guerra  to  tho  j^ovcrnor,  and  a 
grand  expedition  was  planned,  to  last  fil'ty  days  and 
to  ell'ect  not  only  the  capture  of  neophytes  but  a 
thorough  exploration  of  the  interior.  The  execution 
of  the  plan  was  prevented  by  the  return  of  the  Santa 
Barbara  runaways  in  September,  much  to  the  disgust 
of  Pay  eras,  since  the  fugitives  from  Purfsima  did  not 
make  their  appearance.''^  Tiie  president  in  his  bien- 
nial re[)ort  notes  the  unsatisfactory  condition  of  tlio 
Tulareuos,  their  growing  habit  of  using  horses,  and 
the  meagre  results  accomplished  by  the  troops  by 
reason  chiefly  of  the  protection  afforded  by  the  tulos 
and  lagoons;  yet  he  again  urges  the  establishment  of 
a  presidio  and  missions  as  the  only  means  of  averting 
from  California  in  tho  future  the  Apaehe-like  raids  of 
Sonora."^  It  will  be  seen  elsewhere  that  the  Indians 
rendered  much  aid  and  also  committed  some  excesses 
during  the  excitement  of  the  insurgents  in  1818-19.-* 
Early  in  1819  an  unfortunate  disaster  at  San  Buena- 
ventura caused  excitement  in  all  southern  California, 
and  led  to  a  campaign  against  the  gentiles.  The  Colo- 
rado Kiver  Indians  occasionally  came  to  the  missions 
in  small  parties  to  trade;  though  the  authorities  al- 
ways endeavored  to  break  up  this  practice,  deeming  it 
safer  to  avoid  all  intercourse  with  the  powerful  tribes 
of  the  far  east.  On  May  29th  a  party  of  twenty-two 
Amajavas,  the  Mojaves  of  later  times,  arrived  at  San 
Buenaventura  to  trade  with  the  neophytes. 


23 


hopes  that  captives  will  be  confineil  at  Santa  Barbara  and  not  at  Moutcvey 
which  is  merely  an  akuhiieteria  whence  the  Indians  come  out  more  insolent 
than  ever.  /(/.,  vii.  88-9.  Missions  to  furnish  sui>plie3.  Id.,  v.  .32.  Muy 
*2(ith,  Gucrra  to  Sola  on  details  of  the  proposed  expedition.  Prov.  St,  I'fij)., 
MS.,  XX.  22.5.     An  island  of  I'oapui  is  named. 

^■•Sept.  15th,  Guerra  to  Solfi.  Arch.  Sla  B.,  MS.,  iii.  102.  Sept.  29th, 
Payeras  to  Guerra.  Id.,  v.  .33. 

^'  Pmjercm,  InJ'orme  Jikital  de  Mmones,  1S17-1S,  MS.,  302-6. 

^*  See  chap.  xi.  of  this  volume.  March  22,  1819,  the  viceroy  orders  tho 
governor  to  enforce  good  behavior  by  'castigo.s  moderadoa  y  correccionak's,' 
alluding  to  excesses  at  tho  time  of  the  Bouchard  affair.  Prov.  St.  Pap. ,  MS. , 
XX.  7<>.  Oct.  28th,  the  viceroy  approves  the  good  order  established  among 
the  Indians.  Id.,  xx.  61. 

'•'■^  They  had  called  on  their  way  at  the  rancho  of  Sau  Francisco  Javier  and 
said  they  were  going  to  San  Buenaventura  to  barter  their  goods  for  beads, 
behaving  very  quietly.  Guerra,  Doc,  Hint,  C'cd.,  MS.,  v.  77. 


DISASTER  AT  SAX  BUENAVENTURA. 


333 


in-  it 
•ibes 
-two 
Sail 


29tli, 


3r3  the 

)UllUs,' 

MS., 
auiong 

icr  ami 
beads, 


In  subsequent  corrosponclence  the  desire  to  trade 
was  sometimes  spoken  of  as  ji,  pretencje,  but  it  is  elear 
enough  that  the  visitors  hud  n  >  hostile  intentions,  and 
equally  evident  that  they  were  \U)t  very  eordially  re- 
ceived by  the  mission  guard.  They  were  refused  per- 
mission to  visit  the  neophytes,  were  not  allowed  to 
pay  their  respects  to  the  padre  as  they  desired,  and 
were  told  they  must  remain  in  the  guard-house  until 
leady  to  dejjart  next  day.  The  30th,  while  all  were 
at  mass  in  the  church,  except  one  soldier  left  as  a  sen- 
tinel in  charge  of  the  Amajavas  in  the  guard-bouso,  a 
disturbance  arose,  and  the  first  two  men  who  came 
lidiu  tlie  church  to  restore  order,  Corporal  liulino 
Leivaand  the  i>.."alid  Mariano  Cota,  were  killed  with 
clubs.  Respecting  the  exact  origin  of  the  quarrel  the 
testimony  was  and  is  naturally  conflicting;  but  it 
would  appear  that  the  sentinel  was  the  one  to  blame."" 

Now  the  rest  of  the  soldiers,  accompanied  by  the 
neophytes  to  whom  the  jiadre  hastily  distributee!  arms, 
nislied  out  of  the  church,  and  a  fight  ensued  in  which 
ten  of  the  Amajavas  were  killed  and  one  neophyte, 

'^^.Scfian  who  describes  the  affair  in  letters  of  May  .30th  and  June  30,  1819, 
Ai-rh.  Ai-.oh.,  MS.,  ill.  pt.  ii.  81-2,  84-7,  says  that  he  warned  the  corporal  anil 
iiiiijiirdi)ino  earnestly  about  the  danger;  that  the  strangers  were  twice  refused 
luMiiiissiiPU  to  see  the  padre;  and  that  during  mass  the  sentinel  struck  ono 
w  111)  wanted  to  go  out  of  the  ijuartliu,  and  sent  for  the  corporal  who  tried  to 
jiut  till'  gentile  in  tlie  stocks.  '  Holy  God !  What  bad  numagenient !'  In  an- 
(itlicr  letter  of  June  1st,  tluerra,  Hint.  Doc.  Cnl.,  MS.,  v.  7-l-(),  he  implies  no 
bhiiiic  to  the  soldiers,  and  says  the  neophytes  and  all  behaved  nobly  in  de- 
fi.iico  of  their  lives,  families,  and  homes.  The  Indian  iirisoners  testilied  later 
tli:it  tlie  soldier  liegan  to  beat  sonic  of  theni,  whereupon  the  corporal  came 
and  iirdtied  all  to  be  put  in  the  stoclis.  Uoc.  Jlist.  t'al.,  MS.,  iv.  429-3-2. 
(iiicna,  ill  liis  reports,  (rxerra,  i>oc.  Hist.  <V(/.,  MS.,  iii.  l.")8-01,  41-2;  vii. 
lO.'i-.');  I'rov.  St.  I'ajK,  MS.,  xx.  230,  admits  that  tliere  were  different  versions 
as  to  the  cause;  but  concludes  that  the  Indians  began  the  trouble  by  attempt- 
ing to  have  tlie  guard-house  under  various  pretexts.  The  sentinel  being 
alaniied  sent  u  little  boy  for  the  corporal,  who  brought  Cota  instead,  and  lie 
alter  stiiking  some  of  the  Indians  ran  for  Leiva.  The  latter  tried  to  put 
them  in  the  stocks,  when  the  gentile  gave  an  order  in  his  own  language,  and 
the  two  men  were  killed.  All  this  must  have  come  from  the  sentinel,  but 
nitlier  strangely  nothing  is  said  of  his  fate  or  the  part  he  took  in  the  fray. 
Two  men,  however,  who  were  at  San  Buenaventura  that  day  are  still  living, 
and  give  a  remarkably  accurate  account  of  the  whole  affair,  i'alilcn,  M<  iimrins, 
Ms.,  10-13;  Oonzukz,  Experienciax,  MS.,  3-5.  IJoth  state  that  the  cause  of 
the  ipiarrel  was  the  attempt  of  the  sentinel  Luciano  Felix  to  take  a  blanket 
from  one  of  the  Indians.  Ftjlix  ran  away  as  soon  as  the  tight  began,  to  report 
the  matter  at  Santa  Bijirbara. 


ii 


334 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


I 


Nicolas."  As  soon  as  the  news  reached  Santa  Bar- 
bara, Sergeant  Anastasio  Carrillo  started  with  fourteen 
men  and  a  j^cdrero,  and  succeeded  in  capturing  four 
of  the  ten  gentiles  who  had  escaped  with  their  lives 
from  San  Buenaventura.  The  prisoners  were  put  to 
work  at  the  presidio  but  subsequently  escaped."" 

After  the  occurrence  just  narrated  the  inhabitants 
of  'outhern  California  were  in  constant  alarm,  so  far 
as  the  Bouchard  excitement  left  them  time  to  be 
alarmed  at  anything  else,  lest  the  Colorado  tribes 
should  come  in  force  to  attack  the  missions  and  avenge 
their  past  loss.  The  alarm  was  greater  at  San  Ga- 
l)riel  than  elsewhere,  because  that  mission  was  directly 
in  the  route  by  which  the  eastern  hordes  might  be 
expected  to  overrun  the  province.  Several  times 
during  the  sunnner  rumors  came  in  that  the  Amajava.s 
were  approaching  the  mission.  Whether  any  of  these 
rumors  were  founded  in  fact  it  is  difficult  to  determiiK'; 
but  on  several  occasions  reenforcements  were  hurriedly 
sent  from  Los  Angeles,  Santa  Barbara,  or  San  Dieod; 
sentinels  were  kept  posted  on  the  eastern  mountains, 
and  every  precaution  was  taken  to  avert  possible  dis- 
aster.^'' Meanwhile  runaway  neophytes  with  gentiles 
of  the  inland  rancherias  toward  the  north  continued 
to  cause  the   missionaries  much  uneasiness,  the  in- 

^'The  tluco  \ictims  were  buried  on  May  31st  as  recorded  in  iS^.  Bitenavru- 
tura.  Lib.  Mision,  MS.,  02-3;  Prov.  St.  I'ap.,  lien.  Mil.,  MS.,  1.  23,  Got. 
12th,  viceroy  to  Sola  acknowledging  the  receipt  of  a  report  of  the  'rwolt ' 
of  the  Colorado  Indians  .ind  their  '  raid  '  on  the  mission,  approving  wliat  li;i.-! 
been  done,  and  thanking  troops  in  name  of  the  king.  I'rov.  .S'<.  Pup.,  MS.,  xx.  77. 

'^^ Doc.  H'lfit,  CaL,  MS.,  iv.  420-32;  Sola's  communications  on  the  atliiir, 
in  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  lien.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlix.  30-2.  tjcape  of  the  captives  nun 
tioneu  by  Moraga  on  Jan.  11,  1820.  Gun-ra,  Doc.  Hint.  Cat.,  MS.,  v.  22t)-;Ul. 
Nuez  in  his  Diario,  MS.,  138-41,  states  t'lat  the  Amajavas  committed  s;inn! 
other  hostilities,  attacking  the  pagans  ot  the  Afoni;aibit  rancheria,  and  sdiiie 
fugitive  neophytes  from  San  Fernando  and  San  Grbriel.  According  to  ii 
letter  in  VaU(jo,  Doc.  /lint,  CaL,  MS.,  xxxvi.  287,  the  Amajava  chief  win 
named  Bueneme. 

'-'•Correspondence  respecting  alarms  and  precautions.  Ouerra,  Doc.  Hi<^. 
CaL,  MS.,  iii.  142-3;  iv.  ),  28-0,  .35-';;  v.  77-8.  June  2l8t,  Sola  approves 
sending  spies  to  the  sierra.  Proi:  St.  Pap.,  lien.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlvi.  11.  Oct. 
10th,  Sola  implies  that  the  Amajavas  had  taken  rive  neophytes  and  five  Ikhscs. 
Id.,  xlvi.  13.  In  the  mission  report  of  1822  it  is  stated  that  in  181'.)  tliu 
Amajavas  actually  marched  on  San  Gabriel,  but  contented  themselves  witli 
killing  some  neophyte  runaways.  Arch.  Sla  U.,  MS.,  iii.  271. 


SANCHEZ'  EXPEDITION. 


335 


rrcaslng  use  of  liorscs  by  the  savages  of  the  Tularos 
causing  especial  alarm. ^''  Therefore  it  was  now  deter- 
uiined  to  carry  into  effect  the  general  eastward  move- 
iiunt  against  the  runaways  and  their  accomplices  that 
had  been  talked  of  the  year  before.  Three  expedi- 
tions were  organized,  l^esides  some  minor  local  raids,"'* 
that  of  the  south  receiving  most  attention  since  it  was 
intended  not  only  to  capture  fugitives  but  to  attack 
the  Amajavas,  yet  the  others  were  carried  out  first. 

About  the  northcn  expeditions  we  know  little  moro 
tlian  the  fact  that  they  were  made.  The  first  consisted 
()f  twenty-five  men  and  marched  early  in  October  from 
San  Francisco  by  way  of  San  Jose  to  the  lower  San 
Joaquin  Valley  under  the  command  of  Sergeant  Jose 
Sanchez.  It  was  intended  to  send  a  boat  up  the  river 
to  cooperate,  but  there  is  no  evidence  that  this  was 
done.  Sanchez  scored  what  Avas  termed  a  brilliant 
success.  In  a  sharp  fight  which  took  place  in  the 
ri'L-ion  of  the  njodern  Stockton — Padre  Duran  names 
the  offending  gentiles  Muquelemes,  this  being  perhaps 
tlio  first  writing  of  that  name,  or  the  later  Moqucl- 
uninc — he  killed  27  pagans,  wounded  20,  captured  IG, 
and  took  49  horses.  One  of  his  neophyte  allies  was 
slain,  and  five  soldiers  w^ere  wounded,  one  of  whom, 
JosL'  ]\Iaria  Amador,  lived  long  to  tell  the  story.  The 
force  returned  before  the  end  of  October,  and  Sanchez 
was  recommended  for  promotion."" 

The  second  expedition  marched  from  Monterey  later 
in  October,  and  entered  the  valley  of  the  Tulares  by 
way  of  San  Miguel  under  the  command  of  Lieutenant 
.^ose  Maria  Estudillo,  Sergeant  Jose  Dolores  Pico 
accompanying  him  as  a  man  practically  acquainted 

'"July  28,  1819,  Paycrns  to  the  pailrcs  says  that  the  best  horses  arc  being 
stolen;  that  in  the  Tulures  Jill  ritle,  even  the  women;  and  that  regular  fairs 
fur  the  sale  of  horses  are  held  there.  Doc.  Jlitii.  ('ul.,  MS.,  iv.  4.30-7. 

"'  Oct.  7th,  Sola  approveii  Moraga'n  suggestion  that  eacli  iiresidio  make  its 
own  expedition  within  the  limits  of  its  district.  I'rov.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil., 
MS.,  xlix.  48. 

'-I'urau's  letters  to  Sola  June  2d  and  Oct.  28th.  Arch.  Ai~ob.,  MS.,  iii. 
pt.  ii.  S2-4,  104-.-).  Guernt,  Doc.  JIM.  CuL,  US.,  iv.  43,  41),  51-2;  Sept.  24th, 
."^iila  to  Jloraga.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  Bill.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlix.  40;  Amculor,  Memorian, 
l\i6.,  15-10. 


1 1 


;   ! 


M  \ 


336 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


with  the  country.  The  force  was  about  forty  men. 
The  3d  of  November  Estudillo  liad  not  yet  returned ; 
but  his  i-cport  waS  dated  the  19th.  The  document  is 
not  extant,  and  we  only  know  that  the  campaign  was 
regarded  as  a  failure.  No  proper  places  for  a  settle- 
ment were  found  on  the  west  side  of  the  river  and 
lakes,  and  no  convenient  ford;  therefore  Estudillo 
thought  a  strong  garrison  necessary,  not  less  than  115 
men,  if  missions  were  to  be  founded  on  the  eastern 
side.''^ 

Respecting  ':he  third  campaign  the  records  afford 
more  information,  though  this  like  the  one  last  de- 
scribed was  not  successful.  Correspondence  on  the 
preparations  from  September  to  November  was  quite 
voluminous,  and  the  plans  were  several  times  changed 
in  detail. ^^  At  first  it  M'as  intended  to  send  sixty 
cavalrymen,  whose  })laces  at  Santa  Bdrbara  and  Sau 
Di'i-go  were  to  be  taken  temporarily  by  the  newly 
arrived  reenforcements  froni  ^^lazatlan;  but  by  the 
final  arrauLireinent  of  November  3d  the  force  consisted 
of  Lieutenant  Gabriel  jNIoraga,  in  conunand,  with 
thirty-five  cavalrvmen;  Lieutenant  Narciso  Fabreijat, 
v.ith  fifteen  of  the  Mazatlan  infantry;  four  artillery- 
men with  a  small  cannon,  and  a  largo  number  of 
native  allies,  both  ne()])hytes  and  gentiles.  Moraga's 
instructions  were  to  march  to  the  Colorado  and  to  the 
Amajava  raneheria,  where,  if  there  proved  to  be  any 
truth  in  the  re[)orts  that  had  re]>eatedly  reached  San 
(xabriel,  he  was  to  capture  all  the  fugitives  and  to 
give  the  gentiles  such  a  lesson  as  they  would  not  soon 
ibrget.  The  army  marched  November  22d  from  San 
Gabriel  eastward  into  the  desert.     Padre  Nuez  kept 

"(7HfjV(7,  Dor.  ffisf.  Cal,  MS.,  ix.  45,  49,  .Tl-a;  Paj/crns,  Memorial  iff  ? 
(frJiuiio,  JS.'ii,  MS.  Olivcra,  in  Ta/iior'n  DLtcor.  and  Found.,  ii.  No.  '2(i.  'I'lu; 
piirty  was  to  fxpkiro  tlio  Uyiunc  Luke,  Telumc  region,  uiul  San  Gabriel  Kivii. 
Pru'r.Sl.  I'd/i.,  H')i.  .l/;/.,"MS.,  xlix.  4:}-4. 

''Sola's  coimiiuniciitioiis  toOiierra  ami  Mornga  from  Si\it.  18th  to  No\-. 
3(1  in  (iiurrfi.  J '■}<•.  J/'iKf.  Cal.,  MS.,  iv.  IMi-'J,  4."),  40;  and  especially  in  I'rm: 
St.  Pnp.,  lien.  Md.,  MS.,  xlix.  ;W-40,  4:i-4,  47-i»;  xlvi.  12-15.  Pailre  Miii- 
tinoz  on  Nov.  14tli  says  tiie  50  men  are  not  enough.  Arch.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  iii. 
pt.  ii.  11  a. 


MORAGA'S  RAID. 


837 


a  diary  of  the  expedition,  which  was  under  the  com- 
bined patronage  of  Nuestra  Senora  del  Pilar  and 
Archangel  Gabriel. ''^  There  is  little  to  be  said  further 
cilice  nothing  M^as  accomplished.  ! '-  was  found  that 
llu'  Amajavas  had  revenged  themselves  for  their 
treatment  at  San  Buenaventura  by  ravages  amoni; 
the  rancherias  of  gentiles;  but  after  penetrating  the 
lies.  )•'  for  a  distance  estimated  at  seventv  or  eiiJi'htv 
1  .agues,  Moraga  found  that  his  horses  and  mules  could 
go  no  farther  for  want  of  grass  and  water;  and,  turn- 
ing back,  he  reached  San  Gabriel  December  14tli, 
iLCDunnending  another  attempt  at  a  more  favorable 
season  of  the  year. 

Tlie  annals  of  1820,  so  far  as  Indian  aifairs  arc  con- 
(\rned,  present  little  or  nothing  of  interest.  Early 
in  tlie  year  the  Indians  of  the  southern  frontier  be- 
twicn  San  Diego  and  the  Dominican  mission  of  San 
.^iigurl  were  troublesome,  ])artieularly  by  their  thefts 
111'  horses  from  the  rancho  del  rey;  and  a  little  further 
north  they  burned  the  buildings  of  the  Simi  Rancho, 
t'ni'  which  act  the  leader  was  slain  by  Avila  and  Alva- 
lailo  of  Los  Angeles.'^''  Rumors  of  impending  hostil- 
ities from  the  Colorado  tribes  were  still  current;  but 

"X»«,  Dhirio  (Ifl  Cajiell'in  dcla  E.vprdiclon  para  hf!  Amnjarufi,  IS  JO,  MS. 
Nov.  "J'-M  to  Rancho  de  la  I'nentc,  4  loagucs;  Xov.  2.'kl,  to  Ciicaiuonga,  8  1.; 
N(jv.  Jlth  to  the  Cajon  do  Sau  tJulniul  do  Aimiscoinalnt,  !)  1. ;  Is'ov.  23th,  to 
I'liiicliLiia  of  Guadalupe  do  Guapiahit,  9.5  1.;  Xov.  "JOth,  roiuaiiiod  atCJuada- 
hijic  til  rest  iiiulos;  Nov.  'JTtli,  to  ranclieiia  of  Animas  Ik'nditas  do  Alonsjtai- 
liit  (or  Atongabi  or  Atonguibit  or  Atongayavit),  10  1.  over  the  desert.  Here 
«as  where  the  Aniajava.s  had  killed  some  neophytes  of  San  (Jabriel  and  S:in 
I'eMiando,  whose  bone.s  wert;  found  and  buried  on  Xov.  '28th;  Xov.  2!)th,  to 
.lesns  do  Topipal)it,  8  1,;  and  to  San  llilario  de  Cacanineat  (?)  named  three 
years  lieforo  by  Mornga,  3  1.;  X'ov.  IWth,  to  San  Mi^^uel  de  Sisuguina,  or  ran- 
cliena  del  Diablo,  4  1.;  IX'O.  1st,  to  San  .Joa(piin  y  Sta  Ana  <le  Aiigayaba  (or 
.\gallaga),  14  1.;  IG  animals  gave  out  on  the  way;  l)ee.  2d,  Moraga  with  ten 
men  went  forward  a  long  days  niareii  past  Atsanialjeat  to  (luanachi(|ui;  I)oe. 
.'M-.^tli,  dealings  with  the  Indians  who  liad  suil'ered  nnieh  from  the  Amajava 
raids,  and  baek  to  Angayaba;  Dee.  0th,  baek  to  Cerro  do  San  Rafael;  Dec. 
Ttli-I.'itli,  back  by  same  route  to  San  Gabriel. 

Mnraga's  report  dated  ])ec.  Itith  adds  nothing  save  that  on  the  way  baek 
a  yiiiiile^  killed  a  boy  to  get  his  blanket.  Pnii'.  S/.  I'nf,.,  MS.,  .\x,  2;}(i  8. 
euu/alez,  Expcripvcian,  MS.,  12,  a  soldii  nf  thc!  party  still  living  (bSTlM,  says 
tile  buy  killed  was  a  servant  of  the  padro.  Report.s  ot  <iuerra  and  Fabregat, 
Hn<l  Sola's  letters  in  I'ror.  St.  J'op.,  JJi  ii.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlix.  30-2;  xlvi.  14-13; 
'.'"/•/•((,  l)o<\  JIM.  C<il.,  MS.,  V.  22'.t;  iv.  31-2. 

■"'  /Vor.  .S7.  Pit)).,  MS.,  x.\.  280-7;  J'l.,  Jini.  Mil.,  .xlix.  .W;  Si.  P.tp.  .Sar., 
M'<..  vi.  1(1. 

1JI8T.  Cal.,  Vol.  II.    23 


m 

^'HIBR 

t 

H 

' 

ni 

Hifi'l 

'ij 

lilllll 

ft. 


,iSi! 


838 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


we  hoar  no  more  of  the  proposed  expedition  in  that 
lirection.  Neither  was  anything  accomphshed  for 
the  conversion  of  the  Tularenos;  though  late  in  the 
autunui  we  find  Payeras  proposing  to  make  in  person 
a  tour  through  the  valley.^'' 

In  closing  this  j)art  of  the  record  for  the  decade 
allusion  may  be  made  to  a  peculiar  class  of  informa- 
tion on  Indian  aftairs;  that  is,  to  the  statements  (ob- 
tained by  me  from  old  residents,  many  of  which  extend 
back  to  this  decade  and  still  more  to  the  next.  Nat- 
urally there  is  no  subject  more  interesting  to  old 
Californians  than  the  Indian  campaigns  of  their  youth- 
ful days  or  those  of  which  they  have  heard  their 
fathers  talk.  Neither  is  it  strange  that  I  find  in 
these  narratives  a  general  uncertainty  as  to  exact 
dates;  much  confusictn,  inaccuracy,  and  exaggeration, 
and  not  a  little  falsehood.  I  find  many  accounts  of 
definite  events  that  agree  wonderfully  with  the  orig- 
inal reports  of  the  archives,  and  such  matter  of  course 
I  use  like  similar  original  testimony  in  each  case. 
About  other  accounts  of  purely  imaginary  events,  to- 
gether with  errors  of  detail  in  statements  that  arc 
generally  accurate,  I  say  nothing,  since  in  these  manu- 
script narratives,  written  especially  for  my  use  and 
not  for  the  public,  it  is  my  duty  to  search  sim[)]y  for 
the  truth  and  not  to  point  out  defects.  But  there  is 
also  matter  of  a  third  class,  statements  more  or  loss 
inaccurate  but  founded  on  facts  not  clearly  recorded  iu 
the  archives,  which  it  would  be  hazardous  to  embodv 
in  chronological  history,  but  which  nevertheless  merits 
brief  notice,  such  as  I  give  it  in  notes  here  and  later. '' 

»'  St.  Pap.  Sac,  MS.,  xviii.  .14. 

^'  1812,  etc.,  the  Indians  of  Tachi  had  pita  from  which  they  discharged 
their  arrows,  info  which  tlie  sohliers'  hw'se.i  often  fell.  Bnrondn,  Kota.-<,  ).">. 
Six  men,  including  Inoceiite  (jlarcia,  under  Sergt.  Jost5  Dolores  Pico  went 
with  Padre  Arroyo  and  30  Indian  auxiliaries  froni  San  Juan  IJantista  over  to 
the  other  side  of  Santa  Kita  to  cho  rancherlas  of  Jayaya  and  Tap«i  to  get  some 
girls  promised  for  converts;  but  iho  chief  was  absent  and  a  fight  ensued. 
Most  ran  away,  but  liarcia  aud  a  few  men  continued  the  iight  in  aid  of  the 
Indian  allies  against  the  sergeants  orders,  rescuing  all  but  2  who  were  killed. 
and  all  the  horses.  'Jarcia  was  put  in  tiio  stocks  by  Pico,  but  was  pardoned 
and  given  a  furlough  by  the  governor  at  Arroyo's  intercession.  Garcut, 
JJcchoj,  Mb.,  10-15. 


PEEsoXxyL,  narrati\'t:s. 


339 


I  rct^Tct  that  my  space  does  not  permit  more  extended 
extracts  from  these  narratives,  which  are  often  fidl 
of  interest. 

1813,  Boronda  gives  some  details  of  an  expedition  to  Tachl  in  the  Tulnrcs 
rcirioininder  Scrgt.  Espinoza.  Aijtus,  M.S.,  i;}-15.  Alvarado,  JJiff.  Ca/.,  MS., 
i.  JU.'i-7,  says  that  soon  after  Quiutana'.s  murder,  the  padre  of  San  Jose  was 
iittackud  by  800  Indians  in  San  llamon  Valk-y.  Apolinario  Ikrnal  told  tlu; 
]i,i(ho  and  the  otlicr  soldier  to  run  while  he  fought.  He  held  the  foe  in  LliecU 
until  hi.-i  ammunition  was  gone  and  his  iiorsc  killed,  when  he  also  died  from 
lo- ij  (if  Idood.  '  The  padres  never  wrote  of  tliis  brave  act;  had  it  been  a  priest 
Kiiiiie  would  have  echoed  with  it.'  The  death  of  lierual  was  terribly  avenged 
by  the  conunfindant  of  San  Francisco. 

About  1815,  Jos6  Dolores  Pico,  corporal  of  tlie  escolta  of  San  Juan  Bautista, 
^vliik'  out  after  runaways  was  wounded  with  three  arrows  while  wanning 
liiiiihcll  at  an  Indian  fire.  A  fight  followed  in  wliich  all  the  Indians  but  two 
Moi'c  killed.  Garcia,  J/echos,  MS.,  lOS-9.  Jos6  de  Jesus  Pico  told  Mr  Sav- 
age that  he  remembered,  when  he  was  a  small  Ijoy,  hi.s  father  being  brouglit 
ill  on  a  litter  terribly  wounded.  Boronda,  Kolas,  MS.,  '2-3,  says  he  was 
wuiunied  on  the  Reyes  River  about  1810. 

\a!iejo,  Jliat.  Cal.,  MS.,  i.  172-S;  and  Garcia,  Ihrhos,  MS.,  100,  speak  of 
nn  eN|i('(lition  under  Scrgt.  Ignacio  Vallejo  in  May  iSlS  against  the  ImHaiis 
of  the  Talares,  who  under  Chalpinich  of  the  rancheria  of  Joyima  made  hostile 
(knionstrations  against  San  Luis,  San  Antonio,  San  Miguil,  and  Soledad. 
Sugt.  Pico  wuo  i:'''^ond  in  command.  Tiiere  were  two  hard  fights,  one  at  i^l 
I'leito  on  tlie  Rio  Nacimiento  and  the  other  to  raise  a  siege  on  San  Miguel. 
Tlie  Indians  were  terribly  punished  and  driven  back  into  the  Tularcs.  I 
tliiiik  no  such  affair  could  have  taken  place  in  or  about  1818,  and  there  i.s 
SOUR'  error  of  date. 

Alviiiado,  Iligt.  Cal.,  MS.,  i.  170-1,  tells  us  that  Sola  was  A'ery  careful  to 
conriliate  the  wild  tribes,  making  regular  treaties,  issuing  regular  (/t'.-7/'(i7(o.< 
til  the  chiefs,  and  renewing  these  every  year.  The  treaties  bound  the  S(iiin- 
iai'dd  to  aid  the  tribe  against  hostile  trilies  who  had  no  treaty  and  to  bo 
neutral  in  quarrels  with  .such  as  hail  treaties,  always  after  the  padres  liad 
tricil  in  vain  to  effect  a  conciliation.  Gifts  were  often  made  to  tlio  chiefs, 
who  were  always  entitled  to  footl,  etc.,  on  presenting  their  desiiacha. 

In  18-1)  Amador,  Mcmoriax,  MS.,  17,  records  an  expedition  of  Sanchez 
with  '2.')  soldiers,  15  vecinos  of  San  Josi',  and 50  Indians agiinst  the  Conimnes. 
Tile  hniiaus  were  attacked  at  daybreak  and  8  or  10  were  killed,  and  70 
horses  recovered.  Garcia,  Ilcvhox,  MS.,  105-7,  speaks  of  another  expedition 
uiidei-  Soto  to  the  Mariposas,  the  ranchei'ia  of  Noiiochinches  being  named,  in 
wiiich  iiOO  Indians  of  all  ages  and  sexes  were  brought  in  to  San  Juau  BautisL'i. 


.-'i,  '^ 


CHAPTER  XVI. 


! 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  THE  SOUTH. 

1811-1820. 

San  Diego  Presidio — Officials— Troubles  of  Captain  Rctiz — Popula- 
tion— Statistics — Proposed  Removal — Petty  Occurrences  of  a  De- 
cade— Mission  San  Diego — Padre  Panto  Poisoned — New  Church— 
Chapel  at  Santa  Isabel — San  Luis  Rey — A  Prosperous  Mission— 
Br,\nch  at  Pala — San  Juan  Capisteano — Earthquake— Los  An- 
geles—List  OF  Citizens — Pueblo  Chapel — Private  Ranchos — San 
Gabriel — Francisco  Dcmltz— Jos6  de  Miguel — Beginning  at  San 
15ern.'  rdino — Fathers  MuSoz  and  Urresti — San  Fernando— Santa 
Barbara  Presidio — Biography  of  Captain  Jos*  Argukllo— Force 
and  Population — Events — Mission — Padiie  Amestoy — New  Church 
— San  Buenavenventura — Purisima — Removal — Santa  Ines. 


l 


Ignacio  del  Corral  was  nominally  captain  of  the 
San  Diego  company  throughout  this  decade,  though 
he  never  came  to  California,  His  commission  expiivd 
when  his  successor  was  named  on  July  12,  1820,  hut 
the  news  did  not  come  until  the  next  year.^  Lieuten- 
ant Francisco  Maria  Ruiz  was  acting  commandant 
until  temporarily  relieved  in  favor  of  Lieutenant  Jose 
[Maria  Estudillo,  of  [Monterey,  on  October  2;3,  1820. 
The  reasons  for  this  change  were  somewhat  compli- 
cated. The  coming  of  Captain  Portilla  in  1810,  on 
account  of  his  superiority  of  rank,  and  of  minor  dis- 
agreements between  tlie  old  and  new  soldiers,  led  to 
misunderstandings  between  the  two  officers.  Euiz 
was  now  an  old  man  in  poor  health,  his  illness  being 
attributed  by  his  enemies  to  the  free  use  of  intoxicat- 
ing liquors,  which  he  denied.     He  was  charged  with 

'  Coi'i'iil  was  promoted  to  be  siirgcnto  mayor  del  liat.illon  lijcro  dc  iiifuii- 
teriti  jirovisional  do  Mexico.  J'ror.  St.  i'ct/'.,  MS.,  xxii.  -~. 


SAX  DIEGO  COMPANY. 


.141 


excesses  during  the  visit  of  the  British  whaler  Dis- 
corcfij  ill  August  1820,  whose  captain  he  permitted  to 
make  a  survey  with  soundings  of  the  port.  Portilla 
seems  to  have  been  the  chief  accuser,  Iluiz  was  in- 
dignant on  receipt  of  Sola's  order  of  September  2d  to 
ri'j)air  to  Monterey  to  take  command  <jf  the  company, 
ai'd  care  for  his  health;  but  was  appeased  by  the  gov- 
ernor's later  explanation  that  the  new  command  was 
intended  as  an  honor.  It  is  not  clear  whether  he  act- 
ually reached  Monterey;  but  he  spent  the  last  months 
(if  the  year  ill  at  San  Luis  Rey.^  We  shall  see  later 
that  the  substitution  of  Estudillo  was  not  productive 
of  the  desired  harmony,  lluiz  performed  the  duties 
of  habihtado  in  1801-13  and  1817-18;  Jose  do  la 
(Uierra  in  1813-15;  Ignacio  Martinez  in  1815-17; 
and  Santiago  Arguello  in  1818-1820.  Ignacio  Mar- 
tinez  was  the  company  alferez  until  1817,  when  he 
was  promoted  to  be  lieutenant  of  San  Francisco, 
Gervasio  Arguello  taking  his  place  on  the  rolls,  and 
liolding  the  position  for  many  years;  but  as  Don 
Gervasio  was  absent  in  Guadalajara  as  habilitado 
general  and  never  returned  to  California,  his  brother 
Santiago,  promoted  at  the  same  time  to  be  alferez, 
fiorved  at  San  Dieijo,  thouirh  belonging  to  the  San 
Francisco  company.  Jose  Maria  Pico  was  company 
sergeant  throughout  the  decade;  but  Joaquin  Arce, 
the  other  sergeant,  was  succeeded  before  1817  by 
Cristobal  Doininjiucz.  Dominijo  Carrillo  was  a  cadet 
in  the  company  until  1817;  and  afterward  Jose  Gua- 
dalupe Moraga,  who  died  early  in  1821.  He  was  a  son 
of  ( Jabriel  Moraga  and  had  been  a  'soldado  distinguido' 
at  San  Francisco. 

The  San  Diego  military  force  down  to  1811)  was 
uniformly  one  hundred  men,  including  two  officers, 
sixty-nine  soldiers  of  the  presidial  company,  twenty- 
three  invalids,  four  artillerymen,  and  two  mechanics. 

'Prov.  St.  Pap.,  :MS.,  xx.  4G,  29.V4;  /(/.  Ben.  Mi!.,  xlvi.  i:)-21;  ,S^  /'.'/>. 
'SV(r.,  MS.,  vi.  32;  xiii.  7-10;  amrra.  Doc.  Hint.  Cctl.,'Slii.,  vi.  48-.yJ;  Kiiiz'a 
toiiiiuission  as  captaiu  was  issued  July  12,  1820,  auil  forwarded  by  Sola  Juno 


•5 


342 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  THE  SOUTH. 


\i\'t 


Of  this  number  about  20  of  the  invalids  lived  at  Los 
Angeles  or  on  ranches,  and  twenty-five  soldiers 
served  in  the  mission  escoltas;  so  that  the  actual 
force  at  the  presidio  amounted  to  fifty-five  men  as  at 
tlio  end  of  tlie  last  decade.  This  number  was,  how- 
ever, doubled  in  1819  by  the  arrival  of  Portilla  and 
his  company  of  IMazatecos,  about  fifty-five  of  whom 
remained  at  San  Diego.  The  total  population  do  ra- 
zon  of  the  district  in  1 820,  excluding  as  before  the 
guard  of  San  Gabriel  and  the  invalids  of  Los  Angeles, 
was,  as  nearly  as  can  be  determined,  four  hundred  and 
fifty,  a  gain  of  one  hundred  and  thirty  during  the  dec- 
ade, or  of  seventv-fivc  besides  Portilla's  men.'  The 
neophyte  populati(jn  of  the  district  increased  in  ten 
years  from  4,300  to  ,'5,200,  the  whole  gain,  and  more, 
being  at  San  Luis  Key.  For  this  as  for  the  previous 
decade  there  are  but  a  few  meagre  items  respecting 
tlie  presidial  live-stock;  no  record  whatever  of  such 
limited  agricultural  operations  as  were  probably  car- 
ried on  at  the  presidio;  and  nothing  to  indicate  the 
existence  of  private  ranches,  except  near  San  Gabriel, 
v/hich,  it  must  be  remembered,  was  still  within  the 
military  jurisdiction   of   San   Diego.*     Of   presidial 

'  For  the  earlier  years  of  the  decade  statistics  are  very  scattering  niul 
unsatisfactory.  For  1818  Euiz  reports  a  total  population  of  498,  incliuliii;,' 
San  Oabriel.  Prov.  St.  Pop. ,  Ben.  il7i7.,  MS. ,  xlix.  81.  In  181G  the  total  had  Ixca 
448.  Id.,  xlvi.  ,30.  At  the  end  of  181!)  the  same  officer  reports  the  same  total 
as  5.38 — males  28G  and  females  2.V2;  of  which  number  12  are  accredited  to  Smu 
Diego  mission,  03  to  San  Juan,  41  to  San  Luis,  and  175  to  San  Gabriel;  tlie 
total  witliout  San  Gabriel  being  ,3(33,  which  cannot,  I  think,  include  I'ortilla's 
.O.)  men,  because  the  population  of  the  presidio  proper  is  given  as  130  males 
and  117  females,  which,  were  the  Mazatecos  included,  would  leave  only  7  niah; 
children,  of  course  an  absurdity.  /(/.,  1.  ,')2-3.  No  doubt  Portilla's  oo  men,  or 
the  same  number  of  other  soldiers,  should  be  deducted  from  the  number  at 
iSan  Gabriel,  and  even  the  120  left  seems  a  very  large  number.  It  is  on  these 
ix'ports  that  I  have  based  the  figures  in  my  text,  allowing  about  the  same 
increase  in  1820  as  in  1819.  There  is,  liowever,  a  report  for  1820  which 
makes  the  total  515. 

For  company  rolls,  official  lists,  financial  accounts,  statements  of  po])ula- 
tion,  etc.,  for  San  Diego  in  this  decade — not  very  complete — see  Prov.  St.  Pa]). , 
^IS.,  XX.  4G-8,  118,  287-94;  Id.,  Ben.  MIL,  xlii.-li.  passim,  especially  xlvi. 
find  xlix.;  /(/.,  Presid.,  i.  41-50;  Bcpt.  St.  Pap..,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,lxxi.  47-51; 
IxNXvii.  ()5;  St.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  1.  7,  38;  ii.  07;  vi.  25-G,  32,  83;  vii.  72;  viii. 
]  j~17;  xi.  71;  xiii.  7-10;  Prov.  lice,  MS.,  ix.  180,  185;  xii.  88;  Stn  Cbira, 
Pitnni/ii'ira,  MS.,  .")5-G;  Vallejo,  Doc.  Hist.  CaL,  MS.,  vii.  256;  xxviii.  105, 
108;  (!ncrra,I)oc.  Hist.  CaA,  MS.,  iii.  35,  143;  vL  48-52,  123. 

^  Yet  a  rcpoi't  of  1818  does  not  include  Sail  Gabriel.  Prov.  Ike,  MS.,  ix.  185. 


il:;  Ii  I 


io]nila- 

I'op., 
y  xlvi. 

47-51; 
•2;  viii. 

Cbn-ii, 

ior>, 


CONDITION  OF  SAN  DIEGO. 


343 


finances,  as  the  reader  of  prceodiiij^  chapters  will 
loadily  understand,  tliere  is  httle  to  be  saitl.  No 
soldier  or  officer  received  any  pay  during  the  decade. 
Two  small  invoices  of  goods  arrived  from  the  south. 
Tithes  were  collected  in  kind.  Tobacco  was  served 
(Hit  on  account  of  wages  so  long  as  it  lasted;  possibly 
a  lew  dollars  were  collected  for  papal  indulgences  and 
])ostage;  the  king's  cattle  were  largely  eaten  and 
( harged  to  the  ])ay  account.  But  for  the  most  ])ait 
the  missions  had  to  support  the  soldiers  and  their 
lamilies,  furnishing  food  and  coarse  cloth,  or  protluco 
that  c(Hild  be  bartered  for  the  latter  with  the  vessels 
that  rarely  touched  on  the  southern  coasts." 

Sola  in  his  visit  of  1817  found  the  presidio  build- 
ings in  so  "fatally  ruinous"  a  condition  that  he  was 
obliged  to  "adopt  measures"  for  their  removal  to  a 
better  site  about  three  hundred  yards  farther  north."  I 
have  no  reason  to  believe  that  the  governor's  measures 
were  carried  out.  This  was  an  uneventful  period  even 
for  San  Diego,  always  the  dullest  place  in  the  province. 
As  elsewhere  the  inhabitants  had  the  ever-increasing 
destitution  as  a  sul)ject  for  thought  and  conversation, 
too  often  without  cigarettes  to  clear  their  minds  lor 
a  proper  consideration  of  the  problem.  Only  twice 
(lid    they  see   upon    their   fine    bay  the  sail  of  any 

■'' The  only  record  of  the  annual  .ippropriation  w.as  $10,095  in  1811;  the 
only  iL'conlcd  invoice  .?9,040  in  1815-l(i.  The  halnlitailo's  regular  accounts 
iv.v  jircscrved  from  1815  to  1818,  liut  are  not  intelligible  in  all  respects.  Tiie 
totiil.-i  of  debit  and  credit  increase  in  those  years  from  8{i7,O0O  to  $102,000; 
inventories  vary  from  $0<)'2  to  •S'^j.SOT;  debts  contracted  with  missions  and 
juivatc  individuals  increase  from  $43,000  to  .$71,000,  and  piiyments  on  ac- 
ciiunt  of  those  debts  from  $32,000  to  $55,000.  The  exact  nature  of  which 
l.itter  accumulations  is  not  clear  to  me.  Mi.ssion  supplies  are  given  at  .$5,717 
in  ISll ;  $1,000  from  San  .Tuan  in  1817;  and  in  1820,  1,.300  fan.  of  bailey,  280 
fan.  of  beans,  and  8.32  arr.  of  tallow.  Arch.  Arzofi.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  i.  24.  Avi  r- 
nu'c  net  proceeds  of  live-.stock  sales  from  king's  rancho.  $035.  Down  to  1810 
tlicre  were  about  1,200  head  of  cattle  in  the  r.Tnoho.  Average  postal  revenue, 
>:\:>.  Tobacco  sales,  $1,251  in  1811,  $1,273  in  1812,  and  .$07  in  1817.  Prob- 
ably no  more  tobacco  was  received,  and  the  soldiers  had  to  ilepend  on  other 
sources,  or  for  the  most  part  go  without  smoking.  Papal  bul's  in  1811, 
8111.  Gunpowder  in  1810,  $280;  in  1817,  $247.  Proceeds  of  forge,  1818, 
8-'()2.  Tithes  very  irregular,  from  $70  to  .$024.  Pull  accounts  for  1817,  duly 
i^worn  in  VuUejo,  Doc.  Hint.  CaL,  MS.,  xvi.  13.  Cattle  at  end  of  1810, 
82(3;  bom  in  1817,  212;  lost,  40;  sold,  88;  product  of  sales,  $300. 

^Sota,  Observacionen,  MS.,  185. 


:\ 


344 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  THE  SOUTH. 


craft  C'xcu})t  tluit  of  tlioir  own  flat-boat  l>lying  lazily  to 
and  from  i'oint  Guijarros,  when  Wilcox  in  tliu  Tvar- 
ellcr  caiiio  for  a  load  of  <^rain  in  Soptoniber  1817,  and 
the  whaler  Discucerij  refitted  in  the  port  in  August 
1820/  The  natives  in  this  southern  frontier  were  for 
the  most  part  quiet,  though  thefts  and  petty  disturb- 
ances were  of  sufficiently  frec[uent  occurrence  to  re- 
quire an  occasional  raid  into  the  mountains,  and  once  in 
a  while  a  ti'ial  at  the  presidio.®  There  was  some  kind 
of  a  school  at  San  Diego  during  a  part  of  the  decade; 
but  the  educational  advantages  offered  wo  may  onlv 
conjecture  from  comparison  witli  northern  institutions 
of  the  same  period."  The  earthquake  of  1812,  so  fatal 
in  the  northern  part  of  the  district,  did  no  harm  here 
even  if  it  was  felt  at  all;  but  about  the  same  time 
there  was  an  arrest  of  several  soldiers  charged  with  a 
plot  to  revolt  and  seize  the  post.*"  And  finally  I  may 
allude  to  the  terror  of  Bouchard's  invasion  already 
narrated.  In  San  Diego  it  produced  no  more  serious 
effect  than  to  furnish  a  topic  of  popular  excitement, 
necessitate  a  strengthening  of  defences  with  prepara- 
tions for  a  shower  of  red-hot  balls  upon  the  pirate  foe, 
and  to  give  the  families  an  excursion  to  Pala." 

At  the  mission  of  San  Diego  Father  Sanchez 
ser\  ed  as  minister  until  the  spring  of  1 820,  when  he 
was  succeeded  by  Vicente  Pascual  Oliva.     Panto,  the 

'  See  chap.  xiii. ,  this  volume. 

*Xov.  ]811,  trial  of  u,  neophyte  for  attempted  murder  of  a  padre,  of  which 
more  dsewlierc.  I'rov.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlix.  2-7.  1814,  inunkT 
ciise.  Dept.  Sf.  Pup.,  Ben.  MIL,  MS.,  Ixxi.  47-51.  Oct.  181.5,  captive  gen- 
tilea  and  investigation.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlvi.  5-G.  Sept. 
181G,  liorse-tliieves  sentenced  to  a,  novcnario  de  azotes.  Id.,  xlvi.  8-9.  Same 
punishments  for  stabbing  a  wife  after  putting  yerlia  in  her  utole.  Id,  April 
1820,  complaints  of  depredations  and  report  of  skirmishes.  Prov.  St.  I'ap., 
MS.,  XX.  287. 

•Pio  Pico  remembers  being  one  of  a  class  taught  in  1813  by  Joa6  Antonio 
Carrillo,  and  having  covered  divers  quires  of  paper  with  reproductions  of  thi' 
name,  'Seiior  Don  Felix  Maria  Callejas.'  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  3.  There  was  a 
school  in  1SI8.   Prov.  Rer.,  MS.,  ix.  ISO. 

'yVoc.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  xliii.  7-8.  Pico,  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  3-4,  says 
his  fatlier,  Sergt.  Jose  Maria  Pico,  was  arrested  for  complicity  in  this  plot 
and  that  three  soldiers  died  in  prison. 

*•  For  map  of  San  Diego  district  see  chap.  vi. 


i  .,1. 


SAN  DIEGO  MISSION. 


845 


n.-;-^()f"iatc  of  Saiidioz,  «lio(l  in  1812  and  was  replaced 
liv  J'V'rnando  ^Martin.  Panto  was  a  rigorous  disci- 
iilinarian  and  severe  in  his  punishments.  One  evening 
ill  Xovcmber  1811  his  soup  was  poisoned,  causing 
Miiuiting.  His  cook  Xazario  was  arrested  and  ad- 
mitted iiaving  put  the  '  yerba,'  powdered  cuc/iaftqin'- 
Jihii,  in  the  soup  with  a  view  to  escape  the  father's 
iutuleraUe  floggings,  having  received  in  succession 
fifty,  twenty -five,  twenty-four,  and  twenty-five  '  ishes 
in  the  twenty-four  hours  preceding  his  atteni[)ted 
iwenge.'^  There  is  much  reason  to  suppose  that  the 
i'riar's  death  on  June  30th  of  the  next  year  was  at- 
tril)utablc  to  the  poisoning.^'' 

Tlic  new  mission  churcii,  vaguely  alluded  to  in  the 
annals  of  the  preceding  decade,  v.'is  completed  in 
time  ibr  the  dedicatory  ceremonies  to  take  place  on 
tlie  day  of  tlic  titular  saint  November  12,  181:3.  The 
l)l(ssing  was  pronounced  by  Barona  of  San  Juan. 
The  first  sermon  was  by  Boscana  of  San  Luis,  the 
second  by  the  Dominican  Ahumada  of  San  Miguel, 
and  Lieutenant  Ruiz  served  as  sponsor.^'  The  erec- 
tion of  a  chapel  at  Santa  Isabel,  some  forty  miles 
fVom  the  mission,  where  two  hundred  baptized  Indians 
lived,  was  also  urged  by  the  padres  in  181G-11).  The 
governor  lacked  enthusiasm  for  this  scheme  and  there 
is  no  record  that  it  was  carried  out  until  after  1820.''' 


'-'In  tlic  investigation  Domingo  C'arrillo  was  prosecutor,  Jose''  Maria  Pico 
dcfi  iiilor,  and  Joacjuin  Arcc,  clorii.  Pico  urged  tliat  Nazario's  oliencc  was 
JMstiiiiible  on  aucovint  of  Panto's  cruelty,  and  lie  asked  for  acquittal  especially 
as  the  dose  was  not  fatal.  C'arrillo  admitted  the  friar's  cruelty,  but  insisted 
on  a  penalty  of  8  mouths'  presidii)  work  as  a  warning.  The  sentence  is  not 
givni.  Pfov.  St.  Pup.,  Ben.  MIL,  MS.,  xlix.  '2-7. 

".Jose  Pedro  Panto  was  a  native  of  A'alverde  del  Fresno,  Estrcinadnra, 
Spain,  and  took  the  habit  in  the  religious  province  of  San  Miguel.  He  came 
to  C.'difornia  apparently  soon  after  joining  the  college  of  San  Fernando, 
iirriviiig  at  San  Diego  July  "28,  1810.  He  served  at  this  mission  from  Sept. 
1810  mitil  his  death  June  ."^O,  1812.  lie  was  b\iriod  in  the  mission  church  by 
IJdsuana  and  Ahumada  on  July  '2d.  jS'.  Dia/o,  Lih.  Mi.tioii,  MS.,  03;  Arch.  S/a 
n.,  MS.,  X.  4;U;  xi.  88;  Gitcrra,  Dor.  UU.  Cat.,  ^IS.,  24". 

".May'2.">,  1812,  church  not  tini.shed.  Arch.  Sta  II.,  MS.,  x.  297.  Deo. 
."^I,  1812,  church  will  bo  ready  next  year.  Neither  old  nor  new  one  injured 
l)v  tiie  eirthquake.  Si.  Pap.  JlU.t.,  MS.,  iv.  23,  25.  Dedication,  Sun  Jjieijo, 
Lib.  Mlsioii,  MS.,  14. 

'MM.  l'2th,  Dee.  1!),  1810,  Sanchez  to  Sola.  yl/W(.  yl  r:o/).,  MS.,  iii.  pt.  i.  07-8. 
Feb.  2,  1819,  P.  Sarria  to  President  Payeras.  Arch.  Sta.  li.,  MS.,  iii.  113-14. 


i  j 


:< 


!    n 


34n 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  THE  SOUTn. 


San  DicGjo  lost  about  throu  pur  cent  of  her  nco- 
j)liyt('  population  in  the  wliole  decatlo,  Imt  was  (^aiiiim,' 
rajiidly  in  the  last  years,  the  death-rate  l)ein<^  seventy- 
seven  i)er  cent  of  baptisms  and  thirty-five  per  cent 
of  population.  This  mission  now  stood  fcnirth  in  tlic 
list,^"  and  was  one  of  the  six  that  had  not  yet  passed 
the  hi,L,d»est  limit  of  population.  In  the  matter  of 
live-stock  this  mission's  percentaj^e  of  jj^ain  was  greater 
than  any  other,  and  in  its  total  number  of  sheep  it 
stood  at  the  head  of  the  list.  Aj^'icultural  proj^ress 
was  also  much  more  satisfactory  than  in  the  past, 
perhaps  on  account  of  the  irrigation  works  already 
described ;  yet  the  remark  of  Sola  on  his  visit  of  LS 1  7, 
that  the  padres  "  had  now  befjun  to  brinj;  water 
through  conduits,"  may  indicate  that  I  have  placed 
the  completion  of  these  works  at  too  early  a  date.'' 

At  San  Luis  Roy  Father  Antonio  Peyri  still  toiled, 
but  with  frequent  changes  of  associate,  Estevan  Tajtis 
serving  in  1811,  Genjnimo  Boscana  in  1812-1 ,'},  Fr.-iii- 
cisco  Suficr  in  1S14-1G,  Ramon  Olbes  in  1810- is, 
and  Jaime  Escudc  from  1818,  none  of  whom  died  of 
left  California  during  this  period.  This  mission  was 
now  by  far  the  most  populous  in  the  province,  witli  ;i 
death-rate  of  only  forty-four  per  cent  of  baptisms  mid 
twenty-four  per  cent  of  total  })opulation.     In  agrieul- 

The  padres  had  a  person  dr  raznn  in  chai-gc,  and  were  allowed  by  the  prufecti) 
to  CO  tliiTo  to  say  mass  with  a  portable  altar. 

'"Statistics  of  the  decade:  Decrease  of  population  1,011  to  l,r)G7;  1.4no  in 
1817;  l,01Gin  1812.  Baptisms,  1,347;  largest  number,  227  in  KS'JO;  sniiilli^t, 
4!)  in  18i;j.  Deaths,  1,0:J9;  largest  number,  1  IS  in  181:5;  smallest,  (51  in  lsll>. 
Increase  in  large  livc-stoek,  3,720  to  0,102;  horses  iind  mules,  720  to  l,(i4-; 
siieep,  etc.,  9,740  to  14.908.  Crops  in  1810,  1,.")4.')  bushels;  in  1820,  ".,47-J; 
hirgest  crf)p,  13,21 5  in  1818;  smallest,  1,740  in  1813;  average,  1 7, i">0()  bushels. 
Dec.  23,  1814,  the  padres  report  deaths  o>cee<ling  births  and  baptisms  tor 
four  years.  Airh.,  Sta.  li.,  MS.,  iii.  32.  1819,  ueophytes  dress  in  coarse 
v.oollen  cloths  made  by  themselves.  Proi:  <SV.  Pap.,  JJen.  Mil.,  MS.,  1.  ."il!. 
Mission  wine  raised  from  §20  and  §25  to  $30  per  barrel  in  1818.  Giierrn,  I)'«\ 
JIht.  Val.,  MS.,  vii.  37. 

^'' Sola,  (>&wnvicioHfs,  ^IS.,  185.  He  mentions  also  the  use  of  wells  Vi 
irrigate  vegetables,  vines,  fruit  trees,  and  olives.  In  the  proceedings  in  u 
criminal  suit  of  18.'J0  reference  is  made  to  the  murder  of  the  majordomo  Peilro 
Miguel  Alvarez  by  tliree  neophytes  at  San  Diego  in  1814;  but  I  find  no  con- 
temporaneous record  of  this  crime.  There  is  nodonbt,  however,  of  the  occiu- 
rence.  JJfpt.  St.  Pap.,  lieu.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxi.  47-51. 


SAN  JUAN  CAPISTRANO. 


347 


turo,  l)ut  not  in  livo-stook"  except  linrses,  Snn  Luis 
st<i<i(l  at  the  liead."'  Tlie  mission  elmrdi  tlioiitrh  oom- 
jiiiratively  new,  did  not  eonu^  up  to  IVyri's  ideal,  and 
lie  asked  the  j^overnor  in  IBJ.  1  lor  permission  to  build 
;i  iifw  edifice  of  adobes  and  bilcks;  but  there  is  no 
lui  tlier  record  on  the  matter  durinj^  the  decade.""  In 
islC),  however,  the  missionary  founded  a  branch  es- 
t;il»lislin\ent  under  the  name  of  San  Antonio  at  Pala, 
six  or  seven  leaj^ues  from  San  Luis.  Here  a  chapel 
was  built,  one  of  the  padres  was  generally  stationed, 
,*)ti(l  within  a  year  or  two  about  a  thousand  converts 
w  ere  gathered  to  till  the  soil  and  recite  the  doctrine.^^ 


was 
itii  a 
and 
LHicul- 


1,430  in 

'^IIlllUcNl. 

ill  isll). 

to  1,(14'J; 

■.,47-J: 

llllsllfls. 
islllH    t'nl- 

.,1...:!. 
va,  !)■'<■. 

wells  to 
igs  in  !i 
lolVihn 

110  I'on- 
10  occia- 


At  San  Juan  Capistrano  the  leading  event  of  the 
piccc'diug  decade  had  been  the  completion  and  dedica- 
tion of  the  new  stone  church,  and  the  most  important 
and  almost  the  only  recorded  event  of  this  decade  was 
llie  dcstr'uction  of  that  church  by  an  earthquake  on 
till'  lorning  of  Decendx-r  8,  1812.  It  was  at  early 
intiss  on  a  Sunda}'  when  about  fifty  persons  were  in 
the  church,  and  only  five  or  six  besides  the  officiating^ 
]ia(lrc  escaped  »vith  their  lives.  The  edifice  was  of  the 
nsnal  cruciform  shape,  about  ninety  Ijy  one  hundred 
and  eighty  feet  on  the  ground,  with  very  thick  Avails 
and  arched  dome-like  roof,  all  constructed  of  stones 
imbedded  in  mortar  or  cement.  The  stones  were  not 
liewn  but  of  irregular  size  and  shape,  a  kind  of  struc- 
tui'e  evidently  requiring  great  skill  to  ensure  solidity. 

""We  arc  told  that  in  1817  so  many  sheep  died  that  the  padres  had  to  go 
iiDitli  lis  far  as  San  Juan  Bautista  tor  ■wool  to  clothe  their  neophytes.  Atrh. 
.\r.ui,..  MS.,  iii.  pt.  i.  139. 

'"  liKToasein  population  l.ol?  to2,C03.  Baptisms,  1,808;  largest  numher, 
47;!  ill  1M9;  smallest,  54  in  1810.  Deaths,  847;  largest  number,  l.'U  in  KSli); 
Miiiilh  st,  TiO  in  1811.  Increase  of  large  stock,  lO,;"*!  to  11,8.32;  7,'S(i'2iii  ISl  1; 
li'iisi  s  ami  mules,  776  to  1,3J'2;  sliecji,  etc.,  !».71()  to  13,041.  Crops  in  1810, 
4.-_'L':i  hiishels;  in  1820,  13,335;  largest,  20,390  in  1817;  smallest,  0,000  in 
IMfl;  average,  12,470  bushels. 

'"Arch.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  ii.  84.     Mar.  11,  1811,  Peyri  to  governor. 

*'-Nov.  5,1817,  Sarria  in  Arch.  Sta.  B.,  MS.,  iii.  41-2;  S„l„,  Ohxrrvn- 
ciimi:^,  MS,,  ix.  185-6.  San  Luis  had  a  hospital  wliere  the  padre  made  every 
elliiit  to  stay  the  ravages  of  syphilis  and  dysentery  among  tiie  neophytes;  uiul 
ill  tile  hospital  was  a  special  chapel  and  altar.  Paycras,  In/orme  Uknal,  1817- 
i.v,  .M,s.,303. 


348 


LOCAL  AXXALS  OF  THE  SOUTH. 


f/ 1 


There  is  not  much  doubt  that  the  disaster  was  (hiu 
ratlier  to  faulty  construction  than  to  the  violence  of 
the  teiahlor.  A  lofty  tower  at  the  church  front  WW 
upon  the  dome  at  the  second  movement  of  the  enrtli. 
and  in  a  moment  the  immense  mass  of  stone  and  mortar 
came  crushing  down  upon  the  poor  neophyte  worsliip- 
j)ers.  Thirty-nine  bodies  were  recovered  and  buiicd 
during  the  next  two  days,  and  apparently  several  otluis 
later.  In  the  search  for  bodies  nuich  of  the  debris  was 
i-emoved  from  the  interior;  but  otherwise  the  ruin  nt" 
the  finest  mission  structure  in  California  still  stands 
as  left  in  1812,  an  apartment  in  an  adjoining  adol)i' 
buildiuij  having  been  used  ever  since  for  relioious  sci 
vice.  In  my  visit  in  1874  I  Jioticed  that  at  some  time 
long  past  a  feeble  attempt  had  been  made  to  rebuik' 
a  i^irt  of  the  wails  v/ith  adobes."^ 

Beyond  the  earthquake  disaster  and  the  Lindiiig  of 
Bouchard's  insurgents  in  December  1818  as  ah'oady 
recorded,  there  is  nothing  to  be  said  of  events  at  San 
Juan;'^^  and  it  only  remains  to  2:>resent  the  usual  sta- 
tistics. Father  Barona  continued  his  ministrations 
throughout  the  period;  but  at  the  end  of  1813  or  early 
ill  1814  Suner  exchanged  places  with  Boscana  of  San 
Luis  Bey.  In  population  San  Juan  reached  its  liigli- 
est  iigure,  1,3(51,  in  1812;  but  for  the  whole  decade  it 
lost  six  })er  cent,  deaths  exceeding  baptisms.      Thoic 

^^  Barona's  or.tryof  l)urial.s  in  S.  Juan  Cap.,  Lib.  Minion,  MS.,  .^.  Dci'.  .'!, 
ISI'2,  repcirt  of  tlio  pii<lros,  whohpy  that  0  besides  tlio  padn;  escaped  iis  li\  a 
iiiiiacle.  Sf.  Pnp..  Mis.,  MS.,  iv.  -Ji-.T  Dor.  tUst,  ]{iiiz  to  Arrilla.Lra.  I'rur. 
St.  /'(ip.,  licit.  J//7..  MS.,  xliii.  7.  April!).  ISI.S,  reportnf  president,  who  s:iy-i 
the  pii(h'c  was  in  th<'  oU'ertorv  and  escaped  l)y  tlie  sacri.sty  dixir.  Arch.  Shi,  II., 
MS.,  xii.  01.  A  t(iiip<irary  apartment  servinfr  as  cliurcli  in  IKIS.  Prur.  /Ac, 
ix.  ISO.  TiaAi,  EdrthijiiaLrn  iai'iil.,  \'X^.  on  the  stated  authority  of  'old  in- 
habitants' tells  us  the  day  was  clear  and  unusually  warm.  Half  an  houiuJU  i' 
service  a  loud  distant  rushing  sound  was  heard  in  the  east  and  also  out  on  the 
o(  can,  approaching  without  any  lireeze.  Several  were  warned  by  tiiis  noi.'^c^ 
and  left  tlie  church.  Tlnn  came  tlie  tirst  and  iieaviest  sho  k  whiiii  threw 
down  the  church.  See  also  Lo<  AiujeU's.  Hi.if.,  !)■]();  liandiiii,  lli<t.  i.'dl..  ]\iS., 
'Jl';  lf(n/(s'  J/iyninn  Bonk,  i  I'J-J.  The  numler  of  killed  lias  been  stated  id!  tiie 
way  from  110  to  100  in  newspaper  artieles.  etc.  It  is  also  stated  thiit  'uaiiv 
were  injured  besides  the  killed,  of  wliieh  there  is  no  original  evidence. 

'^'  ISIl,  an  American  ship  anchored  near  the  mission.  7V(///or  ;n  ''"A 
Ffirmcr.  Marcli'JI,  1SG2.  ISKI,  Xieto  complains  to  goveriKU-  of  thr,  piidi's' 
encroacliments  on  his  cattle.  Jhpf.  St.  Pop.,  JJiii.  J//7.,  MS.,  ixiv.  4  '>.  I^lf', 
a  chapel  has  been  built  at  the  hospital.  Payeran,  hiforme  Bieiial,  MS.,  M'A. 


LOS  AXGELES. 


349 


wns  a  gain  In  live-stock,  and  also  in  agriculture;  though 
ill  the  matter  of  crops  this  mission  was  surpassed  by 


nitmy.^* 

The  pueblo  of  Los  Angeles  with  the  "inches  of 
tlic  surrounding  region  had  a  white  population  of  about 
six  liundred  and  fifty  in  1820,  or  together  with  its 
neighboring  missions  San  Gabriel  ai:d  San  Fernando. 
of  about  seven  hundred  and  fifty,  thoii<?-'.i  as  v,e  have 
seen  there  are  some  difficulties  about  tin:  gente  de  la- 
zoii  at  San  Gabriel.  There  is  extant  a  document 
which  })urpoi't,5  to  be  a  list  of  all  pobladores,  ninety- 
one  in  number,  six  of  them  deceased,  down  to  Febru- 
ary 181G,  a  list  which  I  have  deemed  sufficiently 
important  to  bo  reproduced  in  sub'.tarice,  though  it  is 
not  altogether  satisfactorj-.^^ 

^'  Decrease  of  pop.,  1,138  to  1,004.  Baptisms  TSo;  largest  number  240  in 
ISI'J;  smallest,  41  in  1819.  Deaths  7.");  largest  rumbur  177  in  1812;  small- 
est, ."il  in  1820.  Increase  in  lar^'e  stock,  10,213  to  11.480;  14.000  in  1.S17; 
Imr.ses,  etc.,  G!)3  to  980;  8(10  in  1819;  sheep,  etc.,  11, .VM)  to  14,19S.  Crops  in 
islii,  ,j,:iOO  bushels,  a  1820,  1,840,  the  smallest;  largest,  l.S,700  in  ISll. 
Avc'iiiL'e,  0,5.30  bushels.  Aug.  30,  1817,  the  padres  ask  the  governor  fur  lands 
lit  Las  iJajios  de  Santa  Ana  and  Las  IJolsas  on  which  to  pasture  mission  cat- 
tle. Arrh.  Ar.~oh.,  M8.,iii.  pt.  ii.  140. 

•■'  Lo-1  Aiiijilcs,  L'lstd  ijiir  mcuiijio.-'la  lott  'pohmdorcs,  Iiiri'dhlox,  y  Vcciiiox, 
run  hul'icJa  de  sii  cntruda  en,  exte  jnuhh.  tierrax  eoiique  se  Ic-i  ha  <iralijieado,  y  <l 
liiiiijKi  ipte  hi."  j)os''eii  jior  rcpartiniknlo,  y  /o  ijur  eadn  inio  aeo.-'lumhra  d  Ira- 
hitjar,  MS.  Signad  by  Guillermo  (Jota,  on  Feb.  4,  1810.  Names  of  persons 
<lei(':isiil  are  in  italics.  For  convenience  and  to  economize  space  J  have 
classilie<l  the  names.  ]''ourteen  li  .1  received  lanils  in  the  puebhj,  ■which  ha<l 
;i:is>(,il  into  tho  hands  of  their  cliild  en  or  of  other  pei'sons:  ilannel  Camoro, 
17M:  .losu  Maria  Navarro,  1,87;  /'/■'•(fv'.vo  llcye.t,  17'S7;  * 'un'niHfo  Van  Inn, 
\','.M:  Ji(aiiUlira.f,  1800;  Antonio  Ignacio  Avila,'l7!t9;  Anastasio  Avila,  1799; 
H'l.iillo  liOsas,  1781;  Jaqnia  Jliijiiern,  1791;  Mateo  liubio,  1794;  I'edro 
Alvarc/.  1799;  Manuel  Valenznela,  1800;  Mnnucl  Muchiulo;  18(M);  and  Guil- 
1(  :iHi)  Soto,  1789.  Six  still  cultivated  the  lanils  given  then: — that  is  the 
nu'ular  i)ueblo  .sKeWfs  appai.ontly;  Kugenio  Valdi's,  1800;  Jos(^  I'olanco,  1S04; 
•liaiutu  i;?yes,  1804;  Fmctuoso  llui;';,  1799;  Tonuis  Orihes,  1798;  .Josti  I'al- 
I  iiiiires.  18!0.  Fourteen  had  received  no  lands  hut  had  cultivated  the  puelilo 
d'  iiiiuon?)  lands,  and  some  had  gardens:  Felipe  Talamantcs,  1794;  liainon 
1">  Ilia,  179.3;  Scgundo  Valenzuela,  1800;  .luan  Lopez,  ]"99;  Jose  Alalia 
.\i  lilar,  1S14;  Jose  lluiz,  181.");  Ignacio  Van  las,  181.");  Juan  de  Dios  IJalhs- 
tr:  )  .  179(1;  I'edro  Lizalde,  1808;  Fr.incisco  Avila,  bS04;  .Tavier  Alvarado,  ISMt; 
•lo  '  I'lirinudes,  1815;  Francisco  Se]iiilveda,  1815;  Jose  .Maniul  (Jota.  1815. 
T(  had  no  lands,  but  cultivated  each  a  garden;  Pe  Iro  I'erez,  1S05;  Ignacio 
^.  liifh,  ISOS;  Vicente  Sanchez,  1814;  IgiKicio  Kendon,  ISIO;  Desiderio 
ll«  1.1,  1814;  Cayetano  Varclas,  1809;  Jos'i'  Felix,  1813:  Ki>carnacion  Ur- 
.  1812;  Claudio  Lopez,  1811;  Mariano  Alanis,  ISOO.  Five  had  no 
'f  their  own  but  lived  and  worked  with  re!iiti\i'S  and  others:  Dolores 


LUli 


^epulveila,  Juan  Nepomuceno  Alvarado,  1812;  Jose  Maria  Soto,  1815;  Bruno 


Ms 


m 


Pf 

81 

Er.-fi 

H 

|B 

mmI 

f^m^Bj 

^'V' 

fipH 

Jl^l'f^ 

MbI 

H^Hl 

3iW 


LOCAL  ANXALS  OF  THE  SOUTH. 


[-  ii  H;    : 


Statistics  of  po^Wilation  arc  very  incomplete;  a-ial 
those  relating  to  live-stock,  agriculture,  and  other  in- 
dustries are  altogether  inadequate  to  the  fonnatiou 
of  general  conclusions.  Sola,  however,  states  that  in 
1817  the  settlers  had  excellent  lands,  supplied  n)u<]i 
produce  to  the  presidio,  and  in  fact  produced  all  that 
there  was  a  market  for.  They  had  also  53,080  viiu's.''^ 
The  official  list  is  equally  meagre.  Guillermo  i\>tn 
held  the  office  of  comisionado  until  the  end  of  is  I  7; 
Juan  Ortega,  until  August  1818;  and  suhsequeutly 
Anastasio  Carrillo.  Respecting  the  civil  goverinncnt 
of  the  pueblo  we  only  know  that  Antonio  Maria  Lugo 
was  alcalde  in  181G  and  1818,  Anastasio  and  Antonio 

Avila,  1815;  Antonio  Yaklc'S,  181.');  Antonio  Lopez,  LSI.'?;  JoS(5  Man.aRoclin,  -- . 
Twenty  Avorkcd  out  as  liiborera  or  lit  ;i  trailo,  and  a  few  li.id  guldens:  I'ediu 
Viilenziiela,  17!)8;  Nicolds  Alanis,  1807;  Rafael  Arriola,  1811;  Cayotain)  Diiailf, 
ISl.'l;   I'cdro  PoUorcna,    180.");   Antonio  Romero,   1807;   Igiiaeio  Aliiieiiiuis, 

ISIH;  Mi;,'ucl  Sais,  180(1;  Cosnie  Olivas,  ;  Josu  ^laria  Valenzucla,  Ifil.'i; 

Agustiu  Car.abantes,  1807;  (leroninio  (.'auedo,  181'2;  Francisco  Olivarcs,  181."; 
Manuel  Oonzalez,  1814;  Jose  Garcia,  1808;  Carlos  (Jarcia.  1813;  .Juan  liui/, 
1812;  Vicente  Lorenzana,  181'J;  Jose  Maria  Farias,  1815;  Jos(5  Verduirn, 
1814.  Of  fifteen  it  is  simply  stated  that  they  had  no  lands:  Bruno  (!aiv,i, 
171*0;  Ramon  Sotelo,  1805;  Francisco  Acebedo,  1808;  Urcino  Tapia,  1  Si  ill; 
Joaquin  Ruiz,  1813;  Juan  Jose  I)uarte,  1814;  Tcodoro  fSilvas,  1810,  (lu!;:il 
Sotelo,  1815;  Ignacio  Lugo,   1800;  Francisco  Sotelo,   1803;  Leandro  Diiaitc, 

1800;  Francisco  Avila, ;  .Juan  .lose  Alvar.ido,  1815;  Francisco  Solor/aiio, 

181(5;  Ramon  Buelna.  And  finally  7  had  apparently  land-grants,  raiulios,  i  r 
s(7(o,t  for  cattle  raising:  Mariano  Vcrdugo,  1787,  at  Cahuenga,  whicli  he  In  Id 
until  1810  only,  and  later  a  garden  in  the  [lucblo;  Bartolo  Tapia,  ITS'I ;  a  si:ii', 
besides  two  suertes  and  two  gardens;  Fr.incisco  Felix,  1791,  onarauchogiwii 
to  his  father,  within  the  pueblo  lands;  Doroteo  Fijlix,  1803,  also  a  rancho  of  hi  < 
father's;  Antonio  Maria  Lugo,  1809;  Manuel  Gutierrez,  1811,  on  the  )antii<M.f 
the  late  Juan  Jose  Doniingucz,  which  he  now  owned,  three  others,  two  y\vihis 
and  Sepi'dveda,  living  on  the  same  rancho;  and  Jos6  Maria  Verdugo.  Tlu>  last 
named,  like  Gutierrez  and  Tapia,  had  grants  from  the  superior  government. 

Juno  12,  1819,  Guerra  speaks  of  the  50  vccinos  of  Los  Angeles,  l/inrrii, 
Doc.  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  iii.  142-3;  .354  inhabitants  in  1811.  Vallcjo,  Dor..  MS., 
xxxiii.  105;  580  in  1818.  I'rov.  JiW.,  MS.,ix.  187;  478  in  1815.  Arrh.  Sia  II., 
MS.,  xii.  43.  October  1819,  project  to  station  20  soldiers  at  Los  Angi  lis 
approved  by  I'ayeras.  Arch.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  iii.  pt.  ii.  128-30. 

■■'S5o?a,  Ohservacioiies,  MS.,  187.  In  1811  there  were  4,000  cattle,  1,(1'^7 
horses,  458  mules,  and  29  as.ses.  Proi:  St.  P(tp.,  Ben.  MU.,  MS.,  xlii.  8:  in 
1814,  0,295  cattle,  2,499  hor.ses,  .340  mules,  .39  asses,  iind  770  sheep.  /'/.,  xlii. 
4;  in  1817,  1,388  cattle,  419  horses,  03  mules,  and  .501  sheep.  St.  Poji.,  Snc, 
MS.,  iv.  41-2;  and  in  1823,  10,()23  cattle,  2,851  horses,  183  mules.  (I()ai=s(,s 
and  4()8  sheep.  O'ncrra,  Due.  //inf.  C<il.,  MS.,  122.  Some  of  these  stutenieiits 
include  the  ranchos  perhaps,  and  otlicrs  not.  In  1811  the  crop  was  J;ii) 
bushels  wheat,  4,920  maize,  and  230  beans.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  B<'ii.  Mif.,  M^  , 
xliii.  7;  Vallrjo,  Doc.  Hid.  Cat.,  MS.,  xxviii.  105.  In  1814,  575  bush,  niai/r, 
and  435  beans.  Pror.  St.  Pap.,  JSvii.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlii.  3.  Tithes  on  grapes  in 
1820  amounted  to  1,.3(X)  cunrtil/o'^,  or  (juarts,  of  which  050  were  taken  by  tho 
collector.  Dcjpt.  St.  Pap,,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  Iv.  7. 


A  PUEBLO  CHAPEL. 


35) 


I'^nficio  Avila  were  akvklc  and  rogidor  in  1820,  and 
tilt-  lornier  with  Tomas  Uribos  regidorcs  in  1819.-' 

In  1811  authority  was  obtained  for  tlic  erection  of 
a  new  pueblo  eliapel  by  the  citizens,  and  the  corner- 
.stoiio  was  phiced  and  blessed  in  August  1814  by 
Father  Gil  of  San  Gabriel  with  the  permission  of 
ricsident  Scfian.  Beyond  hiying  the  foundation  no 
jiiogress  was  made  before  1818,  since  in  Januaiy  of 
tliat  year  Soki  ordered  that  the  site  be  clianged  in 
i'avor  of  a  higlier  one  near  the  comisionachys  liouse. 
At  this  time  the  citizens  had  subscribed  five  hunchvd 
cattle  for  the  enterprise,  but  Sola  feared  thatsufhcient 
I'unds  could  not  bo  realized  by  selling  the  cattle,  and 
tlieiLforc  proposed  to  take  them  and  include  the  cost 
(it*  the  chapel  in  the  next  year's  estimate.  In  181i> 
riefect  Payeras  by  an  appeal  to  the  f'-iars  obtained 
seven  barrels  of  brandy  for  the  building  fund,  worth 
1  'c  hundred  and  seventy-five  dollars.  This  sum  with 
rarlier  contributions  was  expended  on  the  church,  and 
the  walls  were  raised  to  the  window  arches  before 
1821."^  Meanwhile  the  matter  of  chapel  service  was 
still  an  open  question,  though  little  bitterness  was 
sliowii  in  the  correspondence  of  1815-18.  Tlie  j)adres 
(if  San  Gabriel  announced  the  impossibility  of  attend- 
ing to  the  spiritual  welfare  of  the  pueblo  and  ranchos. 
Scnan  presented  the  matter  in  a  strong  light  to  the 
governor,  who  in  his  report  of  1818  made  an  appeal 
t(i  the  viceroy  in  behalf  of  the  veterans  of  the  king's 
sei\  ice  who  had  gone  to  spend  their  declining  years  at 
L(»s  Angeles,  and  ought  not  to  be  deprived  of  spiritual 
care.    Yet  the  Angelinos  obtained  no  chaplain."'    The 

=  '/Vor.  Sf.  Pap.,WS.,  xix.  327,  370;  Id.,  lint.  J/;/.,xl!x.  ,-)3;  Dfjit.St.  Pup., 
n,ii.  .Mil.,  MS.,  Iv.  7;  Air/i.  Anol>.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  i.  !».  IS;  ducmi,  1Mh\  ll\xi. 
Cal..  MS.,  ii.  l<)i)-'200;  iii.  83,  !fJ;  iv.  -2;  vi.  l.-)4;  Jvifn,  y,,ttt.t,  MS..  1,  ;(,  <». 

■  J'(ii/<  nw,  Memorial,  1S,.'1,  MS.  .loso  Antonio  llaniiivz  was  nicliituct.  iiiiil 
ncopliytu^  from  San  (iabricl  iind  San  Luis  Kuy  iliil  tlio  work  at  one  real  j)cr 
-lay.  Arch.  Sta  B.,  M.S.,  viii.  137;  xi.i.  14S-!);  Omrru,  J>vr.  /list.  Cil.,  MS., 
iv.  ,s.  It  is  not  clear  if  the  conier-wtone  was  laid  Any.  l.")tli  or  lOtli.  Sola, 
Oliau-vdcioiicK,  MS.,  187,  in  hi.s  report  of  1818  says  that  the  citizens  wero 
Imiiding  a  new  ehurcli,  the  old  oik?  lieiny  sniall  antl  in  a  had  eondition. 

J'Sii'mii,  liiformc    IJienal,   JSJ-'-J//,   MS.,  !I3;   ,Sol(i,    (il).'<ci-rwioiir>i,   MS., 
Ib7-S;  A)xh,  A}-Zijb.,  Mis.,  iii.  ^t,  i.  07,  01);  Arch,  Ula  II.,  MS.,  x.  4U1;  xii.  03. 


:f 


'  HI^^^^^^^H^^^^H 

1 

\ 


t 

I 


i' 


I  ;  I 


II 


3J2 


LOCAL  AXXALS  OF  THE  SOUTH. 


old  controversy  of  pueblo  and  mission  limits  came  up 
again  in  1820  with  a  result  that  cannot  be  definittlv 
stated.  It  was  agreed  mutually  that  the  boundary 
should  be  fixed  accordinGf  to  the  decision  of  witnesses 
"de  probidad,  conciencia,  y  conocimiento;"  but  l^adru 
Zalvidea  complained  to  the  governor  that  the  pueljlo 


[IS 


Mai*  of  Los  Anoeles  District,  1800-30. 

officials  refused  to  abide  bv  the  decision,  because,  i 
he  believed,  Antonio  jMari'a  Lugo,  uncle  of  the  coini- 
sionado,  and  others  had  much  stock  on  what  wcro 
justly  mission  lands.^" 

The  pueblo  was  still  within  the  military  jurisdic- 
tion of  Santa  Barbara,  the  sergeant  comisionado  beiii^" 

"•^  March  27tb,  Zahiilca  to  Sola.  Anh.  Aixob.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  i.  9. 


^;i  i 


SANTA  BARBARA. 


353 


•*"i/ 


[use,  as 

coiul- 

It  were 

lii'isdii'- 
iK'iti'j; 


rrspoiisiblc  to  the  coinaiidanto;  but  of  corrcspoiidoncG 
Iji  twfcii  the  local  authorities  ami  tlioso  of  tlio  piVisidio 
and  ])rovincc  there  is  practically  iiothiii<]c  extant.  Yet 
as  wo  have  seen  Los  Anofcles  sent  out  a  larue  force 
of  her  citizen  soldiery  to  defend  the  coast  from  Bou- 
chard in  1818;  and  two  3'ears  later  Sola  connneiuh'd 
till'  valor  of  Regidor  Avila  and  Citizen  Alvarndo, 
whn  marched  asfainst  the  liostile  Dien'iiinos  and  slew 
tluir  leader.''^  ^loreover  the  occasional  a])})roach  of 
a  Ncssel  to  the  San  Pedro  anchorau^e,  the  matter  of 
tlu!  cannon  left  there  by  Xoe  in  18 To,  and  the  ca}>turo 
(if  Tarakanof  and  his  Aleuts  in  1815,''-  mav  L;  re- 
c-artlfd  as  Los  Ans>-eles  events.  There  was  also  a 
\il]iiL,fe  school  in  1817-18,  for  which  a  school-master 
was  awarded  $140  a  year.^^ 

Tlierc  is  very  little  to  record  during  this  decade  of 
tlic  private  ranches  in  the  Santa  ]J;irl)ara  j'U^isdiction, 
all  classed  as  before  with  Los  Angeles  for  convenience. 
The  list  of  181G  of  the  ranchos  properly  belonging  to 
Los  An<xeles,  mentions  those  of  the  two  Verdun'os,  one 
(if  which  is  said  to  hav(;  been  at  Cahuenga,  and  to  ha\e 
liccu  occupied  oidy  until  1810;  that  of  Felix,  within 
the  ])ueblo  bounds,  and  that  of  ^lanuel  Gutierrez,  f  )r- 
iiieilv  owned  bv  Domino-uez.  It  also  includes  the  I'an- 
clios,  not  named,  of  Bartolo  Tapia  and  Ant.)nio  ^Man'a 
Lugo  not  mentioned  in  the  reccrrds  of  the  last  decade, 
hut  omits  those  of  Yorba  and  Nieto,  thus  suggesting 
that  those  ranchos  were  included  in  the  San  Diego  jur- 
i-(liction,  and  that  their  inhabitants  ma\  have  formed  a 
]Kiit  of  the  120  gente  do  razon  credited  to  San  Gal-riel.^' 
\orlia's  rancho  is,  howe\er,  mentioned  in  connection 
with  the  Bouchard  affair  of  1818."''     Sinii  is  also  I'e- 

■'  March  23,  1820,  Sola  to  Moroga.  Proi:St.  Pii/i.,  Dm.  J//'..  MS.,  xlix.  :.;!. 

■'- Si'o  eliap.  xiii.,  xiv.,  this  volume  Tlio  csea|)c  (if  a  iiiisinur  tVoiii  tho 
puiMi)  jail  in  I'Vli.  ISlS,  and  his  flight  with  two  coiiipaiiioiis  towaid  tiio 
(  iliiiaihi,  togcthiT  with  tiio  alcalde's  [mi'suit  of  tho  fugitives,  also  caused  a 
.-ii^ht  lipiile  of  I'val  cxcitciiK'iit.   (ii'irni,  Uor.  lli^t.  ('aL,  MS.,  iii,   yj-."), 

■■'■I'rr.  7,'w  .  MS.,  i\.  ISO;  diurni,  J)<,c.  J(i4.  Cu/.,  M^.,  iii.  74.  The 
iuviiUd  Maxiii'Nj  I'iuawas  the  schuol-inastur. 

^'See  p.  .H42,  Xu.  this  vuluiiic. 

'^.Vo'ri,  .'uMrnrrkvi  (.-■',..,  ISIS,  MS.,  248. 
Hut.  CAi...  Vol.  II.    23 


!'■  mm 


ism 


I   'ti 


354 


LOCAL  ANXALS  OF  THE  SOUTH. 


\U  ' 


).ll 


ferivd  to  in  tlio  same  docuineiit.  In  Fehruarv  18 If. 
there  liad  heeu  a  piteous  a]>iteal  fVoiii  ^Mission  S.m 
Fei'iiando  that  there  was  no  place  fortlie  mission  sheep 
now  that  Patricio  Pico  luid  notitied  the  padres  to  it- 
luove  tlieni  from  his  land;  and  in  1820  a  ])ortion  ol 
the  Simi  building's  were  hurned  hv  the  Indians.''"  In 
1817  the  mission  sheep  were  in  a  like  manner  ordcrid 
away  from  lauds  claimed  as  a  part  of  Ilefugio,  nunh 
to  the  jnidres'  disgust.'*''  Of  Las  Virgeiies  and  VA 
Conejo  nothing  is  in  the  records.  In  18  IG  the  padics 
of  San  Gabriel  objected  to  the  granting  of  a  site  scin,' 
twenty  leagues  from  the  mission  to  Francisco  A\ll;i; 
and  in  1817  a  similar  objection  was  made  to  the  u'l'aiit 
of  Se^cpe  near  San  Ijuenaventura.  The  friars  did  m  t 
approve  of  private  land-grants,  and  there  was  no  luck 
of  plausible  reasons  or  pretences.^'  Finally  in  Ueceiii- 
ber  1819  the  regidores  and  thirty  citizens  re])resen1('([ 
that  Captain  Guerra,  just  at  his  departun^  for  ^Mexico. 
had  lieen  induced  to  urant  to  Talamantes  and  ^la- 
chado  the  ranclio  do  los  Quintos,  which  really  belonged 
to  and  was  needed  by  the  ])ueblo.  They  claimed  tlmt 
the  commandnnt  had  acted  without  due  cousideration 
and  that  the  governor  had  in  several  instances  refused 
such  petitions  for  land.  Acting  Comandante  ]\[oraga 
seems  to  have  left  the  matter  //;  .statu  quo  for  the  deci- 
sion of  higher  authorities  b}^  permitting  the  toun.Miuu 
to  form  corrals  on  the  land.^'' 


'^Fcb.  10,  ISIG,  Muuoz  to  Sola.  Arch.  Ar.oh.,  M.S.,  iii.  pt.  i.  lo-17:  I'n.r. 
Hf.  P((/K,  Ihn.  Mil.,  .MS.,  \lix.  5:1. 

^'Nov.  (),  1817,  Kipoll  ti>  Snl;i.  Ai-rli.  Ar.ol).,  MS,,  iii.  pt.  ii.  A.  Tin-  piMirc 
jirotosts  iiLMiiist  tiu!  iHMiKival,  siiys  tiiat  Ortcjxa  has  land  oiioin^li  beside.--  tliut 
in  (lUc'stidU  for  a  wliolo  mission,  and  tliat  liis  jjust  attempts  t)  have  the  slnep 
removed  liave  been  fiuitless. 

""Feb.  l.-),  ISK),  I'ayeras  to  Sola.  Air/i.  Ar~o').,  :MS.,  iii.  pt.  i.  IS.  Siiiaa 
and  "ietoiiato  Sola,  May  .'51,  1817.    Jil.,  iii.  i.  \-2'.)-'Xi. 

'"■'  Lo-*  Amji/i-'^,  Iiistiniriiidc  lii.i J'li/idoirH ji  I'cf'nins  soliri'  /'/irrds,  JSI'J,  .M.'^. 
The  names  of  the  petitioners  are  all  written  in  one  ham  I  writing,  witli  a  '  t  ' 
attached  by  the  two  regidores,  who  eonhl  not  write,  to  certify  the  genuine- 
ness of  all.  The  names  were:  Anasfcisio  Avihi,  Tonuis  Urihes,  Frinii  isi.o 
Aeebeclo,  .lose  I'alomares,  .lose  I'olaneo,  Maximo  Alanis,  Vieente  Sainiu/, 
Mariano  N'erdngo,  .(nan  de  1).  I'allesteros,  .lose  Felix,  Cayetano  Vaieh's.  Ma- 
teo JUibio,  Segundo  Valenziula,  Kamon  lUielna,  Ignaeio  Kendon,  Virdjte 
Villa,  Franeiseo  N'illa,  .lose  Uernmdes,  Antonio  Ibarra,  Andi'es  lliarra.  I'iilili) 
Franco,  Juan  Jose  Uigucra,  Jose  Antoiiio  Botiller,  Jose  Antonio  lieniun.  l.u- 


SAN  GABRIEL. 


365 


Jaiiuarv  14,  1811,  Fjitlicr  Fraiu'is  Dumetz  died  at 
San  Cjabi'it'l  where  part  of  tlie  time  since  180G  lie  had 
lived  as  superiiiiinerary.  lie  was  the  oldest  inissioii- 
aiv  ill  Cahi'ornia,  where  he  had  served  for  forty  years; 
and  lie  was  the  only  surviving-  eonipanion  of  Juni'|)ero 
Sena  who  still  remained  in  the  ])rovinee.''"  Zalvideti 
served  as  minister  throughout  the  decade,  hut  his  as.o- 
ciate  ]\Ii<>niel  died  in  181."},'"  and  was  succeeded  hy  J^uis 
(lil  y  Tahoada,  who  in  1814  was  followed  hy  Joa(|uin 
Pascual  Xuez.   Padre  I'rresti  also  lived  here  in  1 804-('). 

San  Gabriel  in  1820  was  excelled  in  neo})hyte  p(>[)- 
ulation  b}'  only  San  Luis  Rey  and  San  Jose.  There 
had  I)een  more  IiKhans  baptized  there  during-  the  dec- 
ade than  in  any  other  mission  e.\ce})t  San  Jose  an<l 
San  Francisco;  it  stood  at  the  head  of  the  list  in  the 
niiinljer  of  cattle,  and  in  agricultural  pi'oduets  was 
surpassed  by  San  Luis  only.''-     Sola  in  1818  I'eported 

caviuuion  Ur(ini(les,  Dcsidcrio  Olivcra,  Santiago  Rubio,  Ant.  Reyes,  .)atiiito 
l;cus,  lU'i'imiilo  lliguera,   .Iiuiu  rolloreiia. 

'"  FiiiiRisco  lUiiiH'tz  Mas  a  native  of  M;illorca;  was  appointed  to  tlio  Cili- 
foiiiia  missiiiiis  in  Aiij;u.st  1770;  sailed  witli  10  eonijianions  from  San  lilas 
,l;ni.  "Jt,  1771,  and  arrived  atSan  ])iei;o  March  l:2tli.  He  .-^erx  ed  at  San  Dieuo 
until  M,iy  I77-;  at  San  Cailns  nntil  .May  17Mi:  at  San  liiienaxentiira  nntii 
August  17!'7;  at  San  l\inando  until  KS()"_',  and  auain  in  1,S04-.*);  and  at  Sin 
(lalaiel  in  KSvj;>-4,  and  fr.ini  ISO(i  to  IMl.  In  177- and  177-")  lie  luid  made 
tiips  down  to  Velieat;!  to  ol)taill  .suiiplies.  lie  was  Imried  liy /aividea  oil 
Jan.  1."),  ISll,  the  day  after  his  deatli.  Thoni;li  lie  apjiears  to  have  lieen  an 
cliieient  and  y.ealims  \V(jrker,  he  is  perhai)s  the  lea.st  prominent  of  all  the  <ild 
padres  in  the  missionary  leeords.  Not  a  single  dneument  iiears  his  name  ill 
my  list  of  authorities.  His  fame  must  live  in  California  eldelly  iis  the  latest 
Kinvivor<jf  the  early  friars  and  in  hisnann'  appliedhy  \'aneonver  to  a  pointoa 
the  coast.  Romero,  however,  J/<  wo^vV/v,  ^iS. ,  o,  tells  us  that  ]»umet/.  \\a3 
tail,  stout,  and  of  light  complexion,  addicted  moreover  to  the  use  of  snuli", 
traces  of  which  were  always  unpleasantly  visiVile.  See  Mission  Jltjokx. 

"•lose  de  Miguel  came  to  California  in  17!*0;  servcil  at  Sta  Harhara  from 
,fune  of  that  year  nntil  Ootoher  17'.)S,  when  lie  was  allowed  to  retire  tu  .Mex- 
iiii  (ru  ;Keiiunt  of  ill  health;  returned  in  ISOO  and  served  at  San  Luis  Onispo 
uiitd  Se])tend)er  1  oO.S,  and  at  San  Oahricl  fi'om  IfSO.S  to  \H\'.i.  Ho  dietl  oil 
iliuie  2,  ISll,  at  San  lAinamlo,  and  was  hiiiied  1)V  I'adre  Ollies.  Arrh.  .V.a  /!., 
MS.,  X.  US-!);  xiii,  .•i07;  Arrh.  Arzoh.,  .NiS.,  i.  oj;  I'ror.  /{.,:,  MS.,  v.  iM; 
\i.  KCJ;  A rr/i.  Ohi'.pfti/o,  MS.,  Si'i.  It  seems  tliat  <luring  his  aUsence  in  Mexico 
lie  left  tiie  ciillege  of  S.  Fei-nando  an<l  joined  that  of  .S.  I'uMd  y  S.  I'tiiio  do 
MiL-lioacar,;  hut  repentin;;  was  tahen  Iiim  li,    Arrh.  S-'a  />'.,  .M.S.,  xi.  "JSI    •_', 'JSI-. 

'increase  in  population,  l,'_"il  to  1,030  (Imt  in  I8i;}  17  if  there  is  u<j 
eiinr  the  jKip.  was  from  1078  to  1701,  tiie  hi^diest  mirnlier  ever  readied/;  h.ip- 
tisms,  '2.00,");  smallest  numlier.  OS  in  ISKi;  largest,  48;{  in  Isll;  deatiis,  1, :;..,!; 
largest  mimbir.  1.")!)  in  ISlS;  smallest,  lOS  in  ISli).  Jnciease  in  lisc-stini;, 
lO,.')"!)  h)  1,'),',)M  :  liorses,  etc.,  770  to  l».Sl  ;  small  stock,  '.t,7")0  to  12,  US.  (  rop 
in  r..O  li).\40  l.usliels;  in  1S20,  11, .3.;^);  largest,  H>,'JUl>  in  lSl7;  .smallest, 
'2,.s40iu  ISIS;  average,  I1,40'J. 


nm 


1-.'i' 


m 


m 


^H 

■ 

l^^l^^H 

■ 

I^^^^^B 

m 

A 

1 

r 

1,,* 

1 

1? 

I1 


356 


LOCAL  ANXALS  OF  THE  SOUTH. 


this  mission  as  having  the  finest  lands  in  California 
^\  itli  abundant  Avater;  yet  two  years  before  Zalvidca 
had  reported  the  land  so  exhausted  that  the  ncu- 
])hytes  had  to  go  to  La  Puente  to  plant,  nine  or  ten 
miles  away,  where  six  hundred  were  then  at  woik, 
and  where  a  cha|)el  was  much  needed." 

A  chajjel  was  built  in  eoimection  with  the  missiftu 
liospital,  as  at  other  southern  establishments,  before 
1818.  In  1819  the  gentiles  of  the  Guachama  ranche- 
rfa,  called  also  San  Bernardino,  some  fifteen  leagues 
iV(»ni  San  Gabriel,  voluntaril}'  asked  for  the  intnxkic- 
tii'ii  of  agriculture  and  of  stock -raisin  »j:  in  their  fertile 
lands,  and  a  beginning  was  made  in  a  way  not  speci- 
fied. The  padres  regarded  this  as  an  important  step 
toward  the  conversion  of  the  tribes  toward  the  Colo- 
rado; but  it  does  not  appear  that  any  station  was 
established  at  Sati  Beinardino,  nor  were  any  buildings 
erected  there  down  to  1822,  in  the  report  of  which 
year  the  preceding  facts  are  mentioned." 

Tliere  was  constant  alarm  on  account  of  the  Ind- 
ians in  1811,  rumors  of  foc^s  approaching  from  the 
Colorado  being  frc'(|uent.  The  ahirm  continued  t-) 
some  extent  through  the  decade  and  was  jiaiticularly 
active  in  1819  in  connection  Avitli  the  afi'air  of  the 
Amajavas  at  San  Buenaventura,  There  is  no  evi- 
dence of  hostilities,  or  even  that  any  of  the  rumors 
were  well  founded.''"'  The  earthquake  of  December 
8,  1812,  at  sunrise  overthrew  the  main  altar,  breaking 
the  St  Joseph,  the  St  Dominic,  the  St  Francis,  and 
the  Christ,  damaging  the  church  considerably,  bring- 
ing down  the  top  of  the  stee})le,  and  badly  cracking 
the  sacristy  walls,  and  injured  the  friars'  houses  and 
ther  buildinus."     As  before  stated  San  Gabriel  I 


oi 


)e- 


".SV,/f,,  Obxn-varionis,  MS.,  1S5-V;  May  10,  181G.  Zolvidea  to  Sul.i. 
Ari-h.  Jr.oli.,  !MS.,iii.  pt.  i.  40. 

**  jl/(>7'oHrs-,  Cuuilvniu  tie  Eatadoi^,  JS.?,?,  !MS.,  20S-0.  An  article  in  tlu'  <'^'"  - 
liorndiiliiio  Thins,  July  8,  1S7(),  says  a  biaucli  (if  San  Gabriel  with  l>aililiii_H 
■\\a,s  I'Ntalilishiil  lieie  almut  1S'20,  the  buildiiigii  lia\iiig  been  destroyed  by  tbc 
Indians  about  l.S;?'J. 

'■"'Sue  eliap.  xv.  this  volume. 

♦'  .S7.  ]'<ii'.  Jlifn.,  MS.,  iv.  '21-2.     Eulalia  Perez  remembered  that  Maria 


SAN  FERNANDO. 


3r. 


ovnia 
vidca 

n-  tell 

work, 

lission 
ht't'oro 
inchc- 

rotluc- 
fortilc 

speci- 
\t  step 
)  Colo- 
iii  Avas 
.iklinu's 

which 


l(iii-.;V(l  t()  tho  juris(li(;ti()n  of  Sun  7)ion'o,  thou^li  it  is 
iiiiirc  convi'iiii'iit  to  class  it  with  Los  Aii!i'('lfs  in  tin; 
Santa  J>iii!>ai';i  district.  In  18 1 'J  the  mission  was 
cicditt'd  with  ITo  inhabitants  do  razon,  ot"  whicli 
(l(iuhth.>ss  iifty-one  and  pcrliaps  more  were  soliUiTs 
staijiincd  tlici'o  only  tenipin'arily,  while  tho  oecui)aiits 
of  some  atljoinino"  ranchos  were  prohahly  included. 
The  Lollard  with  the  soldiers'  I'anulies  could  not  have 
c'.\i'C( 'ded  thirty  or  forty  [)ersons.*' 

( )['  the  two  ministers  at  San  Fernando  Rey,  ^Eufio/ 
and  L'rresti,  the  latter  died  in  1812,  and  the  t'ornui- 
Icl't  the  country  in  1817.'*'^  Urresti  was  succeeded  hy 
.l(ia(|nin  Pascual  Xuez  who  served  in  1812-14;  and 
l)\  N'icente  Pascual  Uliva  in  18l;}-lo.  ^Marcos  An- 
tonio de  Vitoria  followed  j\Iuhoz,  servinuf  from  IS]  8 
to  ^[av  1820.  Roman  Ullibarri  came  in  Januaiv  and 
]''rancisco  (:Tonzalezde  Ibarra  in  October  1820,  Prom 
181.)  to  1820,  therefore,  there  seems  to  have  been  but 


le  Ind- 
im  the 

led    to 

•ulavly 
of  tho 
lo  evi- 
nunors 
•ember 
iH'aluu'.;' 
,  and 
briiiL;'- 
•ackiuu,' 
ses  and 
■lel  be- 

a  to  Sola. 

in  the  ><nn 

buililinns 

,xmI  by  the 

tlmt  Maria 


Ii'iLK-in  Amailor  do  Alviirndo  tanglit  a  kind  of  school  at  her  own  liniisc  in 
INIS.  llcviHrilosi  lie  Uku  Viijci,  JIS.,  7. 

'TIlo  mission  statistics  give  San  Uabriel  from  1800  to  ISIO  a  constantly 
imiiasiiiq  jiopidation  dc  razon  from  .'!7  to  17r>;  after  which,  as  was  ciistoiiiaiy 
at  'itli(  r  missions,  only  the  ])adrcs  arc  given.  The  irrcgtdarity  of  coiiisi-  I'^n- 
bi>ti'il  ill  reckoning  during  these  years  the  cscolta  and  sonic  of  the  ram  Ik  ro-. 
Its  cause  is  impossilile  to  state;  but  it  introduced  considcrahli!  ciinfusiini  in 
tlic  records,  wliicli,  however,  will  not  affect  the  totals  for  the  whole  [irov  iiico 
nor  for  the  southern  <listricts,  only  causing  uncertainty  in  the  division  of  tho 
two  districts. 

'Mesc  Antonio  Urresti  came  to  California  in  August  1804;  served  at  San 
t^u'.riel  till  Seiitemlicr  1S()(>;  at  Santa  Uiirbara  to  Au,!,aist  ISOfl;  and  at  San 
liiiriuilo  to  his  death,  Jan.  5,  161'2.  Arch.  SldJJ.,  MS.,  x.  4-io;  Lihrn^  i/e 
-V'- ..,/,  MS. 

I'e'ho  .Mufioz  was  liorn  at  Puerto  do  Bauos,  Kstrcinadura,  Spain,  on  .Inly 
111.  IT-'!.'!;  took  the  habit  June  10,  ll'Xi;  became  a.  member  of  the  college  of 
biiii-l'arada;  and  after  completing  his  studies  and  taking  the  dill'crcnt  orders 
Mas  ordered  to  San  Fernando,  .sailing  from  ( Vidi/.  .Tunc  111,  1S0,'{,  and  arriving 
Se|it.  nth.  He  left  the  college  in  April  1>S()4.  Arrli.  Sta.JJ.,  MS.,  iii.  Ui  7: 
.I'v7(.  .l/(v/o»f-.s',  !M,S.,  i.  404.  He  served  at  San  Miguel  from  Octolicr  rs('4  to 
•'lily  ISt)7;  J^nd  at  San  Fernando  till  November  ISdT,  having  been  at  .San 
Fiaihisco  temporarily  iilso  for  six  months  in  ISOS.  He  m.ide  sevei'al  cxjieiji- 
ti'Hi^  into  tiie  interior,  the  most  imiiortant  bciiiiC  that  with  Moraga  in  Isdii 
into  the  Tularcs  N'allcy,  ot  which  he  has  left  a  diary.  Min'io-.,  hUn-io,  MS., 
et',  J',y  some  indiscretion  committed  on  the  way  to  California  he  excited 
tile  suspicion  of  his  superiors,  and  instructions  came  to  the  jiresident  tliat 
li!>  eniiduct  was  to  lje  watched.  There  was  a  scandal  that  gained  some  cur- 
I'lii.  y  of  Ills  relations  with  the  wife  of  a  certain  majordomo;  Imt  we  have  th.e- 
liiiilie'-i  own  statement  that  the  cliarge  was  invi'stigated  by  his  superiors  and 
]ii"\iii  lalse.  Aich.  Azob.,  MS.,  ii.  G.  lU-hcalth  was  tho  reason  given  for 
Iii-  udrcnieut  iu  1817. 


t 

I  f 


3.-)8 


LOCAL  ANXALS  OF  THE  SOUTIL 


;:  ',  I 


ti'ii 


IN:):' 


Olio  riiinister.  Tlie  carthquako  of  DoceinUer  21,  1 S 1 2, 
(lid  no  i'urtlicr  cUiumj^'o  than  to  nect-'ssitatc  tlic  intid- 
(liK'tioii  of  thirty  now  buaiiis  t<>  suj)|)ort  the  (•hui(  h 
wall.  In  1813  a  noojdiytc  was  killed  1)}' the  Iiidi.iii 
alcalde,  who  tlirtnv  a  elul)  at  liiiii  tVoin  a  distance  n\' 
twenty  yards  with  a  view  to  (juickeii  his  inovenieiits 
at  work.  The  killiiiL;'  was  deemed  accidental  and  tlh' 
penalty  imposed  was  only  two  months  in  the  jjri.'sidio. 
In  1810-18  ther-e  was  ocMnjilaint  that  neophytes  wcie 
rumiini;  away  in  largo  numhei-s.  Before  181H  a  in  w 
chapel  was  comjtloted.''''  San  Fernando  gained  sli^litly 
in  poi)ulatioii  duriiiL?  the  mIioIo  })eriod;  but  readied 
its  highest  iigure.  1,080,  in  1819,  and  then  its  decline 
hegan.  In  agriculture  and  stock-raisinsj:  this  mission 
was  tolerably  successful,  but  oxce[)t  in  the  item  nl' 
cattle  did  not  rank  with  the  largest  establishments. 
Its  lands  though  fertile  wore  not  br(jad;  and  when 
its  sheep  wei'e  driven  off  of  Pico's  rancho  of  Sinii  the 
IViars  com})lained  that  they  must  all  bi>  killevl  as  there 
was  no  place  for  them.  This  sounds  strange  in  view 
of  the  immenso  Hocks  of  shoop  pastured  in  this  valley 
in  later  yoars.®'^ 


:i-l 


Captain  Josd  ArgUollo  was  commandant  of  Santa 
Bai-bura"  until  the  autumn  of  1815,  when  ho  wont  soutli 
as  governor  of  Baja  California.  As  ho  never  returned, 
and  had  no  further  connection  directly  with  the  ]irn- 
vince  of  Alta  California,  I  have  hero  to  jiroseiit  in 
accordance   with    niv    u'enoral    v)lan    his    biouraiihv.  - 


'»y 


P 


S7.  Prip.  J//»\,  MS.,  iv.  21:  Pror.  f!t.  P,ip.,  /?, 


.1///.,  MS.,  xlviii.  •-'; 


(Uiirrii,  J)i)(\    Hi-tt.    C(tl.,  ^IS.,   vii.  'Jli-.'W,   -I'A;    Pai/tnii,    Iiifonne   11 
1S17  IS,  MS.,  30i>-:{. 

'  IiiciL'ixsi.-  ill  pop.,  9."),")  to  1,0'2S.    linptisiiis,  010;  largest  no.,  181,  ii 


mialk'st,  ;{(»  in  ISI.").     Dtatlis,  .">.S(1;  lari'u.st  no.,  (17 


181." 


;ilk'st.  -l;! 


1M7.  Largo  stn-k,  8,'2S-.'  to  |-J,,")()!);  horses,  etc..  8(;-_»..")0!l;  slicqi,  cto.,  :i.L'(;i 
to  T.ImO.  Crops  of  1811,  8,730  bush.;  1820,  ."'),-270;  largest,  7,720  hi  Ibl-'; 
.smallest,  .'i!).")0  in  ISK!;  average,  0.210  Imsli. 

■''  Kor  nia[)  of  Sta  IV'irhara  ilistriet  see  chap.  xxv. 

•^-.Tose  Dario  Ar'niello  was  bora  at  (.>ueretaro  about   17.").3,  and  enlisted  in 


]77''5  in  the  Mexico  reiriinent  of  drai. 


11 


e  servei'  as  a  ]>} 


■ate  al  i 


Vcarf 


il  then  a.s  sergeant  of  the  presidial  company  ot  Altar,  Sonora,  foi  t\ 


years  ami  a  half,  until  in  1781  he  was  promoted  to  i)e  alf/rez  of  the  company 
just  organized  by  Kivera  for  the  ]>riip(  ;icd  [-.rcsiitio  of  .Santa  Ikirliara.  -!/'• 


CAlTArX  JOSK  Al!<iCri;LLO. 


3o0 


]\r  was  tlio  oldest  rcsitk-nt  of  proiuiiR'Hco,  tlic  rauk- 
iiiL;  titlici'i',  and  certainly  the  l)t'st  known  and  most 
iiilliniitial  man  in  tlie  jirovince,  Nviicre  he  luul  surved 
I'aiihi'ully  tor  thirty-tonr  years.  J  lis  reeoi-d  was  a 
iKiCectly  clear  one,  and  in  ahility  and  taithfnhiess 
Ai'^iiello  hore  a  marked  ri'scmhlancc  to  Arrillana. 
I  fi    was  a  good  oiKcer,  a  strict  disci})linariaii,  an  <.'\- 


iii  1^11; 

St.  4;i  ill 

t.'..  :!.-!■' t 

ill  IM-'; 


ll'i.  Ili'jfi^  ill  >>i  rr!r!o,  in 


/' 


,sv.  /', 


v.itl'i 


.St.  I' 


'/'■ 


Ml 


MS. 


7'.  /'/■ 
4;   /' 


■'/..  MS. 

r'.     A'.".. 


SI.  /', 


.MS. 


'!>■ 


.SI.     Ac 


.icut.  (!oi\/;ilc/.  Mill 


ivei'ii  1)11  h\>\  iiiiHi.li  II 


Villilllil  lirlrtt  tllllt  iilliriT  (111  tllu  ( 'ipIdIIuIii,  ;iliil 


I  tl 


Sun  tiiil'i'iol. 


U'  e'iiiii])aiiy  n 


il  finiiiliiM 


111   tl) 


Wllirr   111! 


iirrivt'il  .July  14,  \~>\,  iiiul  v.lii'ii!  liu  iriiiiiiiRMl  until 


tilt'  !nuiiil:itiiin  of  Siiutii  I'.ariuirii  in  April  17^-.  His  lust  |iulplii' surv  iii'  of 
im|iiiitaiui'  was  a.s  I'liiiiisioiiailn  ajipointfil  liy  tluv.  I'aiiCH  to  ilistrilmto  to  sct- 
t.  r^  till.'  jiiU'Mo  laiiilrt  of  \aI)A  .Viiiji'U'.s  in  .\uu;ii:.t  ITS').  J.un  Amjili "^  /,'i /mr/ici.iii 
il,  .v./(()V,v,  MS.  In  Fthniary  |S77  In'  was  iironiotfil  to  ]>v  lifutiiiaiit  of  tlio 
Sail  I'raiirisco  lomjiany,  .'.ml  startfil  in  .Itiiii'  toassiuin'  tlir  iii'W  position.      ||u 


scr 


Mil  as  coininanilant  of  San  I'raneisco  until  Ma 


rcli 


17!tl, 


i'.:ain  tioiii 


April  17!ll»  until  .July  ISOO,  liavin;,'  oc\'U|)itil  tiu'  .sanio  post  at  Mmiti'ivy  in 
17'.' I  (I.  l'"or  liis  strvitos  as  coniaiulanti'  ami  lialiilitaiio  1  niisy  ivfir  the 
luailt  T  to  the  local  ami  [iiovimial  annals  ot  tliosu  years,  isiiitu  it  i.s  iisck'ss  to 
ri'prat  the  rc'i'oril  of  so  proiniiic'iit  a  man.  I'au'cs.  on  tinning  ovor  liis  oliii'e  to 
IJiiHrii  in  17'.il,  ■'<l'oku  of  Ari;iii'llo  in  lii'.;li  terms  of  praise.  I'rur.  S/.  J'lijt., 
.MS..  \.  14s.  ill  Oetolier  of  the  same  year  Ai^ciiello  wa.s  i)reseiit  at  the  ileil- 
i  a'imi  of  the  Soleilail  elinreh.   Sii/nlinl,  J.ih.  JJi 


MS.,  I  •_>.    Jn  I7.s;; 


his 


iiauH'  ami  that  of  his  wife  appear  oeeasionally  as  goil-parents  jit  hajitisu 


S/'l  Unflif 

Sll' 

jjUillo  ami  las  wi 


Lih.  Jli 


MS.,  4.  (i.     In  17! a  lit  th 


st    of     I'll 


siileat 


th 


.'uaniian  o 


f  .San  I'Vniamlo  issueil  a  '  li'tter  of  hrotheiimoir  fi 


Air/i.  Sin  A'.,  MS.,  xi.  ^VA.    In  October  I7!t7  I 


laoti'il   to   he    iirevet   eajitaiii,   the   conimissioii  being  leeeiveil   in 


i\>i  lie  was  pii 


!•• 


I7!l.s.  Pror.  Sf.  P(i/>.,  M.v,  xv.  •_'()■);  J'mr.  /,'. 


MS. 


•JOS: 


70   1;  .•>V. 


I 'II I'.  Sill'. 


MS.,  V.  1  i:t.     On  the  death  of  Lieut.  Sal  in  ISOO  Al.'iiello  ilesireil 


ti.Misfer  to  .Monterev,    but  was   unable   to  obtain  it.      lie   w; 


uiwever. 


leeiiimiieiiiieil  tor 


pn 


(tion  ill  l.s(i;b 


.Mi 


•_'■_',  1.S07,  tl 


le  Kill''  inaile 


h: 


enmpiiny. 


ileiiiti 
H 


.f 


lis  merits  ami  .servieef- 


i]itain 


if  tl 


le  iS;int;i  i>;ir- 


is  eomniission  Wiis 


I'iveil  late  in  ISOS, 


lilt  111 


i.t  Siiiitii  liiii'b.'ira  since  the  autumn  of  1S0(!.     At  the'  eml  of  180S  Anilla'.'a 


tcr.ilicil  him  to  be  a  niiin  of 


L'U 


(i')ilitv,  nil 


go 


111  cnmluct.'  /' 


pr. 


oveil  com 


I-':  //..  /' 
.  Arrilla 


'/..  i.   Ii7; 
in  .Inly  1S14, 


SI.  I', 


SI.    Pn 

'nil.   Siif 


M.S. 

th 


age,  much  aiiplieation,  f..ir 


ii.  •_>;!.     On  th 


I'guello,  heiiig  the  riinUuig  o 


ik 


J/;/. 

ith  of 


itlii'cr  ill  ( 'alifonii;i 


me  acting  governor;  but  iliil  not  on  that  iiccouiit  cease  to  be  commamhint 


h.Cil 

'f  Sair:a 

i'al.      It  was  doubtless 


jiiriiara,  nor  i 


lid  h 


le  move  his  resilience  even  temponiii 


1' 


ilisappi 


illitmeiit  to   till 


lid 


!v  to  t 
il 


le  c;ip- 
iiitaiii  iiiid  his  frieiii'.s 


ic  Wii:;  not  made  governor 


1  d  I,  to  rule  ISaia  L'aliforn 


but  1 
iftt 


lie  was  coiiimi.-.sioneil  iiisteail  in 


Dei 


!1, 


iting  the  arriviilof  .Sohi  he  started 


i"i'  the 


])cuiiisiilii  by  land  in  Oclober  LSI,'). 


.Ml 


wife  wa:i  I>on:i  li^ni 


!*iIov;iga,  of  Altar,  a  niece  of  Lieut.  .Tost; 


1, 


the  f. 


oumler  o 


f  .Siin  1 


111  I'raiieisco,  who  came  to  Calil'c 


ith 


iiisbaiul.     Both  were  of  imre  Spai 


blood, 


liiar..  ^.l,','/i.  S'li.  U.,  .MS.,  xii.  :!!)L>-;},     Their 


beli 
ild 


■d  to  bi 


nine  clulilien  were  a 


11 


by  till 


Califoinia.     The  oldest  was  .lose  Igiiaeio  M;i\imo,  baptized  at  Siin  ( iabiiel  ahi 
was  :cnt  to  Me.cic)  to  be  educated  for  the  prii'sthoi'd.     IIu 


s,  17S-J, 
to  C.iiifi 


iriiia  on 


vitiit  in  liiOO,  iiiid  iissistid  at  the  deiiiciitioii  of  the 


Ueli:ivc;:l:ura  cuurci   on 


L'p.i 


th,   alii 


•ay  1111 


iiuisij  at  .San  Clabricl. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


1.0 


I.I 


11.25 


i^  ilia 
nr  1112 


25 


ill  1.8 


U    11.6 


V] 


<^ 


/} 


/: 


9: 


> 


y 


>(S^ 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER, NY.  M580 

(716)  872-4503 


*Jn 


^^ 


iM 


% 


w^ 


3G0 


LOCAL  AXXALS  OF  THE  SOUTH. 


cf.Uent  accountant,  and  withal  a  very  popular  man. 
If  wo  conskier  lii.s  rise  step  by  step  from  the  ranks, 
his  education  was  remarkably  good.  Both  he  and  liis 
wife  took  great  pains  with  the  home  education  ff 
their  sons,  and  the  captain  was  very  successful  in 
pushing  the  three  boys  forward  in  the  presidial  ooni- 


1  I    < 


According  to  the  •will  of  Arrillnga,  by  which  it  appears  that  Padre  ArgiitUi) 
owed  the  estate  §500  borrowed  on  the  aforesjud  visit,  he  was  at  tiiat  time 
curate  of  Torin,  on  the  Yaqui  Iiiver,  Soiiora;  and  a  rcjjort  was  current  lutir 
that  he  had  been  killed  in  a  riaing  of  the  Yaquis.  S.  Gahrkl,  Lib.  Mislun,  MS., 
10;  (5.  liiienarcntura.  Lib.  Mimon,  MS.,  15,  18;  Arril/wja,  Testameiito,  MS., 
14;  Jiomero,  Mimorias,  MS.,  0.  Of  Luis  Antonio,  Santiago,  and  Cier\ii.Mn, 
men  more  or  less  prominent  in  California  history,  I  have  more  to  say  tisi- 
where,  as  also  of  Dofia  Maria  do  la  Concepcion  Alarcela,  the  heroine  of  tl]>i 
Itezdnof  romance.  The  other  four  children  were  Francisco  Rafael,  Toriljio  ili; 
Jesus,  Ana  Paula,  and  Gertri'idis  lludesinda,  of  whom  I  know  nothing,  save 
that  Paula  married  a  man  named  Obregon  in  Guadalajara,  and  tiiat  none  (it 
them  seem  to  have  remained  in  California.  In  consideration  of  his  laig.- 
family  Argiiello  had  apparently  obtained  in  1707  the  Pilar  tract  of  laud  nwlr 
San  Francisco  for  stock-raising.  St.  Pap.,  Jiliiis.,  MS.,  i.  5,  83-4;  Prov.  Jier., 
MS.,  V.  io:{. 

In  Lower  California  the  governor  was  far  from  being  content,  since  in 
)81G  he  complained  bitterly  in  a  letter  to  his  old  friend  Uuerraof  hispositimi 
as  '  a  veritable  deception,'  besides  other  sorrows  not  specified,  whicli  tiouliicd 
him  and  his  wife.  Giierra,  Doc.  Hist.  Cat.,  MS.,  vi.  1.31.  In  1810  he  liwl  an 
idea  of  applying  for  the  cross  of  the  Order  of  San  Hermenegildo,  to  whit  Ii  iii.s 
services  cntitied  him,  but  was  dissuaded  by  Sola  on  account  of  the  expciis;! 
involved.  J'rov.  liec,  MS.,  x.  40.  He  got  not  a  cent  (■•'  his  pay,  and  thnuL'h 
governor,  was  forced  to  live  and  support  his  fanr  f<mall  sums  borrowed 

from  friends.     Old  age  and  ill-health  were  atldci  ne  troubles  of  povi  rty. 

He  was  anxious  but  unable  to  go  to  Mexico  or  t  ui.  rnia  to  spend  tlic  re.st  cpf 
his  life.  He  formally  resigned  his  office  on  Juno  20,  1821,  intending  to  ^^ta^t 
the  next  nonth  for  (iuaymas;  but  suddenly  cliangcd  his  mind  and  resolved 
to  await  the  viceroy's  action,  though  sickness  obliged  him  to  give  up  tijo 
duties  of  his  office  until  October.  In  the  spring  of  1822  his  house  at  Loivto 
was  sacked  and  stripped  of  everything  worth  stealing  by  Cochrane's  iiism- 
gents.  Finally  in  July  or  August  he  was  relieved  of  his  office  by  the  imiu  rial 
commissioner  Cantinigo  Fernandez  and  sailed  from  Loreto  Oct.  27,  !S'_'-,  en 
route  to  join  his  son  Gervasio  at  Guadalajara,  though  the  state  of  his  health 
made  it  uncertjun  if  he  would  reach  his  destination  alive.  Prov.  St.  /'"//., 
MS.,  XX.  200;  (luerra.  Doc.  Jl'wt.  Cal,  MS.,  iv.  124,  128,  130-1;  v.  2I(i  i:i; 
vii.  73;  Lanxe/ias,  B.  Cal.,  107.     See  also  my  Uht.  liorth  Mex.  States,  vol.  i. 

Not  much  is  known  of  the  venerable  captain's  last  years,  spent  in  poverty 
and  sickness  at  Gua<lalajara.  His  complaints  to  Capt.  Guerra  were  very 
bitter  toward  the  Mexican  government,  which  owed  him  $15,000,  and  would 
not  jiay  him  anything  to  buy  a  unifonn  of  the  new  style,  paying  no  atteiitinii 
to  Va»  demands  for  a  retire.  Some  of  his  troubles  were  perhaps  imaginary 
and  the  results  of  dotage,  since  for  a  part  of  the  time  at  least  ho  got  §120  oer 
month  from  some  source.  Gurrra,  Doc.  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  vi.  90-7,  13.'{-4,  ete. 
He  died  at  Guadalajara  late  in  1827  or  early  in  1828,  at  the  age  of  75  year.-<. 
The  widow  wished  to  return  to  California  with  Guerra  in  1828,  I  ut  was 
deemed  unable  to  attempt  the  journey.  She  died  on  April  12,  1829.  In  a 
letter  of  Jan.  30,  1829,  the  daughter  Maria  Concepcion  alluded  to  some  rcpoii  s 
in  (.'alifornia  derogatory  to  her  father's  good  name,  begging  Guerra  to  contra- 
dict such  calumnies.    She  returned  later  to  California. 


SAXT4.  BARBARA  COMPANY. 


3G1 


panics;  but  none  of  thcni  ever  equalled  the  father, 
1  xcc  )t  Don  Luis  ill  rank  and  perhaps  in  popularity. 
Dom  Jose  was  a  pious  man  even  for  his  time  and 
(oi  iitry.  Arrillaga  used  to  refer  to  him  familiarly  as 
•(  saiito;'  and  the  padres  regretted  the  departure  of 
ii  man  "who  seemed  like  one  of  us."  Old  residents 
Miiicnibcr  him  as  a  tall  stout  man,  very  dark  in 
.  (iiiij>lexion.  Some  of  his  descendants  show  the  true 
S[iaiiisli  type  of  face. 

'Argucllo  was  succeeded  in  the  command  by  Lieu- 
tenant Jose  de  la  Guerra  y  Noriega  who  held  it  for 
twiiity-four  years.  When  the  latter  was  promoted 
to  bo  captain  in  1818,  Gabriel  Moraga  became  lieu- 
tenant of  the  company  instead  of  Ignacio  Martinez, 
to  whom  the  place  belonged.  By  a  strange  error  in 
Sjiuin  the  companies  of  these  two  officers  were  trans- 
jiDsed  in  their  promotion,  Martinez  going  to  San 
I'luntisco.^'  The  office  of  habilitado  was  held  some 
years  by  the  commandant  and  others  by  the  alferez, 
who  was  Josd  Joaquin  Mai torena  throughout  the  dec- 
iide.  Moraga  was  acting  commandant  during  Giierra's 
al)scnce  in  1819-20.  The  company  sergeants  were 
three  in  number,  Guillermo  Cota,  Carlos  Carrillo, 
Juan  Ortega  until  1818,  and  Anastasio  Carrillo  after 
lylS.     Santiago  Arguello  was  cadet  until  1817, 

The  presidial  company  numbered  sixty-six  men 
hesides  officers,  with  from  thirty-one  to  twenty-sevon 
invalids.  Of  the  soldiers  at  least  twenty-five  were 
i  hsent  on  escolta  duty;  but  it  is  impossible  to  learn 
\  hat  part  of  the  invalids  lived  at  the  presidio.  The 
ti  tal  white  population  of  the  district,  including  its  own 
ti\  "  missions  and  also  San  Gabriel,  increased  from  four 
Iniidred  and  sixty  to  seven  hundred  and  forty,  a  part 
of  ihe  increase  being  the  forty-five  men  of  Portilla's 
euii!  )any,  who  under  Lieutenant  Fabregatand  Alferez 
Del^ado  were  added  to  the  garrison  in  1819."    Add- 

'-'•'  Y.  t  the  names  and  companies  are  correct  in  the  announcement  of  pro- 
iiiotioii   rom  Guadalajara,  Dee.  II,  1817.  Prov.  Sf.  Pap.,  xx.  194. 

'Tl)  le  were  some  complaints  by  Fabregat  of  slights  from  tlie  oHicers  of 
tliL  ^jjcsi  lial  company.  Pruv.  St.  Pui>.,  lien.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlvi.  13-lfi. 


3G2 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  THE  SOUTH. 


H, 


ing  the  population  of  Los  Angeles,  which  wa-^  .sultjcct 
t)  the  Santa  Bilrbara  comandancia,  wo  have  a  tot.il 
of  1,355.  The  neophyte  population  of  the  same  dis- 
trict had  decreased  from  G,500  to  G,400.  Adding  tli  ■ 
figures  for  the  San  Diego  jurisdicti(m  and  we  have  \\<v 
what  may  be  termed  Southern  California  in  18J0  a 
])opulation  of  1,800  gente  de  razon,  and  1 1,G00  nn.- 
l)hytes.^"  Financial  statistics  are  naturally  mcagr", 
while  those  relating  to  agriculture  and  stock-raisii!.-' 
are  all  together  lacking.  It  appears,  however,  that  in 
1817  or  1818  the  company  established  the  rancli(»  of 
San  Julian  as  a  source  of  meat  supj)ly  for  the  soldieis. 
The  padres  granted  the  land  provisionally,  to  be  iv- 
turned  when  the  sup[)lies  should  begin  to  come  regu- 
larly; and  it  was  stocked  with  the  tithe  cattle,  about 
six  hundred  and  fifty  in  number  at  the  begimiiiig. 
The  undertakinjx  was  altowther  successful.'^" 

Some  items  of  local  interest  at  Santa  Barbara  have 
been  recorded  in  other  chapters.  Sucli  were  the  feu- 
Indian  exj)editions  made  by  the  company;  the  captuic 
of  Ayres  and  the  Mcrcitn/,  and  the  presence  of  the 
otter-hunters  at  the  Islands  in  1813;  the  investiga- 
tion of  the  Pedh'i'  affair  in  1814;  some  vague  state- 
ments about  the  fate  of  the  native  islanders;  tlie 
arrival  of  i\\Q  Atala  in  1815;  the  exciting  episode  cf 
the  L)/dia  and  ^ilbatross  with  the  capture  of  Gyzelaar 
and  Smith  in  the  same  year;  the  coming  of  Wilcox 
and  the  Traveler  in  1817;  the  return  of  Gyzelaar  the 

*'  July  0,  181fi,  Giicrra  to  Sola,  says  there  are  100  veciiion  and  ."J,"*  iiivaliil s 
in  tlie  ilistrict,  including  Lo8  Anu'cles,  capable  of  bearing  arms.  Prov.  Si.  /'■'/'. , 
MS.,  XX.  1 12-1.3.  List  of  108  such  persons  in  1819.  Id.,  Prcsiil.,  i.  lo.  Imiimi 
cial  statistics:  Pay-roll  of  the  company  from  §18,000  to  §"20.000  per  year,  imt 
paid  of  course.  This  presidio's  share  of  the  invoice  of  1815-10,  §12,'2'22;  tlwit 
of  IS'it  not  given.  Invoices  of  goods  on  iiand,  except  in  1814,  from  §1,001)  tn 
§2,(Hni.  Totals  of  habilitado's  accounts  §r>0,(HK)  to  §120,000.  Supplies  fioin 
missions,  from  §10,000  to  §18,000  per  year  (doubtful).  I'ostal  revenue  almiit 
§40;  tobacco  revenue  iu  181 1-12,  §1,724;  tithes,  §200  to  §1,700;  t(jtjd  of  tith.  s 
17S(;-181."),  §0,827;  impal  bulls  §108  to  §I.')0.  For  company  rosters.  <  lliii:il 
lists,  and  financial  accounts  for  the  decade  see  Proi\  St.  I'up.,  JJcii.  Mil..  MS., 
y.lii.  Hi.  passim;  St.  Pap.  Sn<:,  MS.,  iii.-ix.;  Proi:  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  xix.  liti-, 
S71;  XX.  Il2-i:i,  227:  I<l.,  Prexhl.,  i.  2.->,  28-1);  Pror.  Pec,  MS.,  x.  42-.*);  \i. 
57;  Omrrn,  Dor.  Illtl.  Cut.,  MS.,  ii.  140  50,  158,  190;  v.  78. 

»•*(/»(•/«(,  IkK.  Ilixt.  Col.,  MS.,  iii.  <K]-7,  ."2-3;  Prov.  SI.  Pap.,  MS.,  x\. 
224.     Cioiizalez,  Exjuricncum,  MS.,  13,  ciilb  the  raucho  Las  Cauadus. 


ipi 


SANTA  BARBARA. 


3G3 


next  year  with  a  fricmlly  warning;  and  the  subsc- 
(|iiriit  stirring  events  of  the  Bouchard  invasion  in 
]  s  I  s,  involving  the  destruction  of  the  Ortegas'  ranclio 
ill K 1  sinuggHng  depot  at  El  Rafugio;  and  finally  the 
hard  times,  chronic  at  Santa  Barbara  as  elsewhere 
thiougliout  the  decade."  So  1  have  spoken  elsewhere 
of  the  earthquake  shocks  of  December  1812  and  the 
j'lillowing  months;  but  I  append  here  correspondence 
ami  references  on  the  subject.^^  Additional  items  are 
icw  and  of  minor  interest.  A  presidio  chapel  of  wood 
with  tile  roof  was  finished  in  March  1813.  In  conse- 
(jUiuce  of  the  damage  by  earthquake  it  was  proposed 
t(»  rebuild  the  presidio  on  a  better  site  nearer  the 
mission;  but  the  records  do  not  show  that  even  u  be- 
ginning was  made.  I  have  in  my  collection  of  origi- 
nal manuscripts,  under  date  of  1814,  a  defence  of  two 
Indians  accused  of  murder  addressed  to  the  royal  au- 
(liencia  by  Carlos  Antonio  Carrillo,  the  sargento  dis- 
tinguido  of  the  Santa  Bilrbara  Company.  In  18 IG 
(liierra  reports  tiiat  the  presidio  liad  no  liosj)ital, 
though  a  lady  at  the  mi.ssion  "applied  some  medicines 
for  charitv's  sake."  At  the  beginning  of  1817  a  !>ri- 
Hiary  school   for  girls  ^vas  opened  under  a  female. 

■■'  See  chap.  xi.  xiii.,  this  volume. 

''Dec.  31,  18r2,  Argiiello  to  Anillaga,  almost  daily  shocks  this  mouth. 
Si'vi-ral  liuil dings  ruined  and  damaged  at  presidio  and  mission.  J^artii  opened  in 
MV(  lid  places,  with  sulphur  volcanoes.  Prov.  St.  J'u/).,  licii.  Mil.,  MS.,  xliv. 
I'.',  •lull.  14,  181.3,  commandant  to  governor,  speaks  of  shocksof  l)ec.  "Jlst,  .still 
iiin|nTati()n.  Pror.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  .301.  March  (i,  1813,  Maitorcnatoliuv., 
tin  tiiiihlor  has  left  him  half  in  convulsions;  sleeping  in  a  tent;  will  start  in 
.\piil  if  fear  will  permit.  /(/.,  xix.  ,341.  March  19th,  Com.  to  (tov.,  all  in 
lints  iiiid  suffering  from  fear.  The  la.st  shock  was  on  March  8th.  Several 
<-h'i/.ii/,(itf  (asphaltnm)  springs  fonned  in  the  mountains  and  tulares;  gai)a  in 
tlir  >iciTa;  the  shore  volcano  has  more  openings,  and  another  is  reported  l>c- 
liiinl  the  Sierra  de  los  Finos.  Sanchez  said  he  lied  in  friglit  to  San  Luis.  7.7., 
.\i\.  .'>;{!»-4().  Juan  Lugo  fled  to  Monterey  frightened  out  of  his  wits.  Vnllijo, 
/><■■.  Mi.sf.  CuL,  MS.,  xxxvi.  '287.  Weatiier  on  tiie  tir.st  day  very  line;  two 
III  ii\y  shocks  at  the  beginning,  llovzali  ;.  Kr/ifr.,  MS.,  '2-'i.  1'.  IJil  said  tiiere 
w;is  ;i  liuge  eartlujuake  wave  at  sea;  the  people  all  ran  to  the  niissioii  to 
1  li.iiit  litanies;  a  stick  with  .a  jiendent  ball  was  set  up,  and  the  hall  vibrated 
iHiitinually  for  8  days,  and  later  at  intervals  for  1.")  days.  Ont,  Oriirniiri'ii, 
Ms..  M')-'.  Jan.  18,  1815,  live  shocks,  .fan.  .30th,  more  teiiiblores.  July 
Stii.  !ltli,  six  shocks.  JJor.  Hint.  CuL,  MS.,  iv.  '2(i4,  ^dS-TO.  Announct  iiient  by 
Ar'.;iieli()  with  autograph.  Proi\  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  110.  Corrc«i)(mdence  in 
l^l.'i,  alK)ut  rebuilding  the  presidio  on  a  higher  site  nearer  the  mission. 
X"tliiiig  seems  to  have  l»cen  done,  for  in  l81(i  the  bad  condition  of  the  build- 
iiii;s  is  noted.  Proi:  St.  Pa/i. ,  MS. ,  xix.  342,  .3G1 ;  Pror.  li<r. ,  MS. ,  ix.  183;  xi.  10. 


I 


''  I:; 


I 


i*  IJi  ■    ? 
r 


3G4 


LOC^VL  ANNALS  OF  THE  SOUTH. 


In  1818  the  custom  of  burying  in  the  presidio  ctnic- 
tery  liad  been  abandoned,  and  the  governor  reliistd 
permission  to  inter  tliere  a  child  of  Alferez  Maitonn.i. 
In  February  1819  Padre  Sarria  refers  to  a  quarni 
between  mission  and  presidio  about  the  possession  of 
a  jjiece  of  land;  but  he  gives  no  details.'^" 

At  the  mission  of  Santa  Bdrbara  Padre  Gil  y  Tii- 
boada  was  succeeded  by  Ramon  Olbds  in  181:3,  and 
the  latter  by  Francisco  Suner  in  181G.  Gil's  associ- 
ate Marcos  Amestoy  retired  in  1814,**  and  after  an 
apparent  vacancy  of  nearly  a  year  Antonio  liipoll 
took  his  place  in  July  1815.  Under  the  ministers 
named  this  nussion  continued  to  decline  in  neo[)hyto 
p(>[)ulation,  as  also  in  cattle  and  liorses;  thougli  in 
agriculture  its  success  was  somewhat  greater  than  in 
the  j)receding  decade."^  A  new  church  was  begun 
in  1815,  notwithstanding  the  extensive  repairs  that 
had  been  made  on  the  old  buildinir  after  the  eartli- 


''^Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  six.  .140;  Currillo,  Pedimcnto  ile  los  l?<w,JfilU 
MS.;  Oix-rm.  Dor.  I  list,  fat.,  MS.,  iii.  7(>,  lO.H;  iv.  11;  Prov.  Itfc,  MS.,  xi. 
id;  Anh.  Sta  li.,  MS.,  iii.  lir)-l(J;  Prov.  St.  Pup.  liru.  Mil,,  MS.,  xli\.  l,".. 

*"  Marcos  Aincstoy  left  (Juailalajara  for  California  April  2.i,  1804,  ami  m- 
rivcil  at  San  Francisco  Aug.  14th.  His  only  service  was  at  Santa  ISiirluiia 
from  November  1S04  to  Sept.  '^1,  1814,  when  he  sailed  from  Mexico,  clisaMul 
by  aiianilyzed  arm.  Nov.  10th  of  the  Eanie  year  he  was  at  Tepic  greatly  iiii 
|U'oveil  in  health.  He  came  to  California  nnder  suspicion  by  reason  of  somu 
indiscretion;  but  no  subsequent  complaint  is  recorded. 

•■'  Decease  in  population,  1,355  to  1,1.32.  Baptisms,  947;  largest  munlur, 
124,  in  181G;  smallest,  48,  in  1811.  Deaths,  918;  largest mmiber,  97,  in  lM(i; 
smallest,  72,  in  1820.  Large  stock,  5,070  to4,020;  horses,  etc.,  ],,'39()  to  1.12(1; 
sheep,  etc.,  8,190  to  8,300.  Crops  in  1810,  3,900  bushels;  in  1820,  and  .Miiiill- 
est,  2,500;  largest,  10,205  in  1817;  average,  0,.350  bushels.  Among  the  mis- 
sion majordomos  were  Francisco  Garcia  and  Josd  Dolores  Ortega.  Anh.  Sin. 
Ji.,  MS.,  ix.  490.  Corresiwndencc  about  cloth  manufactured  here,  in  wliiili 
1'.  Rijwll  was  very  successful  in  1810,  producing  a  better  article  than  tlio 
QuertJtaro  cloth.  Anh.  Arzob.,  MS.,  iii.  pt.  i.,  passim;  Pror.  Uec,  MS..  \i. 
34-5;  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  109.  In  1817  Josi^  Ortega  made  a  report  to 
Sola  on  the  extent  of  the  Santa  Bdrbara  mission  lands  in  substance  as  fol- 
lows: Eastward  to  Refugio  9  or  10  leagues;  frtmi  N.  to  s.  1  to  3  leagues  ivnn 
the  sierra  to  the  sea,  being  narrowest  at  Las  Lliigas  near  Refugio.  Five  llow  - 
ing  streams:  £1  Capitan,  Las  Llagas,  Dos  Pueblos,  Tecolotc,  and  Las  Anuas; 
with  swamps  at  Mcscaltitlan,  etc.  At  first  the  sheep  rancho  was  at  £1  ( 'api- 
tan.  Later  P.  Amestoy  founded  the  rancho  de  San  Marcos  on  the  bank  of 
the  Calaguasa  stream,  extending  up  the  stream  from  Teguepc.  Pror.  S>. 
Pa]).,  MS.,  XX.  177-8.  1818,  many  runaways,  who,  however,  returned  Ixfuio 
an  expedition  wa.s  ready  to  go  after  them.  Chap.  xv.  of  this  vol.  1819,  very 
heavy  rains.  Guerra,  Doc.  hint.  Cat.,  MS.,  v.  240. 


SAN  BUENAVENTURA. 


365 


qualcc.  In  181G  the  stone-work  was  nearly  eompleted. 
In  1817  Captain  Wilcox  in  the  Travelhr  made  a  trip 
to  Santa  Cruz  Island  for  timber.  In  1818  the  edifice 
still  lacked  certain  beams;  but  on  the  10th  of  Septem- 
1k  r  1820  it  was  finally  consecrated,  the  ministers  be- 
\u]f  aided  by  three  companions  from  abroad  who 
I.Kiught  large  bands  of  neophytes,  Sola  standing  as 
,v|Miiisor,  the  conmiandant  assisting  with  all  the  sol- 
diers and  citizens,  and  the  day  being  closed  with  mili- 
tary evolutions,  Indian  dances,  and  a  banquet."^ 

The  earthquake  at  San  Buenaventura  in  1812-13 
(li'ove  the  occupants  away  to  San  Joaquin  y  Santa 
Ana  for  three  months.  Kjacal  church  was  improvised 
and  several  baptisms  and  burials  are  recorded  in  the 
mission  registers  as  having  taken  place  here.  When 
the  people  came  back  in  March  or  April  1813  it  was 
I'onnd  that  in  addition  to  some  serious  cracks  in  the 
mission  buildings  the  new  church  was  so  badly  dam- 
iv^vA  that  a  part  of  the  fa9adc  and  all  the  tower  would 
l:a\  t.'  to  be  torn  down  and  rebuilt.  In  181 4  all  dama«xes 
save  those  of  the  church  had  been  repaired;  and  in 
1818  not  only  was  all  restored  to  a  condition  better 
than  the  original,  but  a  chapel  in  honor  of  San  Miguel 
had  been  added."'  The  most  exciting  local  event  of 
till'  decade,  not  even  excepting  the  earthquake,  nor 
lull  laps  the  temporary  flight  to  Purisima  Xueva  to 
(.scape  death  at  the  hands  of  the  pirates  in  1818,  was 

''Arch.StaB.,  MS.,  v.  164,  181;  vii.  10-2."?;  x.  302,  516-17;  xii.  113; 
Si.  J'o]..  Misx.,  MS.,  iv.  20;  Proi:  St.  J'ap.,  M.S.,  xx.  16(^8;  Prov.  R<r.,  MS., 
i\.  IN."!;  Uoiizalez,  Eipfr.,'^\.'!^.,'A;  Vi.^rlii'r''M  Missinnn  of  Cal.,  ^G.  The  dedi- 
catidii  is  dcscril'od  in  the  mission  books  hy  P.  Sufier;  and  in  the  mission 
II  pdit  of  1820  the  church  is  described  as  'of  hewn  stone  and  mortar,  walls 
Ml V  strongly  built  with  good  buttresses,  a  tower  of  two  stories  liolding  si.x 
1 'tils. a  plaster  ceiling  frescoed,  marbled  columns,  altar  tables  in  Roman  style, 
oiu'  cf  them  with  a  pulpit.  Image  of  Santa  Barbara  in  front  in  a  niche  sup- 
pinttil  by  six  columns;  and  at  the  extremities  of  the  triangle  the  throe  virtui  f<, 
all  fiuir  of  the  figures  being  of  cut  stone  painted  in  oil.  The  lloor  of  burni.shctl 
MtiiiiRu.  Various  decorations  in  church  and  sacristy.  All  agreeable,  strong, 
and  neat.' 

"  Sf.  Pap.  3fLii>.,  MS.  iv.  24,  26;  S.  Buenaventura,  Lib.  Miilon,  MS.,  10, 
17.  1!);  Arch.  ObUpaclo,  MS.,  34-5;  Arch.  StnJi.,  MS.,  x.  302-3;  xii.  <J0.  All 
till'  wiirk  of  rebuilding  had  been  done  by  the  neophytes  under  direction  of  the 


I 


I,  '  ■) 


\i: 


Pi!': 


3cn 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  THE  SOUTH. 


the  fight  with  the  Amnjavas  of  tlio  Colorado  in  ^fav 
1811),  wlion  two  soldiers  wero  killed  and  ten  of  tin- 
foe  inside  the  mission  enclosure;  but  these  occurrences 
are  elsewhere  recorded."* 

San  ]?uenaventura  reached  its  liighcst  figure  <  f 
])Of)ulation  in  ISIG  with  1,328  neophytes,  subse{(Utiilly 
losing  200  of  the  number;  deaths  having  exceeded 
ba})tisnis  by  over  170.  Though  losing  several  thou- 
sand head  of  cattle,  this  mission  still  stood  first,  slmw- 
ing  a  gain  in  sheep,  and  making  a  somewhat  favoraMe 
showing  in  agriculture."''  The  government  owed  Saii 
Buenaventura  in  June  1820,  .i?27,38o  for  sui>plies, 
60,200  in  stipends,  and  61,585  for  a  cargo  of  henij).  or 
a  total  of  635,170,  which  there  was  not  the  slightest 
chance  of  ever  receiving.""  The  ministers  were  Joso 
Francisco  de  Paula  Senan,  president  in  1812-1.5,  and 
i\Iarcos  Antonio  de  Vitoria,  though  the  latter  was 
absent  in  1818-19. 

At  Purisima,  Father  ^lariano  Paycras,  president 
from  1815,  served  throughout  the  decade;  but  in  the 
associates  there  were  frequent  changes.  Boscana  left 
the  mission  at  the  end  of  1811;  Estevan  Tapis,  jtiesi- 
dent  until  1812,  .served  in  1811-13;  Antonio  Bi|toll 
in  1812-15;  Luis  Gil  in  1815-17;  Roman Ullibani  in 
1818-19;  and  Jos(5  Sanchez  in  1820-1.  The  poi)uhi- 
tion  dwindled  rapidly,  the  death-rate  being  fifty-tlireo 
per  cent  of  population  and  baptisms;  but  in  live-stock 
Purisima  was  among  the  most  prosperous  of  missions.'"' 

"♦See  chap.  xi.  xv.  this  vol.  There  was  an  Indian  murder  case  in  liSlT. 
Prov.  St.  P<i]K,  Ben.  iMlL,  MS.,  1.  445-8. 

*^  Decrease  in  jiopulation,  l,'2i)7  to  1,1'27.  Baptisms,  713;  largest  numlitr, 
2*23  in  1810;  smallest,  .*<3  in  181!).  Deaths.  880;  largest  number,  1-21  in  I>^1S; 
smallest,  70  in  1810.  Ijarge  stock,  '21,'2'2I  to  18,741;  horses,  etc.,  3,27ii  to 
3,4.->l;  sheep,  etc.,  8,.")43  to  10,730.  Crop  of  1810,  7,'275  luishels;  of  lsj(i, 
7,437;  largest,  1*2,135,  in  1818;  smallest,  G.GOO,  in  1819;  average,  iMUiJ 
busliels. 

**.S'.  liiienavfntura,  Sumhmtraciones  al  Premllo  hanta  1S20,  MS.  Signal 
by  Seftan  and  Vitoria. 

«'  Decrease  in  jwpulation,  1,02*2  to  840.  Baptisms,  551;  largest  nuiiilitf, 
115  in  1815;  smallest, '23  in  1820.  Deaths,  743;  largest  number,  93  in  IM's 
smallest,  41  iu  181*2.  Gain  in  large  stock,  10,015  to  1  l,0(il ;  horses,  etc.,  l.-l') 
to  1,543}  sheep,  etc.,  10,C42  to  1*2,710.    Crops  iu  1810,  5,970  bushels;  iu  ib'lii, 


I'URiSIMA  CONLKl'CiON. 


307 


Tlu-  oartlirjuakc  of  Doci'iiil)or  l!l,  1812,  destroyed 
llic  cliurcli,  many  of  tlie  iiiissioii  buildings,  and  100 
ii(n|)]iytes'  houses  of  adobe;  and  subse<iuent  floods, 
ciusfd  by  the  rains  and  the  bursting  of  a  fountain, 
cnii.pleted  the  devastation,  so  that  very  few  buildings 
V  (ir  worth  repairing  even  for  temporary  use.*''  Huts 
of  wood  and  grass  were  hastily  ereeted  for  shelter  and 
nligious  service;  and  in  ^[areh  \H\l^  the  padres  peti- 
tioned the  president  for  permission  to  rebuild  the  mis- 
sion, not  at  the  old  site,  but  at  ancjther  across  the 
liver  at  Los  Borros,  or  jlmui},  the  advantages  of 
v.liich  were  apparent,  and  were  fully  enumerated. 
Tlu'  request  was  granted,  and  the  transfer  effected; 
hut  of  progress  in  erecting  the  new  buildings  little  or 
nothing  is  known,*'"  though  church,  houses,  and  an 

iuiil  smallest,  3,790;  largest,  12,000  in  1813;  average,  fi,530  Imsliols.  Dec. 
I'llii,  .hill.  IS17,  no  rains;  iirospcet  of  a  drought;  sheep  dying  l.y  limulred.s. 
I'.ut  a  little  later  it  rained  and  snowed  almndantly.  Cuerra,  JJor.  I  list.  ('(iL, 
jMS.,  v.  24-11.  Fi'l).  1(»,  181!),  1".  KipoU  asks  governor  that  some  Kodiaks  be 
alliAviil  tu  Join  the  neophytes  of  Pnrisinia  as  they  desired.  Atrh.  Ai-.ali.,  M.S., 
iii.  pt.  ii.  (il-2.  Puriainia  jiroduced  in  1819  TiOO  Itofftn  of  tallow  of  seven  or 
liu'lit  (inohnu  (200  lt(S.)eaeh.  Arch.  Sid  B.,  MS.,  iii.  lti.t-4.  In  .Tun.-Feli. 
1  IC),  some  nieasiirenients  were  niad(.'  liy  the  jiailres  showing  the  distimce  from 
I'unsiiiia  to  Sta  Im^s  to  he  (ii^  leagues  and  019  varas;  and  to  San  Luis  Ohispo 
liy  \v:iy  of  La  Graciosa,  18  leagues  less  2.")0  vanis,  and  by  way  of  San  Antonio 
laiirlio,  19  lea^jues  and  ."mO  varas ;  to  San  Antonio  ra  iclio  by  way  of  the  garden 
(it  Miiteo,  3  leagues  and  3,400  varas.  Atrh.  Oliln/i^-./o,  MS.,  7"). 

'^''  l>ec.  22,  1812,  I'ayeras  to  President.  There  were  several  light  shocks 
fill  l)(!c.  8th,  doing  little  damage.  On  Dec.  21.st,  at  10:30  .v.  M.,  a  severe 
slinking  for  four  minutes,  doing  much  harm,  with  a  light  shock  while  the 
jiadics  were  making  an  examination.  Just  before  11  another  furious  O'uililor 
(if  live  or  seven  minutes,  and  the  church  fell.  Five  or  six  light  shocks  in  the 
cvLiiing  and  others  next  morning.  The  earth  opened  in  several  places,  einit- 
tiiii;  Welter  and  black  sand.  Several  wounded,  but  none  killed.  Arch.  ,Stit  IL, 
^!S.,  vi.  184-5.  Dec.  31,  1812,  report  of  Payeras  and  IMpoll,  stating  extent 
(f  damages.  .S7.  I'ap.  Minn.,  MS.,  iv.  18  19;  I'ror.  SI.  i'lip.,  Ikii.  Mil.,  MS., 
xliv.  12.  Trask,  Earthquakes  in  t'ul.,  i;V2-3,  eironcously  states  that  a  num- 
ber (if  lives  were  lost. 

'■'■'  J'lirinima,  Pcticion  de  la<i  Padres  snhro  Traslado  de  la  Mitiov,  roii  alros 
Pd/iehM,  ISl.i,  MS.  The  old  site  is  called  Ln/.'-nciipi,  and  the  distance  1} 
ltM;,'U(S,  'and  the  same  distance  back  again'!  Lasuen  had  been  informed  of 
the  inconvenience  of  the  old  site,  but  had  insi.sted  The  name  of  the  new  site 
limy  lie  Aintiii.  Pitrlsiiiin,  Lih.  Miysloii,  MS.,  3;  Sfdx'ifiijii,  Arrh.  Anoh., 
M^.,  ii.  89.  Governor's  consent  to  the  change  March  10th-30th.  Prov.  I'l'r., 
Ms.,  xii.  104-3.  Aid  sent  from  Sta  Harbara,  April.  Prov.  Si.  P(ip.,  MS., 
xi\.  .'{43.  Ohl  site  Aliurujii,  on  south  side  of  Itio  de  Sta  Rosa,  or  San  Ve- 
i.'inlo;  new  site  Los  Jierros  Canada,  or  Aniuii,  '^  1.  away,  on  north  side  of  the 
rixcr,  2,300  varas  further  east  than  old  site,  on  the  road  from  Stji  In(!-s  to  Sau 
Luis,  I  1.  nearer  Sta  In(?9,  and  l^J  1.  nearer  S.  Luis.  St.  Pn/t.  Miss.,  MS.,  iv. 
27-8.  Change  effected  in  two  years.  ]*ror.  Per.,  MS.,  ix.  183.  Romero, 
Mcmorius,  MS.,  1,  calls  the  uld  aite  Lompoc,  cud  theucw  Las  Flores. 


I  '•: 


lii!. 


368 


LOCAL  AXXALS  OF  THE  SOUTH. 


irrigating  canal  are  said  to  have  boon  complctofl  in 
two  years.  Tho  church  was  a  provisional  affair,  and  a 
now  onu  of  adobes  and  tiles  was  finished  in  Novenilxr 
1818.  That  same  year,  the  29th  of  September,  nearly 
all  the  neophytes'  houses  were  destroyed  by  fire,  lunl 
it  required  a  year  to  repair  the  damages.'^ 


70 


The  earthquake  of  December  21,  1812,  two  shock ^^ 
fifteen  minutes  apart,  brought  down  a  corner  of  the 
church  at  Santa  Ines,  destroyed  one  fourth  of  the  new- 
houses  near  the  church,  ruined  all  tho  mission  rools, 
and  cracked  many  walls;  but  the  friars  did  not  deem 
the  damage  irreparable."  In  1813  the  ministers' 
house  was  completed,  and  a  granary  was  built  whieh 
served  temporarily  for  worship;  but  in  181.5  a  new- 
church  was  begun,  of  adobes  lined  with  bricks,  whieh 
was  dedicated  on  July  4,  1817.'"  Tho  neophyte  pop- 
ulation reached  its  highest  limit  of  7G8  souls  in  18ir», 
from  which  time  it  steadily  declined.  The  mission 
Hocks  and  herds  doubled  in  the  decade,  while  agri- 
culture flourished  in  the  new  fields.'^  Father  Vvui 
was  in  charge  of  Santa  Ines  continuously;  but  his 
associate,  Calzada,  one  of  the  founders,  died  in  1814,^ 

'u  PajieroH,  Inform)'.  Bienal,  1S17-1S,  MS.,  ,302;  Arch.  Arzob.,  MS.,  iii.  pt. 
ii.  22;  Giwrru,  J  Joe.  I/lst.  Cat.,  MS.,  vii.  44-7. 

"  llepoit  of  the  padres  in  Si.  Pap.  Mun.,  MS.,  iv.  10-20. 

'-.SV«  /(((■«,  Lili.  Minion,  MS.,  14;  Pai/eriia,  /nj'orme  Jlii-tial,  ISl.'J-lG,  MS., 
ll.S;  /(/.,  1S17-1S,  .302;  .SV.  Pap.  Minx.,  MS.,  iv.  27;  2'ruv.  Prr.,  M.S.,  ix.  ls;t. 

"  Increase  of  population,  630  to  CSa;  Iwptisms,  594;  smallest  nunibor,  '.'(i 
in  1810;  Inrgcst,  183  in  1816;  deaths,  544;  smallest  number,  3(i  in  JSI-.?: 
largest,  85  in  1817.  Large  stock,  3,692  to  7,720;  horses,  etc.,  402  to  770; 
sheep,  etc.,  2,300  to  5,100.  Crops  in  1810,  4,430  bushels;  in  1820,  3,41:.: 
largest,  10,490  in  1812;  smallest,  2,730  in  1810;  average,  4,340  bushels. 

Xov.  10,  1814,  first  baptism  of  an  hli'i'io  Indian  from  Limn  Island;  sncli 
baptisms  ire(|uent  after  April  1815.  Sla  Inen,  Lib.  Mi4oii,  MS.,  12-13.  .Inn. 
18I(J,  mueli  frost  but  no  rain;  prospect  bad.  March  1817,  heavy  rains  iiii'l 
suow.  1810,  heavy  frost  killed  the  wheat;  com  crop  light.  Potatoes  to  be 
raised  for  the  Indians.  Giterra,  Doc.  Iliat.  Cal.,  MS.,  v.  257-8,  262-3. 

"Antonio  Calzadu  was  bom  in  Florida  Nov.  24,  1760;  and  took  the  habit 
at  the  convent  of  the  Purisiina  Concepcion  in  Habana  Feb.  3,  1780.  He  was 
ordained  apriestin  Mexico  Dec.  18,  1784;  and  arrived  in  California  in  Oetolur 
1787.  His  missionary  service  was  at  San  Gabriel  from  1788  to  1702;  at  l^uri- 
sima  until  1804,  though  absent  in  Mexico  on  account  of  ill-health  from  Augu.-^t 
179G  to  May  1798;  and.  founding  Staines  in  September  1804,  he  served  tliere 
until  a  stroke  of  paralysis  rendered  him  helpless  in  1813.  A  second  strol  c; 
put  an  end  to  his  life  on  Dec.  23,  1814.  He  wos  interred  in  the  churoh,  nnd 
on  July  4,  1817,  his  remains  were  transferred  to  the  new  church,  outside  tlie 


SANTA  INtS. 


360 


{\u(\  there  were  several  other  chaufjep;  Ramon  Olbds 
•s.  rvin<(  ill  1812-14,  Estevaii  Tapis  in  1813-14,  Ilonum 
Finiundez  tie  Ullibarri  in  1815-19,  anil  Antonio  Cat- 
aiiiio  Rodriguez,  apparently  in  1820-1. 

iicshytory  near  tho  railing  on  the  gospel  side.  Sfn  fnfa,  Lih.  Mi»vm,  MS., 
IT  IS;  An-h.  Sfn  //.,  MS.,  vi.  22«;  x.  400;  Arch.     "  - 


Ar.ob.,  MS.,  i.  47. 


Ubisjiado,  MS.,  8(j;  Airh. 


But.  Cav.,  Vol.  II.    M 


CHAPTER  XVII. 

LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  THE  NORTH. 

1811-1820. 

San  Fuancisco— Officials,  roprLATioN,  and  Financf.3 — BniLDiMos— Lmi- 
o(ii(Ai-iii<!  Views — Foueiun  Visitoiw — The  Mission — Fathkr  Saj.nz 
Aciioss  THE  Bay — Mission  San  Johe — Santa  Cl^vra — Pueblo  of  San 
Jose— Officiai-s— The  Chapel— School— Road — Monteuey  1'uesi 
dial  Distkict— Statlstk-s — Presidio  Bcildinos— RKcoNsrurciinN— 
School — A  Bear  Story — Recapitulation  op  Foreign  Vesskls— 
IIanchos — San  Carlos— San  Lris  Obispo — San  Miouel— San  An- 
tonio— SoLEDAD— Florkncio  IbaSez— San  Juan  Bautista— Santa 
Criz -Padre    Marqiinez — Murder   ok   Andres   Quintana— Villa 

DE   BrANCIKORTE. 

Luis  Antonio  Arouello  commanded  at  San  Fran- 
cisco as  lieutenant,  while  Rodriguez  in  Mexico  Iwil 
the  captaincy,  until  1817  and  afterward  as  captain. 
He  was  also  habilitado  after  181'  up  to  which  yvnv 
his  brother  Cadet  Gervasio  Argdcllo  kept  the  ac- 
counts. I  have  in  my  collection  the  original  account- 
hooks  kept  by  Don  Luis  in  these  times.^  Gabrii  1 
jMoraga,  brevet  lieutenant,  was  the  alferez  until  1 8 1  s ; 
but  on  his  promotion,  by  some  mistake  in  Madrid,  he 
was  made  lieutenant  of  the  Santa  Bdrbara  company, 
and  Ignacio  Martinez  came  here  as  lieutenant.  Tlit! 
alferez  after  1818  was  Santiago  Arguello,  serving  not 
in  his  own  company  but  at  San  Diego.  After  (iti- 
vasio  Argiiello's  promotion  Joaquin  Estudillo  was  a 
cadet  in  the  company  from  1818.    Luis  Peralta  and 

'  San  Francinco,  Cuenttis  del  Ilub'iUtado  de  la  Compaula  Prcsidial,  ISIS-.H, 
MS.,  torn.  i.  xxix.  Preseiitetl  by  General  Vallt-jo.  torn,  i.-iv.,  contain  A r- 
eiiello's  accounts  from  1818  to  1820;  stout  leatlicr-bounil  volumes  Oxl'i  inclifH, 
111  which  a  separate  page,  or  more,  is  devoted  to  the  account  of  each  otiiccr 
and  soldier.    Each  volume  liaa  ou  index  which  is  a  full  company  roster. 

(3J0) 


I  'M' 


SAN  FRANCISCO. 


371 


.Tusi'  Sanchez  were  the  Horjjfcants,  the  latter  bi'iiii; 
hiwittod  alluroz  in  1820. 

The  torco  was  08  soldiors,  twelve  invalids,  and  four 
.iitillrrynien,  of  whom  about  40  lived  at  the  presidio 
until  50  men  of  Captain  Navarrete's  San  Bias  infantry 
wire  stationed  here  in  181«)  under  Lieutenant  A'alle 
and  Alfurez  Haro.  The  total  population  in  18"J()  of 
jnv>idio  and  missions,  excluding  Santa  (^ruz,  had  in- 
tiviiscd  from  310  to  about  4;iO,  to  which  nunibtr,  if 
\\i'  add  the  poi)ulation  of  San  Jose  ])Ucblo,  we  huvt.f 
for  the  northern  presidial  district  a  total  (tf  (570;  and 
the  neophytes  of  the  same  district  numbered  4,3('.0,  a 
<,'aii»  from  2,930  in  1810."  There  is  no  indicatii):i  hat 
aiiv  of  the  new  artillerymen  under  liamiiez  were 
.stationed  at  Son  Francisco  in  1820.  Statistics  arc 
fiannieiitary,  but  I  embody  some  items  in  a  not«'." 

Tlie  "tt  of  San  Joaquin  was  rebuilt  in  181(1,  a  feat 
\vlii(li  «^ave  rise  to  much  correspondence,  all  goin;^'  to 
sli(»\v  the  fact  of  rebuilding  and  nothing  more,  excejit 
that  the  work  was  satisfactorv  to  the  commandant, 
wlio  praised  Lieutenant  Manuel  Gomez  for  the  skill 
and  inergy  displayed.  The  work  was  done  by  presi- 
de rios,  or  convicts,  native  and  Spanish,  it  being  the 


'  I  must  note,  however,  that  wo  have  no  exact  and  reliable  statistics  al 
wliiti.'  poimlntion  in  San  Francisco  from  1817  to  18"J8,  nor  in  San  .losii  botwccu 
isKi  and  l!S2"J.  For  tiic  fonner  I  take  the  population  in  1817,  whicli  was.'isO, 
niiil  iiild  the  .)0  infantrymen,  not  knowing  exactly  v.hcn  the  decrease  to  'Ibd 
ill  |s_'S  Ijugan.  For  San  Jose,  which  gained  from  VM  in  18l(»  to  about  ^00  in 
1^'J'.',  I  adopt  somcwliat  arbitrarily  240  as  the  ])c>pulation  in  18'_'0. 

^  The  annual  pay-roll  was  about  !51!>,000;  only  invoice  157, -oil  in  ISlTi-K!; 
iiivi  ntoiics  of  goods  in  the  warehouse,  constantly  dwindling  from  §17,715  in 
IsKtti.  81,'-V>7  at  end  of  181."),  !?;?,848  in  18l(),  and  8-i,04;}  in  1817:  cnpplics 
iiiiiii  missions  from  6>4,000  to  .SI  1,(K)0  per  year.  At  the  end  of  IsKi  theie  v/as 
(iwiiig  to  the  co!npany  §20,878,  in  sums  ranging  from  80")  to  S1.'2"J!>,  tiie  large.-it 
iininuut  lieiiig  due  to  Scrgt.  Sanchez;  while  uidy  two  men,  (iregorio  Jhiuiics 
iiiiil  .lusi- Castro,  were  in  debt  to  the  cxtentof  25  cents  each.  Tobacco  revenue 
idioiit  i:<l,(i()0  down  to  18i:i.  Tithes,  840,  .S2S,  and  87,  in  181  l-12-i;i,  perhaps 
fur  presidio  alone.  Postal  revenue,  average  !?2(j  down  to  18I7.  I'apal  bulls 
^71  in  ISll.  .Sales  of  cattle  fnjm  rancho  del  rey  82(iO  per  year.  This  raiicho 
Wiis  located  at  Las  I'ulgas  in  1810  when  a  new  lot  of  cattle  •••as  obtained  from 
tlie  missions.  After  18l(>  the  best  authorities  on  San  FrancoO  presidial  sta- 
tistics are  the  S.  Francisco,  Ctuntas,  MS.,  tom.  i.-iv.  already  noticed,  and 
the  origiiuU  records  in  Valkjo,  Doc.  Hist.  CuL,  MS.,  xv.  ()7-y7;  xvi.  2  'Ci. 
Sec  also  Pi-oo.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlii.-lii.  passim;  Jil..  Presid.,  Xi,  ;  0 
T7-M;  St.  Pap.  Sac.,  MS.,  ii.  68;  viii.  55;  ix.  77;  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx. 
42,  45,  78,  134-6,  174;  Sla  Cruz,  Arch.,  MS.,  10,  24-7. . 


"ii 


li 


(  i 


1 

Mr.-.-" 


II 


872 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  THE  NORTH. 


part  of  the  garrison  to  guard  the  laborers,  eighteen 
of  whom  ran  away  on  one  occasion.  Merk)ns  and 
esi)hinade  are  favorite  words  with  the  writers;  and 
among  the  material  mentioned  were  200  beams,  GOO 
phmks,  3,000  nine-inch  spikes,  and  hme  mortar.^  There 
were  tw(Mity  guns  in  1820,  three  of  which  were  twenty- 
four  pounders.  Of  the  battery  at  Yerba  Buena  noth- 
ing is  heard  during  the  decade.  There  are  some 
rather  vague  allusions  to  the  rebuilding  or  extensive 
repair  of  the  presidio  proper.  At  any  rate  the  old  chajx  1 
was  torn  down  to  be  rebuilt,  and  a  provisional  building 
fitted  up  in  which  the  first  mass  was  said  on  Febuary 
25, 1816.  Osio  tells  us  that  Argiiello  and  his  soldiers 
began  the  work  of  rebuilding  the  presidio  square  in 
1815,  and  nearly  finished  it  before  Sola  found  it  out 
and  ordered  a  suspension,  summoning  Don  Luis  to 
Monterey,  and  even  going  so  far  as  to  threaten  liini 
with  |)ersonal  chastisement.  Amador  also  says  the 
presidio  was  in  process  of  reconstruction  about  1818. 
Choris  gives  a  hthographic  view  of  the  buildings  as 
they  appeared  in  181G,  a  picture  which  imparts  but 
very  slight  information,  and  seems  to  represent  the 
.structures  as  complete.  Chamisso,  however,  says  tliat 
the  presidio  was  newly  built  and  covered  with  tiles, 
though  the  chapel  had  not  been  begun.  In  April 
1818  Sola  informed  the  viceroy  that  the  southoiii 
block  whore  the  church  was  to  be  was  vet  unfinished, 
as  were  the  corrals  on  the  four  sides,  thus  implying  a 
reconstruction,"  respecting  which,  more  or  less  com- 
plete, I  think  there  can  be  no  doubt. 

*  Pror.  St.  P«/).,  MS.,  XX.  2-.3,  4.Vr),  103,  12.'?,  1.34-6,  2.32,  2.-)8-f.l;  I'l. 
Pirsi,!.,  i.  3:^-5;  Pruv.  Hec.  MS.,  ix.  137,  155;  Vallejo,  Doc.  llUt.  Vnl.,  .MS., 
XV.  «S-91. 

*  I'rovisiounl  chapel.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  4.1.  Sept.  16,  1810,  one  nf 
the  solilicrs'  liouse-s  was  Imrnetl,  anil  14  prisoners  employcil  to  put  out  tlie  tiiv 
esuapeil.  /(/.,  Hen.  Mil.,  xlvi.  .37.  Clioris  says  of  the  presidio,  'sa  fornn.'  est 
cariee.  11  a  ilcux  portes  toujours  occupt^es  par  une  garde;  les  fenGtrcs  no scmt 
ouvertes  (jvie  sur  la  conr.'  And  of  the  fort,  'il  est  muni  de  tout  ce  qui  I'st 
iK'cessiiire  pour  la  dufendre  avee  avantage,'  Chorin,  \'oy.,  P!ttor>'Kiji(c,  (iii.) 
p.  i.  pi.  ii.  Amador,  Mfmorian,  MS.,  10,  saya  the  old  structures  were  of /"/« 
pti-dilo,  the  new  ones  of  adobes.  Osio,  UiM.  Cal.,  MS.,  5-21,  says  tiiut  Sula 
■with  liis  stick  ami  Argiiello  with  his  sword  made  some  liostile  den  ion  stmt  ions, 
whereupon  Si>la  threw  away  Jiis  stick  and  extended  his  hand,  desiring  to  lie 


SAX  FRANCISCO. 


373 


the 
tliat 

ICl'll 

iiig  a 
coui- 


.,MS., 

OIR'  (if 

the  tiro 
niic  est 
nc  spoilt 
qui  ist 
ic,  (iii-) 
(,f  /,(f/<) 

Kit  Snlil 
ViltiiiU-, 
to  I'U 


The  leading  events  at  San  Francisco,  chiefly  tlie 
visits  of  foreign  vessels,  have  been  recorded  in  other 
(  hccpters.  In  1811  Padre  Abella  made  a  boat  voyage 
on  the  bay,  applying  some  new  names.  This  year  and 
the  next  the  Aleut  otter-hunters  frequented  the  bay 
in  tlieir  bidarkas.  In  1812-13  came  the  news  of  tlie 
liussian  settlement  at  Bodega,  with  some  excitement 
involving  several  expeditions  to  the  north.  In  IHlo- 
14  communication  with  Ross  was  continued,  and  Slo- 
l)odchikof  came  down  more  than  once  with  bidarka 
loads  of  goods  for  traffic.  In  the  latter  year  tliere 
came  also  Black  in  the  Raccoon  and  Eliot  de  Castro 
in  the  llmen,  returning  in  1815.  This  year  Makarof 
bi'ought  a  cargo  in  the  Suvdrof.  In  1816  was  tlie 
visit  of  Kotzebue  in  the  Rartk,  a  visit  resulting  in  tlic 
publication  of  three  books  which  aftord  very  few  items 
of  information  about  San  Francisco  that  the  reader 
had  not  learned  better  from  other  sources."  Padush- 
kin,  Hagemeister,  and  Kuskof  were  guests  at  the 
presidio  in  1817;  and  finally  Roquefeuil  in  1817-18 
brought  the  Dordelais  into  the  port  three  times,  the 
first  French  craft  ever  seen  within  the  Golden  Gate.' 
In  1818  a  school  was  in  operation;  and  in  December 
1  s  1 9  a  soldier  was  killed  while  firing  a  salute  to  the 
Virgin  of  Guadalupe.'' 

friendly  with  so  brave  a  man !  Ho  says  a  boat  was  built  by  an  English  car- 
luiitcv  in  which  timber  was  lironght  from  San  Rafael.  Alvarado,  Jlh'.  Cnf., 
MS.,  i,  2'27-8,  says  the  boat  was  built  by  three  English  carpenters,  ilesertci's 
fnnu  the  Columbia  River,  captured  in  Alameda  county,  in  ISIG.  Tlie  Imi'.t 
wa.s  launched  in  Xoveiuber  bSI8,  Dona  Magdalcna  Kstudillo  coming  u|)  from 
JlKUtercy  to  serve  ns  mculrino,  and  naming  her  the  Paulina.  Tins  lam li<i  v.ii3 
of  abdut  five  tons.  Feb.  181(1,  correspoiulenco  between  Argiiello  and  .Sola, 
siiDwing  that  the  old  boat  had  been  badly  damaged  and  after  repairs  destroyoil 
in  a  giilc.  A  new  one  to  be  built.  Pror.  St.  Pa/i.,  MS.,  .\x.  4'2,  40.  April  ,'{, 
18IS,  Sola  to  viceroy  on  pres'dio  buildings.  Pivr.  /{re,  M.S.,  ix.  17(5-  (,'!ia- 
niis.so,  Itcmark",  49,  is  wrong  ui  saying  the  buildings  were  of  stone.  Roque- 
ft'uil,  ro(/r((/t',  20,  says  that  in  1817  the  church  which  had  been  burueil  had 
not  been  rebuilt;  but  the  temporary  hall  used  as  a  chapel  was  kept  in  excellent 
condition. 

''  I  have  already  given  the  observations  of  Kotzebue,  Choris,  and  Ch.iiiiisso 
on  general  matters;  also  some  items  respecting  buildings;  and  I  have  yet  to 
give  others  about  the  misssion.  It  may  bo  noted  here  that  Chami.iso  says 
sometiiingof  the  geology,  fauna,  and  plants  of  the  peninsula;  and  also  that  ho 
Uses  for  the  first  time  the  name  Point  Lobos. 

'See  chapters  xiii.,  xiv.,  this  volume. 

"iVor.  liec,  MS.,  ix.  180;  Prov.  St,  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  2o3. 


.'ii 

■n 


374 


LOCAL  ANXALS  OP  THE  NORTH. 


I  •( 


I «  I' 


Visitors  to  San  Francisco  were  in  most  cases  enter- 
tained by  the  padres  at  the  mission;  and  of  that  in- 
stitution those  who  wrote  books  have  more  to  say 
than  of  the  presidio.  These  writers,  however,  dovoto 
most  attention  to  the  Indians  and  to  the  imperfectly 
understood  workings  of  the  mission  system.  Choris 
reproduces  the  various  types  of  neophytes'  heads,  and 
incidentally  in  his  picture  of  a  native  dance  portrays 
a  portion  of  the  church,  the  building  begun  in  1782 
and  still  standing  in  1885." 

San  Francisco  reached  its  highest  limit  of  popula- 
tion in  1820  with  1,252  neophytes  on  its  registers. 
Its  baptisms  were  exceeded  only  at  San  Jos6,  and  its 
deaths,  2,100,  nowhere,  the  death-rate  being  G3  per 
cent  of  original  population  added  to  the  baptisms.  It 
is  to  be  noted,  however,  these  figures  include  the 
vaistcncia,  or  branch,  of  San  Rafael;  that  the  popula- 
tion of  San  Francisco  proper  had  decreased  to  G22, 
and  that  its  death-rate  was  nearly  seventy-five  per 
cent.  The  mission  lost  heavily  in  cattle,  but  held  its 
own  in  sheep."    Of  the  two  associate  ministers  Saenz 

•III  188.3  a  new  brick  church  waa  built  adjoining  the  old  structure;  but 
no  chaugo  was  made  in  the  latter,  though  its  destruction  was  announced 
in  the  city  newspapei's  of  the  time.  Choris,  Voy.  Pittoresque,  (iii.)  p. 'i-O, 
pi.  iii.-vii. ,  says  tho  mission  'forme  un  village  assc7.  considurable.  LV'';,'lis(j  i-st 
>,'r;indc,  tt  tient  ii  la  maison  dcs  missionaries,  qui  est  simple,  passalilcnicnt 
propru  et  commode.'  Tlie  Indians  have  their  own  gardens.  Twenty  looms  iu 
constant  oi)eration.  Two  mills  moved  by  mule-power.  Much  infonnatiou 
nljout  tho  Indians.  Ciiamisso,  Remarku,  49,  siiya  all  the  buildings,  incUuliiif; 
the  houses  of  the  Indians,  were  of  stone  covered  with  tiles;  horsc-pinvir  will 
ill  wliich  one  stono  is  moved  over  another  without  mechanism.  Kot/chuo, 
Voywjp,  i.  279-81,  marked  the  favorable  contrast  of  scenery,  vegetation, 
etc.,  at  tho  mission  to  the  surroundings  of  the  presidio.  Says  the  cliiirch  wm 
'p-pacious,  built  of  stone,  and  handsomely  htteil  up.'  'The  habitations  of  tho 
Indians,  consisting  of  long  low  houses  bxiilt  of  bricks,  and  forming  sevoial 
streets.     The  uncleanlincss  in  these  barracks  bailies  description,  and  this  i.i, 

Iiorhaps,  the  cause  of  tho  great  mortality;'  for  of  1,000,  IlOO  die  every  year. 
ioquefeuil,  Voya'jc,  24-(i,  says:  'The  soil  seems  much  more  fertile  tlian  at 
the  presidio,  and  the  temperature  is  sensibly  milder.  The  church  is  kept  in 
good  order,  and  handsomely  decorated.  It  may  contain  from  500  to  (ilM) 
persons.  There  is  not  a  single  seat  in  it.'  April  3,  1818,  Sola  reports  to 
tlio  viceroy  that  the  church  is  commodious  and  neatly  adorned.  I'rov.  ]!<<■■, 
MS.,  ix.  177. 

'Population,  1,059  to  1,252.  Baptisms,  2,238;  largest  number,  3'21  in 
ISl  1 ;  smallest.  121)  in  1S20;  deaths,  '2,100;  largest  number,  314  in  1815;  small- 
est, lis  in  1819.  Large  stock,  12,'250  to  4,095;  horses,  etc.,  1,010  to  S.")!); 
Bhccp,  etc.,  10,009  to  10,'280.     Crops  iu  1810,  7,078  bushels;  in  1820,  0,28i>; 


MISSION  SAN  JOSE. 


3Tj 


«le  Liici'o  left  the  province  in  181G;"  while  Ramon 
Ahc'lla  left  this  mission  in  1819.  Oliva  served  in 
1815-19,  and  Juan  Cabot  in  1818-20;  while  Ordaz 
and  AlJmira  came  in  1820.  The  terrible  mortality 
anionjjf  .  heir  neophytes  was  the  great  trouble  of  the 
iViais  throughout  the  decade;  and  the  establishment 
of  San  Rafael  as  a  kind  of  hospital  to  which  many 
were  transferred  has  already  been  recorded.  TheJ'o 
seems  also  in  1819  to  have  been  a  beyfinning  of  agri- 
cultural  i  nd  stock-raising  operations  across  the  bay, 
where  Oa  viand  or  Alameda  now  stands;  but  no  par- 
ticulars aie  recorded.  According  to  the  land  com- 
iui>>ion  re:;ords,  however,  the  San  Antonio  rancho 
was  grantel  to  Luis  Peralta  in  1820.^"^ 

At  missit  n  San  Jose  Duran  and  Fortuni  continued 
their  minist  y,  baptized  more  Indians  than  the  n)is- 
sioiiaries  at  any  other  establishment,  buried  a  smaller 
percentage  o/ their  converts  than  at  any  other  except 
San  Jjuis  Re  :,  and  took  the  second  place  in  the  list 
so  lar  as  poj  ulation  was  concerned.  Sheep-raising 
and  agricultuie  were  also  prosperous."  The  decade; 
A\as  as  qutet  as  prosperous.     In  January   1811  the 

larjiist,  10,070  ill  18U;  smallest,  3,520  in  1819;  average,  G,8.j0  busliels,  of 
wliirli  :?,<)()0  wore  will  at,  yielding  11  fold;  l.O'iO  barley,  eight  fold;  and  iiS 
oji'ii,  100  fold.  In  ISlv  limits  were  assigned  to  the  mission  lands  by  Gov.  Sola 
iUTdiiling  to  P.  Estt'ne 'a's  statement  in  18'28;  Init  'East  to  Laurel  Creek  and 
sniitli  across  the  sierra  ^o  as  to  include  San  Pedro  rancho  on  the  coast'  is  the 
(•iilisiiiin'c  of  inforniatioa  given.  Ilf'iii.ttvr  of  Bramh  ami  Marks,  MS.,  1.  July 
■J-',  IM  1,  P.  AbcUa  burhd  an  old  woman  said  to  be  25!)  (?)  years  old,  and  the 
li-t  living  native  within  six  leagues  who  could  ieniend)er  the  founders  of  the 
liii-'siipn.  S.  Francisco,  L'h.  M'mov.,  M.S.,  74.  March  21,  1820,  20  runaways, 
iiinstly  across  the  bay.  Poinponio  and  his  company  committing  ravages. 
Ar<h.  Arziih.,  MS.,  iv.  pt    i.  2'J.     The  mission  suitiilied  the  presidio  in  1818 


Mission  supplied  the  presidio  in 
81,1(17;  in  1819,  §1,.-jOO;  ,.nd  in  1820,  to  -May,  .s083.  /</.,  iv.  i.  .32. 

"Juan  Saenz  de  Lucio  was  a  native  of  Cuntaln-ia;  left  his  college  forCali- 
fnriiiii  in  February  1800;  J.  is  last  signature  on  the  San  Francisco  books  is  on 
Aug.  7,  181."),  aiKi  he  seenu  to  have  silent  some  months  at  San  Juan  lijiutista 
hctorc  having  the  provinct  in  November  1810.  His  license  was  announced 
I'V  Siirria  Nov.  0,  1815. 

'M)ct.  30,  1819,  letter  of  P.  Cabot.  The  stock  was  transferred,  'frente  do 
Ml  iiiision,  tierra  iirme  con  San  .losi'',' wliere  extensive  planting  was  to  lie 
iiiiilritaken.  ylrcA.  ./Ireoft.,  MS.,  iii.  pt.  ii.  110.  (i rant  of  San  Antonio.  Aug, 
bi.  1.S20.  Cat.  Laud  Com.,  ni,  4,  273,  274. 

''  Increase  in  population,  i45  to  1,754.  Baptisms,  2,001;  largest  nui!il)er, 
.'MS  in  1812;  smallest,  81  in  1814;  Deaths,  1,380;  largest  n«nd)er,  1!W  in 
1M7;  smallest,  83  in  1814.     large  stock,  7, 190  to  0,S.3!I;  horses,  etc.,  1,190 


M 


!;: 


!■! 


I'  ' 


■'I 
I 


m 


376 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  THE  NORTH. 


"V- 


Map  of  San  Frakcisco  DisTKicr,  1800-30. 


SANTA  CLARA. 


377 


cadcru 


Olfl^r- 


(loacl  were  transferred  from  the  old  to  the  new  ccmo- 
tdv.  In  1813  there  was  an  expedition  after  run- 
auays,  involving  a  fight  on  the  San  Joaquin,  already 
lecorded.  In  1817  a  grSinA  fiesta  patrkwcal  was  held 
the  2I)th  of  April,  to  which  the  governor  was  invited; 
and  finally  in  1818  there  was  an  Indian  murder  case 
of  no  special  interest.^* 

The  annals  of  Santa  Clara  are  likewise  brief  and 
unexciting.  According  to  the  biennial  mission  re- 
port for  1817-18  a  fine  new  church  of  adobes  with 
tule  roof  had  been  completed  during  that  period. 
Hittcll  and  Tuthill,  to  say  nothing  of  various  news- 
paper writers,  tell  us  that  the  mission  church  was 
thrown  down  by  an  earthquake  in  1818;  but  I  think 
there  is  no  authority  for  such  a  statement.^'  Santa 
Clara  was  one  of  the  six  missions  that  still  baptized 
over  one  hundred  Indians  per  year,  and  had  not  yet 
reached  their  highest  limit  of  population;  still  its 
death-rate  was  very  large  and  its  gain  only  twenty- 
five  in  ten  years.'''  The  missionaries  were  still  Catalit 
and  Viader. 

The  population  of  the  pueblo  of  San  Josd,  including 
tliat  of  some  adjoining  ranches,  increased  during  this 
decade  from  125  to  about  240,  records  of  population 
being  very  fragmentary  like  all  other  statistics.     For 

to  8.")f»;  slieep,  etc.,  7,002  to  12,000.  Cropa  in  1810,  4,075  bushels;  in  1820 
.111(1  largest,  9,775;  smallest,  3,030  in  1811;  average,  0,020  bushels,  of  which 
."1,(140  weiu  wh'at,  yiJd  27  fold;  243  l)aiiey,  17  fold;  and  435  corn,  1.32  fold. 

"*(«  Joyr  ntea,  MS.,  43;  Prov.  St'.  Pai>.,  .MS.,  xix.  340-9;  chap.  xv. 

of  this  vol.;  Arch.  Arzob.,  MS.,  iii.  pt.  ii.  u;  I'ror.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  222. 

'■'Ptnicmn.  IiiJ'ortne  Blciial,  1S17-1S,  MS.,  302;  llUtiWn  liisouirrs  ofCal., 
MS.,  43;  TuthiWn  Illst.  Cat.,  110.  Yallejo,  IllM.  Cat.,  MS.,  i.  142-3,  imd 
.Mviuado,  Hist,  CiiL,  MS.,  i.  37,  state  that  one  night  in  1814  or  1815,  I'adio 
Viailor  was  attacked  by  the  Indian  Marcolo  and  two  companions,  who  were 
iivciidnie  by  the  muscular  friar  single-handed.  They  were  pardoned  after  a 
liiiiiiily  on  the  terrible  sin  of  attiicking  a  priest,  and  Mareelo  was  afterward  a 
faitliful  friend  of  the  Spaniards. 

"'(!ain  in  population,  1,.3.32  to  1,.357.  Ikiptisinis  1,2(10;  largest  nund>er, 
102  in  1811;  smallest,  42  in  1817.  Deaths,  l,l.")8;  largest  number,  li)2  in 
1811;  .smallest,  86  in  1814.  Ijirgo  stock,  8,353  to  5.024;  horses,  etc.,  2,0:i2 
to  722;  sheep,  10.027  to  12,060.  Crop  in  1810,  6,.")25  bushels;  in  1820.  0,770; 
lai  i;est,  0,480  in  1813;  smallest,  5,130  in  1811;  average,  7, 120,  of  which  4,800 
Mile  wheat,  yield  16  fold;  030  barley,  33  fold;  1,117  corn,  181  fold. 


I 


'\ 


878 


LOCAL  ANXALS  OF  THE  NORTH. 


1819a  list  of  48  stock-raisers  is  given;  but  there  is  no 
definite  mention  of  private  ranchos,  though  those  of 
Ortega  and  Castro  were  in  this  region  and  perhaps 
others. ^^     The  town  was  still  in  the  military  jurisdic- 
tion of  Monterey;  but  the  governor's  comisionado  in 
charge  was  Sergeant  Luis  Peralta  of  the  San  Fran- 
cisco company.'*     Antonio  Soto  was  alcalde  in  1818, 
Jose  Castro  in  1819,  and  Teodosio  Flores  in  18'J0. 
For  the  earlier  years  I  find  no  record.    The  chapel  he- 
gun  in  1803  was  finished  before  1812,  in  February  of 
which  year  the  inhabitants  petitioned  President  Tapis 
for  religious  services,  which  had  been  promised  l)y 
Lasuen  whenever  the  chapel  should  be  ready.    In  Ills 
reply  the  president  reminded  the  citizens  that  wine. 
wafer,  and  wax  were  yet  lacking,  but  authorized  them 
to  apply  to  the  padres  of  Santa  Clara  for  mass  and  .sacra- 
ments to  the  sick.     How  the  friars  welcomed  the  call 
we  are  not  informed.^''     In  1811  the  citizens  made  a 
contract  with  the  retired  corporal  Rafael  Villavicencio 
to  teach  their  children;    a  contract  which  was  a[)- 
provcd  at  the  capital  with  certain  modifications,  in- 
cluding school  regulations,  and  which  may  be  supposed 
to  have  been  carried  into  eflfect.    Of  educational  prog- 
ress nothing  more  is  known  until  1818,  when  Antonio 
Buelna  was  appointed  teacher,  and  the  fitting-up  of  a 
new  school-room  was  ordered.     Buelna,  who  had  ])i'i'- 

"I  have  no  definite  figures  of  pueblo  population  from  1816  whou  it  w;w 
137,  to  1822  when  it  was  about  285,  being  about  370  in  1823.  Making  iillow 
ance  for  X't  or  20  Indian  inhabitants,  240  is  a  fair  estimate  from  these  ligiins. 
List  of  stock-raisers  in  •9.  Jos^,  Arch.,  MS.,  vi.  4.  Tithes  in  1811-17  ranufcl 
from  72  to  180  fancgas  of  grain,  and  from  CO  to  100  head  of  cattle.  .S'.  ./"•«■ 
Arch,,  MS.,  vi.  52 -.3.  In  1817  the  governor  reprimands  tlie  comisioniiili)  on 
account  of  the  small  amount  of  tithes  collected.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  S.  Jox'U  MS., 
i.  143-4.  In  1811  the  crop  was  1,491  fan.;  in  1814,  1,544  fan.  Prov.  Si.  /'"/'., 
lini.  Mil.,  M.S.,  xlii.  3,  7.  No  other  years  are  given.  In  1811  cattle  num- 
bered 4.073;  horses,  296;  mules,  84.  In  1814,  cattle,  9,890;  horses,  4sJ; 
mules,  89.  Id.,  xlii.  4,  8. 

•*Nov.  17, 1817,  Sola  to  Peralta.  The  alcalde  and  regidores  must  conn'  to 
an  understanding  witli  the  comisionado,  who  represents  the  governor  in  :i  ;1 
political  matters.  S.  Jo»f,  Arch.,  MS.,  i.  25.  Nov.  24th,  Sola  to  Peralta,  cumi- 
plaining  of  the  small  amount  of  tithes,  and  blaming  the  comisionado  for  j"  r 
mitting  tlie  settlers  to  cheat  him  in  this  matter.  I<1.,  i.  143-4.  The  suddni 
death  of  Alcalde  Soto  in  June  1818  is  alluded  to  l)y  the  governor.  De}>t.  Si. 
Pap.,  S.  Jo-Hf,  MS.,  i.  122,  128,  133.  Joaquin  Higuera  and  Felipe  LriuiKS 
were  regidores  in  1820.  Id.,  i.  117. 

'•(Saw  Josif  Arch.,  MS.,  iii.  17;  Arch.  Sta  B.,  MS.,  xii.  311. 


MONTEREY  DISTRICT. 


370 


111- 

;ouio 
^  of  a 
])ro- 

it  v:is 
;  uIIdw- 
iigiivts. 

.S'.  ./">  ■ 
niulo  I'll 
w-',  MS., 
>7.  /'"/'■• 
ilo  nnni- 
es,  4y-'; 

come  to 
r  in  iill 

ta,  cdiu- 
for  ]ii'i- 

:  Siullli'll 

Brioui-'a 


viously  complained  that  a  fanega  of  j^rain  from  each 
I  tare  lit  was  an  inadequate  salary,  wished  to  give  up 
the  school  in  the  autumn  of  1820,  but  was  required  to 
wait  till  a  successor  could  be  found,  which  seems  to 
liavc  been  :n  the  spring  of  1821,  when  liafael  del 
"N'allo  took  charge.*^  The  only  other  work  of  public 
importance  to  be  noticed  ",vas  the  construction  of  a 
^^  a!L,^on-road  with  suitable  bridges  between  San  Jose 
and  Monterey.  In  November  181G  the  authorities 
and  citizens  were  invited  to  cooperate  and  Sergeant 
Jose  Dolores  Pico  was  appointed  to  direct  the  work.^' 

Lieutenant  Jose  Maria  Estudillo  w^as  comandante 
(if  ]Monterey^"  till  ordered  to  San  Diego  temporarily 
in  October  1820,  when  Jos(5  Estrada,  company  alferez 
tliitiu<diout  the  decade,  became  actinof  comandante 
of  the  company,  and  Captain  Jose  Antonio  Nave  rrete 
of  the  post  whenever  in  the  governor's  absence  such 
an  official  was  needed.  Estrada  was  habilitado  till 
1818,  after  which  to  Juno  1820  the  accounts  were 
Icept  by  Jose  Joaquin  do  la  Torre,  who  had  just 
become  a  cadet  in  the  company,  having  been  previ- 
ously the  governor's  secretary.  Down  to  1818 
Rainiundo  Estrada  had  been  a  cadet.  The  company 
seri;eants  were  still  Ignacio  Yallejo  antl  Jose  Dolores 
Pieo.  Manuel  Quijano  still  served  as  surgeon.  The 
force  of  this  company  was  usually  81  soldiers  and 
non-commissioned  officers,  one  bleeder,  three  mechan- 
ics, five  artillerymen,  and  28  invalids,  most  of  the 
latter  living  at  the  pueblos  but  being  sometimes 
called  in  as  volunteers  or  artillery-militia  for  the 
defence  of  the  presidio.  Twenty-five  men  were  absent 
on  escolta  duty  at  the  six  missions  of  the  jurisdiction, 
leaving  a  force  of  about  G5  at  the  presidio  proper  and 
at  the  rancho  del  rey,  a  force  increased  in  1810  to 

2'.S'.  Jos4,  Arch.,  MS.,  iv.  40-3;  IlaWii  Hist.  S.  Joh(,  97-101 ;  St.  Pop.,  Sac, 
MS.,  V.  4o;  vi.  27;  Dtpt.  St.  Pup.,  S.  Jos(,  MS.,  i.  119,  1'21,  229-30;  I'rov. 
I!rr.,  MS.,  ix.  179-80. 

"  /'roi:  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  105. 

''■  l'"or  map  of  Monterey  district  see  chap.  vii.  this  volume. 


'i 


I 


■  I* 


U     ! 


..  til 


3S0 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  THE  NORTH. 


if  ■' 


115  by  the  addition  of  Xavarrete's  men.  The  total 
population  of  the  presidial  district  with  its  niissiou 
guards,  given  as  480  at  the  end  of  the  last  decade, 
had  increased  probably  in  1820  to  about  700  souls.-^ 
Adding  the  population  of  Santa  Cruz  and  Branciturto 
we  have  a  total  of  795,  with  a  corresponding  neophyte 
population  of  4,500  instead  of  5,100  in  1810.  Thus 
in  what  may  be  termed  northern  California  we  have 
1,4G5  white  persons  and  8,900  neophytes,  aguuist 
1,805  white  men  and  11,600  neophytes  in  the  south- 
ern districts.^* 

At  the  end  of  1816  Alferez  Estrada  made  a  report 
on  the  presidio  buildings,  describing  them  somewhat 
in  detail.  In  January  1817  Sola  reported  that  he  had 
caused  the  battery  to  be  repaired  with  masonry;  and 
in  his  report  of  April  1818  he  stated  that  the  southern 
line  of  the  presidio  square  had  yet  to  be  rebuilt,  and 
cross-beams  to  be  made  for  the  northern  and  eastern 
sides,  only  the  lieutenant's  house  remaining  to  l)e 
built  besides.-''     Thus  it  appears  that  under  Sola's 

"'  The  population  de  razon  in  1810  Map  602,  and  I  have  no  more  delinito 
figures  until  1826,  when  it  seems  to  have  been  790.  To  the (i02 1  add  Xinar- 
rete's  50  men,  and  50  more  for  the  natural  increase  in  four  years,  wUkh 
seems  certainly  small  enough.  Still  it  must  be  admitted  that  the  tiguii;s  do 
not  rest  on  a  very  solid  foundation. 

'■'*  Amount  of  the  Monterey  pay-roll  per  year,  $2.3,000.  Li voice  of  ISlo- 
16,  §5,109.  Inventories  of  goods  in  the  warehouse,  §10,000  to  ,*1.SOOO. 
Fonde  do  retencion  in  1812,  .$2,807.  Deduction  for  montepio  and  invAliilns  in 
1816,  §635.  Mission  supplies  1811,  §7,984;  1812,  §7,551.  Tobacco  luviiiuo 
§1,732  in  1811;  §2,503  in  1812.  Postal  revenue  §09  in  1811;  §49  in  1M2. 
Tithes,  §242  in  181 1 ;  §104  in  1812,  not  including  evidently  those  of  San  .lusO. 
Sales  of  papal  bulls  in  1811,  §127.  For  the  statistics  of  this  decade  sou  J'ror. 
Si.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlii.  lii.  passim;  /(/.,  Pn:sitl.,  i.  13,  ii.  !!•;  ^V, 
Pap.  Sac,  MS.,  i.  59,  65;  ii.  67,  125;  iii.  3,  10-16,  29-31;  v.  9,  12-i:^  TD- 
80;  vi.  63,  75,78,  99;  vii.  2;  viii.  1-2,52;  ix.  83,  100-1;  Vallejo,  Doc.  Jlim. 
Cal.,  MS.,  xvi.  60;  xvii.  191;  xviii.  105. 

'•'^  \n  1811,  according  to  Tapis,  the  governor  was  going  to  have  a  baptisiiy 
built  at  the  presidio;  and  the  friars  were  to  attend  to  baptisms  tliere.  ^1  '•'/(. 
Avzob.,  MS.,  ii.  84.  Dec.  31,  1810,  Estrada's  description  of  Monterey  build- 
ings. St.  Pap.  Sac,  MS.,  viii.  56-7.  Jan.  20,  1817,  Sola  to  viceroy.  Prav. 
Pec,  MS.,  ix.  108;  Sola,  Ohservacione*,  MS.,  180.  According  to  Estrada  llie 
square  was  175  by  123  varas.  On  the  north  was  the  main  entrance  t< i  tlic 
guard-house,  on  one  side  of  which  were  a  jail,  barracks,  and  four  corpnials' 
houses;  and  on  the  other  a  jail,  a  small  room  for  the  sick,  and  the  sergciuit's 
house.  On  the  south  was  the  church,  with  a  house  of  two  rooms  and  a  f^mall 
gate  on  one  side;  and  on  the  other  five  rooms  recently  re-roofed.  On  the  last 
was  the  main  gateway  for  horses,  14  liouses,  and  tbo  smithy.  On  the  \\t.st 
were  tho  oliicers'  houses  and  two  warehouses.  On  the  north,  outside  the  walls, 


MONTEREY. 


381 


directions  a  general  work  of  reconstruction  was  being 
])i(isucuted.  Then  came  the  disaster  of  November 
hsl8,  described  in  a  previous  chapter,  in  which  the 
eiDss-beams  of  the  northern  block  were  burned  so  that 
tliL'  roofs  fell  in,  while  the  material  collected  for  the 
lieutenant's  house  was  badly  damaged.  The  work  of 
repairing  the  injuries  caused  by  Bouchard's  men  and 
of  t'ompleting  the  general  work  which  the  invasion 
had  interrupted  lasted  far  into  1821  if  not  longer, 
and  the  missions  were  often  called  upon  for  materials 
and  workmen.^"  It  is  stated  that  the  work  of  recon- 
struction was  under  the  superintendence  of  Sergeant 
Yallejo,  who  had  also  a  favorite  plan  of  bringing  water 
to  the  presidio  from  the  Carmelo  by  an  aqueduct,  a 
l)lau  that  he  could  not  carry  out  for  want  of  means, 
though  it  was  approved  by  Sola."  Ramirez  brought 
from  Mexico  $1,477,  which  sum,  with  other  small 
amounts  lent  by  Ramirez  and  Sola,  was  spent  in  mak- 
ing preparations  for  the  artillery  reenforceinent  and 
the  nmnitions  brought  by  them.  Indeed  this  is  the 
only  clear  evidence  extant  that  Ramirez  and  his  men 
were  in  California  at  all  in  1820.*^ 

At  Monterey,  as  at  the  other  presidios  and  pue- 
blos, a  school  was  established  by  the  efforts  of  Sola. 
]\[ueli  is  said  of  this  school  and  the  manner  in  which 
it  was  conducted  by  Corporal  Archuleta,  the  school- 
master, by  the  pupils,  since  prominent  men  in  Cali- 
fornia history.  But  their  recollections  will  be  more 
ajipropriately  noticed  in  some  remarks  to  be  made 
later  on  the  general  subject  of  education.  In  these 
days  a  retired  soldier  known  as  *  Tio  Armenta '  had  a 
liousc  at  some  distance  from  the  presidio  w  alls,  to  which 
certain  men  were  accustomed  to  resort  at  night  to  play 
at  nionte.     This  was  kept  secret  for  a  time,  but  at 

was  a  granary  10  by  15  varas.  The  presidio  was  built  of  stone  and  adobes, 
mjuUmI  with  tiles. 

-'IJ  Airh.  Arzob.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  i.  11,  44,  and  passim. 

'''  Alvarado,  Hist.  Cat.,  MS.,  i.  84,  172-7;  Vallejo  (J.  J.),  lieminis,,  MS., 
(7. 

'-Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  2.T2,  235,  2G4-G. 


! 


■^! 


:  1 1  '',■  ''i 


h 


):i      ]■: 


i:    ill 

■  1       'I 


392 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  THE  NORTH. 


last  becaino  known  to  Sola  through  a  practical  joke. 
Victor  Arroyo,  a  young  man,  disguised  himself  as  a 
bear  and  lay  in  wait  on  the  trail  to  Armcnta's  liouso 
one  night  for  two  Spanish  traders  who  had  arrived  on 
the  Ctaadora  and  had  plenty  of  money  to  lose  in  g.iiu- 
blinij.  The  two  were  so  terrified  at  being  chased  liv  a 
bear,  that  in  their  flight  they  fell  into  a  ravine  it  ml 
were  so  badly  hurt  that  a  surgeon  had  to  be  suiii- 
nioned,  and  the  adventure  became  known.  The  gam- 
blers said  they  had  been  chased  by  eight  bears,  but 
Sola  having  learned  from  the  Indians  that  no  iiidiia- 
tions  of  any  bears  at  all  could  be  found,  was  kd  to 
follow  up  the  matter,  discovering  the  trick,  bringing 
to  light  the  gambling,  and  putting  Tio  Armenia  in 
jail.  The  two  victims,  recovering,  swore  vengeaiiee, 
not  on  Arroyo,  but  on  Lieutenant  Estudillo,  wliom 
they  believed  to  be  the  real  author  of  the  trick;  and 
a  few  months  later  they  had  the  satisfaction  of  seeing 
the  dignified  lieutenant  kept  for  an  hour  or  two  in  the 
muddy  waters  of  the  Lagunita  by  tw^o  bears,  while 
they  with  a  party  of  friends  looked  on  from  their  phue 
of  concealment  near  by.  It  was  long  before  it  was 
deemed  safe  to  tell  the  commandant  that  the  osus 
were  Arroyo,  his  private  secretary,  and  a  friend  in 
disguise.'*' 

Visits  of  foreign  vessels  to  Monterey  in  this  dec- 
ade, as  elsewhere  recorded  in  full,  were  as  follows; 
In  1814  the  Isaac  Todd  brought  to  California  John 
Gilroy,  the  first  permanent  foreign  resident.  In  181  j 
came  the  Columbia,  an  English  vessel.  In  1816  tlieie 
were  the  English  Colonel,  Captain  Daniels;  the  S'fl- 
tan;  and  the  American  Lydia,  Captain  Gyzelaar. 
In  1817  the  visitors  were  Wilcox  in  the  Caminantt', 
three  tallow-seeking  Spaniards  from  Lima  and  Pana- 

'Wallejo,  Hist.  Cal,  MS.,  i.  159-7L  The  same  author,  Id.,  i.  284-.-, 
narrates  that  in  1817  a  quarrel  between  Jos^  do  la  Guerra  and  Sahailnr 
Aspiroz  led  to  a  challenge  by  the  latter;  but  the  padres  and  governor  siio- 
ceeded  in  preventing  a  duel.  During  the  heavy  rains  of  the  same  year  two 
soldiers,  Cayetano  Rios  and  Ignacio  Castro,  were  drowned  while  attempting 
to  ford  a  stream  with  the  mails.  Guerra,  Doc.  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  iii.  230. 


SAN  CARLOS  MLi.SION. 


3S3 


iii:l,  and  the  Russian  Paduslikiii.  In  1818  an  EiiLjlish 
( raft  (unio  from  the  Coliunbia  River,  and  the  Russian 
Aim  lican  Company  was  represented  by  Haj^emeister 
and  (jiulovnin,  to  say  nothing  of  Bouchard's  insurgent 
lltrt.  And  finally  in  1820  Khlebnikof  anchored  at 
^Idiitcrey  in  a  Russian  vessel.'''  Respecting  private 
raiiclios  in  the  Monterey  jurisdiction  at  this  |»eriod  I 
liiid  oidy  two  items  of  record;  one  a  mention  of  tiie 
laiit  lios  of  Ignacio  Ortega  and  Mariano  Castro,  a[)par- 
tiitly  in  the  region  of  San  Jose,  as  iidiabited  places  at 
tlu'  time  of  the  Bouchard  afiair ;  and  the  other  a  state- 
uicnt  that  the  Rancho  de  la  Vega  del  Piljaro  \vas 
-ranted  to  A.  M.  Castro  in  April,  1820/ 


81 


At  San  Curios  a  quiet  decade  was  passed.  Beyond 
tile  liuilding  and  dedication  of  a  new  chapel  adjoining 
tln'  church,  in  honor  of  the  'pasion  del  seuor,'  intended 
l(t  cNcite  devotion  and  at  the  same  time  protect  the 
inis>i<.u  church  from  the  strong  south  winds,^'  and  the 
slii^lit  })ut  upon  San  Cilrios  by  the  failure  of  Bou- 
cliard's  pirates  to  sack  the  mission,  there  is  absolutely 
nothing  to  record,  except  the  usual  statistical  sunnnary 
(if  piugress.  Padre  Sarria  served  here  throughout 
tlk'  decade,  but  Amoros  was  succeeded  in  1819  b}'- 
lianion  Abella.  Estevan  Tapis  was  here  as  supernume- 
rary in  1812,  and  Vicente  Pascual  Oliva  in  1813-14. 
The  convert  population  contiimed  to  decline.  Cattle 
and  horses  increased  somewhat,  but  there  was  a  fall- 
iiii;-()if  in  sheep,  and  crops  were  less  satisfactory  than 
in  the  preceding  period.^^     In  1820  Comandante  Es- 

"^'Scc  chap,  xiii.-xiv.  this  volume. 

2'.SM/r(,  Jiiatruccion  General  ISIS,  MS.,  24.');  Bmmh  mid  Jfarks,  MS.,  23-7. 
fnii.  Viilk'jo,  liowever,  states,  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  i.  lo'J,  that  four  retired  sol- 
iliurs,  Anntnta,  Cayuelos,  Toribio,  and  Borouda,  early  in  Sola's  rule  built 
limisi's  some  three  fourths  of  a  league  away  from  the  presidio;  tliough  it  docs 
not  iiiipcur  that  they  obtained  more  than  permission  to  occupy  buiUling-lota. 
yi'ayeras,  InJ'orme  Bienal,  1817-lS,  MS.,  302.  In  Arch.  Arzob.,  MS.,  ii. 
2'2o,  '240,  255,  270,  288;  iii.  348,  are  given  the  names  of  alcaldes  and  rcgidores 
c'Jiiiiiosing  the  'neophyte  ayuutamiento'  from  1811  to  1810. 

"  K<'iidillo,  Iiiforme  sobreqficiosdeCapellun  en  Mouttraj,  1S30,  MS.  Qe- 
civasc  in  population,  513  to  381.  Baptisms,  245;  largest  number,  41  in  1819; 
niiallL.st,  18  in  1815.  Deaths,  405;  largest  number,  52  in  1811;  suuillest,  22 
i"  ISl'J.    Large  stock,  2,530  to  3,438;  horses,  etc.,  430  to  438;  sheep,  etc., 


J 


'    I 


i^ 


3S4 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  THE  NORTH. 


tuJillo  made  a  full  report,  .showiii*^  that  bincc  179G  tlio 
(Viar.s  liad  faithfully  attended  to  the  spiritual  interests 
of  the  presidio  Holdiers. 

At  San  Luis  Ohispo  the  Aujcrican  smugj^ler  Pal- 
fcr  was  captured  in  1814,  and  near  by  was  etKctid 
the  capture  of  Eliot  de  Castro  in  1815.  Luis  Mar- 
tinez continued  his  ministry,  and  was  involved  uioic 
ov  less  i)erhaps  in  snmggling  oj)erations.  He  showed 
great  military  zeal  in  the  campaign  of  1818,  ami  was 
ever  ready  to  contribute  anything  the  mission  had  to 
the  government,  either  as  a  loan  or  gift,  for  he  had  hut 
sliglit  faith  in  the  missionary  future.  Father  Mai- 
quinez  was  replaced  m  1811  by  Antonio  Cataiiiio 
liodriguez.  San  Luis  continued  to  lose  in  population, 
but  there  were  in  1820  three  smaller  missions."' 

At  San  Miguel  the  veteran  Father  Juan  Maitiii 
remained  at  his  post,  and  so  did  Juan  Cabot  until 
1819,  having  made  a  trip  of  exi)loration  to  the  valKy 
of  the  Tulares  in  1 8 14  as  elsewhere  narrated.  Vit'eiitc 
Pascual  Oliva  served  in  1819-20,  and  Tomits  Estcii- 
ega  in  1820-1.  A  new  church  was  ready  for  rooting 
iii  1818.^^  This  mission  reached  its  largest  population 
with  1,076  neophytes  in  1814;  and  it  had  two  more 
at  the  end  than  at  the  beginning  of  the  decade,  its 
baptisms  having  exceeded  its  burials  by  five.  In  live- 
stock San  Miguel  shov/ed  an  encouraging  gain;  but 
its  agricultural  progress  was  less  satisfactory.^" 


0,043  to  4,032.  Crop  in  810,  3,075  bushels;  in  1820,  1,950;  largest,  3,800  in 
1818;  smallest,  1,170  in  ^14;  average,  2,550  bushels,  of  which  973,  wluat, 
yield  9.0  fold;  815,  bar!'      13.5  fold;  beans  207,  23  fold. 

n,  713  to  504;  baptisms,  272;  largest  nunibtr,  40 
7;  deatiis,  470;  largest  number,  Sl)  in  1813;  sniall- 
arge  stock,  7,050  to  8,971;  horses,  etc.,  I,0."p0to 
•■  0,800.  Crop  in  1810,  2,910  bushels;  in  ISJO, 
;  smallest,  1,300  in  1812;  average,  3,487  biislals, 
17  fold;  barley,  0;  corn,  222,  02  fold;  beans,  (i4, 
18  fold.  .Jos6  de  Jesus  P  )  Acontccanientos,  MS.,  15-10,  says  that  the  Iml- 
ians  of  this  mission  were  aiways  well  dressed,  better  than  most  of  the  j^'cnte 
de  razon  in  the  countiy.  Good  blue  cloth  was  made  and  woolen  viantu;  also 
some  home-grown  cotton  was  woven. 

■'^ Pfti/trnx,  Liforme  Bienul,  1S17-1S,  MS.,  302.  In  subscribing  for  sul)- 
e:3tcneo  of  troops  in  1815,  San  Miguel  could  give  only  wiue  and  wool.  Arch. 
Stu  n.,  MS.,  ix.  202. 

'^Increase  in  population,  973  to  975;  baptisms,  003;  largest  number,  loj 


^'Decrease  in  popuh 
in  1813;  smallest,  10  in  . 
est,  38  in  1810.     Gain  ii^ 
1,279;  sheep,  etc.,  9,0.54 
3,400;  largest,  0,418  in  18 
of  which  2,985  wheat,  yie 


SAX  ANTONIO  AND  SOLnDAD. 


38j 


At  San  Antonio  Pudro  Cal>ot  iind  Juan  Siuiclio 
.still  toiled  to<^other,  and  were  oldi^cd  to  bury  many 
iiKHi!  Indians  tlian  they  baptized.  Tlie  new  church 
',vas  still  in  progress  in  1812,  hut  tliere  is  no  record 
of  its  completion  before  1820.'" 

Father  Antonio  Jaime  still  remained  at  his  post  in 
]^a  Soledad;  but  his  associate,  Florencio  Ibahez,  died 
in  1818,"^  and  left  Jaime  alone  until  Juan  Cabot  came 

in  1SI:J;  smallest,  .11  in  1818;  dcathg,  098;  Inrgest  nninhcr,  73  in  181 1 ;  snmll- 
i-t,  \\  in  Ihl'J.  CJain  in  luixc  stock,  .'>,"J,Sl  to  ((,44!>;  Iioi-hcji,  etc.,  osl  to 
l,;;i!t:  Hhfop,  etc.,  11,100  to  1 1.1(10.  Ciops  in  iSIO,  7, .*«»!>  l>iisli(ls;  in  Is-JO, 
I,.iS7;  lavHtat,  3,43;!  in  lMl."i;  sniallest,  1H>U  fun.  in  ISTJ;  avuiu;,'c',  '-'..'UO  l.iisli- 
(Is  (,l  wliicli  wheat  1,830,  yield  11  fold;  bailey,  -JOO,  7  fold;  eoin,  1'43,  IKJ 

fell. 

■  Decline  in  population— 1,124  to  878.  Ilnptisma,  489;  lurgcst  number,  .')9 
ill  ls|J;  smallest,  24  in  1820.  Penthn,  727;  largest  niinil)er,  HI  in  l.sl,'>; 
siiiallr>t,  01  in  1H20.  Inercasc  in  largo  stoek,  .S,700  to  O.ri'.Mi;  liorHi'H,  etc-.,  700 
til  7'.Mi;  ulieep,  etc.,  8,000  to  9,010.  C"i()|)8  in  ISIO,  3,0>S."»  bushels;  in  1S2(», 
.•(.JTii;  liii-fiest,  4,790  in  1818;  snmllcst,  2,310  in  IfSlO.  Avera;,'e,  3,300  bu.sh- 
vU,  of  whieh  2,0.')0  wheat,  yield  1 1  fold;  37.')  corn,  228  fold;  127  Iwrh  y,  (!  fold. 
N\\v  iidube  church  mentioned  as  being  built  in  May  1S12.  Arrh.  Sfa  /.'., 
.M>.,  X.  297.  Alvarado,  //^<^  Cal.,  MS.,  i.  .")S,  sny.s  the  tlonr  from  .Smii  .\ii- 
t  i.iiii  was  famous  througliout  California,  and  cimsidered  by  far  the  best  made 
ill  ilie  |irovince. 

'"Florencio  Ibaflcz,  or  as  lio  nnd  others  wrote  it,  Ybnficz,  was  a  man  of 
iaiite  and  varied  experience,  and  (|uite  famous  among  his  assoiiates.  He  was 
liniii  at  Tarragona  m  Catalonia,  Sjiain,  on  Oct.  20,  1740,  and  became  a  Fran- 
el -.lan  at  the  convent  of  Jesus  at  Zaragoza  Feb.  8,  17.">7.  Hero  lie  received 
tlie  several  orders,  serving  as  master  of  the  choir;  and  afterward  served  as 
)■!■!  ■I'll/or  at  the  convent  at  ( 'alatayud.  Ho  arrived  at  the  college  of  San  Fer- 
iiiiiulo  de  Mexico  in  May  1770,  and  was  attaciied  to  the  uhoir  there  until  1774, 
wlini  failing  health  induced  him  to  obtain  a  transfer  to  a  convent  in  Miclioa- 
(iiii,  wiience  in  1781  ho  was  transferred  again  to  the  college  of  Santa  Cruz  de 
Qiien'taro,  as  a  member  of  which  company  ho  served  17  years  in  Sonora, 
iliiilly  at  Dolores  del  Saric,  making  the  journey  out  and  back  o!i  foot.  In 
I'vK)  lie  aLiain  joined  the  college  of  San  Fernan(h>,  and  was  acnt  in  ISO  I  to  (^a!i- 
fiiiiiia.  Ho  served  until  1803  at  San  Antonio,  and  from  that  time  until  liis 
(l--alh  on  Nov.  20,  1818,  at  La  Soledad,  whero  he  was  buried  next  day  liy 
Jaime  and  Sarria  in  the  mis.sion  church. 

In  a  report  of  1817  Prefect  Sarria  pronounced  Ibanez  a  missionary  (>f 
nudiocre  ability,  who  could  be  relied  on  only  for  musses  and  liki  ron'.i;u; 
(lities  except  in  cases  of  urgent  necessity.  The  criticism  seems  to  have  ii'in 
(lire 'ted  cliiefly  against  his  lack  of  success  as  a  doctrinal  preaclierand  inslriic- 
t)i-  nf  Indians;  and  it  was  attributed  by  Ibafu^z  himself  to  his  ignorance  of  t!ie 
iKitivi;  language.  In  matters  connected  witii  temporal  management  he  seems 
1 1  liavc  been  very  active  and  intelligent.  In  person  he  was  tall,  broad-sjioul- 
ilcieil,  and  of  great  strength.  In  character  he  was  noted  for  his  kindness  to 
all  (if  low  estate  or  whom  he  deemed  in  any  way  oppressed.  He  was  fond  of 
tiacliing  the  soldiers  of  the  escolta  to  read  and  write;  and  never  tired  of 
iastnieting  the  neophytes  in  work  and  music.  Ho  setnns  to  have  had  an  iaelina- 
tiuii,  or  an  affectation,  to  show  on  every  possible  occasion  his  regard  for  tiie  jioor 
ami  liiwly,  and  his  disregard  for  those  of  hi','hcr  position.  Nothing  in  tlie  way  of 
f'lud  was  too  good  for  a  private  soldier;  but  to  ollicers  Ibauez  rarely  showed 
even  courtesy,  feeding  them  from  the  common  pozolrro,  and  declaiins.'  that 
tlay  had  their  pay  and  might  live  on  it.  It  was  sometimes  hinted  by  him 
Hut.  Cal.,  Vol.  II.    25 


3SG 


LOCAL  AXXALS  OF  THE  NOHTIT. 


in  1820.  In  population  Solcdad  \va«  now  tlic  smallest 
mission  in  tho  provinco  except  San  Carlos;  but  tlier-j 
was  a  gain  in  all  tho  difleront  kinds  of  live-stock,  and 
crops  were  less  irregular  than  in  the  preceding  decade/" 
At  San  Juan  Bautista  Arroyo  de  la  Cuesta  Mas 
still  senior  minister;  but  his  associate,  Ulibarri,  was 
succeeded  in  January  1815  by  Estevan  Tapis.  Saenz 
do  Lucio  was  also  here  for  a  time  in  181G.  Tho 
new  mission  church  was  at  last  finished,  and  was  dedi- 
cated on  June  23,  1812,  the  padres  of  Santa  Clara  and 
San  Jose  aiding  in  the  ceremonies,  and  Don  Maniul 
Gutierrez  of  Los  Angeles  standing  as  sponsor.  In 
1818  a  new  altar  was  completed.  For  its  decoration 
the  painter  Chavez  demanded  six  reals  per  day,  more 
than  Li.e  mission  could  pay,  and  accordingly  the 
Yankee  Felipe  Santiago,  or  Thomas  Doak,  undertook 
the  job.  Let  us  hope  with  the  padres  that  '"the 
Anglo-American,  by  the  aid  of  God  and  of  sonie 
rnnchachos,'^  succeeded  in  the  enterprise,  and  that  tho 
altar  was  consecrated  in  Xovember  as  intended.*'  Tliis 


tliat  ho  had  left  Soiiora  on  account  of  a  personal  riuaiTcl  with  an  officer,  wliicii 
may  account  for  his  strnngc  prejudice.  Yet  Arrilla.icaaud  Ihanez  were  ;d'.v;iys 
linn  friends,  having  known  oach  other  in  tlie  south.  On  Arrillaga".s  second  com- 
ing to  California  he  wan  welcomed  l>y  the  friar  at  Soledad  witli  vocal  and  iiistni- 
niental  music,  and  with  verses  composed  by  the  reverend  poet  himself.  The 
verses,  if  correctly  preserved  by  Inocente  (Jarcia,  were  more  creditable  to  tlie 
author's  friendship  for  Arrillaga  tiian  to  his  poetical  skill.  A  quatrain  com- 
posed on  hearing  of  Sola's  arrival  ran  as  follows: 

'  Di'  Sola  il  micvi)  (Tfibicrno 

Ki'lianili>  11  la  lii^rmnia 

Ci)iivi'itir.i  I'll  nil  iuliurno 

A  tuda  la  Caliloniia.' 

In  his  last  illness  the  friar  refused  to  excuse  himself  from  any  of  the  duties 
impose<l  by  his  church  or  order.  Sarria,  who  was  serving  as  chaplain  at  tlio 
camp  on  tlie  Salinas,  hastened  to  Solcdad  to  perform  the  last  sad  oliicc'i  lor 
tho  old  missionary,  and  to  leave  in  the  nnssion  record  a  narrative  of  lii.s  life 
and  virtues.  Solcdad,  Lilt.  J/m/'o»,  MS.,  "22.  See  also  Sarria's  report  of  Xov. 
.'■),  1S17,  in  Arch.  Sla  11,  MS.,  iii.  GO-1;  Ourria,  ff<rho^,  MS.,  .31-4;  i•^^^ 
Aiiloliiciij.  Autoij.,  MS.  In  fragments  of  the  old  nnssion  books  of  I'imeria,  are 
tlie  signatures  of  Ibanez  as  CoiiminiHlro  of  ("iiborca  in  April  179G;  and  as  niiu- 
ister  of  Saric  in  17S3,  oiticiadng  often  at  San  Francisco  del  All  down  to  IT'.X). 

"Decline  in  population,  000  to  43,").  Baptisms,  .S41);  largest  number,  ."iHia 
1S17;  smallest,  13  mi  181!).  Deatlis,  403;  largest  number,  48  in  171-J;  sniJilkPt, 
.32  in  1817.  Largo  stock,  2,987  to  0,030;  horses,  etc.,  2S0  to  1,030;  siicep, 
etc.,  8,038  to  <>,040.  Crop  in  1810,  3,08,j  bushels;  in  1820,  2,0:)3;  largest,  4,'J7:) 
in  1817;  smallest,  1,575  in  1815;avcrage,  2,883  bushel.?,  of  which  1,537  whciit, 
yield  II  fold;  415  barley,  21  fold;  421  corn,  88  fold. 

'"Clmrt.i  not  done  in  Jlay  1812.  Arch.  Hut.  D.,  MS.,  x.  297.     Dedication. 


SANTA  CRUZ. 


SS7 


mission  was  still  gaining  in  neophytes,  though  it  had 
.shown  a  docrcaso  during  the  iirst  six  years  of  the 
decade.  In  cattle  it  was  far  in  advance  of  any  other 
establishment  in  the  north.*' 

There  were  frequent  changes  in  the  ministers  of 
Santa  Cruz.  Quintana  .served  till  1812,  Rodriguez  till 
ISll,  Tai)is  for  a  time  in  1812,  Marquinez  in  181 1-17, 
Escude  in  1812-18,  Olbes  from  1818,  and  Gil  I'rom 
the  end  of  1820.  Of  the  number  Quintana  died 
in  is  12,  and  Marquinez  left  the  countiy  in  1817." 
The  former  was  found  dead  in  his  bed  on  the  morning 
(if  October  12,  1812,  and  was  buried  by  Viader  and 
Duran,  who  chanced  to  be  at  Santa  Cruz,  on  the  loth. 
The  .suddenness  of  the  death  caused  an  investigation, 
wliich  at  Arrillaga's  order  was  conducted  by  Lieu- 
tenant Estudillo  during  the  following  week;  but  the 
conclusion  was  that  there  were  no  signs  of  violence, 


.s\  Jiiaii  B.,  Lib.  M'sion,  MS.,  17.  According  to  .a  scrap  in  Ilaycii'  MUkIoh 
Lo'X\  i.  Ii7,  the  chiircli  v.t.m  IGOxGO  foft,  j-avcl  with  hrick,  and  tlic  ceiling 
Kr.ii;"iitcd  liy  brick  arciics.  Altar  and  its  decorations.  /'ii)/<ra.f,  Iii)'or:iif 
/;,..,"/,  1S1:^1S,  MS.,  X)2.  Tapis  to  Sola,  Oct.  12,  ISKS.  An-fi.  A>-mI>.',  MS., 
iii.  i>t.  ii.  4.").  .Tusto  J^arios,  (.'oiiniliionoi,  2-^,  relates  tiiat  his  father,  .To8('t 
yi.uui  Laiios,  was  killcil  by  ii  bear  in  Xovendjcr  1818  at  Las  Aromas  ranelio. 

''  Increase  in  population,  702  to  813;  'uTt  in  18l(i.  Ijnptisnis,  710;  largi'st 
iiiinil.ev,  'Ji;}  in  18-20;  smallest,  2.T  in  1811.  Deaths,  r>4;};  lir^est  niunher,  0!t 
in  i.dll;  smallest,  oo  in  1817.  Large  stock,  (),l7r)  to  11,700;  horses,  etc.,.'7"> 
to  TOO;  sheep,  0,720  to  QJi'M.  Crops  in  1810,  7,17:1  bushels;  in  1820,  and 
hu-est,  0,708;  bniallcst,  804  in  1815.  Average.  3,3.'{;J  bushels,  of  which  2,200 
Avlieat,  yield  22  f  Id;  l:)2  barley,  20  fob!;  7X)  corn,  128  fold. 

Aii  a  sanqilo  of  statistics  th.'i''  have  been  current  I  may  note  the  statement 
by  ('ionise  that  .San  Juan  had  in  1820,  4.'1,870  cattle,  0,230  horses,  and  0'),- 
S70  i^lieep;  In  January  1820  President  Tapis  reportod  that  many  Indians  of 
the  I'ldnres  had  come  to  S.in  Ju.an  asking  for  baptism.  Tai/lor,  in  (.'<//. 
FaniKf,  March  21,  1802.  July  .SO,  1817,  1'.  .A.rroyo  informs  the  governor 
that  hi'  is  i-bout  to  dye  wool.   I^ror.  St.  I'a/t..  MS.,  xx.  14."). 

*'  Marcclino  Marquinez  was  a  native  of  'i'reviao,  Vi;;caya,  Spain,  born  in 
M;iy  1770,  took  the  liabit  at  Vitoria  in  Muvendier  1708,  and  canie  to  the  eol- 
leue  iif  San  Fernando  in  1804.  He  arrived  in  (."ulifornia  in  July  1810,  served 
at  Sill)  Luis  Obispo  from  September  of  that  year  to  Novendjcr  1811,  and  then 
at  Sniita  Cruz  until  May  1817.  As  late  as  1821  he  was  stiil  living  at  the  eol- 
!e;,'r,  and  occasionally  corresponded  with  (!ov.  Sola  on  the  condition  of  public' 
uH'iiiis.  This  friar  was  possessed  of  much  ability  in  the  nuiiiagenu'iit  nf 
tLiii]Kiral  afl'airs.  .-.nd  had  some  skill  in  medicine;  and  he  was,  mureover,  a 
seiisilijc  man,  and  witty  in  his  methods  of  exines-ion  as  shown  in  his  lettvis 
to  Sola.  He  was  subject  to  attacks  of  ''oHc,  having  on  (>ne  occasion  in  1M(! 
tiiiuii  the  saer.'iments  in  expectation  of  death,  and  his  ilMiealth  was  doublli.s.s 
tlie  ciuseof  his  retirement.  Sarrtn,  Ivfonue  d<l  i.c-l'rrficl')  IHJ7,  MS.,  Oo-O; 
^J(n•(^ltilll'z,  Vartan  al  Golr.  Sola,  MS,;  Autohio<j.  Auluj.,  MS. 


w 


3S8 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  THE  NORTH. 


and  that  the  friar,  who  for  some  time  had  been  in  poor 
health,  unable  to  dress  himself  unaided,  had  died  a 
natural  death. *^  About  two  years  later  suspicions  were 
aroused;  a  new  investigation  was  made,  and  it  was 
ascertained  that  Quintana  had  been  called  from  liis 
room  at  night  to  visit  a  man  said  to  be  dying,  and  that 
while  on  his  way  he  had  been  murdered  in  a  diabolical 
way  and  replaced  in  his  bed,  the  door  of  his  room 
being  carefully  locked.  Nine  or  ten  neophytes  wcie 
tried  for  the  crime,  and  the  case  was  sent  to  Mexico 
for  final  sentence.  Respecting  the  discovery  t)f  the 
crime  and  the  details  of  the  trial  there  are  no  orisxiual 
records  extant.** 

In  the  spring  of  1816  the  sentence  came  from 
]\Iexico,  by  which  five  of  the  culprits  were  condeuiiicd 
to  receive  two  hundred  lashes  each  and  to  work  in 
chains  from  two  to  ten  years.  Two  others  of  tlic 
accused  had  meanwhile  died  in  prison,  and  one  of  tlic 
five,  Lino,  supposed  to  have  been  the  leader,  died  in 
1817  at  Santa  Bdrbara  where  the  convicts  had  been 
sent  to  serve  out  their  time.  Galindo  states  tliat 
only  one  survived  the  punishment.*^    In  the  sen  Luncc  it 

**  Certificate  of  burial  by  P.  Marquinez,  who  arrived  from  Monterey  just 
after  the  ceremony,  with  a  brief  l)iographical  sketch,  in  iSVa  Cruz,  lAh.  Mi- 
«/o;/,  MS..  30-7;  Vallfjo,  Doc.  Hist.  Cat.,  MS.,  xxviii.  102.  Oct.  13,  ISIJ, 
coniandante  of  S.  Francisco  to  governor.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  ;!•.'.'!. 
Oct  15th,  Arrillaga  to  Estiulillo,  and  to  Argiiello.  Prov.  Jlec,  MS.,  xi.  '2'21  •.'; 
xii.  223.  Oct.  23d,  Estudillo's  report.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS., 
xii/.  21. 

**  Vallejo,  Hid.  Cal.,  MS.,  ii.  12-14,  sayi  that  a  dying  Lidian  at  San  Luis 
01)ispo  confessed  that  he  was  one  of  the  murderers.  Galindo,  ApimtrK,  MS., 
(j;!-4,  states  that  the  revelation  lesulted  froiii  a  (juarrcl  between  two  wonuii, 
Alvarado,  Jli.ft.  Cal..  MS.,  i.  98-100,  tells  us  that  the  mnjordomo  ("ailcs 
Castro  overheard  some  Indians  talking  about  sei'ving  another  padre  in  the 
I  anie  way.  Amador,  Mcmoriun,  MS.,  77-S,  says  IG  Indians  were  aciMi^til, 
and  taken  to  San  Francisco  by  himself.  The  authors  mentioned  give  many 
al)surdly  inaccurate  details  which  it  is  unnecessary  to  reproduce;  but  Snnp- 
Koii's  Narr.,  364-5,  may  be  noticed  as  equally  unioundcd.  He  says  tliut  in 
1S23  Quintanes,  priest  at  Sta  Cruz,  was  brutally  and  fatally  mutilated  by  nu 
Indian  whose  wife  the  padre  had  seduced.  The  man  according  to  the  iiopu- 
liir  rumor  was  carried  otf  by  the  devil  for  his  impiety,  and  it  was  long  l)i't'oio 
the  truth  was  known  through  the  woman's  confessions.  The  general  laits 
about  the  murder  are  briefly  stated,  however,  in  a  marginal  note  attadiid  tn 
the  record  in  the  mission-book  already  noticed,  in  a  statement  of  the  inisi- 
dcnt  on  May  13,  1815.  Arch.  Sta  U.,  MS.,  xii.  93-4,  and  in  the  Arch.  0/.;«- 
2>ailo,  MS.,  80. 

*"  There  are  some  slight  discrepancies  respecting  the  numbers,  names,  and 


MURDER  OF  PADRE  QUINTANA. 


3S9 


appears  that  the  defence  of  the  murderers  had  been 
excessive  cruelty  on  the  part  of  the  murdered  friar, 
who  it  was  testified  had  beaten  two  neophytes  ahnost 
to  death  and  had  ordered  the  making  of  a  new  instru- 
ment of  tortnre  to  escape  which  his  death  had  boon 
planned.  The  officials  in  Mej.ico  evidently  attached 
some  importance  to  this  testimony,  and  Sola  felt 
liinistlf  called  upon  to  reply.*"  He  denied  the  charges 
of  tlic  neophytes,  and  eulogized  Quintana  as  a  model 
of  kindness,  who  had  sacrificed  iiis  life  in  the  cause  of 
duty;  first  in  leaving  San  Cilrlos  to  relieve  his  sick 
associate  and  then  in  rising  from  a  sick-bed  to  visit 
that  of  a  neophyte  supposed  to  (>e  dying.  And  still 
ruitlier,  the  governor  declared  that  after  a  close  inves- 
tigation he  could  find  no  evidence  of  cruelty  on  the 
[)art  of  the  padres  generally,  their  errors  being  for  the 
uiost  part  on  the  side  of  mercy.*^ 

The  leading  event  of  Santa  Cruz  annals  in  this 
decade  was  the  flurry  caused  by  Bouchard's  appear- 
ance in  1818,  with  the  resulting  «;harges  made  by 
Padre  Olbes  against  the  villanos;  but  this  affair  with 
all  its  interesting  and  amusing  complications  has  been 
fully  recorded  elsewhere.  In  1815-1 G  there  had  been 
expeditions  after  runaway  neophytes  of  which  not 
much  is  known,  but  the  ranchcrias  oc'  Pitemas  and  of 
Malnu  are  named.  In  1817  Wilcox  visited  Santa 
(Vuz  in  the  Traveller;  and  the  same;  year  on  petition 
of  the  padres,  the  ranclio  known  as  Bolsa  do  Salsi- 
puedi's,  belonging  to  Branciforte,  \vas  provisionally 
ceiled  to  the  mission  by  the  villa  on  condition  that  it 


names,  ami 


pcntrnces  of  the  culprits  ■which  it  in  not  neccssniy  to  notice.  Pror.  I'cr.,  MS., 
ix.  1  ;!,->,  1, '?';-{);  xi.  :«;  /'ror.  6V. /V/y<.,y,V».J//7.,  MS.,  xlvi.  7;  Giierra,  J>i,-. 
Jli-'i.  Cdi,  M.S.,  iii.  7'>-6.  On  Nov.  "21,  1S'20,  anotlierncopliyte,  AUicrto,  iiii- 
inisoiicd  at  San  Francisco,  was  examined  on  tlie  .siiliject,  ami  confessed  lliat 
111'  li.ul  l)eeu  urged  to  join  tlic  conspiracy  and  liad  rtfiined,  liavinydone  wiiii:g 
in  not  revealing  the  plot  and  in  subsequently  runni.  ly  away.  I'ror.  Ht.  I'u}!., 
11(11.  ^IU.,  M,S.,xlix.  5i)-()l. 

^'^'tSola,  l)ej'eusadel  P.  Quintana  y  otros  ilmoiicroK,  liUd,  MS.;  Pror.  '.vc.j 
MS;..  ix.   138-!). 

*'  Andres  Quintana  was  a  native  of  Antofiana,  j^lava,  Spain.  Tie  lamled 
at  Miiiitciey,  Aug.  SI,  ISO"),  and  was  minister  of  8u.ita  Cruz  from  Noveniber 
of  that  year  until  his  death  on  Oct.  12,  181'i. 


390 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  THE  NORTH. 


!     i 


N  S 


Rinet  be  given  up  at  any  time  on  six  months'  notice.^' 
Olbes  was  back  at  the  mission  in  February  1811),  wlien 
he  complained  to  Argiiello  that  all  but  three  of  his 
neophytes  had  fled  because  they  had  been  told  at  tlio 
villa  that  soldiers  were  coming  to  take  them  all  pris- 
oners.  This  irritable  friar's  troubles  with  his  citizen 
neighbors  were  well  nigh  unceasing.*''  In  population 
Santa  Cruz  lost  heavily  during  the  first  half  of  the 
decade,  but  gained  after  1816,  some  new  rancheria  of 
gentiles  having  apparently  been  discovered.  The 
mission  raised  good  crops  and  was  quite  successful 
Vv'ith  its  cattle  and  sheep.®' 

The  population  of  Branciforte  I  give  as  75  in  1820, 
though  that  figure  rests  on  no  more  solid  foundation 
than  the  record  that  it  was  40  in  1815,  53  in  1818, 
and  114  in  1822."  The  corporal  in  charge,  or  comisi- 
onado,  seems  to  have  been  changed  each  year,  and 
the  i^osition  was  held  by  Jose  Rodriguez,  Juan  Jose 
Peralta,  Marcos  Briones,  Luz  Garcia,  Josd  Antonio 
Roblcs,  Joaquin  Buelna,  and  Manuel  Rodriguez  from 
1810  to  1819,  there  being  no  record  for  1813-14, 
1816,  and  1820.  In  March  1816  Sola  issued  a  scries 
of  instructions  to  the  comisionado  for  the  government 
of  the  villa.  The  general  purport  of  this  document 
v/as  that  harmony  and  good  morals  must  be  maiii- 

■■^ Correspondence  in  May  and  June  1817.  Arrh.  Anob.,  MS.,  iii.  pt.  i. 
\?A-Q. 

^"Fcb.  24,  1819,  Olb^s  to  Argiiello,  in  Id.,  iii.  pt.  ii.  G3-4. 

^"Decrease  iu  population,  607-401.  Baptisms  39.3;  largest  numl)cr,  112 
in  1820;  snuillest,  8  in  1813.  Deaths,  399;  largest  number,  51  in  1813;  siiiallcn, 
'X\  in  1817.  Large  stock,  1,753  to  3,492;  horses,  etc.,  953  to  492;  slicup.  :!.()l)8 
t(.  5,700.  Crops  in  1810,  2,7.S4  Imshels;  in  1820,  4,300;  largest,  8,400  iu  ISIS; 
smallest,  820  in  1817;  average,  3,142  Imshels,  of  which  1,482  wheat,  yield  'Jti 
fold;  414  barley,  33  fold;  078  corn,  2G0  fold. 

Willey,  Centen.  Sketch  Sta  Cruz,  14,  gives  some  statistics  of  1814.  In  Sfn 
Cruz,  Parrdquia,  MS.,  10,  24-7,  are  some  accounts  for  the  years  ISI'J-ll), 
allowing  about  $500  per  year  to  have  been  supplied  to  San  Francisco  prcsiiiio. 
In  1817  the  chahuistle  destroyed  the  wheat  crop.  Arch.  Arzob.,  MS.,  iii.  \>t. 
ii.  5. 

■•'In  1818  there  were  11  houses  and  53  inhabitants.  Prov.  Pec,  MS.,  ix. 
190.  Seo  also,  on  population,  Prov.  S/.  Pap.,  Ben.  MIL,  MS.,  xlii.  2,  4-5;  xlvi. 
?,0;  Vnllejo,  Doc.  Hid.  Col.,  MS.,  xxviii.  105.  Of  the  11  vecinos  who  si'.'iioil 
the  concession  of  Salsipueiles  to  the  mission  in  1817,  only  two  could  write. 
Arch.  Arzob.,  MS.,  iii.  pt.  i.  135. 


BRANCIFORTE. 


391 


iii.  pt.  i. 


4.     Ill  Shi 

lSl-M(i, 

o  prt'i-ii'iio. 

:S.,  iii.  lit. 

MS.,  is. 

-Ir-.");  xl\  i. 
\\w  si'jm'il 
)uld  viitu. 


tainod,  and  particular  precautions  taken  to  prevent 
adultery,  gambling,  and  drunkenness;  that  a  perforni- 
aiK'o  of  religious  duties  must  be  enforced  by  a  free  use 
of  the  stocks;  that  no  intercourse  of  any  kind  was  to 
bo  permitted  between  the  citizens  and  the  Indians; 
that  persons  wishing  to  settle  at  Branciforte  must  ap- 
ply to  the  governor;  that  no  person  could  leave  the 
villa  without  the  governor's  permission;  that  the  set- 
tlors nmst  be  made  to  work;  and  finally  that  full  re- 
)()its  must  be  sent  in  of  lands  and  crops/"  At  the 
)Oginning  of  the  decade  there  was  some  correspond- 
ence about  work  on  the  Santa  Clara  road.  There  are 
preserved  a  few  minor  items  relating  to  petty  criminal 
proceedings,  including  one  disgusting  incest  case  in 
1819,^^  but  beyond  these  items  and  others  recorded  in 
connection  with  Santa  Cruz  there  is  absolutely  noth- 
ing to  be  added  either  in  the  way  of  events  or  statis- 
tics. San  liafael,  the  only  establishment  north  of 
the  bay,  has  already  been  disposed  of  as  a  new  foun- 
dation. 

•'''  Sola,  Inntnwrione.'!  al  Comisionailo  de  Branciforte,  1816,  MS. 
='  Sia  Cruz,  Arch.,  MS.,  13;  Sta  Cruz,  Petp,  47;  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  Beiu  Mil,, 
M.S.,  1.  32-44. 


ill 


.f 


j 

i  \ 

i 


n 


It 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 

MISSION  AFFAIRS. 

1811-1820. 

Population — Missioxaries — Neophytes,  Baptisms,  Deaths,  AoRicrLTrRK, 
AND  Live-stock — President — Comisario  Prefecto — Guardiak— Mis- 
sion Documents — Decree  of  Secularization — Duties  of  Frl\ks— 
Exhortations  of  Supervisors — Extravagant  Luxury — Auxobioo- 

RAPHY     OF      the      PaDRES  —  MISSION     MANAGEMENT — NeED     OP     NeW 

V'^oRKERS — Cession  to  College  of  Orizaba — Protest  of  PAYEiiAS 
AND  Southern  Friars— SeSan  to  Write  a  History — Ecclesustical 
Affairs — Inquisition. 

I  HAVE  now  to  present  some  general  views  of  pro- 
vincial progress  for  the  decade,  partly  summarized 
from  other  chapters  but  chiefly  composed  c".  additional 
matter.  In  population  of  Spanish  and  mixed  blood, 
known  as  gente  de  razon,  I  note  an  increase  from 
2,130  in  1810  to  3,270  in  1820.  This  total  is  the 
sum  of  the  figures  elsewhere  given  for  the  several 
districts.  Some  of  those  figures  are  not  quite  exact, 
resting  on  estimates  from  the  population  a  few  years 
before  or  after  1820;  But  the  total  given,  if  not  alto- 
gether satisfactory,  is  as  nearly  so  as  it  can  be  made. 
General  official  estimates  for  the  whole  province  are: 
1,9G9  in  1811,  2,370  in  1814,  and  2,G74  in  181G; 
while  in  1817  Sola  states  that  the  population  was 
3,000  souls.  I  suppose  there  may  be  an  error  in  this 
last  statement;  but  taking  the  figures  for  1811-10 
and  adding  the  average  of  natural  increase  we  Iuia  e 
3,242  for  1820,  apparently  agreeing  with  my  total  ob- 
tained in  another  way,  but  not  really  so,  since  besides 


POPXJLATION. 


303 


tlie  natural  increase  there  had  been  an  accession  of 
200  soldiers  from  San  Bias  and  Mazatlan.  Thus  it 
would  seem  that  my  total  of  3,270  is  rather  under 
than  over  the  actual  number;  yet  the  reports  of  later 
years  apparently  call  for  a  reduction  rather  than  an 
increase.^  The  foreign  population,  that  is  of  other 
than  Spanish  or  Indian  blood,  was  as  yet  small,  the 
number  in  1820,  so  far  as  definite  records  show,  being 
13,  as  follows:  three  Americans,  Thomas  Doak  and 
Daniel  Call  of  1816,  and  Joseph  Chapman  of  1818; 
two  Scotchmen,  John  Gilroy  of  1814,  and  John  Rose 
of  1818 ;  two  Englishmen,  Thomas  Lester  of  1817,  and 
lirnacio  Thomas  of  1818;  one  Irishman,  John  Mulli- 
gan  of  1814-15;  one  Russian,  Jose  Bolcof  of  1815; 
one  Portuguese,  Antonio  Rocha  of  1815;  and  throe 
negroes,  Bob  or  Juan  Cristobal,  of  181G,  M.  J.  Pas- 
cual,  and  Fisher,  or  Norris,  of  1818.^  The  total  of 
neophyte  population  had  increased  from  18,800  to 
20,500  in  the  ten  years. 

There  were  nineteen  missions  in  1820  as  in  1810, 
that  is  if  we  regard  San  Rafael  as  a  branch  of  San 
Francisco,  as  indeed  it  was  at  this  time,  just  as 
San  Antonio  de  Pala  was  a  branch  of  San  Luis 
Roy;  yet  as  San  Rafael  later  became  a  regular  mis- 
sion, and  as  the  opening  of  a  separate  set  of  registers 
shows  it  to  have  been  regarded  in  a  slightly  different 
light  from  Pala,  it  is  perhaps  best  to  increase  the 
total  number  of  missions  to  twenty.  Of  the  thirty- 
nine  missionaries  in  the  province  at  the  end  of  1810, 
four  retired  to  their  college  before  1820;  seven  died 
at  their  posts;  and  nine  was  the  imniber  of  new- 
comers, so  that  thirty-seven  still  remained  at  work, 
not  two  for  each  establishment,  to  say  nothing  of 
tliose  incapacitated  for  active  service  by  ago  or  in- 

'For  tlie  general  statements  referred  to,  see  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  Den,  Mil.,  MS., 
xlii.  2,  G;  xlvi.  30;  Vallcjo,  Doe.  Hist.  Vah,  ^IS.,  xxxiii.  105;  Sola,  Inf.  Gen., 
1S17,  MS.,  102;  Id.,  Ubservacloiies,  MS.,  1818,  191. 

'■'  I'"'or  information  alx)ut  these  men  before  1820  see  chapters  xi.  xiii.  xiv. 
of  this  volume.    For  a  list  of  foreign  residents  ten  years  later  see  p.  OSO. 


i  fw 


304 


MISSIOX  AFFAIRS. 


finnity.  Death  had  now  taken  Father  Dumctz,  tlic 
only  .survivor  among  Junlpero  Scrra's  companions,  and 
had  left  Senan  as  the  sole  representative  of  those  who 
came  to  the  country  before  1790.  Likewise  Miguel 
hatl  been  taken  from  the  twelve  who  came  before 
1800.  None  of  the  departing  friars  require  special 
mention,  nor  of  the  new-comers,  though  nearly  all  the 
latter  became  well  known  in  the  province  which  was 
long  their  home.* 

i>a})tisms  were,  in  round  numbers,  18,000,  8,000  be- 
ing so-called  adults  and  10,000  children  under  eight 
years.  The  smallest  number  in  any  year  was  1,254  iu 
18 14,  and  the  largest  was  2,41 7  in  1811.  Deaths  num- 
bered 1 5,500,  of  which  10,000  were  adults.  The  high- 
est number  was  1,674  in  1815,  and  the  lowest  1,34:5  in 
1814.  The  death-rate  was  80  per  cent  of  baptisiDs 
and  42  per  cent  of  total  population.  In  1815  the 
])rcsident  stated  that  in  many  years  there  were  throe 

■'  The  ,39  serving  in  1810 — those  who  died  before  1820  in  italics,  and  those 
vho  retired,  marked  witli  a  * — were  as  follows:  Abella,  *Aniestoy,  Anioic'i;!, 
Arroyo,  }larona,  Boscana,  Ca'x>t  (J.),  Ca.hot  (¥.),  C'alzada,  Catalii,  DiiDitl:, 
Duran,  Fortuni,  Gil,  Ihanez,  Jaime,  *Marquinez,  Martin,  Martinez,  Mhjuil, 
*Mnfioz,  Panto,  Payeras,  Peyri,  Quintatia,  Rodriguez,  'Saenz,  Saizar,  San- 
chez, Sancho,  Sarria,  befian,  Suuer,  Tapis,  Ulibani,  Uria,  Urresti,  Viadtr, 
and  Zalvidea. 

The  nine  new-comers  were:  Altimira,  Esciuk-,  Est(5ncga,  Martin,  Xticz, 
OlbtJs,  Oliva,  Ordaz,  and  Ilipoll.  In  the  spring  of  1811  six  padres  vfiu 
destined  for  California,  but  M'cre  delayed  by  the  insurrection  at  San  ]!!;us. 
A  irk.  Std  Ji.,  MS.,  xi.  301.  They  started  in  July  for  Acapulco,  where  they 
V  ere  delayed  by  a  pestilence,  and  left  one  of  their  number,  Oliva,  sick.  Tliu 
others,  Escud(5,  Martin,  Nuez,  01b(5s,  and  Kipoll,  sailed,  and  arrived  i;i 
Lower  California  April  '23d,  starting  north  in  May,  and  reaching  San  Dieyo 
July  6,  1812,  except  01b(5s,  who  was  delayed  by  illness.  Oliva  recovered  ami 
arrived  at  Monterey  Aug.  4,  1813.  Arch.  Sta  B.,  MS.,  xi.  89;  Aiitnbioij.  (A  lo-i 
Pdilre.s,  MS.;  Sarria,  Inf.  del  Comisario  Prcfecto,  1817,  MS.  Meanwliile, 
Dumetz  had  died  in  1811;  Panto,  Quintuna,  and  Urresti  in  1812;  and  -Mi- 
guel in  181.3.  In  1814  Calzada  died  and  Amestoy  left  the  province.  In  ISl.") 
two  of  the  padres  only  were  of  American  birth,  ludios,  Confexfacion,  -MS., 
113.  These  two  were  Gil  and  Rodriguez;  a  third,  Calzada,  having  died  Ite- 
fore.  In  1816,  Saenz  retired,  and  in  1817,  Mufioz  and  Marquinez.  In  l.Slii, 
(Sola  reports  four  missions  with  only  one  padre  each.  Prov.  Pec,  MS.,  ix. 
lOo-G.  In  Sept.  1818,  the  guardian  wrote  that  only  lack  of  vessels  prevented 
several  good  friars  from  coming.  Arch.  Sta  B.,  AI8.,  xi.  324.  This  year 
Ibafiez  died.  In  Sept.  1819  Sufler  was  refused  permission  to  retire  by  the 
governor.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlix.  44-3.  Finally  in  1820,  S 
friars  were  expected,  4  Femandiuos,  and  4  from  Orizaba;  and  the  former 
arrived  in  August  on  the  Senoriano  and  San  Frmicistco.  Thc>  •verc  Altimira, 
Fstenega,  Ibarra,  and  Ordaz.  See  correspondence  in  Arch.  Sta  B.,  MS.,  xi. 
328-30;  xii.  397;  Arch.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  v.  pt.  ii.  79-80;  I'rov.  Pec,  MS.,  .xii. 
198;  St.  Pap.  Sac,  MS.,  xviii.  33;  Vallejo,  Doc.  JIM.  Cal.,  MS.,  xxviii.  ol. 


STATISTICS. 


SOS 


(loatlis  to  two  births.  The  gain  in  neophytes  was 
1,700,  from  18,800  in  1810  to  -20,500  in  1820,  or  nine 
icr  cent'  as  against  39  j)er  cent  for  the  last  decade; 
>ut  as  we  have  seen  the  total  had  been  about  as  large 
ill  1805  as  it  was  in  1820.  From  1805  to  1825  the 
vai  iation  is  hardly  noticeable.  The  difference  between 
liiiptisms  and  deaths  in  this  decade  was  2,500,  exceed- 
ing the  registered  gain  in  population  by  1,300,  which 
inny  be  regarded  as  representing  not  very  accurately 
the  apostates.  Marriages  ranged  from  729  in  1811 
to  322  in  1814,  averaging  535  per  year  for  the  decade. 
Among  the  gente  de  razon,  as  registered  in  the  mis- 
sion books,  there  were  1,375  baptisms,  535  deaths, 
and  250  marriages. 

In  this  period  of  ten  years  the  mission  cattle  in- 
creased from  121,400  to  140,000;  horses  from  17,400 
to  18,000;  mules  from  1,505  to  1,882;  and  sheep 
from  157,000  to  190,000.  Agricultural  products 
averaged  113,025  bushels  per  year,  or  5,970  bushels 
for  each  mission.  The  largest  crop  was  139,500  bush- 
els in  1817;  and  the  smallest,  93,000  in  1814;  yet 
not  a  single  mission  raised  its  smallest  crop  in  1814, 
and  only  four  their  largest  in  1817.  Five  was  the 
largest  number  of  missions  that  raised  their  largest 
crop  in  any  one  year,  1818;  while  only  1810  was  not 
the  best  year  for  any  mission.  On  the  other  hand 
three  missions  produced  their  smallest  crop  in  1812, 
three  others  in  1820,  and  only  1814  was  unrepre- 
sented among  the  worst  years.  These  figures  show 
that  there  were  no  years  of  general  drought,  and  that 
local  drought  was  more  or  less  under  control  by  means 
of  iirigating  works.  Of  the  average  crop  above  noted, 
(■.7,380  bushels  were  wheat;  10,230,  barley;  22,920, 
torn;  2,055,  beans,  and  4,440  pease  and  miscellaneous 
grains.  Wheat  yielded  15.0  for  one;  barley,  14.0; 
corn,  180  for  one,  nearly  double  the  previous  3Meld; 
l)eans,  24;  and  minor  grains,  34.  The  lowest  and 
highest  crops  of  each  kind  were:  wheat,  49,500  bushels 
in  1814,  82,500  in  1818;  barley,  7,500  in  1820,  and 


306 


MISSION  AFFAIRS. 


iiMfi 


24,000  in  1818;  corn,  5,000  in  1815,  and  33,000  in 
1817;  beans,  1,950  in  1813,  and  3,600  in  1818;  minor 
grains,  3,300  in  1812,  and  5,850  in  1818.  A  compari- 
son ot'  all  these  statistics  with  those  of  the  preceding' 
decade  shows  a  notable  improvement  in  stock-raising^ 
and  agricultural  industry,  and  this  despite  certain  ob- 
stacles with  which  the  reader  is  familiar,  albeit  with 
certain  encouragements  also  in  the  increased  demand 
for'  products.* 

The  presidency  of  the  missions  was  held  by  Estevan 
Tapis  until  1812.  On  July  13th  of  that  year  the 
discretory  of  the  college  in  Mexico  elected  Jose  Scnaii, 
"religioso  de  ciencia,  prudencia,  y  cxpjriencia,"  to 
succeed  Tapis.  The  appointment  was  announced  in 
California  in  November,  and  Sefian  assumed  the 
duties  of  the  office  in  December,  receiving  also  tlio 
appointment  of  vicar  from  the  bishop,  continuing  to 
reside  at  San  Buenaventura,  and  holding  the  office  till 
1815.^  The  president's  powers  were,  however, abridged 
at  this  time  by  the  creation  of  a  new  and  superior 
office.  On  the  same  day  that  Sefian  was  elected  presi- 
dent there  was  also  an  election  of  a  comisarw  ^ifcfceto, 
at  which  Senan  received  twenty-three  votes,  and 
Sarria  was  elected  by  twenty-seven  votes.  This  was 
announced  July  15th  by  Juan  Bautista  Ceballos,  who 
signed  himself  visitador  and  president  of  the  college 
of  San  Fernando,  and  who  by  special  commission  of 
the  comisario  general  of  the  Indies  had  presided  at 
the  election.     It  was  a  year  later,  in  July  1813,  that 

*For  mission  statistics  see  Seiian,  Ivformes  Bienalea  1811-14,  MS.,  ami 
Payeras,  Iiiformea  Bienalea  1815-20,  MS.  Also  the  annual  and  biennial  ru- 
ports  of  each  mission,  most  of  which  are  preserved  in  one  archive  or  another, 
many  of  them  at  Sta  Btirbara.  See  M'islone»,  Informes  Amialea  y  Bknah^, 
Indicey  Notas,  MS.  See  also  general  tables  for  1811  and  1814  in  ValUjo, 
Doc,  Hist.  Col.,  MS.,  xxviii.  105;  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlii.  8  "), 
78.  I  deem  it  unprofitable  to  refer  in  detail  to  the  hundreds  of  sources  from 
which  much  of  my  statistical  information  is  derived.  Few  documents  in  the 
archives  do  not  contain  some  information  in  this  direction. 

*  July  15,  1812,  guardian  to  Sefian,  announcing  his  election,  and  enjoining 
upon  him  the  santa  ohediencia,  in  Arch.  Obixpado,  MS.,  11,  and  elsewhere, 
since  the  document  was  copied  into  the  Libra  de  Patetitea  of  each  mission. 
Nov.  1812,  Sefian  to  Tapis.  Dec.  8th,  Seiian  to  padres,  in  Arch.  Sta  B.,  MS., 
xi.  320-1;  xii.  355. 


COMISARIO   PREFECTO. 


807 


Sarrfa  announced  his  assumption  of  the  office."  The 
duties  of  his  position  were  not  specified  in  tlie  an- 
nouncement of  his  election  but  were  made  clear,  not 
only  by  the  prefect's  subsequent  acts,  but  by  an  expo- 
sition of  the  matter  by  Sarrfa  in  later  years/  The 
])refect  was  the  [)rcsiclent's  superior,  or  prelate,  and 
delegate,  or  representative,  of  the  Franciscan  conii- 
sario  general  of  Indies  in  Madrid.  He  was  likewise 
coniisario  of  the  inquisition,  and  had  full  control  of  all 
inattcrs  pertaining  to  the  temporal  management  of 
the  missions.  The  president,  on  the  other  hand, 
while  charged  with  deh'ida obediencia  to  the  prefect  in 
business  matters,  was  responsible  as  a  missionary  offi- 
cial only  to  the  guardian  of  San  Fernando  College, 
ami  was  the  bishop's  vicar,  or  representative,  in  eccle- 
siastical affairs.  As  to  their  authority  over  the  friars 
ill  respect  to  missionary  duties  not  connected  with  the 
temporalities  I  am  unable  to  make  a  satisfactory  dis- 
tinction between  prefect  and  president;  but  there  was 
never  any  clashing  between  the  two,  nor  any  apparent 
jealousy.  Prefect  Sarria's  headquarters  was  at  San 
Carlos,  but  he  travelled  much  from  place  to  place,  and 
one  of  the  friars  at  the  mission  where  he  chanced  to 
be  served  as  his  secretary. 

In  1815  President  Senan  resi<]rned,  and  Mariano 
Payeras  was  chosen  to  take  his  place.  The  election 
was  announced  from  Mexico  by  Guardian  Calzada, 
the  24th  of  July,  and  by  the  new  president  in  Cali- 
fornia the  22d  of  November.  In  December  he  asked 
the  bishop  for  the  usual  appointment  as  vicario  foraneo, 
which  he  obtained  a  year  later.  He  resigned  in  1818, 
but  his  resignation  was  not  accepted,  as  he  was  in- 
f»jrnied  by  Guardian  Lopez  the  12th  of  September, 

''July  l."),  1812,  Ccbalioa  to  Sarrfa.  July  7, 1.3,  1813,  Sarrfa  to  the  padres. 
S.Jim-,  Patentex,  MS.,  54-7;  Arch.  Sta.  B.,  MS.,  xi.  304-7.  Certitied  by 
Viiulor  on  July  11th,  in  Sta  Clara,  Parroquia,  MS.,  24.  Certificate  of  cloc- 
tii)n  by  the  secretary  of  the  discretory  on  July  "28,  1813.  Sarria,  27  votes; 
Slihui,  23;  and  Garijo,  13.  Arch.  SUi  B.,  MS.,  xii.  4.35. 

"Sept.  17,  1823,  Sarria  to  governor.  Arrh.  Arzob.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  ii.  72-3. 
lie  cites  as  authorities  statements  of  the  guardian. 


3US 


MISSION  AFFAIRS. 


i 


and  iiH  liu  notifiud  tliu  patlivs  the  .Tl.st  of  Docuinbor." 
For  a  linio  Payeras  luul  all  the  old  authority  of  j)rosi. 
(lent,  as  tho  <,'uardian  notilicd  him  that  in  the  absence' 
of  orders  from  S[)ain  no  cluction  for  prefect  luul  hecii 
lield,  and  the  ollico  no  longer  existed."  No  offici;il 
inl'ormatlon  on  the  subject  reached  Sarrfa;  but  he 
announced  in  a  circular  that  on  the  ex[)iration  of  his 
term  of  six  years,  with  the  six  months  in  addition 
reijuired  by  the  rules  of  his  order,  he  would  no  lon;^ar 
hold  the  i)osition;  repeating  his  determination  in  an- 
other circular  the  day  before  the  whole  term  expire;!. 
President  l*ayeras  also  issued  two  circulars,  acce[)tin^ 
"with  great  sorrow"  the  full  respcmsibilities  of  tlio 
presidency  as  it  existed  in  former  years.'" 

In  October  1819,  however,  a  new  election  v/as  hel.l, 
and  Payeras  was  raised  to  the  position  tjf  prefect, 
while  Sefian  was  again  made  president.  The  two 
officials  assumed  their  respective  positions  April  I, 
1820,  and  on  the  4tli  Seilan  was  also  appointed  by 
his  prelate  as  vice-prefect.  Seiian  was  likewise  vicar, 
and  Payeras  commissary  of  the  holy  inquisition." 

There  are  extant  several  important  documents  bear- 
ing on  mission  affairs  and  dated  in  the  different  years 

*.Tuly  21,  1815,  guardian  to  Payeras,  announcing  election,  and  imposing 
subjection  to  hia  prelate  the  prefect.  Arch.  Sta  B.,  MS.,  xii.  3o.S-4;  ,S'.  ,/'/-«, 
Paltntes,  MS.,  l'2S-9;  Arch.  Ohiipado,  MS.,  10;  Sta  Clara,  Parroqiua,  MS  , 
24.  Nov.  22d,  announcement  in  Cal.  Arch.  Arzob..'iil!i.,  ii.  Wi.  Appoint- 
ment aa  vicar  in  1810.  Id.,  iii.  pt.  i.  40;  Prov.  liec,  MS.,  xii.  124.  Reappoint- 
iiieut  in  1818.  Original  circular  of  Payeras,  Dec.  31st,  in  Doc.  Hint.  CuK, 
MS.,  iv.  409-16;  Arch.  Obixpado,  MS.,  18;  Arch.  Sta  B.,  MS.,  xi.  164. 

"Sept.  12,  1818.  Arch.  Obispado,  MS.  17  1';  S.  Jond.  Pateutra,  MS.,  :U;i; 
Arch.  iSVa  B.,  MS.,  xi.  324:  xii.  310-18.  The,  ini;jting  cf  tlie  chapter  at  wliicli 
tlie  matter  came  up  seems  to  have  been  li  id  jn  Aug.  Sth.  Id.,  xi.  104. 

'"Dec.  18,  1818,  Jan.  12,  1819,  San-i.i't:  circulars.  Arch.  Sta  B.,  MS.,  >.i. 
103-8;  xii.  110-18.  Dec.  31st,  Jan.  lOth,  Payeras' circulars.  Id.,  xii.  541-"; 
X.  296;  Arch.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  iii.  pt.  ii.  48. 

"  Communications  of  Oct.  11,  1819,  April  Ist  and  April  4,  1820,  in  .1/' '.. 
Obixpado,  MS.,  20,  78;  Sta  Clara,  Parroquia,  MS.,  25;  .S'.  Joni;  Patentee,  MS., 
3:..3  9;  Prov.  liec,  MS.,  xii.  192,  194;  Arch.  Sta  B.,  MS.,  x.  294;  xii.  ArM-[\. 
Piiycras  elected  by  18  votes.  Vallejo,  Doc.  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  xxviii.  27,  -I'. 
Aug.  21,  1820,  bisliop  grants  powers  of  vicario  foraneo.  Arch.  Sin  B.,  MS., 
xi.  103.  The  guardians  of  San  Fernando  college  so  far  aa  the  records  show 
during  this  decade  were,  Agustin  Garijo  in  1811,  Miguel  Lull  in  1812,  .luau 
Calzada  in  1815,  Baldomero  Lopez,  formerly  of  California,  in  1818  and  I8H>. 
Tlie  procurador  at  Mexico  was  Pedro  Martinez  in  1812,  and  Juan  CortOs  froiM 
1818.  The  sindico  at  Tepic  was  Euatacio  dc  la  Cuesta  until  1819  and  subse- 
quently Juan  Martiarcua.   Ignacio  Estrada  was  sindico  at  Guadalajara  in  18'J0. 


SECULARIZATION  IN  THE  DISTANCE. 


aoQ 


of  tliis  decade,  by  the  mention  and  }^r<)Ui)in«^  of  wliicli 
1  iiiiiy  best  pluee  before  the  reader  wliat  remains  to 
1h'  said  npon  the  general  topic.  And  first  I  may  no- 
tice the  subject  of  secularization,  in  later  years  the 
oioimd  of  bitter  controversy,  but  not  yet  agitated  in 
Ciilirttrnia.  In  theory  it  was  the  duty  of  the  mission- 
aries to  convert  and  instruct  the  natives,  fit  them  for 
citi/.enship,  and  finally  turn  them  over  to  the  care  of 
tlie  regular  clergy.  The  missions  were  never  intended 
to  he  ])ermanent  institutions.  Practicall}-,  however, 
ilic  iViars  were  never  ready  for  the  change;  always  de- 
cliUTcl  that  the  neo[)hytes  were  not  yet  fit  to  become 
citizens,  and  never  gave  up  a  mission  of  any  value 
without  a  struggle.  These  contests  with  episcopal 
authorities  had  been  bitter  and  not  infrequent  in  vari- 
ous parts  of  America  for  more  than  two  eenturies,  and 
many  missions  had  been  secularized  in  spite  of  the 
friars'  arguments  and  protests.  But,  as  I  have  said, 
the  Californian  establishments  were  as  yet  undis- 
turbed, not  even  threatened,  because  the  bishoji,  if  he 
desired  to  get  possession,  which  is  doubtful,  had  no 
cuiates  at  his  disposal  who  could  be  put  in  charge. 
The  missionaries  in  California  knew  this,  and  had  no 
fear  of  ecclesiastical  interference.  Elsewhere  however, 
in  the  missions  of  Guiana,  South  America,  the  bishop 
(lid  interfere,  and  with  such  success  that  on  Septem- 
ber lo,  1813,  the  cdrtes  of  Spain  passed  a  decree  to 
the  effect  that  all  missions  in  America  that  had  been 
founded  ten  years  should  at  once  be  given  up  to  the 
bishop  "without  excuse  or  pretext  whatever,  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  laws."  It  was  provided  that  friars 
might  be  appointed  if  necessary  as  temporary  curates, 
and  that  one  or  two  might  remain  in  each  district 
where  tlicv  had  convents  and  had  been  serving  as-: 
curates;  but  with  these  few  and  tem])orary  exceptions 
they  n)ust  move  on  to  new  conversions,  and  must  at 
once  yield  the  rianagement  of  temporalities,  the  mis- 
sion lands  having  to  be  ivduccd  to  private  ownership, 
and  the  neophytes  to  be  governed  by  their  ayunta- 


■r 


i  ii 


I 


I 


' ! 


! 
I 

I 


400 


MISSION  AFFAIRS. 


miontos  and  the  civil  autlioritics.^^  This  clccrce,  per- 
fectly in  accord  with  Spanish  law  and  policy,  applied 
to  the  missions  of  California  and  of  all  America  as 
directly  as  to  those  of  Guiana,  and  it  certainly  was 
something  more  than  "an  opinion  that  the  missions 
ought  to  be  secularized"  as  some  of  the  land-lawj^ers 
have  regarded  it,"  but  there  was  no  attempt  to  enforce 
it  in  California,  where  it  was  not  officially  published 
as  a  law,  and  perhaps  not  even  known,  for  eight  years. 
So  safe  did  the  friars  deem  themselves  that  in  1811), 
and  perhaps  also  in  1818,  President  Pay  eras  by  direc- 
tion of  his  college  informed  the  bishop  that  he  might 
put  clergymen  in  charge  of  the  southern  missions  if 
lie  thought  them  'ripe'  for  the  change." 

In  several  mission  papers  the  padres  were  instructed 
in  their  duties  or  exhorted  to  a  faithful  performance 
of  the  same.  Sarria,  on  assuming  the  office  of  prefect, 
issued  a  pastoral  letter,^^  bristling  with  learned  quota- 
tions, very  general  in  its  nature,  with  no  direct  bear- 
ing on  the  state,  of  affiiirs  in  California,  and  dealing 
almost  exclusively  with  the  spiritual  interests  of  padres 
and  neophytes.  The  author,  with  profuse  expressions 
of  hii  own  unworthiness,  enjoined  a  strict  complianco 
M'ith  Franciscan  rules,  and  uttered  a  warning  ajjaiust 
neglect  of  the  annual  religious  exercises  of  the  friars 
for  their  own  benefit.  He  favored  the  acquiring  of 
the  native  languages  to  ensure  real  instruction  in  the 
Christian  mysteries,^*  and  devoted  more  than  half  the 

"  Senilarizacion,  Deeretode  las  Cdrlcs  de  13  di-  Scticmhre  de  1813,  MS.  See 
also  partial  translations  and  mcntiona  of  tho  document  in  Jones  Jtt'iiort,  no. 
S:  Ilalhfk'slicport,  125;  Dwindlc's  Colon.  Hid.,  30;  St.  Pap.,  MIkk.  awl  Col., 
MS.,  ii.  .fjO-GO;  IlalVsIlkt.  S.  Jos^,  4,S0-1;  TnthiW^  Ilixt.  Cal.,  1'2G;  Tauhr^ 
Eldorado,  i.  181;  also  official  mention  in  Feb.  1821  by  the  guardian  in  Jkn: 
Jlkt.  Cal,  MS.,  iv.  491-2. 

"  Dwindle  erroneously  says  it  'never  attained  the  fonn  or  force  of  ii 
law.' 

i»  Arrh.  SfaD.,  MS.,  iii.  188,  219. 

^^ Sarria,  Erhorfacion  Pastoral  dd  P.  Covmario  Prefvrto,  1S13,  MS.  Diitoil 
S.  CiU'lo.s,  .July  8,  1813,  and  divided  into  48  articles.  Also  in  Arch.  Obi:<jiado, 
12-10. 

'"  He  also  favored  the  teaching  of  Spanish  to  the  Indians  in  accordance 
with  tlie  king's  wishes.  What  he  objecte<l,  to,  and  very  scnsilily,  was  the 
pari'ot-like  rejietitions  by  neophytes  of  religidiis  forms  in  a  language  tliey  did 
not  understand.    Especially  he  urged  the  rcttl'.'ring  of  the  doctrina  and  cate- 


PREFECT'S  PASTORALS. 


401 


]MS.  See 
kjiort,  nil. 

and  Col., 
Taylors 
x\  in  l>w. 


icconlaiicc 
,  was  tlio 
;e  they  did 
,  aiid  cate- 


artlclos  of  liis  pastoral  to  details  of  spiritual  training 
of  iieopliytes.  lie  reminded  the  missionaries  that  i:i 
tlu'  absence  of  curates  the  souls  of  the  gcnte  de  razou 
must  by  no  means  be  neglected.  He  alluded  to  the 
fair  of  temporalities  as  a  duty  which  must  not  detract 
attention  from  more  solenni  spiritual  obligations,  and 
fioscd  as  he  had  begun  with  a  general  exhortation. 

In  18 i7  the  prefect  again  addressed  the  friars  on 
tliL'ir  missionary  duties.''  This  time  he  had  more 
(Iclinite  suggestions  to  make,  having  just  com])lcted  a 
tour  of  inspection,  which,  as  he  aftirms,  had  fdled  him 
in  ;i  general  way  with  joy  and  satisfaction.  Yet  he 
liad  noted  a  few  rooms  of  the  friars  much  too  large 
ami  sum[)tuously  furnished  for  the  "  cells  of  ])oor 
evangelical  toilers."  He  was  grieved  at  this  and  at 
certain  comforts  in  dress  and  food  more  in  accord  with 
tlu;  "  spirit  of  the  century  "  than  with  Franciscan  rules. 
Ho  entreated  them  to  avoid  scrupulously'  every  ap- 
j)earancc  of  worldly  ease,  and  not  even  to  wear  shoes 
cxi'Oj)t  in  cases  of  great  necessity  and  on  formal  ])er- 
mission  from  prelate  or  confessor.  A  caution  was 
given  to  avoid  susj)ici()us  company  and  all  counsel  and 
association  with  women,  that  no  breath  of  scandal 
might  be  raised.  The  matter  of  neijlect  to  teach  in 
tlio  vernacular  was  touc;hed  upon  more  emphatically 
than  before,  and  the  case  of  a  Jesuit,  miraculously 
warned  from  b.eaven  not  to  pv(>acii  m  Spanish,  was 
cited.  He  had  noted  a  f(nv  cas<^s  wIku'c  persons  had 
(lied  without  the  sacraments.  The  ])adres  were  re- 
iimided  that  there  was  a  time  for  everything,  includ- 

t'liisiii  in  the  native  idioms;  Imt  lie  (li<l  not  ileeiii  it  necessary  to  aociniio  a 
]K':l'i'it  I'Dnvei'siational  kno\vk'il!.;e  of  those  iilimiis.  'J'lure  was  not  in\iili  a;,'i- 
taUoii  .-ibout  the  teacliing  of  Spanish  to  the  neoi)liytes  iluiilig  this  deiade.  In 
t'liir  ii'iioit  of  IHI."),  Ind'to-',  ('oiilts/firloii,  etc.,  M.S.,  the  padi'es  lepre^ientcd 
tliiit  Spiinish  was  tau!.,dit  and  its  use  encouiage<l  at  all  the  misf-ions;  hnt  that 
tlic  icliL;ious  in.struction  wus  ^iven  in  Sjiiinisii  and  tlie  vetnaeidaraltiniately. 
Sola  ill  Ills  repc  ■'  181S,  Sola,  (Ikfirrtviaiifi,  M.S.,  IS'J,  184,  j^avo  the  .same 
iilea,  and  said  tii^  ^ndians  learned  Spiiiiish  vii'v  readily,  especially  tiiose  who 
eanie  in  contact  witli  the  troops,  la  Sept.  18I'J  .'he  guavdian  sent  to  (,'alifor- 
nia  a  patent  of  the  connsario  general  on  mission  schools.  An:/i.  (SVa  J'.,  MS., 
xi.  :i'J7:  Anh.  Ohi.y^rtfto,  MS.,  10. 

'" .^V(;v(rt,  L'arlii  PaMaral  (hi  Coml^iir'io  Pn'J'icto,  1S17,  !MS.     Dated  St'u 
Cabs,  Jan.  '1\  1S17,  and  divided  in  '27  articles. 
UWT.  Cal.,  Vol.  II.    20 


H 


mm 


It  •  i  1 


402 


MISSION  AFFAIRS. 


ing  recreation,  social  intercourse  with  each  other,  and 
especially  the  eight  days  of  rest  froux  all  worldly  cares 
in  the  "  holy  idleness  of  Mary."  Sarria  objected  to 
the  neophytes  being  required  or  allowed  to  work  on 
the  day  of  St  Francis,  and  favored  greater  attention 
to  other  dias  de  fiesta. 

The  same  year  President  Payeras  issued  a  circular 
to  the  padres  on  their  duties,  as  representatives  of 
the  bishop,  as  confessors,  as  guardians  of  the  public 
morals,  with  particular  reference  to  their  obligations 
toward  the  Spanish  population. ^^  In  1820  Guardian 
Lopez  of  the  mother  college  thought  it  necessary  to 
preach  the  padres  a  sermon  on  their  worldly  extra\  a- 
gance,  and  to  warn  them  earnestly  to  avoid  even  tin; 
appearance  of  evil.  It  was  reported  in  Mexico,  and 
unfortunately  with  much  truth,  that  the  Franciscans 
in  California,  forgetting  the  example  of  their  prede- 
cessors, only  the  old  and  infirm  among  whom  had 
travelled  on  muleback  or  otherwise  than  on  foot, 
were  using  carts  of  two  wheels  and  even  coaches  of 
four  wheels!  This  fact  had  given  rise  in  Mexico  to 
the  scandalous  report  that  the  Fernandinos  of  Cali- 
fornia, far  from  enduring  hardships,  were  living  in 
wealth  and  ease.  Consequently  the  discretory  had 
voted  unanimously  that  every  carriage  must  be  burned 
at  once  if  it  could  not  be  converted  to  some  other  um; 
than  the  carrying  of  friars.  The  prefect  was  charged 
with  the  immediate  execution  of  this  order,  which 
was,  however,  accompanied  with  much  flattery  of  tlio 
padres  for  their  faithfulness  in  other  respects.^" 

'^Poycras,  Circular  del  Presidente  d  los  Padres,  1817,  MS.,  dated  Piiii- 
sima  Dec.  11),  1S17.  Another  circular  of  president  Pa^oras  dated  Dec.  Ill, 
1818,  relates  not  to  the  duties  of  the  padres  but  to  the  offices  of  president 
and  prefect.     Original  in  Doc.  Hist.  Val.,  MS.,  409-10. 

'*  Lopez,  El  Guardian  d  lox  Padres  prohibiendo  el  vso  de  Carrttajea,  ISJ", 
MS.  In  IV  report  of  Nov.  C,  1817,  Sarria  admitted  that  ho  had  allowed  lii; 
rooms  of  the  triara  to  be  kept  nr  j,ter  than  might  bo  thought  proper  for  l'i;ni- 
ciaciins,  anil  had  also  permittetl  some  jjrivilcges  in  the  matter  of  foot-wiai . 
Arc/t.  Sla  Ji.,  MS.,  iii.  80-1.  In  a  eounnunieation  to  the  padres  on  busiiii>s 
mutters  in  1817,  Sarria  had  attributed  tho  excessive  demands  of  tlie  gdvfiii- 
ment  on  the  missions  for  supplies,  and  the  8lo'.vne.sa  of  the  authoritiis  in 
Mexicf)  to  relieve  mission  needs,  in  part  to  tlie  extravagance  of  the  friais  iu 
the  matters  of  carriages,  dress,  etc.,  ueggiug  them  to  discontinue  such  foibl'J. 


AUTOBIOGRAPHY  01  THE  FRIARS. 


403 


The  comprehensive  report  of  1815,  in  which  the 
pusident  and  padres  in  reply  to  inquiries  from  Mex- 
ico told  officially  all  they  kiicw  about  the  manners 
and  customs  of  the  California  Indians,  and  also  Sola's 
descriptive  report  after  a  personal  visit  to  all  the  mis- 
sions in  1817,  have  already  been  noticed.*'  I  may 
also  note  the  pastoral  in  whith  Fr.  Juan  Buenaven- 
tura Bestard,  comisario  general  of  Indies,  instructed 
the  American  Franciscans  at  great  length  in  August 
ISIG  on  their  duties  as  loyal  subjects  of  the  king  of 
Spaiu.^^  In  May  of  that  year  the  same  official  had, 
V  itli  profuse  expressions  of  the  deep  interest  he  was 
'M  duty  bound  to  feel  for  his  ultramarine  flock,  called 
1:  •  the  American  friars  of  the  order  for  information 
i'iiout  themselves,  their  past  lives  and  present  posi- 
tions. The  reports  were  to  bo  rendered  to  their  im- 
uiediate  prelate,  v;ho  was  to  add  notes  on  various 
topics,  but  especially  on  the  conduct  of  the  padres 
during  the  present  revolution.^'  In  accordance  with 
this  demand  Prefect  Sarria  on  May  23,  18 17,  sent 
out  a  circular  of  eight  blank  leaves,  enclosing  a  copy 
of  Bestard's  pastoral,  and  in  a  few  lines  on  the  first 
imn'c  of  his  circular  calling  on  the  padres  for  the  rec- 
onl  of  their  lives  and  services,  Each  on  receiving  the 
circular  inscribed  on  it  in  his  own  handwriting  a  brief 
autobiogr;ip)iy  ui  himself,  signed  his  name  and  rubrica, 
am'  pas-^ed  t'  e  paper  on  to  the  nearest  companion 
iViar.  v\i\\  rifliin  a  month  the  document  contained 
the  litu  of  c.ich  .'if  the  ^'jirty-five  missionaries  serving 

III.,  vi.  03-C.  Tl;ciP  was  some  aid  mrnishco  to  the  Dominicans  of  the  penin- 
sula;  several  of  the  hitter  visitcl  the  soiitiicru  inissioim.  Tliey  are  (several 
times  alhuled  to  as  'elder  brothers,' and  there  was  a  iiiutiial  a;.'-reeiiieiLt  ti> 
say  three  masses  for  the  soul  of  a  deceased  padre  of  eitlivr  order.  /'/. ,  iii.  !!l, 
14.");  xi.  lO.H.  For  some  unimportant  (irders  of  1  SI  7  "iO  relating  to  the  retin- 
iiieiit  of  padres  who  had  served  out  their  term  of  10  years,  .see  Air/i.  Arji'i., 
MS.,  iii.  pt.  ii.  18;  Vallejo.  Doc.  llUt.  Cut.,  MS.,  xxviii.  ;t4;  Anii.  Oli!s- 
yt'to,  MS.,  17. 

■'"///i/ii)'!  Cont^stacion  al  Iiiterogatorio  de  JSJJ,  MS.;  S(jln,  Ob.id-iarioiiK, 
-Ms. 

•'/i'  'i.f  \  Pastoral  del  Comisario  General  ile  Indiu.'i  ilc  ~S  ile  Aijoxto  ilc 

wn.  M  •,. 

-"-  flc.-<t': r,  \..i/firril  ild  CoTiiimrio  Gewroi  '!<•  /;*^^V/.<  i/f  a  lip  M(tyo  ilc  IStd, 
'II  'till  /'i(l<'  t,.j  >ri)ien  vobre  logj'raiks,  MS.;  Arch.  Uhl^intdo,  lli;  Arch.  Sla  Ji., 
-Ms.,  xii.  40i. 


I  i      I 

I    i  I' 


1  J  i' 


1  »  ! 


404 


MISSION  AFFAIRS. 


in  California.  The  original  of  this  most  intcrcstinfr 
document  I  regard  as  one  of  the  most  important  in 
iny  possession.'"^  The  original  statements  thus  obtained 
>vere  embodied  with  some  amplification  and  change  of 
arrangement  in  Sarria's  report  of  November  5,  1817,  to 
Bectard,  to  which  he  also  added  his  testimony  on  tliu 
unwavering  loyalty  of  the  missionaries,  and  the  Z(  al 
Vv'ith  which  they  ])erformed  their  evangelical  duties, 
adding  some  information  about  the  details  of  mii^ssion 
management.'''* 

Bestard's  o,  :<>^'^'^  had  been  no'h  only  for  one  repoit 
but  for  a  series  mual  reports.     Only  one  of  later 

date  is,  however,  c  cant,  if  more  were  rendered,  Avliirli 
i^!  somewhat  doubtful.  This  was  made  by  Prelect 
Payeras  in  1820,  and  covered  precisely  the  same 
ground  as  that  of  Sarria,  including  a  biograpliical 
sketch  of  every  missionary.^'  In  addition  to  the 
regular  annual  and  biennial  mission  reports  by  padics 
and  president,  I  may  note  a  special  re])ort  made  by 
Sarria  to  Payeras  in  1819,  just  after  a  tour  of  inspec- 
tion, of  no  .special  general  importance  and  fully  utilized 
elsewhere  in  local  annals;^"  and  also  a  report  ])y 
President  Paveras   to    the    governor   in    September 

I/O  I 

1H19,  wliich  was  an  eloquent  presentment  of  the 
mission  troubles,  particularly  in  their  relations  to  gen- 
tiles and  runaway  neophytes.  Formerly,  says  ] Rive- 
ras, the  soldiers  protected  both  padres  and  gente  de 
lazon;  kept  the  neophytes  under  the  suave  yixj"  "f 
the  gospel,  and  inspired  respect  and  fear  among  tlie 
g'nitiles;    but  now  a  spirit  of  insubordination  and  iu- 

'^  Aittohiofjrc{fia  Autoordficn  <h  los  SS  Padres  Mimoneros  que.  sirrru  en  la 
Alln  ('nli/oniia  en  los  mme/i  tie  Mayo  y  Juiiio  de  1S17,  MS.  I'lio  iiiforiiiiitioii 
toiitiiinc'd  in  this  docuniunt  is  utilizud  elsewhere  in  my  biogniphicul  accduiitdf 
each  ]iatlit). 

-'i^arria,  Informe  del  ComLsario  Prefecio  Holire  los  Fra'des  de  Ctdifomi'i, 
7.s7r,  M.S. 

'^■'Pai/erafi,  Jnforme  jiorel  Comimrio  Prefeeto  del netiial  L'xindo  de  his  I'.i  Mi- 
.sionfsde  la  \i;ein<'ciliJ'oriihi,  ISJO,  MS.  Dated  I)cc(;m})cr  SI,  1>S'20,  tlnmuli 
in  tlie  title  it  is  said  to  liiive  boon  8cnt  in  March  and  diiiilicated  in  May. 

'^•'Sairid,  Iii/(jrmedeMiiiioiieii,tliri</iiloalP.  Pi-eiidvnlr,  /<s79,  MS.  l)!iti'il 
Sun  Ciiiios,  Feb,  2,  1810.  There  are  in  the  report  sonic  vagiu;  allusions  lu  tiu 
ununto  reaervwlo,  to  clear  up  which  the  report  was  probably  made. 


m\ 


INDIANS  ON  HORSEBACK, 


405 


)f   til 


ilcpendence  spreading  through  the  world  had  reached 
California,  aft'ecting  both  soldiers  and  Indians.  The 
iicHiphytes  were  deserting  the  missions,  and  the  gen- 
tiles, under  the  leadership  of  renegade  Christians,  were 
daily  becoming  more  bold  and  lujstile.  All  this  was 
urged  to  obtain  a  resumption  of  military  expeditions; 
and,  as  we  have  seen,  was  successful.'^' 

1  have  elsewhere  noted  the  refusal  of  the  padres  at 
tSan  Gabriel  to  attend  to  the  s})iritual  interests  of  the 
citizens  of  Los  Angeles;  a  refusal  which,  however,  at 
this  j)eriod  seems  to  ha\  ^  caused  no  controversy;  and  I 
lui\  e  also  mentioned  se  'ei  il  minor  and  local  disagree- 
ments about  mission  lands.  The  only  other  subject 
of  dissension  deserving  brief  notice  here  is  one  pre- 
viously noted  in  the  annals  of  each  decade;  a  kind  of 
connecting  link  between  the  earlier  and  later  grounds 
f(»i  dispute — the  use  of  horses  by  Indians,  In  January 
KSlH  Sola  issued  stringent  orders  that  only  a  certain 
number  of  neophytes,  formally  appointed  by  the  padres 
as  vaqueros  as  per  lists  furnished  tc  the  corporal  of 
tlio  escolta  and  other  military  authorities,  should  be 
allowed  to  ride,  any  other  Indian  found  on  horseback 
tn  be  arrested  and  punished.  In  connection  with  the 
enforcement  of  this  order  besides  much  correspond- 
ence there  were  signs  of  a  quarrel  between  Ca})tain 
(jiuerra  and  Padre  Sehan  at  Santa  Barbara;  but  the 
jiii'fect  interfered  to  restore  harmony,  and  the  presi- 
dent ordered  strict  compliance  with  Sola's  recpiire- 
incnts,  which  he  deemed  just.  If  the  evil  complained 
of,  especially'  at  San  Fernando  and  San  (jrabriel,  was 
I'tfoi-med  altogether  we  are  not  advised  of  the  faet.^ 

There  is  a  little  to  be  added  on  the  nmtter  of  mis- 
sion supplies  to  the  presidios  to  what  has  been  ;;aid  in 
the  chaj)ters  devoted  to  chronological  aimals.  Upon 
the  Franciscan  establishments  I'ell  the  whole  burden 

''' PnycrttH,  Pfticion  ol.  Gohernador,  1S19,  MS.     Dated  Sept.  17th. 

-Man.  2,  1818,  Sola's  regulations.  Pror.  lire,  MS.,  xii.  l-i:i-.");  ,S\  .7o.i.;, 
An-h.,  MS.,  i.  28;  Oiierrn,  J)oc.  IJixt.  Cat.,  MS.,  v.  4.">-('.;  iv.  ,%.'};  Prov.  Si. 
/'"/'.,  lini.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlix.  33;  Arch.  ,«a  Ji.,  MS.,  vi.  102-4;  xi.  172.  IWJ; 
Do,:  JJist.  CaL,  MS.,  iv.  435-6. 


■   I 


f  r 


1 1 


406 


MISSION  AFFAIRS. 


of  supporting  the  provincial  government  and  tlio 
troops,  and  their  dues  for  unpaid  drafts  amounted  in 
]  820  to  nearly  half  a  million  dollars.  Not  a  dollar  of 
stipend  was  received  by  the  friars  during  the  whole 
decade;  and  not  a  single  invoice  of  goods  for  the  mis- 
sions— goods  usually  bought  with  the  proceeds  of 
habilitado's  drafts  and  the  friars'  stipends — could  bo 
forwarded,^"  except  one  or  two  of  very  small  amount 
obtained  from  other  sources.  The  fact  that  the  sti- 
pends came  from  the  pious  fund,  to  which  the  treasury 
had  no  claim  save  as  a  kmd  of  trustee  for  the  n)is- 
sions,  and  the  fact  that  other  missionaries  were  not  so 
entirely  neglected  as  those  of  California,  made  the 
situation  all  the  more  exasperating;  yet  the  protests 
and  complaints  of  the  friars  were  neither  so  frequent 
nor  so  bitter  as  might  be  expected,  considering  the 
legal  rights  that  were  being  violated.  In  reality,  liow- 
ever,  as  the  reader  is  aware,  the  padres'  condition  (hir- 
ing this  decade  was  by  no  means  a  hard  one.  TIkv 
Vv'ere  much  better  off  than  any  other  class  in  the  prov- 
ince, and  the  current  reports  in  Mexico  of  the  com- 

^  Annual  payment  intei-nipted  from  1811  to  18.34.  Giifrra,  Dor.  II !•■■'. 
Cat.,  MS.,  ii.  5.  Procurador  Juan  Cortes  stated  that  the  stipends  for  IS|!( 
v.erc  eollccted  in  1820-1,  but  unfortunately  fell  into  the  hands  of  Sindiod  I!  ■ 
calante,  whose  tinaneial  embarrassment  prevented  anything  being  paid  to 
the  padres.  Arch.  Sta  B.,  MS.,  vi.  235-().  In  1810,  V.  Cortes  wro'tc  to  tln' 
protiident  that  in  spite  of  repeated  efforts  since  1813  notlnng  could  be  oli- 
tained.  Occasionally  payments  were  ordered  with  a  view  to  keep  the  paihcs 
quiet,  but  were  never  made.  He  urged  that  the  padres  should  continue  thrii' 
tllbrts  and  petitions  for  tJieir  just  dues ;  and  mentioned  that  current  rcpoits 
of  mission  wealth  had  much  to  do  with  the  refusal  to  pay;  S4,000  Imil 
been  sent  from  Califoniia  to  buy  goods,  but  had  not  yet  arrived  in  Hvy- 
tembcr.  lit.,  xii.  395-7.  In  1817  Prefect  Sarria  had  proposed  that  the  C;ili- 
fornian  missions  pay  a  debt  of  the  college  amounting  to  $5,000.  /'/.,  iii. 
88.  Aug.  17,  1819,  the  viceroy  had  pronused  $10,000  or  $12,000  from  tlu: 
pious  fund,  and  afterward  $15,000  per  year;  but  the  administrator  of  Um 
fund  said  lie  had  no  money  for  this  year.  Back  pay  nmst  be  collected  at  (Jiui- 
<1alajara.  LI.,  xii.  394-5.  On  Feb.  24,  1813,  the  viceroy  ordered  $45,520  ]>:\'u\ 
by  tiio  Guadalajara  treasury;  and  again  in  1815  the  procuradorwasordei'cd  t'> 
apply  to  Guadalajara;  but  all  such  applications  proved  a  useless  expense. 
There  were  various  otlier  orders  in  1815  to  pay  travelling  expenses  and  frci^'lit. 
and  onee  a  very  small  amount  was  collected.  The  guardian  states  in  I'^l'l 
tiiat  the  padres  of  Zacatecas  and  of  Lower  California  were  being  paid,  lie 
pictured  the  needs  of  California  in  dark  colors,  and  earnestly  entreated  the 
viceroy  for  relief,  even  warning  against  the  imminent  danger  of  revolt  grow- 
ing out  of  the  prevalent  neglect  and  want.  Lopez,  Quejan  del  P.  Guardian  id 
Vtraj,  IS  19,  MS. 


CESSION  OF  SOUTIIERX  MISSIONS. 


407 


Ooe.   Hi^'. 

for  IS  111 
nilic'i  I"s- 
paiil  to 
>tc  til  thf 
I  licol,- 

e  jiiiiln.'s 
iiuic  tluir 
lit  ropo)ts 

000  Iwiil 
in  St'i'- 

thc  Ciili- 
/(/.,  iii. 

from  tlu^ 

or  of  tilt! 

d  at  (iu;i- 

,5-20  ymA 
)rderi'(l  X'^ 

expoiisf. 

(1  freight. 

s  in  ism 

laid.  Ill' 
lated  tin; 
olt  prow- 
ardiait  id 


paratlve  case  and  woaltli  in  which  they  hved  were  not 
wholly  without  foundation.^" 

The  greatest  trouble,  or  that  about  which  most  was 
written,  was  that  of  obtaining  new  missionaries  to  take 
tlio  place  of  those  who  had  died,  of  the  aged  and  in- 
linn,  and  of  those  who  having  served  out  their  term 
were  anxious  for  one  reason  or  another  to  retire.  Of 
what  was  accomplished  enough  has  been  said  earlier 
in  this  chapter;  what  was  not  accomplished  requires 
biicf  notice  here.  The  failure  to  pay  stipends  seems 
to  have  been  the  smallest  difficulty  in  the  way;  the 
failure  of  the  government  to  pay  travelling  expenses 
was  a  more  formidable  obstacle;  and  worse  yet  the 
college  had  rarely  any  padres  to  spare  for  the  northern 
lickl.  As  early  as  1810-11  there  was  a  proposition 
for  the  Fernandinos  to  cede  half  the  California  mis- 
sions to  the  college  of  San  Josd  de  Gracia  dc  Orizaba, 
V,  ith  a  view  to  devote  themselves  to  new  foundations. 
ICxactly  w^hat  form  the  proposition  assumed  is  not 
known,  but  it  was  rejected  by  the  discretory.^^  In 
ISlC  Sola  wrote  to  the  viceroy  on  the  great  need  of 
fiiars  to  relieve  the  old  and  infirm,  attend  to  chaplain 
and  pueblo  duties,  and  to  found  new  missions  in  the 
cast.  Twenty  was  the  number  he  asked  for,  and  he 
suggested  that  they  might  be  obtained  from  Orizaba, 
cither  acting  for  their  own  college,  or  being  incorpo- 
latt'd  with  that  of  San  Fernando.^'^ 

Til  1817,  however,  a  cession  was  voluntarily  made 
to  tlie  Orizaba  college  of  nine  missions  from  Purisima 
.soutli,  the  alleged  reason  being  inability  for  want  of 

'"Tlio  somcwliat  meagre  information  extant  respecting  the  pious  fund 
estates  in  earlier  and  later  times,  contains  of  course  some  slight  items  bearing 
on  tills  decade,  but  nothing,  I  believe,  which  can  be  brougiit  out  here  witii  ])rolit 
111  tin;  reader.  Sec  (!>'a«  Miijud,  Due.  lid.  Jondo  Piwloso,  10-18;  Mcxiro,  A/cm. 
J,'i l<i<-ioii€-t,  1831,  44-7;  /(/.,  183.'),  3(5-7,  and  annex  No.  10;  //.,  Mim., 
JIartriida,  182."),  10-11;  Mofntx,  Kx/dor.,  i.  270.  Vallejo,  J/ht.  To/.,  MS., 
iv.  8i)-!)0,  mentions  the  death  of  one  .)os(3  Verdia  in  California  in  18l(!,  who 
lift  all  his  property  to  the  fund,  and  it  was  ordered  distributed  among  the  mis- 
siiiiis,  but  had  been  for  the  most  part  destroyed  to  prevent  the  contagion  of 
the  phtliisic. 

■"  aarijo,  Carta  dd  P.  Guardian,  ISll,  MS.,  218. 

=-.\ug.  21,  181G,  Sola  to  viceroy.  Prov.  Ike,  MS.,  i.\.  142;  Arch.  Sla.Ji., 
MS.,  vi.  20O-2. 


S 


408 


MISSION  AFFAIRS. 


■  I;.: ! 


II 


laborers  to  carry  on  so  great  a  missionary  work.  The 
cession  was  accepted  July  ]  Gtli  and  approved  by  tin; 
viceroy.''^  It  was  ainiounced  in  California  by  San  in 
in  a  circular  of  October  11th,  and  was  approved  l)y 
him,  though  the  archives  show  no  previous  coric- 
spondenee  on  the  subject.^*  There  was,  however,  ;i 
delay  of  two  years  in  despatching  the  new  mission- 
aries, mainly  attributable,  I  sup}H)se,  to  the  impos- 
sibility of  getting  money  from  the  treasury;  and 
meanwhile  a  hitch  occurred  in  California  which  })rc- 
vented  their  being  despatched  at  all.  While  Sani'a 
was  pleased  with  the  cession,  the  southern  friars  to 
be  displaced  were  astonished  and  disgusted.  Presi- 
dent Payeras  shared  their  feeling,  but  a  sense  of  dutv 
and  submission  to  his  prelate  led  him  to  comfort  the 
friars  as  best  he  could  by  suggesting  that  some  of 
them  might  escape  removal  by  joining  the  other  col- 
lege. Early  in  1819,  however,  Payeras  becoming 
absolute  prelate  was  in  a  position  to  express  his  views, 
and  he  lost  no  time  in  doing  so,  protesting  to  the 
guardian  that  the  northern  missions  to  bo  retainc  :1 
were  but  worthless  skeletons  in  comparison  with  th.f 
southern  ones  to  be  given  up,  and  insisting  at  tin; 
least  on  delay,  deliberation,  and  consultation  of  th  ■ 
padres  in  California.  Both  guardian  and  viceroy  saw 
the  justice  of  his  request;  in  fact  the  hasty  cession 
by  the  college  had  been  most  astonishing;  a  stay  of 
])rocecdings  was  effected,  four  friars  from  each  college 
being  ordered  to  California  to  take  the  places  that 

=^Scpt.  20,  1817,  viceroy  to  guardian.  Arch.  SfaB.,'MS.,  xii.  407-0.  Tlio 
.t'cs.sioii,  »liitc<l  June  lOtli,  included  Los  Angeles  and  the  two  presidios. 

^Oct.  11,  1817,  Sarria  to  padres  in  Arrli.  Sla  li.,  MS.,  i.K.  .'{77-8.  l?c 
stiitea  that  the  viceroy's  approval  is  still  lacking.  He  expresses  his  own  sni- 
is'.fiietion  iu  his  report  of  Nov.  .'ith.  Sarria,  Iii/orme  ilcl  Comixario  I'rcj' '■'■>. 
ISJ7,  MS,,  89-90.  Sept.  12,  1818,  the  guardian  writes  that  arrangcincuts 
liave  heen  nmdc  for  seven  of  the  Orizabfi  friars  to  come  this  year  to  take  tli  • 
ceded  missions,  the  viceroy  having  ordered  the  payment  of  travelling  cxpeiiscs 
He  urgea  the  piulres  in  California  to  receive  the  new-comers  kindly  and  retiuiii- 
her  thatidl  arc  Franciscans.  Arch.  Sta  B.,  MS.,  xi.  325-7;  S.  Jouc,  Palaii ", 
MS.,  .140  .');  Arch.  Ohmpado,  MS.,  18-19.  July  24,  1819,  viceroy  informs 
Sola  that  the  Orizaba  padres  Iiad  liecn  det>jiined  by  tiie  war,  but  would  start 
as  soon  r.a  possible.  Pror.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  79.  Aug.  29,  1819,  Com.  (uii. 
Uestard  announces  that  I'.  (Jarijo  is  forming  in  Spain  u  new  party  of  40  fri...s 
for  tiic  Alcxicon  college.  Arch,  -"ita  li.,  MS.,  xii.  404. 


THE  SOUTHERNERS  OBJECT. 


409 


might  bo  assigned  them  by  tl»e  prelate,  temporarily, 
till  the  main  question  could  bo  settled. 

Tlie  Orizaba  friars  naturally  refused  to  come  north 
on  the  experimental  basis  propc^'^od,  and  the  four  Fer- 
iiaudino.s  came  alone.  In  a  })rivate  letter  from  tho 
oiuudian  Payeras  was  informed  of  the  trouble  brew- 
ing, and  was  reminded  that  it  would  be  absolutely 
iKcessary  to  cede  some  of  the  missions.  He  was  re- 
(juested  to  consult  with  both  northern  and  southern 
ji;i(hes  as  to  what  missions  should  bo  surrendered, 
and  to  send  in  for  the  viceroy's  consideration  his 
reasons  in  full  for  opposing  the  action  of  his  college.'"' 
Accordingly  Prefect  Payeras  addressed  the  |)adies  at 
considerable  length  on  the  subject,  urging  U[)on  them 
the  importance  of  voting  to  surrender  the  nine  mis- 
wions  from  San  Miguel  northward  rather  than  tho 
nine  of  tho  south.  That  the  southern  establishments 
were  tho  richest  and  the  most  desirable  in  res[)ect  of 
cHmate,  soil,  and  products  was  "  clear  as  the  noon-day 
sun."  For  the  young  friars  of  Orizaba  to  reap  tho 
utlvantagc  of  all  that  had  been  achieved,  expelling  the 
old  and  infirm  Fernandinos  from  the  homes  to  which 
they  had  become  attached,  would  be  an  injustice 
c(|ually  manifest.  Moreover,  the  southttf-n  friars  would 
;ill  retire  to  Mexico  rather  than  endure  a  transfer 
to  the  north;  while  on  the  other  hand  the  change 
southward  would  by  no  means  be  deemed  a  hardship 
i)y  those  of  the  north.  It  might  be  said  that  S;in 
Fernando  was  a  college  de  propaganda,  not  propagata, 
lido,  and  should  therefore  choose  the  district  where 
there  were  most  gentiles  to  be  converted.  ]^ut  Pay  - 
eras  ingeniously  combated  that  argument,  the  force 
of  which  he  admitted,  with  the  plea  that  while  gen- 

^ '  Lopez,  El  Guardian  al  Presich'iitf  sohrc  Ccxion  (h'  Misioiie-i  nl  Coh'glo  de 
Orizfiha,  ISJO,  MS.  The  exact  date  is  not  given,  'i'lu;  guardian  informs  I'uy- 
I'las  that  hia  propoaal  or  plan  will  not  be  needed,  for  the  riulicii.s  have  lieen 
iirilercd  paid  from  the  pious  fund.  The  reference  M-as  to  a  i)lan  for  paying  tho 
<xi)en.sc3  of  some  new  friars  by  subscriptions  among  the  missions,  jiroposed  to 
tlif  padres  on  August  28,  1819.  Payeras,  Circular  a  lot  Padres  sobre  nudidH 
ill'  niiiifefpilr  nueroH  misioueros,  ISIO,  MS.,  approved  by  tlic  padres,  or  rather 
rtkrred  by  most  of  them  to  PP.  Scflan,  Tapis,  and  Sarria. 


i  i 


410 


MISSION  AFFAIRS. 


tiles  were  doubtless  most  numerous  in  the  far  nortli, 
yet  they  were  not  so  situated  as  to  be  accessible  for 
missionary  purposes  without  a  strong  military  force, 
which  there  was  no  prospect  of  obtaining;  while  in 
the  south  there  were  five  or  six  places  where  now 
missions  might  be  founded,'"  if  only  padres  and  some 
church  furniture  could  be  obtained.  As  to  the  lattc  r 
ho  had  a  scheme  in  his  head  whereby  a  market  might 
be  found  at  Tepic  or  Guadalajara  for  the  oil,  wine, 
tallow,  woods,  and  soap  of  the  southern  missions,  and 
the  needed  funds  be  thus  raised;  while  it  was  well 
hnown  that  in  the  north  but  little  produce  could  he; 
offered,  even  if  there  were  a  market.'^'  To  what  extent 
the  California  friars  shared  their  prelate's  enthusiastic 
preference  for  the  south  does  not  appear,  as  they  were 
not  called  upon  to  vote  upon  the  proposition.  I  do 
not  know  exactly  how  the  question  was  settled  in 
Mexico;  but  it  could  not  make  itself  heard  above  the 
political  din  of  the  next  few  years,  and  never  reap- 
peared in  California.'^ 

Only  one  point  remains  to  be  noted  in  mission  his- 
tory— a  proposition  to  write  that  history,  or  to  havi; 
it  written,  at  this  period.  In  August  1818  Comisaiio 
General  Bestard  instructed  the  prefect  to  release 
Padre  Sefian  from  other  duties  in  order  that  he  mic^iit 
be  induced  to  prepare  a  historical  account  of  the  mis- 
sions, a  work  which  he  was  exhorted  to  begin  in  the 
Lord's  name  and  with  the  comisario's  benediction.  In 
September  1819  President  Payeras,  having  consulted 
Seiian  and  obtained  his  consent  to  undertake  the  task, 
instructed  the  padres  to  render  him  every  possible 


m.]  ■!. 


'^The  places  mentioned  were  El  Cajon  tie  les  Difuntos  and  Tejon,  inliiml 
from  San  Fernando;  San  Antonio  de  Piidua  between  Pala  and  Tcniccula,  San 
liernardino,  and  Santa  Isabel,  at  each  of  which  three  latter  a  beginning  hiul 
already  been  made. 

^^ Fayents,  Memorial  d  los  Padres  sohre  la  resion  propursta  de  las  9  vi'ikI- 
ones  del  stir,  1S20,  MS.  Dated  Juno  2d  and  divided  in  29  articles  and  writ- 
ten in  a  very  able  and  business-like  manner. 

""  In  December  1820  the  bishop  writes  that  the  transfer  has  been  suspended 
by  the  viceroy.  Arch.  Arzob,,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  i.  25;  Vallejo,  Doc.  Jlist.  Cat.,  MS., 
xxviii.  31. 


ECCLESIASTICAL  AFFAIRS. 


411 


10  mis- 
n  tlu^ 
.     In 

suited 

task, 

ssiblo 


n,  inlnnil 
;ula,  San 
ling  liiiil 

IS  9  mi>^i- 
md  writ 

ispenili'il 
a/.,  MS., 


nssi^tancc.^"  Prol)al)ly  Scfian  collected  some  material 
foi-  liis  missionary  chronicle;  but  he  died  in  1823,  and 
there  is  no  evidence  that  lie  left  any  part  of  his  work 
completed. 

]"]cclesiastical  aflfliirs  afford  but  few  items  of  suffi- 
cient interest,  or  sufficiently  intelligible  to  the  secular 
iiiiiid,  to  claim  a  ])laco  in  the  annals  of  the  period, 
])ishop  Francisco  Rouset  do  Jesus  died  in  December 
]H14,  and  was  succeeded  by  Bernardo  del  Espfritu 
Scinto  in  May  ISIS.*" 

The  president,  as  usual,  hold  under  the  bishop  the 
position  of  vicar,  and  in  that  capacity  issued  at  least 
two  formal  circulars  of  instruction  on  public  morality 
and  compliance  with  church  duties."  Authority  to 
jKlniiiiistor  the  rite  of  confirmation  was  not  secured 
inr  the  California  prelate,  though  there  was  some  cor- 
ivspondence  with  a  view  to  obtain  either  a  renewal  of 
the  old  fcicitltad  do  coiifirmar,  or  at  least  a  visit  from 
the  bishop  in  person.*'^     Respecting  chaplain  duty  1 

"ylrcA.  Sla  B.,  MS.,  ix.  69-70;  xii.  404;  Doc.  Hid.  Cal.,  MS.,  iv.  44(5-7; 
Vnllrjo,  Doc.  J  lift.  Cal,  MS.,  xxviii.  24. 

*"'Arch.  Anoh.,  7(5,  Arch.  Sta  B.,  MS.,  vi.  304. 

■"  Sciian,  Ch-rular  ild  Vicario  Foraneo,  1815,  MS.,  dated  Jan.  28;  Paycras, 
Iiiffntrcion  del  Vicario  Foratieo  1S17,  MS.  In  1812  Antonio  Brioncs  is  put  in 
tli(!  stocks  for  failure  to  'ctiinplir  con  la  iglcsia.'  S.  Jos(',  Arch.,  MS.,  iv.  SO. 
Ill  1SI7  Sarria  says  the  whites  seem  disposed  to  promote  the  establishment  of 
tliu  third  order  of  penitoncia  at  the  presidios.  Arrh.  Sin  B.,  MS.,  iii.  92.  At 
ii  liiill  given  at  San  Francisco  in  1810  the  music  stopped  at  the  stroke  of  eight 
o'clock  to  allow  time  for  prayer.  Foreign  visitors  were,  however,  not  favor- 
iiMy  inijjrcssed  with  the  prominence  given  to  St  Francis  in  comparison  witli 
Clirist  at  a  fiesta.  Chamimo,  lieise,  i.  135;  ii.  25. 

^-'This  correspondence  was  in  1815,  1817,  1819-21.  At  one  time  it  was 
said  that  there  was  a  disposition  to  grant  the  faculty  on  petition  of  the  gov- 
ernor, who  was  urged  by  the  jiresident  to  exert  his  influence.  Arch.  Sta  B., 
MS.,  iii.  92;  xii.  97;  Arch.  A)-zoh.,MS.,  iii.  pt.  ii.  59-01;  St.  Pop.,  S«c.,  MS., 
^  i.  20.  Another  fruitful  matter  for  correspondence  was  the  obtaining  of  holy 
oil  from  the  bishop;  which  oil  the  padres  had  to  pay  for  by  assuming  certain 
masses  for  which  the  bishop  had  been  paid;  but  which,  being  thus  pnid  for, 
tlii'ro  was  much  difliculty  in  obtaining.  Arch.  Sta  B.,  MS.,  xii.  270-98;  Prov. 
J-'i'..  MS.,  X.  48.  The  matter  of  Russian  Indian  converts,  tlicir  instruction 
.niiil  baptism,  was  likewise  referred  to  the  bishop,  who  advised  great  caution 
i-i  receiving  Russians  or  other  heretics  into  the  true  church,  and  approved  the 
rrfiisal  to  bury  in  holy  ground  a  Russian  prisoner  wlio  had  died  suddenly, 
tliwugh  the  Greek  church  rite  of  baptism  differed  but  little  from  the  Catholic. 
Anil.  Sid  B.,  MS.,  X.  171-9.  The  bishop  had  also  to  decide  now  and  then  a 
case  whci-e  a  criminal  claimed  the  privilege  of  church  asylum,  as  in  the  case 
of  the  Lidian  murderer  of  the  majordomo  at  San  Diego  in  1814.  Prov.  St. 


\\ 


illl 


11^' 


412 


MISSION  AFFAIRS. 


th(!  friiirs  at  presidios  and  |)Uc'bl()s,  the  old  difriciillics 
still  existed,  and  indeed  became  constantly  greater  us 
the  friars  became  old  and  intirni.  Yet  this  difficulty 
was  not  matle  the  subject  of  any  general  controversy, 
thoui,di  the  fi'iars  were  obliged  to  refuse  a  regulai- 
attendance  at  Los  Angeles.  The  soldiers  often  coiii- 
plained  because  their  own  leisure  and  disposition  iui- 
spiritual  matters  did  not  always  coincide  with  tin; 
convenience  of  the  padre,  and  the  urgent  ne(;d  of 
supernumeraries  for  chapel  service  still  had  a  place  in 
communications  to  Mexico.*^ 

The  prefect  was  also  representative  of  the  inquisi- 
tion, but  the  duties  of  that  [)osition  were  not  arduou^;. 
An  occasional  edict  had  to  be  published,  general !y 
having  no  s[)ecial  force  in  California.  Ramon  Sotelo 
was  threatened  with  a  trial  before  the  dread  tribuniJ 
for  having  ex})ressed  views  about  some  religious  mys- 
tery which  "not  even  a  Protestant  would  luive  darid 
entertain."  Sotelo's  weakness  was  a  tendency  to  ar- 
gue with  the  friars;  and  it  was  deemed  by  the  prostj- 
cuting  attorney  a  sufficient  punishment  to  condeimi 
him  to  the  chain-gang  for  a  time,  with  daily  lessons 
in  Christian  doctrine  from  the  padre  whose  arguments 
he  had  failed  to  appreciate;  but  the  culprit  simpliiied 
matters  by  breaking  jail  at  Los  Angeles.''*  The  con- 
version of  John  Kosc,  the  Scotchman,  so  far  astray 
that  it  was  deemed  unsafe  to  expose  the  Indians  (if 
San  Diego  to  his  influence,  seems  also  to  have  beei'. 
effected  by  the  efforts  of  Comisario  Payeras. 

Pop.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxi.  47-51.  Prayers  ordered  on  death  of  king's  rcl.i- 
tions  and  on  pregnancy  of  the  queen,  1818-19.  Arrh.  Sta  B.,  MS.,  x.  "JSy;  xi. 
438.  Bulls  of  jiapal  indulgence  ordered  to  be  sold  to  people  of  San  JosO  in  1  S'JO, 
whether  they  had  money  to  pay  or  not.  Dept.  St.  Pup.,  S.  Joh^,  MS.,  i.  IJii. 

*'  March  "20,  1820,  Lieut.  Estudillo  gives  a  historical  account  of  cliaplniii 
service  at  Monterey  since  1790,  his  aim  being  to  secure  the  services  of  a  li  iar 
on  fixed  days  and  not  according  to  convenience  as  Sarrfa  insisted.  Pnr.  Si. 
Pop.,  XX.  270-9.  Monterey  to  haxe  &  bautisterio  in  1811.  Arch.  Arzoh.,  MS., 
ii.  84.  For  the  trouble  at  Los  Angeles,  seeProc.  Rec,  MS.,  ix.  187-8;  Arrh. 
Sta  B.,  X.  491;  xii.  9.S;  Arch.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  iii.  pt.  1.  07-8.  May  9,  18-'0,  tliu 
president  asks  governor  to  revoke  the  order  for  soldiers  to  confess  at  tlie  ])ii.- 
sidios  instead  of  missions.  Arch.  Sta  B.,  MS.,  xi.  183. 

*'  Prov.  liec,  MS.,  xii.  114;  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil,  MS.,  xlix.  KH'.'; 
Arch.  Sta  B.,  MS.,  xii.  130-7,  74.  Caae  of  Rose,  Arch.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  iv.  [it. 
i.  24,  30-L 


CHAPTER  XIX. 


np  H  rclii- 
•J8>S;  xi. 
ill  lf<-JO, 

;.,  i.  rji*. 

luipliiiii 


i.,  iv.  pt. 


INSTITUTIONS  AND  INDUSTRIES. 
1811-1820. 

PrEDLOs — No  Colonists  or  Convicts— Ranciios  and  Lands — Spanish  De- 
(  ki;k  on  I'ibi.ic  Lands— Inoi'KKativk  in  Califouma — Laiior  and 
Lahoreks— Nativks  Ukar  thk  IJrRDKN — MANi'KAt'TiTRKs-  Roads  and 

liUIDOES- PrIMITIVK  MiI.LS—MiNES— TRADITIONS  OK  (JoLD- AOKItTL- 
TlllK- FLOODANDDuorOHT— PkSTS — Sl'KflAI,  PRODUCTS— LiVK-STOCK — 
(-'oM.MKRCE — FrKK  TrADK — DCTIES- LiMA  SlIIPS — EXPORT  OF  '1'aI.I.OW— 

FcKs— Retail  Shops  at  Monterey— Prices — Finance — H  \ i.ii.itado 
(Ikneral— Oervasio  Argcello — Military — Force  ani>  Ijistrirl- 
TKiN— Provincial  and  Mitnicipal  Government — Administration  of 
J isTicE— Crimes  and  Penalties— Sola's  Efforts  for  Education — 
SciiooL-BOY  Days  at  Monterey. 

The  white  population  of  pueblos,  villa,  and  ranchos 
iucroasod  in  ten  years  from  540  to  930,  the  fi«(ures 
lint  being  entirely  satisfactory,  and  all  other  statistics 
bt'iniLj  j)ractically  lacking.  The  source  of  inci-ease  was 
still  iioni  children  who  grew  u})  to  manhood  in  Cali- 
fornia, and  Ironi  soldiers  who  retired  from  military 
service  in  their  old  age.  There  was  no  inilux  of 
colonists  from  abroad;  not  even  convicts  were  sent 
fiuni  Mexico  to  swell  the  criminal  ])opulation;*  and 
Do  measures  whatever  were  ado[)ted  l)y  the  authori- 
ties to  promote  the  settlement  of  the  province  by 
Spaniards,  though  there  was  as  usual  an  occasional 
allusion  to  the  importance  of  such  promotion.  In  the 
methods  of  pueblo  management  there  was  no  essential 
variation,  the  few  regulations  issued  being  co])ied  in 
substance  from  those  of  former  time.     I  do  not  there- 

'  On  the  contrary  tlicrc  are  indications  that  several  vagrant  '  Iccihcs'  were 
in  sonic  way  gotten  riil  of  by  thc{;overnor  i.uil  Capt.  Gucrra.  Prov.  SI.  Pap., 
il'H.  Mil,,  MS.,  xlix.  lU;  Guerra,  Doc.  hht.  Cul.,  MS.,  iii.  '2")0. 

(413) 


414 


INSTITUTIONS  AND  INDUSTRIES. 


..?,! 


fV  '    I  ''       i! 


fore  deem  it  desirable  to  reproduce  here  to  any  extent 
the  items  that  have  been  presented  in  connection  with 
local  annals  elsewhere.  The  same  remark  mav  ho 
made  respecting  private  ranches  and  land-grants.  It 
is  likely  that  one  or  two  pieces  of  land  were  nex^ly 
occupied,  as  elsewhere  noted,  and  that  some  of  the  oM 
ones  were  abandoned;  but  in  this  last  decade  of  Span- 
ish control  the  changes  were  few,  and  the  syst'j;ii 
remained  monotonously  in  statu  quo.  The  pa<b'c,s 
still  opposed  the  granting  of  private  ranches  and  kept 
up  here  and  there  o.  minor  local  quarrel  v.ith  tho 
occupants.^  To  some  extent  ranches  of  neophytis 
had  been  formed  in  connection  with  the  missions; 
but  this  practice  was  not  encouraged,  because  tlio 
neophytes'  chief  objc..'t  was  found  to  be  removal  as 
far  as  possible  from  the  watchfulness  of  the  mission- 
aries.^ 

One  important  act  of  the  Spanish  government  re- 
quires notice  here  in  its  chronological  order,  thoiv^li 
Vvithout  practical  effect  in  Calitbrnia  in  this  decadu. 
This  was  the  decree  of  the  cortes,  1813,  on  the  re- 
duction of  public  lands  to  private  ownership.*  Tho 
avowed  motives  of  this  decree  were :  first,  the  welfar;; 
c^'the  pueblos  and  the  improvement  of  agricultural  and 
industrial  interests;  second,  to  relieve  public  neeossi 
ties  and  reward  the  country's  defenders.     There  wcvo 

'Arch.  A)-zob.,  MS.,  iii.  pt.  i.  18;  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil,  MS.,  l.\iv. 
4-5.  Zuvalishci,  J)elo  o  KolonUj  Rons  10,  says  a  ranclio  of  Saa  Pablo  \.\\.a 
cstabli.slicil  nortli  of  tho  bay  in  1810 — cloubtlesa  an  error. 

"May  IG,  1810,  ZalviJca  to  governor.  Arch.  Ai-zob.,  MS.,  iii.  pt.  i.  .'^S-!i. 
The  writer  Bays  it  would  bo  better  to  attach  the  ex-ncophytes  to  tlic  piulilm 
than  to  let  them  live  on  distant  ranchos.  April  3,  1818,  Sola  to  viceroy:  'Jlio 
experiment  was  a  failure  at  Santa  Clara.  Prov.  Ilec,  MS.,  ix.  It  woiiKl  lie 
desiraljlu  to  have  more  information  about  these  early  experimo.its,  l)ut  luiiio 
is  extant.  Payeras,  in  a  report  of  1820,  speaks  of  38  ranchos  in  Califonii:!, 
Arch.  Sta  li.,  MS.,  iii.  142;  but  this  doubtless  includes  the  farms  cultivatLMl 
by  neophytes  living  at  tho  missions  as  well  as  those  occupied  by  Spanish 
rancheros. 

* Ih'irtto  lie  las  cdrtes  aobre  reductr  los  bahltofi  y  ofros  terrcnos  commioi  a 
(liimiinu  particular,  4dciVin'odelS13,  in  Mexico.  LcyenVifjoUr.SyM,  etc.;  'i'lMiis;- 
lation  in  Dwinelk's  Colon.  Hist.  S.  F.,  add.,  20-.1;  Jfall^'ninf.  S.  Josr,  1U.'>-  H»; 
Joiivh'  Jteport,  No.  7;  Wheeler's  Land  Titles,  0.  I  find  no  copy  in  the  (Jaliluniinu 
archives.  Since  the  two  objects  of  tho  decree  are  set  forth  with  e(puil  eUin- 
nes.s,  it  is  hardly  just  to  term  one  of  those  objects  a  'pretence,' as  writira 
Uuve  been  disposed  to  do. 


PUEBLO  LANDS. 


415 


i.  'AS-'x 
puctl^|^ 
eroy:  'J'lio 
woulil  1><3 
but  H''::'; 
'aliforiii:i, 
'ultivatiil 
Sliaui.i'.i 

rnmvii"^  «' 
,e.;Tnins- 
'■,  lO.VlO; 
alifiiniiaii 
[ual  clcir- 
13  writiTJ 


reserved  onl3'"  that  class  of  pueblo  lands  known  as 
("jldos,  or  necessary  suburbs;  but  any  revenues  thus 
lost  by  the  pueblos  were  to  be  made  up  in  some  other 
way.  Kesidents  of  the  pueblos  were  to  be  preferred 
ill  the  transfer;  they  were  also  to  have  the  preference 
in  the  payment  of  their  claims  against  the  government; 
lots  were  to  be  assigned  to  such  residents  as  had  none, 
uiu Hots  were  also  to  be  assigned  as  'patriotic  rewards' 
to  invalid  officers,  and  to  officers  and  soldiers  who 
served  the  king  in  the  late  wars.  All  these  grants, 
for  the  most  part  gratis,  were  to  come  from  one 
halt"  the  public  lands,  and  were  to  be  in  fee  simple 
after  four  years,  but  not  subject  to  entail  or  transfer 
by  mortmain  title.  The  other  half  of  all  the  public 
doiiuiin  was  to  be  sold  or  hypothecated  for  the  pay- 
ment of  the  national  debt  according  to  some  plan  to  be 
|)ro[)osed  later  by  the  territorial  deputations.  This 
decree,  as  I  have  said,  was  inoperative  and  perhaps 
unknown — like  the  secularization  decree  of  the  same 
year — in  California  before  1820;  but  it  was  a  prominent 
element  in  later  discussions. 

Of  labor  and  manufactures  there  is  little  to  be 
added  to  what  has  been  said  of  these  topics  for  the 
preceding  period.  Spaniards  showed  an  undiminished 
willingness  to  have  all  work  save  military  service  per- 
foi'med  by  Indians.  At  the  presidios  imprisoned  crimi- 
nals, both  neophytes  and  gentiles,  were  largely  utilized, 
and  lor  the  rest,  reliance  was  placed  on  the  hiring  of 
sa\age  and  Christian  servants.  That  gentiles  were 
regularly  hunted  with  the  leata,  and  dragged  in  to 
toil  at  the  presidios,  as  is  charged  by  certain  for- 
eigners, there  is  no  good  reason  to  believe.  At  the 
pueblos  a  large  part  of  the  settlers  were  content  to  be 
idle,  giving  the  Indians  one  third  or  one  half  the  crop 
i'or  tilling  their  lands,  and  living  on  what  remained.'^ 

'Pre.  .tl,  1814,  receipt  of  padro  of  Soledad  for  ?4Sj  for  neophyte  labor  at 
Mniitcity.  I'roi'.  St.  J'(i}>.,  Prcih/,,  MS.,  ii.  'J9.  1814,  liuliau  scivaiits  iiiulo 
nuJ  icmale  t'iii^)lcijiid  by  troops  aud  r^niilics  nt  tSan  Diefo,  by  whuin  they  uro 


TO  !■■     iS 


H 


41G 


IXSTITUTIOXS  AlH)  IXDUSTRIES. 


Mil>i 


No  more  is  hoard  of  artisan  instructors  from  Mexico. 
The  prevalent  want  in  the  country  must  naturally 
have  had  an  effect  to  stimulate  manufactures,  in  quan- 
tity if  not  in  quality;  but  we  have  no  definite  record 
on  the  subject  save  that  Padre  Ripoll  at  Santo  ]j;u'- 
bara  was  somewhat  successful  in  improving  the  quality 
of  home-made  clothes."  There  are  a  few  allusions  to 
work  on  the  roads  and  bridges,  especially  between 
San  Francisco  and  Monterey,  where  Sergeant  Pico 
v.'as  connnissioned  to  bridge  the  Pajaro  in  1810.  All 
the  lumber  used  was  hewn  by  hand,  there  being  nt 
saw-mill.  At  several  places  one  millstone  was  turned 
upon  another  b^'^the  direct  application  of  horse-i)()v.  er 
without  mechanism;  and  I  suppose  that  equally  rude 
water-power  mills  were  running  at  San  Jose,  Ihanci- 
forte,  and  San  Gabriel,  though  there  is  no  record  <iii 
the  subject;  but  most  of  the  flour  consumed  in  the 
country  was  yet  ground  by  women  on  the  hand  nic- 
tates. A  visitor  in  181G  sa3's  the  wind-mill  of  IJio 
Pussians  at  lioss  was  an  object  of  wonder  but  found 
no  imitators. 

In  the  last  decade  it  will  be  remembered  that  Arii- 

fcd,  clothed,  ami  educated.  Arch.  Sfa  li.,  MS.,  iii.  3.5.  Woi'k  at  tlic 
IHicldos,  liSI.").  /(/.,  vii.  '2li~-'X  Sept.  .30,  llil"),  ];adrca  of  San  Frauoisco  louisu 
t.)  I'lirnish  '20  Iiidi:iiis  i!s  boatmen  because  Indians  aie  scarce,  and  Ijccaiiso, 
being  ])0(ir  oarsmen,  they  will  snrely  lie  drowned.  Arch.  Ar:.oh.,  ]N]S.,  ii.  10.*. 
June  'J),  1810,  (Juerra  says  there  are  plenty  of  I'Lodiali;!  v.lio  worilil  nialcc/ood 
servants  if  bapli/.ed;  wants  two  of  them  liimself.  I'ror.  Si.  Pnp.,  MS.,  x:;.  lOS. 
1.SI7,  Sarrfa  complains  of  the  non-payment  of  neophyte  laborers,  vim  inv 
counted  on  for  all  woik,  the  white  people  scorning  to  learn  trades  or  to  di  ;:!iy 
but  military  service.  Arrh.  Sla,  li.,  MS.,  iii.  84-."),  !)0-l.  ltU8,  <  l(i!ii\  i;iii, 
V<ii/fi;ir,  j-2(),  gives  a  very  highly  colored  account  of  the  lassoing  of  Indians 
fir  .servants.  1820,  the  .?8  per  month  allowed  each  neophyte  in  the  ni.ics- 
t:an/.a  should  be  paid  to  the  Indian  community  fund.  Air/i.  Ai~nh.,  MS.,  iv. 
i.t.  i.  "28.  Never  any  armorers  in  ( 'alifornia,  only  very  bad  blaehsmitlis.  I'i, 
r.\.  pt.  ii.  i;Vi  3.  In  181(1  Sola  asked  for  invalid  meehanies  from  Me;a'i>,  I'lit 
tl;ore  were  none  to  be  had.  I'rur.  SI.  J'"/).,  MS.,  xx.  79. 

"Mention  of  the  \isual  mission  industries.  Aii-/i.  Sla  li.,  MS.,  x.  'J!IS; 
Pror.  Her.,  MS.,  ix.  17!»,  18-_»,  1S."».  Oct.  Ki,  181?!,  Sola  complains  to  the  ]);v.s- 
iikiit  tlii'.t  the  Indians  do  not  do  idl  that  they  might  for  the  ti'oops;  inipl.  '.wj, 
that  laziness,  bad  supervision,  and  lack  of  i  /lergy  on  the  part  of  the  |iad:T3 
were  the  cause.  ■•l/v7(.  Stn  li.,  MS.,  xi.  4r>;t-7.  In  181!)  I'ayeras  cireula'i*  a 
'  reei[ie'  for  making  cloth  'suitable  to  remedy  the  present  urgent  need,  if'  nut 
presentable  on  a  counter.'  Arrh.  Arr.oh.,  MS.,  iii.  pt.  i.  5.  UipoU's  elioits. 
/'/.,  iii.  i.  oO- 1,  54.  IJoad  and  bridge  making.  Id.,  iii.  pt.  i.  '2l-'_'.  S/.  Pup.. 
iS'.K'..  M.S.,  viii.  (14;  Vnlhjn,  Hist.  (  al.,  MS.,  i.  143.  Kenmrks  ouiudusUics 
ill  1810.  L'liumisHo,  lUUc,  i.  ll"J;  ii.  'IM. 


GOLD  IN  CALIFORNIA. 


417 


[exioo. 
rurally 
1  quan- 
rcc(  )r(l 

0  l^ar- 
quality 
ions  to 
ctwcou 
it  Tiro 
^.  All 
iing  IV' > 

turned 
j-pov.cr 
lly  lude 
Ijianc-i- 
cord  iiu 

1  iu  the 
and  nie- 
[  of  the 
it  found 

t  Arri- 


IS 

1 


s 


k  at  the 
;ci>  rci'iist! 

ii.  n)j. 

.,XN.  lOS. 

v,lu>  are 

to  il!>  :'.;iy 

t'ldliiviiiii, 

i)f  Iiuliaii^ 

Uio  mats- 

MS.,  iv. 

m'illis.  /'/., 

le;a.'ii,  I'Ut 

S.,  X.  -J^'^; 

I  tho  V'>  - 
iuipl,  ^11^ 

the  ,a'l'''^ 
:ii-ciilii  '  '  :i 
m'cil,  if  U'lt 

ll's  I'linrts. 
.S7.  /'"/'•• 
imlu^^iiii'S 


llaiTfv  had  reported  against  any  prospect  of  mineral 
AVI  alth  in  California;  but  Sola,  on  the  contrary,  in  Ids 
re])ort  of  1818  declared  that  most  of  the  mountains 
showed  indications  of  metal,  alluding  also  to  the  ex- 
traction of  eight  or  nine  marks  of  silver  by  smelting 
a  few  years  before,  doubtless  in  the  Ortega  mine.  It 
was  also  about  1820  that  some  English  captain  is  said 
to  have  obtained  from  this  country  a  splendid  specimen 
(if  gold  in  cjuartz,  which  wa^  preserved  by  Edward 
Elllce  in  1850,  and  by  him  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Institute.  The  popular  rumors  of  gold  near  San  Luis 
Oljispo  would  seem  to  date  back  to  this  decade;  since 
Jose  de  Jesus  Pico  narrates  that  he  and  his  boy  com- 
panions knew  of  certain  mysterious  operations  with 
ilasks  of  quicksilver  in  the  mission  cuadro  where  none 
but  the  initiated  might  enter.^ 

Statistics  of  agriculture  and  stock-raising  have 
already  been  given  in  this  chapter  for  the  missions, 
and  there  arc  no  reliable  data  for  anything  more. 
AVeather  reports  show  181G-17  to  have  been  a  year 
(if  heavy  rains,  causing  some  damage  from  inunda- 
tion; while  1820-1  was  remarkable  for  drought.^  The 
vhapvlln,  the  chahuistli,  ground  squirrels,  gophers, 
and  rats — these  animals  having  rapidly  multiplied 
since  the  Indians  had  no  longer  need  to  hunt  them  for 
food — were  the  agricultural  pests  still  complained  of 
occasionally  in  ditferent  parts  of  the  province,  to  say 
nothing  of  the  mustard,  which  sometimes  choked  the 
crop  and  furnished  a  hiding-place  for  live-stock."    Ilo- 

'■  Sola,  Ohsfrvactones,  MS.,  190-1;  Qiiarferli/  I^rrhw,  JSoO,  Ixxxvii.  410-17; 
I'ii-(i,  AconteclmientOK,  MS.,  15-10.  Tlie  uritcr  in  the  I'criew  docs  not  fail  to 
( ximtiato  on  what  England  might  have  gained,  and  what  troubles  avoiilecl, 
t'lsay  nothing  of  how  Mr  E.  might  have  become  the  'richest  individual  in 
]lniiipe,'  had  1)0  realized  that  'such  a  lump  must  have  many  cimipanions.' 

*■  \Veather  reports  and  items  relating  almost  exi  hisively  to  1817  and  1S'20 
ill  Prov,  Si.  Pap.,  M.S.,  xliii.  0-7;  xliv.  l'2-i:?;  xlvii.  .%-0;  xlix.  ."lO;  Proi: 
St.  Pop.,  MS.,  xix.  801;  Guerra,  Doc.  Hist.  <'iil.,  MS.,  iii.  '21U  'v,  v.  '.'07-8; 
y<t'l<j«,  Sequins  cu  Cal.,  MS.,  ia  Arch,  Ai-zob.,  MS,,  iii.  pt.  ii,  0-10,  22;  Pruv. 
JUr..  MS.,  ix.  109. 

•yVoc,  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  341;  /</.,  />«.  Mil.,  xlii.  5;  Prov.  Ufc.,  MS., 
i\".  189;  Arch.  Ai-zoh.,'^\H  ,  i,  10.").    fSrcat  scarcity  of  agricultural  imploments 
in  1819.  Pror.  St.  Pap.,  MS,,  xx,  73, 
Hist.  Cal,,  Vol,  II,    27 


■Jh< 


418 


INSTITUTIONS  AND  INDUSTRIES. 


,i  \\ 


:  ! 


spccting  tlio  cultivation  of  special  crops  I  append  a 
few  minor  items.*"  A  slaughter  of  horses  to  keep  the 
numbers  within  limits  w^as  ordered  on  several  occa- 
sions at  different  places;  but  there  was  no  general 
slaughter  throughout  the  province.*^  Meat  was  pk'ii- 
tiful  for  all  classes,  there  being  large  numbers  (if 
wild  cattle  to  be  had  for  the  hunting.  The  padres, 
however,  complained  that  their  herds  did  not  increaso 
as  rapidly  as  they  ought,  because  many  cattle  were 
killed  as  wild  that  were  not  so,  soldiers  and  not  Ind- 
ians being  in  most  instances  the  culprits.  Gentile;, 
and  bears  still  made  inroads,  however,  on  the  live- 
stock.*'^    On  the  superiority  of  California- bred  stoel; 

'"In  1810  olives  had  begun  to  be  planted  at  many  missions;  and  in  ISIS 
olive  culture  was  already  an  assured  success,  cspeciuUy  in  the  missions  uf  the 
San  Diego  district  which  furnished  other  missions  all  the  oil  they  needed. 
Arch.  Sla  Ji.,  MS.,  x.  299,  304;  Piov.  Ike,  MS.,  ix.  189.  Lands  of  San  \\v- 
nando  deemed  well  fitted  for  sugar-cane  1817.  Arch.  Ann}).,  MS.,  iii.  ii.  <i. 
Dec.  1810,  President  Payeras  asked  for  20  laborers  from  Mexico  to  culti\:itt' 
vines.  Taylor,  in  Cal.  Farmer,  March  21,  1802.  Los  Angeles  had  ."i.'t.OSii 
vines  in  1818,  and  all  the  missions  south  of  Sta  Barbara  made  wine  of  diUViciit 
kinds.  Prov.  Jtec,  MS.,  ix.  187-9.  A  little  hemp  was  raised  and  nuide  iiit') 
coarse  stufl's  during  the  hard  times;  but  although  the  commanders  ol'  San 
Bias  vessels  were  ordered  to  load  with  hemp  if  po.isible,  it  does  not  ajiiicar 
that  any  considerable  quantity  was  obtained.  J'ror.  St.  Pop.,  MS.,  xx.  K'd, 
242;  Arch.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  i.  31;  Arch.  StaK,  MS.,  x.  304;  Pr<,r.  /;,■:, 
MS.,  X.  44.  Oranges  abundant  at  San  Gabriel,  Angeles,  and  Sta  l»;irl).'ii.i  in 
1820.  Vallfjo'x  Letter  to  Warner.  There  was  an  effort  made  to  raise  cdttDu 
and  \vith  a  little  success  at  San  Diego,  despite  the  fogs.  Prov.  Pec,  MS.,  i\. 
189;  Arch.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  iv.pt.  i.  3, 32-3;  Prov.  St.  P(ip.,^lii.,  xx.  281;  Vitll'jo, 
Doc.  JJint.  Cal.,  MS.,  xxviii.  25. 

"  ])ci)t.  St.  Pap.,  S.  Jo»i,  MS.,  i.  14r>-G;  Pror.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  .MS., 
xlvi.  10-17;  Prov.  Pec,  MS.,  xi.  52,  including  a  reprimand  to  Juan  .I"mj 
Nieto  for  allowing  his  caballada  to  increase,  with  a  threat  that  he  will  fort'iit 
his  rancho. 

'^Complaints  of  the  padres.  Arch.  Arzob.,  AIS.,  iii.  pt.  i.  15-17.  30,  and 
passim.  P.  Amortis  is  especially  bitter,  mentioning  instances  witliii).  liis 
knowledge,  and  not  hesitating  to  pronounce  ti>e  soldiers  worse  tlian  the 
Indians.  Yet  the  soldiers  say  'all  is  the  king's  and  tlie  Indian  isatliiit." 
'I'^l  Indio  todo  para  todos  Indio  es,  Indio  morini,  y  por  esto  tcnemii.s  jiadir.' 
Die  governor  complains  that  the  yield  of  tallow  was  much  less  after  tlie 
license  to  hunt  wild  cattle  in  1818.  St.  Pap.  Sac,  MS.,  vi.  51.  Mueli  ine.it 
taken  to  the  pbiins  and  burned  at  slaughtering  times,  so  says  the  president  in 
181.5.  Arch.  Sla  P.,  MS.,  vii.  182.  Kuniberof  cattle  much  diminished  sinee  the 
yerhti  <le  puehla  could  no  longer  be  ol)tained  to  poison  wolves.  JiOi/iie/cidrK  I  'nil. , 
in  Nour.  An.  Voy.,  xviii.  248.  Eavages  of  bears,  liorovda,  Notan,  MS..  I't. 
Price  of  cattle  in  1810,  $4  to  $0.  (,'iierra.  Doc.  /li.4.  Cal.,  MS.,  vli.  i:i  I  I- 
Some  clianges  in  regulations  for  branding,  and  clipping  ears.  I'rov.  Jirc,  MS., 
ix.  143;  J'rov.  St.  /'«/>.,  MS.,  xx.  130;  LI.,  Pen.  Mil.,  xlvi.  3t):  Arch.  Anok, 
MS.,  iii.  pt.  i.  1 17;  »S'.  Jokc,  Arch.,  MS.,  i.  23.  Martiarena  asks  for  a  team  uf 
carriage  nniles  from  Cal.  (Juerra,  JJoc.  Uixt.  Cal.,  MS.,  vi.  12!t.  One  nf  (liv. 
Sola's  first  acta  was  to  issue  an  order  forbidding  the  burning  of  pasture  landa 


COMMERCE. 


419 


ill  these  early  days  I  may  note  the  request  of  a  gen- 
tleman at  Tepic  that  Captain  de  la  Guerra  would  send 
liiiu  a  span  of  mules  for  his  carriage. 

Spanish  commercial  regulations  were  not  modified/' 
lait  there  was  little  need  for  a  resort  to  smuggling, 
especially  during  the  last  half  of  the  decade.  The 
provincial  authorities  were  glad  to  purchase  every 
cargo,  Spanish  or  foreign,  that  could  be  paid  for  in 
iiii.ssion  produce,  deeming  themselves  especially  for- 
tunate w'hen  a  seller  could  be  induced  to  accept  a 
(h'uft  on  the  treasury.  Sola  insisted  on  the  collection 
of  duties  on  all  exports  and  imports  according  to  a 
tarifl"  apparently  devised  to  meet  the  needs  of  Cali- 
foiiiia,^*  but  otherwise  there  was  practically  no  obstacle 
thrown  in  the  way  of  free  trade  after  181G,  though 
tliei'c  is  very  slight  evidence  that  any  trade,  even  con- 
traband, was  carried  en  with  foreign  vessels  except  by 
the  government.^''  The  Lima  trade  in  Spanish  ves- 
sels assumed  considerable  proportions,  tallow  being 
the  chief  article  of  export,  with  small  quantities  of 
grain,  soap,  and  hides,  though  the  era  of  the  hide- 
t ratio  had  not  yet  begun.     There  is  nothing  to  bo  re- 


.  30,  1111.1 

itliii).  his 

than  till' 

isii  tin.  t.' 

OS    JliKlrr.' 

aftiT  tliu 
lU'li  ini:it 
t'sidi'iit  ill 
1  siiifc  the 

,  MS,,  i:!. 
;i.  i:i  It. 

;>r.,  MS  , 
/i.Ai-ul,.. 

I  t"lllll  I  if 
10  nf  (i'lV. 

niv  lull' la 


without  pcrmiasion  of  the  authorities,  except  by  the  padres.  Sta  Cruz,  Arch., 
MS.,  49;  S.  Jok6,  Arch.,  MS.,  iii.  20. 

"In  1820,  on  complaint  of  Sierra,  a  Cddiz  merchant  orders  that  the  old 
ik'croes  of  1793,  1794,  1795,  and  1818,  relieving  national  goods  and  products 
sent  to  or  from  the  Californias  in  Spanish  vessels,  be  strictly  enforced. 
I'rintL'd  decree  in  Pinart  collection.  Lustamante,  Mcdidas,  MS.,  i.  141-50, 
has  iiuich  to  sav  on  the  importance  of  Cidifornian  trade. 

"  In  August  i817  Sola  ordered  that  imports  pay  the  same  rates  as  they  had 
paid  at  the  ports  of  exportation  as  shown  by  their  manifests;  and  in  Novem- 
lii  r  it  was  decreed  that  foreign  goods  pay  12  per  cent  on  the  price  of  sale. 
Till'  export  duty  was  19  cents  per  arroba  on  tallow;  .17  cents  on  soap;  37  cents 
pel-  fanega  on  com  and  beans;  and  similar  rates  according  to  value  on  other 
artiilos.  Roquefeuil  paid  7.5  per  cent  on  imports,  15  and  10  per  cent  on 
corn  and  tallow.  On  imports  the  duty  was  reduced  to  0.25  per  cent  in  1S20. 
Ht'iiip  exported  paid  12.5  per  cent.  There  was  some  opposition  to  the  pay- 
ment of  tho  duty  on  tallow,  or  rather  the  foreigners  thought  it  ought  to  1h) 
paid  by  the  padres.  Sola  exempted  from  duties  all  articles  l)ouglit  for  tho  use 
ot  (■liuVch  or  padres.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  154,  108,  212,  285;  hi.,  /Ini. 
Mil.,  xlvi.  17;  Guerra,  Doc.  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  iii.  2,50;  iv.  11-12;  v.  209;  I'ror. 
/.'('•.,  MS.,  ix.  131;  xi.  51-5;  Sla  Cruz,  Arch.,  MS.,  44;  S.  J(m',  Arch.,  MS.,  i. 
2(i;  Arch.  Sta  /?.,  MS.,  ix.  370;  Ro'/uefcwl's  To.i/n.'K,  109. 

' '  In  a  later  report,  Pigurroa,  Comin  Pinaiicii  rcL<.  IS.I/f,  it  is  stated  that  Sola 
(pi'ucd  the  ports  to  foreign  trade  in  1819  with  excellent  results. 


:W  , 


Wl  -h 


1J 


I 


420 


INSTITUTIONS  AND  INDUSTRIES. 


10 


marked  of  the  Lima  trade  that  has  not  been  said  in 
recording  the  visits  of  each  vessel,  and  the  saiiu; 
remark  may  be  made  of  the  whole  topic  of  commerce. 
The  Indians  still  caught  now  and  then  an  unfoitii- 
nately  slow-motioned  sea-otter  that  came  in  their  way, 
and  the  padres  shipped  the  small  store  of  skins  or 
sold  thum  whenever  they  found  a  chance.  The  Rus- 
sians took  a  constantly  and  rapidly  decreasing  number 
of  otter  each  year,  a  number  which  was  greatly  ex- 
aggerated in  the  ideas  of  the  Spaniards. ^^  Retail 
trade  there  was  none  in  the  country,  unless  we  reckon 
as  such  the  operations  of  '  Tia'  Boronda  and  '  tins ' 
Armenta  and  Cayuelos,  who  in  their  extra-mural  cots 
at  Monterey  are  said  to  have  kept  a  variety  of  small 
articles  for  sale,  some  of  which  there  is  much  reason 
to  fear  never  paid  duties.  Tio  Armenta  was  a  great 
man  in  this  little  band,  being  a  reputed  protdge  of  tlie 
Ortegas,  and  he  sometimes  engaged  in  grand  affaiis, 
such  as  raffling  a  dozen  China  handkerchiefs,  or  gettinjj^ 
a  bushel  of  salt  from  the  salinas  in  spite  of  the  Span- 
ish estanco}^ 


;  t      i 


■  5  j  ;.    ,1 


111  Vh 
!ii  \  ■'■■ 


■ 

'■  i 
1' 

'        ! 

■. 

; 

1.;;  • 

■.  i: 

li. 

ii;l 

'*  Guerra's  commercial  ventures  seem  to  have  continued  more  or  loss  con- 
stantly through  the  decade  so  far  as  can  be  judged  from  fragmentary  invoicis 
and  accounts.  Oiterrn,  Doc.  Hist.  Cat,  MS.,  iii.  .31-40.  1811,  circulars  dis- 
tributed proposing  barter  for  tallow.  Prov.  liec,  MS.,  xi.  220.  1814,  Snriia 
disapproves  of  middlemen,  or  rather  of  the  percentage  allowed  them  in  the 
soap  trade.  Arch.  Sla  B.,  MS.,  xii.  17.  1816,  trade  with  foreigners  positively 
forbidden  by  viceroy.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  5.  Negrete  of  Topic  s:iys  In; 
has  lost  $10,000  invested  in  the  tallow-trade  because  the  padres  refused  to 
to  take  manta  or  any  thing  but  dollars.  Id.,  xx.  127.  Deer's  grease  taken  l)> 
hunters  and  shipped  to  Peru.  Vallejo,  Sequias  en  Cal.,  Mfi.,  1817.  Sola  .says 
there  are  100,000  arrobas  of  tallow  in  California.  Giierrn,  Doc.  Hist.  Cat., 
MS.,  iii.  245-6.  Vessels  taking  tallow.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  167,  ISO, 
185-0.  Sola  complains  of  trouble  about  closing  business  with  the  friars  w  Im> 
are  very  hard  to  please,  and  regrets  that  they  will  not  appoint  an  agent  to  ilo 
business  for  all.  Id.,  xx.  180.  It  was  found  necessary  to  issue  strict  orders  to 
prevent  frauds  in  the  delivery  of  tallow,  with  penalties  for  adulterating  tin' 
staple  with  sand,  etc.  Depl.  St.  Pap.,  S.  Josfi,  MS.,  i.  135-7;  S.  Jos6  Arvh., 
MS.,  iii.  19,  1818.  Delivering  tallow  for  lard,  and  vice  versa,  forfeited  tin' 
goods  and  resulted  in  two  months'  imprisonment.  St.  Pap.  Sac,  MS.,  v.  47. 

"  Vallcjo,  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  i.  105-0,  says  the  otter  were  so  abundant  in 
1812  that  they  were  killed  by  the  boatmen  with  their  oars  in  passing  tlirougli 
the  sea-weed;  and  that  the  Russians  killed  10,000  a  year  for  five  years,  and 
5,000  a  year  down  to  1831.  Chamisso,  Jifise,  i.  132,  in  1816,  estimates  tiio 
annual  catch  at  2,000,  selling  in  China  for  $60  each  on  an  average. 

^^Alvarado,  Hint.  Cal,  MS.,  i.  158-9;  ii.  214;  CerrutVn  liamhlings,  I^IS., 
202-3.  Many  Indians  of  San  Diego  mission  went  to  the  presidio  to  sell  a 
variety  of  small  articles,  and  the  ^mdres  wished  them  an'cstcd  if  they  had  n* 


HABILITACION  GENERAL. 


421 


I  do  not  deem  it  necessary  to  recapitulate  here  the 
IVa^nncntary  financial  statistics  that  have  been  given 
elsewhere  for  each  of  the  four  presidios;  neither  is  it 
desirable  to  recur  to  tj\e  most  prominent  but  thread- 
bare topic  of  hard  times  and  failure  to  obtain  the 
liiemorias  from  Mexico.  Therefore,  appending  some 
ponoral  provincial  statements  on  the  subject  in  a 
note/''  I  pass  on  to  a  brief  record  of  the  hahiUtacion 
(jcner'al.  It  will  be  remembered  that  Ormaechea  took 
charije  in  1810  ad  interim,  and  he  held  it — the  rejifu- 
lar  habilitado  general,  Jose  de  la  Guerra,  not  having 
heoii  able  to  reach  Mexico — until  181G,*''  not  giving 
.^jatisfaction  during  his  incumbency,  nor,  as  it  appears, 
rendering  any  proper  accounts  on  leaving  the  office. 
A  new  election  being  ordered  in  1815  the  coman- 
(liiiites  left  the  choice  to  the  governor,  who  appointed 
Gervasio  Argiiello.  The  latter  left  California  late  in 
18 16  never  to  return.^^    His  services  nevar  amounted 

puss.  Arch.  Arzobinpado,  ii.  83.  Pricea  of  the  period  include  the  following: 
Tiillow,  Sl.oO  per  arroba;  lard,  8-.>">0;  su^'ar,  Sr>;  rice,  §2.50;  wheat,  .?"2  per 
fan(.L;a;  barley,  .?!;  pease,  §1.G'2;  cattle  .*!2  to  gO;  mules,  §10;  aparejos,  !?.■); 
sliecp-skins,  $1.50;  calicoes,  87  cents  per  yard;  flannels,  §1.75:  (juzco  clotli, 
§1. .")();  alpaca,  §1.75;  cucras,  ,S'J4  each;  serapes,  §5. 

"•Appropriation  in  Mexico  for  the  California  presidios  in  1811,  682,3.S.'?. 
I'ror.  SI.  Pap.,  Den.  Mil,  MS.,  xlii.  IG.  Invoice  of  1815,  §34,840.  /(/.,  xlvi. 
2!).  Sola's  statement  of  pay-roll,  etc.,  for  year  in  1818,  §1)1.778,  or  less  tlio 
deductions,  §89,071.  A/.,  xlix.  75.  Invoice  of  1819-20,  §41,311).  /'/.,  li.  10. 
July  20,  1820,  artillery  account  of  I.ieut.  Jos6  Ramirez:  rec'd  §5,039;  paid 
84,708;  balance  paid  to  Lieut.  Gomez,  §.331.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  M.S., 
liii.  3.  Dec.  31, 1820,  account  of  Gomez:  receipts  since  May,  §2,184;  paid  out, 
i'J.l.V);  balance  to  last  six  months,  §29.  Id.,  liii.  3.  Correspondence  about 
iiiiiils  1811-20  of  no  importance,  but  showing  that  Sola  made  an  efTort  to  iu- 
trodiice  more  system  and  despatch.  Pov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  79,  83,  229-30; 
Si.  J'aj).,  Sue,  MS.,  vi.  30;  Gaccta  de  Mex.,  xli.  128-9;  Arch.  Arzob.,  MS., 
iii.  pt.  i.  55-00;  Guerra,  Doc.  lli-^t.  C'aL,  vi.  10;  Valkjo,  Hint.  CaL,  i.  14.3-4. 
Not  yields  of  tobacco  sales:  1811,  §5,851;  in  1812,  §5,  871.  Prov.  St.  Pfip., 
lii'ii.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlii.  17-18;  xliii.  13,  14.  In  1810,  P.  Marquinez  of  Sta  Cn;z 
w  ritc8  to  tlic  governor  that  he  has  but  50  puros  left,  and  fears  he  will  have  to 
give  u|)  smoking  when  those  are  gone.  Arch.  Anoh.,  MS.,  iii.  pt.  i.  85. 

^"1^12,  report  that  Felipe  Maitorena  had  succeeded  Rodriguez.  Pror. 
lice,  MS.,  X.  4.  Vote  at  Loreto  in  May  1812,  in  which  all  voted  for  some  otii- 
Cfr  of  that  presidio.  Prov.  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  xix.  320-7.  I  have  found  no  defmito 
rccoid  of  Guerra's  election  in  1810.  Jan.  20,  1815,  viceroy  orders  a  new  elec- 
tion, as  Ormaechea  could  no  longer  attend  to  the  duties.  /(/.,  xix.  371. 

'-'  Oct.  14,  1815,  comandautes  to  governor.  Pror.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  .380, 
2!)2.  Argiiello  was  to  have  §1,000  extra  pay  and  §500  for  travelling  expenses. 
S:iil('d  Nov.  181G.  Prov.  lice,  MS.,  ix.  154.  At  Guadalajara  in  February, 
IM7.  Pror.  St.  Pap.,  MH.,  x\.  190.  Feb. '„',  i81 7,  Sola  reminded  by  a  fricncl 
of  tlie  great   importance  of  having  a  trusty  agent  in  Mexico.  Id.,  xx.  151. 


J  A  ■ 

i^:i 

1 

'■  1* 

il 

1 

1 

* 

422 


INSTITUTIONS  AND  INDUSTRIES. 


!    Ml 


1  I 


to  much  to  the  province  he  represented ;  but  perhaps 
no  one  could  have  done  better.  To  escape  his  impor- 
tunities the  viceroy  sent  Argiicllo  to  reside  at  Guadij- 
lajara,  the  Cahfornia  drafts  being  payable  at  tli.it 
treasury.  Here  he  had  nothing  to  do  but  present  his 
claims  and  listen  to  the  invariable  reply,  "no  hay 
i'ondos."  Josd  de  la  Guerra  was  charged  with  reform- 
ing the  hahilitacion  in  1819-20;  but  though  the  two 
officers  manacled  to  secure  a  small  invoice  of  j^oods, 
(jruerra  could  succeed  neither  in  transferrino-  Ar<;uol]() 
to  Mexico  nor  in  getting  him  sent  back  to  his  com- 
pany in  California. '^^  No  successor  ever  took  the 
position. 

The  military  force  on  duty  in  the  province,  includ- 
ing officers  and  men  of  the  four  presidial  companies, 
invalids,  and  veteran  artillerymen,  did  not  vary  nioio 
tlian  one  or  two  men  durinsf  the  decade  from  the  410 
at  its  beginning,^*  involving  an  annual  expense  to  the 
Spanish  government  of  $89,000,  an  expense  rendered 
much  less  burdensome  by  the  fact  that  it  was  never 
paid.  In  1819  there  came  to  the  country  Captain 
Portilla's  Mazatlan  company  of  cavalry,  the  *Maza- 
tecos,'  and  Captain  Navarreto's  San  Bias  company  of 
infantry,  the  'Cholos,'  both  companies  numbering 
203  men.'^*  The  veteran  artillerymen  under  Gomez 
were  reenforced  in  1820  by  the  coming  of  Lieutenant 
Jose  Ramirez,  who  probably  brought  with  him  15  or 
20  men.'*     There  were  besides  the  company  of  militia 

Sola  asks  viceroy  to  give  Argucllo  as  much  pay  as  his  predecessors  had 
receivetl.  Prov.  liee.,  AIS.,  ix.  109.  1817-18,  Argiiello  lias  to  give  boiuls  of 
e;(i,0()0.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  102-3,  219. 

■■'-'  Guerra,  Doc.  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  iii.  155-0;  iv.  9, 29-,'{0, 104;  Doc.  Hid.  CuL, 
MS.,  iv.  443-4. 

'■'^  See  chap.  ix.  this  volume  for  distribntion  in  1810.  A  general  statement 
of  .Tulv  20,  1818,  makes  the  corresponding  total  407.  Sta  Clara,  Parrnqukt, 
MS.,  ri5-6. 

■'*  Portilla's  company:  1  captain,  2  lieutenants,  2  alf(5reces,  and  95  nicn, 
including  sergeai  ts,  corporals,  drummers,  and  privates;  NavaiTctc's  com- 
pany: 1  captain,  1  lieut.,  1  sub-lieut.,  3  sergeants,  10  corporals,  1  drummer, 
and  80  privates.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlix.  34. 

^^  Cost  of  the  artillery  detachment,  ^2,700  to  ^3,000  per  year.  On  the 
reenforcement  under  Kamirez,  see  chap.  xii.  this  volume. 


MILITARY. 


423 


LrgucUo 


aitilKrymon,  several  times  called  into  active  service, 
miiiibcrinuf  82  men  in  181G,  but  reduced  to  G4  in 
ISli).-"  Thus  the  total  force  available  in  1820  was 
alioiit  700  men.  The  services  of  the  army  on  the 
f;i\('ral  occasions  when  the  province  was  threatened, 
(11'  supposed  to  be  threatened,  with  invasion  by  foreij^-n 
I'ors,  in  the  various  expeditions  against  Indian  foes  in 
tho  interior,  and  in  the  continual  battle  against  the 
want  and  nakedness  resulting  from  Spanisli  neglect, 
ail'  already  well  known  to  the  reader,  and  the  mili- 
tary annals  of  the  period  demand  no  further  notice."^ 


Beyond  the  actual  succession  of  political  and  mili- 
tiuy  rulers — Arrillaga,  Argiiello,  Sola — there  is  noth- 
iii;4  to  be  added  respecting  the  theory  or  practice  of 
]ir()vincial  government. ^^  In  municipal  government 
IIktc  was  a  decree  of  the  cortes  of  May  23,  1812,  on 
llii^  formation  of  ayuntamientos,  which  would  have 
ii  HI  eased  the  number  of  regidores  at  San  Jose  and 
L'ts  Angeles,  but  which  had  no  immediate  effect  in 
('alilornia.^'     In  those  branches  of  government  con- 


;s9ors  had 
boiuls  of 


Ou  the 


-'"  Names  of  the  82  members  of  the  company  on  Aug.  19,  1816.  Proi\  tSt. 
Piiji.,  Jlcii.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlvii.  11-13.  Distribution  in  1817,  70  men.  St.  Pap., 
Sill-.,  MS.,  ii.  93.  July  G.  1819.  These  men  are  to  receive  tlie  same  pay  as 
votiiiins,  l)y  governor's  order.  Id.,  viii.  oC. 

■'  It  is  but  fair  to  allude  also  to  Padre  RipoU's  companies  of  native  niarke- 
lirox  and  lancers  and  archers  at  Sta  Bi'irbara,  trained  by  the  valiant  padre  to 
l'.f,'ht  against  pirates.  Arch.  A)-zob.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  i.  17.  In  the  law  of  Oct. 
II,  1S1.'{,  calling  ou  eacli  province  for  its  quota  of  men  for  the  army,  (";ili- 
fmiiia  was  exempt.  Los  Axfielen,  Arch.,  ^IS.,  iv.  12G-7.  1815-17  tiiere  was  a 
I ciiitspondence  leading  to  the  recommendation  by  Sola  of  a  list  of  ofliccrs  f(jr 
liriimotion.  It  appeared  that  Californian  oflicers  were  in  danger  of  ))eing 
n('yl(i;ti'd  in  favor  of  ' cowards  in  Mexico  who  want  to  make  a  show  without 
doiiiL(  any  work.'  Guerra,  Doc.  Ilint.  Cat.,  MS.,  vi.  1-11,  115-1(5.  Xov.  29, 
isii),  viceroy  orders  release  of  4  soldiers  imprisoned  on  charge  of  si'tlition. 
Prur.  .S7.  Pa/).,  MS.,  xx.  25.  Order  to  release  military  prisoners  not  liable^  to 
penalty  of  death  or  sedition.  Prov.  lice,  MS.,  ix.  14;i.  May  1820,  a  Sail 
sMiA  .soldier  sentenced  to  4  years'  work  in  shackles  for  stoning  his  corporal. 
I'nr.  SI.  Pap.,  lien.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ii.  4. 

■^  I'rom  Sola's  letter  it  ai)pears  that  the  governor's  tenn  of  office  was  con- 
Kidt  ivd  5  years.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  149;  Id.,  Ben.  Mil.,  xlix.  33. 

-"•  Ai/uiitumieiitox,  Decrcio  de  las  Cdrtes  de  23  de  Mayo  1S12,  xohre  formn- 
fioii  de  Ayiuttamientos  Conditucionales  in  Mexico,  Lnjes  fifjetitiK,  182!>,  28, 
t'tc;  liirera,  Nucva  Cotcccioii  de  Lcyes,  18.35,  i.  890;  Dwiiiille'::  (John,  lllnf.  S. 
/'.,<"/'/.,  1820;  Wheeler's  Land  Titles,  6;  White's  lievopilacion,  41;';  Ilall>i 
I  lift.  S.  JoKC,  102-4.  June  15,  1814,  order  of  viceroy  that  ayuntamientos 
arc  to  follow  the  law  of  1808.  P,  ov.  Ike,  MS.,  ix.  135. 


'ST 


n  ^.' 


!  :  f 


I   ; 


IV  I : 


m 


j:i.i 


424 


INSTITUTIONS  AND  INDUSTRIES. 


nected  with  the  administration  of  justice  and  the  pre- 
serving of  pubhc  order  there  is  nothing  new  to  be  said 
so  far  as  system  is  concerned;  and  illustrative  items 
of  the  decade  may  be  conveniently  grouped  in  a 
note.** 

'"Oct.  9,  1812,  Spanish  law  relating  to  jurisdiction  of  judges.  Hayes'  Mi  x. 
Law,  I.VIO.  Sept.  8,  1813,  Spanish  law  abolishing  whipping  for  criniiiiiil 
ofl'ences.  Circulated  by  President  Sciiau  Sept.  13,  1814.  Id.,  '24;  Valhjn, 
Dor.  Hist.  Cul.,  MS.,  xxiii.  17.  Jan.  20,  1810,  viceroy  orders  that  governor 
and  cuniandantcs  must  inspect  public  prisons  on  the  eve  of  Christmas,  Whit- 
suntide, and  caster,  to  report  on  cases  pending.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx. 
1-2;  Prov.  llec,  MS.,  ix.  141.  April  30,  181(5,  governor  says  no  Indian  pris- 
oner must  be  released  without  his  order.  Calls  for  a  monthly  list  of  niiuics, 
crimes,  dates,  etc.  St.  Pap.  Sac,  MS.,  viii.  03.  July  20,  1818,  Fermiii  ilu 
Genoa  y  Aguirro  says  toCapt.  Guerra  jocosely  thatthu  people  are  fast  becom- 
ing converted  and  orderly;  for  instance,  one  Luisa  killed  another  Luisa  uith 
a  knife;  one  Castillo  broke  the  head  of  another  Castillo  with  astick;  two  Mi- 
chaels lost  the  mail  and  are  now  sweeping  the  plaza,  wearing  calcetan  dc  Vr.. 
cuya;  and  two  sisters  gave  each  other  a  sound  drubbing.  Guerra,  Doc.  Jli-ii. 
Cal.,  MS.,  vi.  128. 

1813,  the  Indian  alcalde  of  San  Fernando  killed  a  neophyte  by  throwing;;! 
stick  at  him  to  make  liim  work  faster.  Fiscal  Maitorcna  thouglit  he  should  be 
sentenced  to  2  months  in  the  chain-gang  to  satisfy  the  vindicta  ptiblica  and  tench 
alcaldes  care  and  humanity.  Proo.  St.  Pap.,  Dot.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlviii.  2.  1814,  ar- 
tillei-ynian  cliarged  with  poisoning  another  soldier — charge  not  proven.  LI., 
xlv.  7.  1817,  the  neophyte  Gorgonio  murdered  his  M'ife  at  San  Buenaventura; 
took  asylum  in  the  church,  but  left  tluit  asylum  by  breaking  a  window;  wa.s 
recaptured  and  tried.  Tlie  fiscal  recommended  a  very  severe  punisliment.  lie- 
cause  such  cases  were  becoming  too  frequent.  No  sentence.  Id.,  1.  4")  S. 
1818,  two  Indians  at  mission  San  Joa6  killed  another  and  were  in  turn  kilKd 
wliile  sleeping  by  4  relatives  of  the  first  victim.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  ±2± 
1818,  a  neophyte  of  San  Diego  going  to  mass  with  his  wife  noticed  that  i-lic 
had  a  piece  of  white  cloth  which  excited  liis  jealousy,  tliough  she  claimed  to 
have  found  it.  By  administering  a  sound  flogging  he  elicited  a  confession 
tliat  tlie  cloth  liad  been  given  by  a  gentile  for  se.xual  favors.  After  the  casti- 
gation  had  been  prolonged  to  the  satisfaction  of  marital  wrath  and  honor,  lio 
did  all  a  fond  husband  could  for  his  wiio'a  comfort  by  stretching  her  on  a 
lieap  of  green  branches  over  a  fire  and  bringing  her  cold  water  with  wliich  to 
batlie;  j'et  she  died,  and  he  was  tried  for  murder.  Santiago  Argiiello  was 
fiscal  and  the  accused  chose  Cristobal  Dominguez  for  defender.  In  considera- 
tion of  the  Indians'  peculiar  ideas  the  death  penalty  was  not  recomnieudid 
when  the  case  was  turned  over  to  the  presidio  comandante.  As  usual  tlie 
sentence  is  not  extant.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlix.  82-5.  In  IM  I 
another  neopliyte  of  San  Diego  had  flogged  a  gentile  woman  to  death  for  infi- 
delity as  a  mistress  and  extravagance;  50  laslics  after  5  months'  imprison- 
ment had  been  the  sentence  asked  for.  Id.,  xlix.  7-9.  1818,  a  neopliyte  of 
San  Gabriel  murdered  another  for  refusing  to  pay  '3  reals'  worth  of  beatls' 
lost  at  play.     He  took  church  asylum.  Id.,  xlix.  04-6. 

1811,  three  neophytes  and  four  gentiles  tried  for  robbing  the  presidio  ware- 
house. Alf.  Martinez,  fiscal,  and  Sergt.  Mercado,  defender;  80  lashes  and  'i 
months'  to  5  years'  presidio  work  ;  4  others  charged  with  helping  conceal  the 
crime  and  with  receiving  stolen  goods.  /(/.,  xlix.  9-10.  1815,  Lieut.  Guerni 
required  to  come  from  San  Diego  to  Monterey  to  defend  a  soldier  charged  with 
insulting  his  sergeant.  It  seems  that  tlie  accused  might  choose  a  (k'fcnder 
anywliere  in  the  province.  Dor.  J/i.<t.  Cal.,  MS.,  iv.  2G5-0,  209.  1817,  tlir;e 
men  for  breaking  open  a  1k)X  of  playing-cards  at  Sta  Barbara  sentenced  to 
hard  work  in  irons.  Guerra,  Doc.  Hint.  Cal.,  MS.,  iii.  81.     1817,  a  man  at 


JUSTICE  AND  EDUCATION. 


425 


dio  -waro- 

C8  illlcl   - 

ceal  tlio 
.  Guena 
•ged  with 
U'fcniUr 
17,  tlir-'c 
enccd  to 
I  niuu  at 


Sola  took  quite  a  strong  personal  interest  in  the 
education  of  the  rising  generation  of  Californians. 
It  will  be  remembered  that  Arrillaga  had  a[>parent]y 
ddiio  nothing  in  the  matter,  and  that  so  far  as  the 
records  show  during  his  rule  not  a  single  school  liad 
hvvn  continuously  maintained  in  the  province.     In  his 

Stii  Barliara  sentenced  to  work  in  irons  for  breaking  into  his  employer's  liouso 
oil  linly  Tliursday  and  stealing  a  bottle  of  aguardiente.  /</. ,  iii.  7(i-7.  1818, 
t\Mi  soldiers  given  50  lashes  in  public  for  stealing  §2.50.  Arnculoi;  Mem., 
MS.,  o± 

IS17,  Josd  Pcralta  of  San  Joscj  sent  a  prisoner  to  Monterey,  and  a  girl 
niiiclo  (iiceiiite  by  him  was  committed  to  the  padres  of  Sta  Clara  to  bo  kept 
ill  tliu  riiarlo  de  lax  solleran  until  confined.  iS'.  Joni',  Arch.,  MS.,  i.  24.  I'adro 
tliiiiks  tlie  alcalde  and  2  Indians  of  Solcdad  should  be  sent  to  the  presidio  for 
a  month  for  forcible  fornication.  Arch.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  iii.  pt.  ii.  7-0.  1818, 
governor  says  the  mission  girls  learn  vice  at  10-12  years,  and  soon  j)ractico 
iihoition  in  order  to  keep  young.  Prov.  live,  MS.,  ix.  194-5.  An  Indian  at 
Siiii  l.)iego  accused  a  vccino  of  having  ravished  his  wife.  Santiago  ArgiicUo, 
fisciil;  .Jose  Antonio  Pico,  clerk;  Jost5  Palomares,  defender.  No  decision. 
I'n.r.  Si.  P(ip.,Jie}i.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlix.  02-3.  Oct.  3,  1818,  Sola  to  (Uierra,  tho 
scaii(hil  caused  by  a  widow  of  Los  Angeles  'must  be  corrected  for  her  refomi 
nnilasa  public  example. '  The  comisionado  must  take  her  to  San  (Jabriel, 
have  iier  hair  cut  short  and  one  eyebrow  shaved,  and  cause  her  to  bo  exliibitecl 
to  tiiu  public  at  the  hour  of  mass.  Then  she  is  to  servo  in  some  respectable 
family  at  Stii  lidrbara  for  0  months,  being  compelled  to  lead  a  religious  life. 
Tli(!  other  guilty  person,  a  carpenter  of  San  Gabriel,  must  be  kept  in  prison 
fof  a  month,  devote  a  part  of  his  wages  to  the  support  of  the  child,  and  bo 
iiiiliiecd  to  marry  the  widow  if  possible.  Id.,  xlix.  10-17.  Trial  of  a  case  iu 
whic'li  a  settler  of  Branciforte  was  accused  of  ravishing  his  three  step-daugh- 
tir.s.  Pineal  Martinez  demanded  for  the  man  four  years'  hard  labor  in  shack- 
hs,  to  lie  followed  by  banishment;  for  the  oldest  girl,  50  lashes  from  an  Indian 
w  (iiiiau,  and  one  month's  arrest;  for  the  second,  50  lashes  from  her  mother  in 
the  {.'iiLs  room  at  Sta  Cruz;  for  tho  youngest,  25  lashes;  and  for  tho  mother 
a  I'cpiiuiand  from  the  governor.  Id.,  1.  32-44.  1810,  man  and  wife  punished 
for  hitter's  adultery,  with  consent  of  former,  at  San  Francisco.  Prov.  Sf.  Pa/i,, 
MS.,  XX.  253.  1820,  two  Sta  Barbara  cases  of  illicit  love.  O'uerrii,  Doc.  Hid. 
Veil.,  MS.,  iv.  GG. 

]»ec.  2,  1817,  Sola  forbids  card  games  on  feast  days,  which  had  been 
allowed  ))y  Borica.  De2Jt.  6?.  Pap.,  .V.  Jose,  MS.,  i.  130.  Amador,  Memorins, 
Ms.,  00-113,  narrates  the  adventures  of  P.  Luis  Gil  at  Sta  Cruz,  who  used  to 
go  ill  disguise  and  take  a  hand  in  the  game  for  the  purpose  of  detecting  tho 
gamhlcrs  and  confiscating  the  cards.  Pio  Pico,  Hint.  Cal.,  MS.,  8-10,  tells 
siiiiu;  stories  about  gambling  in  these  days,  including  his  own  adventures  with 
ra.'iif  Meuendez  who  first  stripped  Pico  of  all  hu  had  at  San  Vicente,  Lower 
Calit'oniia,  and  later  was  stripped  at  San  Diego  by  Pico,  who  won  12  mules. 

1S12,  no  mescal  to  be  sold,  under  severe  penalties.  S.  Josf,  Arch.,  MS.,  iv. 
2(1.  t  lovernor  has  received  order  for  free  use  and  manufacture  of  mescal,  but 
ri'liRsfiits  the  probable  bad  etfects.  Prov.  liec,  MS.,  ix.  128.  1815,  some  in- 
foiiiiatioii  on  the  intoxicating  drinks  of  the  luitives.  Iiidios,  L'oiilestanon, 
MS.  Acting-governor  Argiiello  signalized  his  brief  term  by  issuing  on  Feb. 
3,  ISb"),  a  decree  on  the  sale  of  liquors,  which  was  at  the  same  time  an  eloquent 
tlioiigli  brief  essay  on  tho  nior.al  and  physical  evils  of  inteniperance.  The 
dciic'c  provided  that  liquors  might  be  freely  sold  by  importers  at  the  presMios 
only  iu  'unbroken  packages;'  that  only  one  person  at  each  presidio,  a  person 
of  foniidfuce,  might  be  appointed  to  retail  licpiors  under  the  foUowiug  re- 
strictions: None  to  be  sold  to  auLidian  on  any- pretext  whatever;  no  flask  or 


-'i& 


I      :  i 


i 

42« 


INSTITUTIONS  AND  INPUSTRIKS. 


reports  of  1817-18,  Sola  iiiforinecl  the  viceroy  tli.it, 
each  of  the  four  ]>re.si(lioH  and  two  pueblos  had  now  ;i 
primary  school  where  children  were  tau<;ht  relioion, 
readinuf,  writininf,  and  reckoning,  hy  settlers  or  ntiivd 
soldiers  of  good  character;  implying  clearly  that  i  ii 
his  coming  to  the  province  he  had  found  no  schools 
in  operation  at  most  of  the  places.^'  (^f  these  schools 
outside  f)f  the  capital — excepting  the  names  of  one  or 
two  teachers  at  8an  Jose,  and  the  fact  that  thme  was 
u  girls'  school  as  well  as  one  for  boys  at  Santa  l>;Ii- 
bara — we  know  but  very  little  more  than  that  tin  y 
had  an  existence,  and  that  little  has  been  noticed  in 
connection  with  local  annals.  The  governor  also 
urged  upon  the  viceroy  in  1818  the  importance  of 
establishing  a  kind  of  college  in  which  the  .more  intel- 
ligent of  the  neophyte  boys  might  be  edueattnl  a-i 
future  instructors  of  their  race;  together  with  the 
still  more  imperative  necessity  of  providing  for  tin- 
bringing-up  of  neophyte  girls  beyond  the  inliucnce  of 
their  parents  and  relatives;"'^  but  naturally  no  encoiii- 
agement  was  obtained  from  Mexico,  and  there  is  no 
evidence  that  the  friars,  the  only  persons  who  could 
liavc  taken  efiective  action,  felt  any  interest  in  the 
matter.** 

bottle  to  be  solil  to  two  or  more  persons  together  without  an  order  from  t!ic 
coniaiKluntc;  'public  drinkers'  to  have  only  25  cents'  worth  nioniiiiLj  lunl 
evening;  no  credit  to  be  given  and  no  debt  for  liijuor  to  be  collectible;  ii'i 
article  to  be  taken  in  payment  or  pawn,  subject  to  forf-jit,  or  to  fine  if  tin' 
article  belong  to  a  soldier's  unifonn  or  equipment;  no  liquor  to  be  sold  tv 
mission  cacoltas;  prices  not  to  exceed  §1  per  quart  for  aguardiente  and  .'i) 
cents  for  wine  at  Monterey  and  north,  or  T.l  and  2'j  cents  per  quart  rcsiint- 
ively  in  the  south.  Anjiiello,  Decreto  cle  ISlo  sobrc  hehidofs,  in  S.  Jose,  An-h., 
vi.  ,\'2.  Feb.  l.S,  1820,  Lieut.  Estudillo  to  Sola,  a  long  report,  or  plan,  fur  re- 
fonus  in  the  sale  of  liquors.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  275-G.  Feb.  Kith,  Snla 
permits  the  opening  of  a  tavern  and  sale  of  liquors  under  restrictions.  /(/., 
Jicn.  Mil.,  li.  7,  8.  July  27,  1819,  the  president  complains  of  disorders  iiris- 
iiig  from  drunkenness  and  the  illegal  sale  of  liquor.  Arch.  Sta  Ii.,  MS.,  vi. 
104-7:  Doc.  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  iv.  437-40. 

^'Sola,  IiiJ'orme  Geiural,  1S17,  MvS.,  108;  Id.,  Ohservaciones,  181S,  MS., 
179-80.  June  4,  1817,  Sola  states  that  education  has  made  consideratjle  prog- 
ress during  his  rule  of  two  years.  Prov.  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  xx.  150. 

^-Sola,  OUervacioucK,  ISIS,  MS.,  193-5. 

''According  to  Vultrjo,  Hist.  Ccd.,  MS.,  i.  131-2;  Alvarado,  IliM.  Cal, 
^IS.,  i.  75;  Vullejo  (J.  J.),  I'ejniiiiscencias,  MS.,  10.  Sola  brought  witli  him 
two  men,  Aspiroz  and  Santa  Maria,  to  establish  a  high  school,  or  colleg'j;  I'Ut 
they  became  disgusted  with  the  country  and  went  back  to  Mexico  the  buiiie 
year. 


SCHOOLS. 


427 


At  ^fontcrcy  Sola  found  a  sr-hool  In  operation 
niulcr  the  oaro  of  (Jorporal  ]\Ii<^uol  Archuleta,  whom 
J';iilit'  Ihafiez  had  taujjfht  to  read  and  write.  Within 
a  t'rw  years  a  {jfirl.s'  .school  was  opcsned,  and  possilily 
aiintlier  for  boys.^  Of  schools  at  the  capital  we  know 
no  iiinrc  throuj^h  tiie  ardiives  than  of  others  in  the 
jiioviiice;  but  Mariano  (iuadalupe  Valltjo  and  Juan 
15autista  Alvarado,  pupils  of  Archul'ta  durini^  this 
(Iciadc,  have  written  at  some  length  their  recollec- 
tiniis  (»f  school-boy  days.  These  sketches,  though 
(';11  of  interest,  I  have  no  space  to  follow  in  detail, 
ts|M('ially  as  school- hoy  experiences  are  in  a  general 
w.iy  the  .same  the  world  over.  Still  less  can  I  re- 
liKxluce  their  eloquent  eulogy  of  later  educational 
iiictliods  in  comparison  with  those  of  old.  It  would 
St  I  in  tliat,  with  here  and  there  a  point  of  resemblance, 
the  Monterey  school,  in  compari.son  with  even  the 
iiinst  primitive  backwoods  establishment  of  the  At- 
Luit  •  states  at  the  same  epoch,  was  a  very  rude  in- 
.■iilution,  worthy  of  no  praise  but  for  the  fact  that 
liuinan  beings  did  there  learn  to  read  and  write. 
liiidc  benches  extended  along  the  sides  of  a  long,  low, 
;iiliihc  room,  with  dirty  unpainted  walls.  On  a  raised 
jilatlorm  at  one  end  sat  the  soldier-master,  of  lier(;e 
and  warlike  mien,  clad  in  fantastic  greasy  garments, 
with  ferule  in  hand.  On  the  wall  over  his  head  or 
just  at  one  side  was  a  great  green  cross  and  the  pic- 
tiu'c  of  a  .saint,  to  which  each  boy  came  on  entering 
the  room  to  say  a  hendito  aloud.  Then  he  approached 
the  platform  to  salute  the  master  by  kissing  his  hand, 
and  receive  a  'bellowed'  permission  to  take  his  seat, 

"  Vallejo,  Hist.  CiL,  MS.,  i.  255,  and  Alvarado,  Ilixt.  Cat.,  ^MS.,  i.  123  4, 

t(  11  us  that  Sola  established  and  supported  for  the  most  part  with  his  own 
iiiuiuy  two  schools  for  boya  under  Manuel  Borondaand  Matias  Guerrero,  and  a 
y'u-W  .school  under  iVntonio  Buelna.  Jos6  de  Jesus  I'ico  remembers  Boronda  as 
till;  lirst  teacher,  followed  by  Archuleta.  Acoiifecimicnton,  MS.,  2.  Iiiocfiita 
I'iro  de  Avila  speaks  of  the  girls'  schord;  but  says  that  many  girla  failed  to 
tniniilcte  the  simple  routine  of  study,  being  taken  out  by  their  mothers  to  bo 
iii.iiiied.  The  padre  used  sometimes  to  distribute  sweetmeats  after  mass  to 
t!ic  KJrls  through  those  who  had  made  most  progress  in  the  doctrina,  ap- 
jiiiiiitcd  com'mioiiadas,  a  high  honor  often  held  by  the  writer  and  Rosalia 
Viiilcjo.  Avila,  L'osas  dt  Cat.,  MS.,  19-20. 


423 


INSTITUTIONS  AND  INDUSTRIES. 


Mi. 


which  he  did  after  throwing  his  hat  on  a  pile  in  the 
corner;  and,  as  soon  as  a  large  boy  had  shown  him 
the  place,  began  to  read  his  lesson  as  loud  as  his 
throat  and  lungs  would  permit;  or,  if  learning  to 
write,  lie  ruled  a  sheet  of  paper  with  a  piece  of  lead, 
and  went  to  the  master  for  quill  and  copy.  At  a 
certain  hour  the  copies  were  examined,  and  the  ferule 
was  'n  constant  motion  at  that  hour.  "Here  is  a 
blot,  you  young  rascal."  "  Pardon,  master,  I  will  do 
better  to-morrow."  "  Hold  out  your  hand" — thus 
ran  the  usual  preliminary  conversation.  A  more  ter- 
rible implement  of  torture  than  the  ferule,  however, 
lay  on  the  master's  table — a  hempen  scourge  of  many 
iron-pointed  lashes,  held  in  reserve  for  serious  offeiiees 
such  as  laughing  aloud,  running  in  the  street,  playing 
truant,  spilling  ink,  or,  worst  of  all,  failing  to  know 
the  Christian  doctrine.  The  guilty  child  was  stripped 
of  his  shirt,  often  his  only  garment,  and  stretched  on 
a  bench,  with  a  handkerchief  stuffed  in  his  mouth,  to 
receive  the  dread  infliction.  The  course  of  study  was 
six  months  or  a  year  of  primer,  or  a,  h,  c;  six  months 
of  the  Christian  caton,  or  second  book,  a  mass  nf 
stupid  and  worse  than  useless  study;  reading  manu- 
script letters  of  officers,  padres,  old  women,  or  the 
master  himself;  writing  from  eight  grades  of  co})its, 
from  straisjht  marks  to  words;  and  finallv  the  four 
rules  of  arithmetic,  with  more  doctrina  Cristiana. 
This  last  all-important  branch  was  learned  chieliy 
from  Ripalda's  catechism,  the  hete  noir  of  every  Span- 
ish child,  to  be  learned  entire  by  heart,  and  recited  iu 
a  monotonous  sing-song — a  perpetual  torment,  eveiy 
page  of  which  involved  moie  than  one  scourging. 
Saturday  was  a  day  of  examination  and  especial  tor- 
ture, when  each  pupil  had  to  tell  all  he  knew  of  Ki- 
palda,  unless  good  luck  or  a  khid  providence  sent  an 
ever  welcome  brok>,n  head,  fever,  or  cholera  morhus 
as  a  temporary  respite.  Mothers  sometimes  showed 
sympathy  for  a  child's  sufferings;  but  fathers,  nevei-. 
Sola   is   accredited,   however,  with   having  enter- 


SOLA'S  EFFORTS. 


429 


tainod  some  advanced  views  on  education.  He  suqj- 
oi'stod  to  Archuleta  that  there  were  other  useful 
liiaiiclies  of  learning  besides  the  doctrina;  that  be- 
sides Ripalda  and  the  caton  and  the  novena  de  nuestra 
stfiora  and  the  lives  of  saints,  martyrs,  or  virgins, 
tliui-e  were  other  bookp  v.orth  reading.  Conciliatinsx 
t!u>  orood  will  of  the  smaller  children  by  a  distribution 
of  sweetmeats,  he  gave  ^o  the  'big  boys' — Vallejo, 
Alvarado,  Estrada,  Pico,  Castro,  Torre,  Martinez, 
]io(lriguez,  and  Agredo,  two  of  whom  were  yet  alive 
in  I  883 — some  copies  of  the  ^aceta  de  Mexico,  decrees 
of  the  c6rtes,  Spanish  constitution  of  1812,  and  even 
a  Ihni  Quijote.  He  urged  upon  them  the  importance 
di"  attention  to  study;  stimulated  them  to  effort  by 
sending  samples  of  their  writing  to  Mexico;  and  often 
visited  their  school  or  invited  them  to  his  office.  On 
the  arrival  of  a  ship  it  was  customary  to  let  the  chil- 
dieii  run  to  the  shore.  Once  at  such  a  time,  despite 
the  master's  warning  to  be  careful,  the  gatera  was  left 
()]ien,  and  the  room  was  found  occupied  by  hens,  which 
had  overturned  divers  ink-bottles  and  made  sad  work 
V  ith  some  neatly  copied  habilitado's  accounts  which 
uere  to  have  been  sent  to  Mexico.  Of  course  a  gen- 
eral application  of  the  scourge  was  in  order;  the  big 
hitys  were  called  on  for  the  usual  assistance  in  holding 
tile  feet  of  the  first  victims;  but  they  flatly  refused, 
and  drove  the  master  from  the  room.  This  unpar- 
alleled revolt  created  a  commotion  at  the  provincial 
capital;  but  Sola  settled  the  trouble  and  restored 
order  by  pardoning  the  boys  on  promise  of  good  be- 


'■:l 


Jirtvior, 


30 


^' VnUcjo,  HM.  Cnl.,  MS,,  i.  128-32,  272-7;  iv.  180-91;  Alvarado,  Hist. 
Od.,  MS.,  i.  72-5,  123-4. 


ei  I  \ 


I 


m 


i|i 

II  111!;  I  •;  I' ' 


CHAPTER  XX. 

THE  LAST  YEAR  OF  SPANISH  RULE. 

1821. 

Beoinxing  of  a  New  Decade — Nothing  Known  of  the  Regency — M.\r,n. 

MKROS — SECn^RIZATION  DECREE — PaDRES  OfFER  TO  GiVE  TIP  THE  .Ml< 

SI0N3 — Governor  and  Bishop  Decline — Paveras  versus  Sola— Polka 
oftheFriars,  Real  AND  Pretended — Destitution — Supplies — Polit,., 
Generositv  of  Franciscans — Duties  on  Exports  and  Imports--A  Cns- 
TRovEP^y— Movements  of  Vessels — American  Smugglers — Vacc  i.\  \- 
TioN — Sola's  Discontent — Rumor  of  a  New  Governor  — Imhw 
Affairs — Colorado  Tribes — Southern  RANciiERiAS— A  Cold  Si  a- 
SON — An  Ijiperial  Document — Foreigners — Arouello's  Expeuitkin 
to  the  North. 

The  opening  year  of  the  new  tlocado  belongs,  in  ;,11 
its  aspects  save  that  of  chronology,  to  the  })ast;  it  is 
the  end  of  an  old  rather  than  the  bejijiiiniijo:  of  a  new 
epoch  in  this  history.  California  was  still  a  proviiu c 
of  Spain,  or  so  believed  herself  to  be.  Stirring  eviiits 
were  taking  place  in  Mexico.  The  fire  of  rebellii)ii 
had  for  a  time  seemed  extinguished,  but  with  news 
from  Spain  of  liberal  success  and  Ferdinand's  enforrtd 
adherence  to  the  constitution  of  1812,  it  burst  (Uit 
hotter  than  over.  ItuH)ide,  in  the  earlier  strugulc-  a 
valiant  royalist,  proclaimed  the  independence  of  Ah  x- 
ieo  in  February  1821.  His  success  was  rapid  ;iii(l 
complete;  the  whole  country  espoused  his  cause;  tiir 
treaty  of  Cordoba  in  August  sealed  the  submission  >>( 
the  viceroy  and  the  capital;  and  in  Septembn  a 
regency  was  established  with  Iturbide  at  its  IicihI. 
Nothing  of  all  this  was  known  in  California;  at  least 
not  officially  or  ])opularly  known,  for  it  is  not  uniik'  Iv 
that  certain  individuals  had  a  pretty  clear  idea  beliio 

(43U) 


POLITICS. 


431 


{]\c  end  of  1821  of  what  was  happening  in  Mexico.' 
The  Cahfornians  had  the  year  before  sworn  the  con- 
stitution of  1812,  and  still  regarded  themselves  as 
1  )val  subjects  of  Fernando  VII. ^  Ti.^  political  hori- 
zon was  clear  enough,  and  the  people  had  ample  leisure 
tn  consider  internal  ways  and  means.  Many  would 
liave  wol'^omed  news  from  abroad,  whatever  its  pur- 
]»())t.  if  It  could  have  come  accompanied  by  the  memo- 
rias  (^f  olden  times. 

Nevertheless  the  shadow  of  coming  troubles  was 
croe|)ing  over  the  missionary  establishments.  I  have 
alirady  alluded  to  the  secularization  decree  passed  by 
till'  Spanish  cortes  in  1813."  After  an  unexplained 
delay  of  seven  years  the  royal  confirmation  of  the 
decree  was  published  by  Viceroy  Venadito  in  a  bando 
(tf  January  20,  1821,  and  the  news  was  at  once  for- 
warded by  Guardian  Lopez  to  Prefect  Payeras  with 
instructions  to  comply  at  once  with  the  requirements 
of  the  decree,  by  surrendering  to  the  government  tlie 
aihninistration  of  temporalities,  and  to  the  bishop  the 
iiiiitteen  missions  of  California  as  soon  as  demanded, 
while  insisting  on  exact  inventories  and  other  requi- 
site and  customary  formalities.  On  receipt  of  these 
instructions  in  July,  Payeras  notiiied  Sola  that  the 
ladres  were  not  only  ready  to  give  up  the  missions, 
lut  rejoiced  at  the  prospect  of  being  fr-ee  to  engage 
in  new  spiritual  conquests  or  to  seek  retirement.     A 

'  Yut  wc  are  told  in  Sinalon,  Proposiclonen,  7,  that  the  Culifornians  prepared 
to  ()p|)()se  the  plan  of  Iguala. 

'  1  k'c.  15,  1821,  Sola  say.s  that  Capt.  Jos6  do  Esti'-viin,  comandantc  of  Guay- 
ni.is,  li.ul  arrived  on  the  Zertaje  (S.  Jnrkr),  ha\  in;^  tknl  after  rcfusint;  to  take 
the  until  of  independence.  Prov.  Pi'c,  MS.,  xi.  (i!J-70.  Thi.s  is  tlio  only  allii- 
siuii  to  the  subject  of  independence  that  1  have  found  in  the  records  of  the 
.V(':ir.  Vallejo,  Jlisl.  Cal.,  MS.,  i.  2.").')  7,  and  .Mvaraih),  J/i.-<t.  CaK,  MS.,  i. 
lilt  '.','i,  mention  the  arrival,  perhaps  in  this  year,  of  a  company  of  tiiaio)iirron, 
Htmllini,'  actors,  or  rope-walkers,  -who  were  in  reality  revolutionary  ai^ents. 
'I  licy  {.'live  exhibitions  at  Santii  ( 'lara  and  elsew  Jiere,  tried  tiieir  revolutionary 
iirts  without  ninch  success,  and  were  closely  watched  by  Sola  and  the  padres, 
wliii  cduld  obtain  no  dcliuitu  evideuco  agaiiist,  them.  One  of  the  number  wa8 
called  Maldonado. 

'See  chap,  xviii.  of  this  volitme.  The  only  evidence  that  this  decree  was 
kiKiwu  in  California  before  the  correspondence  I  am  about  to  give  was  a  nien- 
timi  nf  its  provisions  by  Payeraa  on  Jan.  2-'»,  1821.  Arcli.  Arzob.,  MS.,  iv.  pt. 


4i 


i  i  J  I:,  i 


!  1.  ,  ■    I 


4S2 


THE  LAST  YEAR  OF  SPANISH  RULE. 


similar  notice  was  sent  to  the  bishop  of  Sonora,  niul 
corresponding  information  was  sent  in  circulars  to  the 
friars. 

In  the  communications  of  guardian  and  prefect 
there  appears  no  word  of  protest,  no  complaint,  but 
only  joy  as  at  relief  from  a  burden.  In  this  pro- 
tended readiness  to  comply  with  the  decree  of  the 
cortes  there  was  perhaps  a  decree  of  honesty,  but  not 
much.  The  complacency  of  the  Franciscans  was  for 
the  most  part  assumed,  and  the  more  easily  because 
it  was  deemed  unlikely  that  secularization  could  bo 
effected.  It  was  known  that  the  bishop  had  no  priests 
to  put  in  charge,  and  it  was  not  believed  that  the 
provincial  authorities  would  at  present  assume  tho 
management  of  the  temporalities.  Doubtless  thero 
was  at  the  college  and  in  the  minds  of  president  and 
prefect  a  feeling  of  weariness  and  disgust  arising  from 
the  complications  of  temporal  management  during  tho 
past  ten  years,  and  a  corresponding  sense  of  relief 
from  the  measure  proposed;  but  that  these  feelings 
were  sufficiently  deep-rooted  to  have  withstood  a  real 
danger  of  secularization  may  well,  in  the  light  of 
earlier  and  later  developments,  be  doubted.  Private 
as  well  as  official  communications  were  circulated  by 
Lopez  and  Payeras,  and  in  them  the  friars  wow 
given  clearly  to  understand  that  there  was  but  little- 
real  danger;  that  tho  friars  might  safely  be  cnthu-ii 
astic  in  favor  of  the  new  decree  and  the  founding  of 
new  missions  in  gentile  ground;  and  that  if  the  worst 
should  come  they  would  doubtless  be  permitted  to 
retire,  or  such  at  least  as  were  not  desirous  of  mw 
homes  in  the  Tulares.* 

*Thc  letters  refcrrcfl  to  arc  carefully  and  in  some  cases  vaguely  wonlrd: 
but  I  liavc  not  exaggerated  their  spirit.  Lopez  speaks  of  the  occasion  as  a 
fitting  one  for  the  padres  to  exhibit  their  disinterestedness;  tells  thetn,  it.  :is 
lie  suspects,  the  bishop  wishes  thein  to  remain  in  charge,  to  consent  only  atnr 
nuich  nrging;  says  that  the  current  visionary  schemes  will  only  serve  to  tliiov 
lustre  on  the  missionaries;  trusts  that  so  shrewd  a  man  as  Payeras  will  mi 
tiirough  the  schemes  and  act  discreetly;  and  is  .not  sparing  of  ridicule  fur 
all  that  is  being  attempted  in  Spain  and  Mexico.  Prefect  Payeras  simiily 
communicntiis  tlio  gxiardian's  belief  that  tho  padres  will  not  bo  called  to  U.ivo 
their  missions;  alludes  to  one  Tamariz  who  was  fulminating  accusations 


f^rivate 


POLICY  OF  THE  FRIARS. 


433 


Tlie  confidence  of  tlie  friars  was  well  fcninded. 
Sola  replied  to  the  ])refect  that  he  had  received  no 
official  news  of  the  matter  in  question,  but  that  on 
receipt  of  such  news  he  "would  act  with  the  circum- 
spection and  prudence  which  so  delicate  a  subject 
demands."  In  a  private  note  he  expressed  his  sur- 
prise, but  congratulated  Payeras  on  the  possibility 
i»t'  escaping  from  official  cares,  and  wished  he  might 
liimself  escape  so  easily  from  his  troubles.''  The 
Li.sliop  in  December  replied  that  the  secularization 
liiul  not  been  enforced  anvwhere  in  America;  that 
tlie  California  padres  might  remain  in  charge  of 
tluir  missions;  and  that  it  would  be  time  enough 
tn  think  of  new  conversions  when  the  imperial  inde- 
piciidence  should  be  firmly  established." 

Notwithstanding  the  apparent  readiness  of  the  pre- 
fect to  give  lip  the  temporalities  in  July,  only  a  month 
bel'orc  he  had  addressed  to  his  college  a  long  and 
earnest  protest  against  Sola's  ever-increasing  inter- 
ference in  the  temporal  management.  The  innnediate 
occasion  of  this  protest  was  Sola's  demand  for  the 
(iriginal  invoices  and  accounts  of  all  mission  trade, 
with  the  avowed  purpose   of  adjusting  duties/    but 

aeainst  them  in  Mexico;  tells  them  that  means  for  support  will  not  fail  even 
if  till' temporalities  are  taken  away,  'yqiu5  hassta  aqui  con  sebos  y  .sui-  ail- 
jimtds?  Ah!'  anil  exhorts  them  to  have  all  in  reailinesa,  both  temporal  and 
spiritual,  so  as  'to  reply  with  sonorous  voice  to  tlic  fust  lawful  call,  whether 
ctcli  siastical  or  political,  Domine  crcc.  ndsum.'  One  of  his  letters  the  padres 
uiu  directed  either  not  to  read,  or  having  read  to  keep  secret. 

^July  1-th,  Sola  writes  to  (luerra  about  the  news  of  tlie  edict  received 
thrniiuli  Payeras.  Prot'.  Rfc,  MS.,  xi.  GG.  Aug.  ."ith,  Estudillo  from  San 
liu'git  doubts  that  the  edict  will  apply  to  California.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS,, 
XX.  -JiU. 

•"The  correspondence  on  the  subject,  some  of  the  originals  being  in  my 
possession,  is  ns  follows:  guardian  to  viceroy  Feb.  'M\\  guardian  to  I'ayeras 
Fill.  7ti);  I'ayeras  to  Sola  July  Cth,  7th;  Payeras  to  jjadres  July  Stli;  Sola  to 
I'avira.s  .July  10th;  Payeras  to  bishop  July  IGtii;  bishop's  reply  I'ec.  "JOth, 
\\\'lh<r.  ]IH,  Cat.,  MS.,  iv.  487-S,  401-2,  Ml-'-';  Arrh.  Ar,.A,  MS.,  iv. 
pt.  i.  (w-7,"),  83;  Arch.  Nta  11.,  MS.,  iii.  '2-2.")-G;  viii.  4-11;  xi.  4.'),  .•{:!8-41. 
'layliir,  Cal.  Farmer,  J\lairh  31,  ISG.?,  tells  us  that  Payeras  w.is  ordered 
til  ili'liver  the  missions  to  tlie  governor,  but  was  advised  by  the  bishop  not 
ti'ijip  so!  Perhaps  the  last  royal  order  circulate''  ':i  (!alifiirnia  was  one  re- 
<|niiiiig  a  quarterlj'  report  «f  «ich  mission  and  preacril)ingthe  form.  It  was 
rcrii\cd  at  Sun  Rafael  Oct.  ."ith.    Vallcjo,  Doc.  Jlixt.  Cal.,  MS.,  xxviii.  40. 

The  demand  was  made  in  a  communication  of  April  '2Gth,  in  w  idch  the 
puilixs  were  I'eijuired  to  send,  the  original  papers  to  the  liubilitados,  to  be 
HitiT.  t'AL.,  Vol.  II.    'li 


v'm 


'  i\ 


434 


THE  LAST  YEAR  OF  SPA^^SH  RULE. 


h 


really,  as  the  friar  averred,  since  no  such  accounts 
were  required  from  the  settlers,  to  pry  into  mission 
affairs,  show  his  authority,  and  learn  what  the  pachcs 
possessed.  From  the  first  it  was  urged  Sola  had  held 
radical  views  of  missionary  subordination  to  provincial 
authorities,  had  regarded  the  padres  as  mere  adminis- 
trators of  estates,  and  had  ev^en  proposed  to  take  sonic 
of  the  best  neophytes  and  form  new  pueblos,  or  in- 
crease the  old  ones.  Hitherto  tlie  governor's  inquisi- 
tive schemes  had  been  baffled,  chiefly  through  the  old- 
time  decision  that  the  friar  stood  in  loco  parentis  to  tliu 
Indians,  and  had  exclusive  control  of  them  and  tlu  ir 
property ;  but  now,  in  view  of  the  changes  in  Spain,  S<  tl.i 
proposed  to  revive  his  plans,  and  this  demand  for  papci  s 
was  doubtless  a  first  step  in  that  direction.  The  i)ii- 
fect  points  to  the  progress  of  the  missions  from  strug- 
gling p'jverty  to  their  present  position  as  proof  of  tliu 
padres'  successful  management.  Ho  brings  up  tlic 
fact  that  the  missions  had  supported  the  province  Wv 
ten  years,  during  which  the  friars  had  received  no 
salaries ;  declares  that  this  year,  as  before,  the  res])onsc! 
to  the  governor's  frequent  calls  for  aid  had  been  liberal 
and  cheerful;  denies  the  charge  that  the  missions  li.sd 
wealth  other  than  what  was  visible,  most  having  Iroui 
$100  to  $1,000  in  money,  and  a  few  $3,000  or  $4,00U, 
all  needed  for  current  expenses;  suggests  that  the 
mission  property,  though  large  in  the  aggregate,  would 
afford  but  little  to  each  of  its  thousands  of  owners;  is 
willing  to  correct  any  faults  that  may  be  pointed  out; 
but  protests  that  the  friars  must  not  be  regarded  as 

returned  after  the  collection  of  duties.  St.  Pap.  Sac,  MS.,  xviii.  4,']-4.  Pny- 
eras  would  seem  to  have  written  a  rather  sharp  reply  on  May  Stli,  to  which  Si  ■l,i 
in  turn  replied  on  the  19th,  regretting  to  enter  into  discussions  indecorous  fnr 
the  government,  but  insisting  in  very  plain  terms  that  the  padres  naist 
pay  their  duties  until  the  \iceroy  should  decide  otherwise,  and  charging  lliat 
they  were  defrauding  the  revenue  in  their  speculations.  The  trooj>s  \s no 
snll'ering.  For  .")0  years  the  missions  have  cost  the  government  millions,  iiud 
llicy  ought,  in  these  times  of  necessity,  to  make  some  return.  The  i  adns, 
like  others,  were  citizens,  and  tliey  could  have  no  honorahle  and  legitiiiiato 
reason  for  withholding  their  accounts,  especially  when  the  governor,  for  tlnii* 
convenience,  had  permitted  mission  cargoes  to  be  loaded  and  unloaded  iit 
oljscurc  landings,  where  the  otiiccrs  could  not  take  accountof  them.  Id.,  xviii. 
44-0. 


GOVERNOR  VERSUS  PREFECT. 


435 


Kit    tllO 

?,  would 
iiors;  is 
x'd  out; 
(led  as 

?-4.  I'ay- 
wliicliSiiLi 
icdnius  till' 
(Ires  iiiust 
rgiiig  lliiit 

•OOJIS    WlH' 

Uioiis,  :iii'l 
lie  1  ikIiis, 
lugitiiiialo 
;•,  f(ji'  tliiir 
iloiuk'il  at 
hi,  xviii. 


citizens,  or  managers  of  estates,  or  priests  merely;  nor 
must  they  be  required  to  render  to  seeular  authorities 
accounts  which  were  not  demanded  even  by  their  own 
superiors,  and  which  were  "diametrically  opposed  to 
tin-  blessed  sim})licity  of  our  holy  order."^ 

Thus  argued  the  missionary  chief  with  an  eloquence 
in\j)ossible  to  render  in  a  resume,  and  with  an  earnest- 
ness seemingly  out  of  all  proportion  to  the  importance 
of  tlie  question  raised  by  Sola's  simple  and  not  oppres- 
t<ive  demand.  But  such  was  the  feeling  and  policy  of 
the  missionaries,  who  could  manifest  a  cheerful  acquies- 
cence in  a  project  involving  the  total  secularization  of 
their  establishments;  partly  because  they  liad  always 
been  fajniliar  with  the  ultimate  |)rospect  of  giving  u}) 
their  ministry,  though  chiefly  because  they  trusted 
tluit  entire  secularization  would  be  for  many  years 
impracticable.  Nevertheless  they  met  with  unlim- 
ited argument  and  protest  the  slightest  proposal  of 
iimovation;  jjartly  because  they  were  attached  to  the 
methods  of  old  in  all  their  details,  and  partly  because 
they  regarded  the  first  innovation  as  the  entering 
j)oint  of  a  secular  wedge  which  must  inevitably  break 
up  their  power. 

Destitution  still  pressed  upon  the  troops,"  and  the 

^  Payeraa,  Represenfacwn  del  Comisario  Prefecto  <il  Padre  (luardiaii,  sohre 
hinoraitones  del  Sr  Gohernador,  2S~1,  MS.  Dated  Sail  Antonio,  June  IS, 
17-1.  The  author  closes  by  announcing  his  great  respect  ami  esteem  Ijotli 
personally  and  officially  for  Sola.  Jan.  2.3,  18'21,  Payeras  had  i.ssued  a  eireu- 
lar  to  (he  padres  ill  which  he  embodied  the  views  of  the  guardian  e.\pres.sed 
in  IS'JO;  sec  chap,  xviii.  this  volunae,  upon  the  use  of  carriages,  and  added 
his  own  exhortation  and  warning  against  other  luxuries  and  comforts  inconi- 
patililo  ^^ith  a  Franciscans  vows.  He  doubted  the  propriety  of  c\cn  riding 
on  lunvseback;  but  surely  no  padre  ,«hould  ride  in  any  other  vehicle  than  the 
ordinary  cart  of  the  country  drawn  by  oxen  or  nudes,  and  tliat  oidy  in  extra- 
ordinary cases,  as  of  sickness.  Paijcra^,  Circidar  <!  /o.f  Pudrc't  en  (/iie  proliiln: 
(1 11.^0  lie  rdrritciijes,  ISJl,  MS.  Dated  at  Soledad  Jan.  'J.'kl.  During  tiiis  year 
and  tlic  next  the  prefect  issued  two  other  letters  on  the  same  subject,  in  one 
of  wliiih,  however,  he  seems  to  have  modified  his  views  somewhat,  declaring 
that  the  president  need  have  no  scniplcs  in  using  a  cart,  and  advising  the 
aired  to  take  care  of  themselves  since  there  was  no  hope  of  being  relieved 
from  ibity.  Id.,  xii.  .So-t-.T;    I'allejo,  l)oc.  Hist.  Ca!.,  ^IS.,  xxviii.  .35. 

"  Desertions  at  Monterey  and  Sta  Bdrbara.  Some  of  the  militia  declare 
tliey  would  rather  live  as  convicts  than  as  soldiers.  .S'^.  Pop.,  i^ae.,  MS.,  xi. 
<)4.  .Fan.  S.jtli,  ArpiicUo  from  (Juadalajara  saj's  there  is  no  hope  of  supplies. 
(/"'/■/v(,  Doe.  IIiKt.  CuL,  MS.,  V.  224.  Same  date.  Sola  says  the  .^'Ui.OOO  sent 
for  the  four  presidios  ia  but  slight  relief  j  has  been  forced  to  establish  duties; 


i      ' 


III! 


i 


IP 

rfi 


I'.  \ 


ii  i 


il-     ! 


436 


THE  LAST  YEAR  OF  SPANISH  RULE. 


only  source  of  relief,  as  in  years  past,  was  the  missions. 
From  them  were  obtained  food  and  other  articles  f(jr 
actual  consumption,  contributions  of  produce  for  trade 
with  foreign  vessels,  laborers  for  presidio  work,  cattle 
for  the  company  ranchos,  and  even  advances  of  money. 
Only  in  one  instance  did  a  padre  protest,  and  tlieii 
under  a  fictitious  name,  to  his  prelate;'"  while  the  pre- 
lect seemed  to  vie  with  the  governor  in  his  zeal  for 
collecting  supplies.  He  was  ever  ready  to  levy  con- 
tributions, to  plead  the  cause  of  the  soldiers,  and  to 
cliide  the  padres  for  any  manifestation  of  unwnlli lio- 
ness to  give.  In  one  of  his  Cordilleras  he  argued  that 
the  supplying  of  food  and  clothing  to  the  soldiers  was 
a  more  sacred  duty  even  than  the  support  of  the  neo- 
phytes, since  the  latter  could,  if  hard  pressed,  support 
themselves  in  the  iiionte.  He  did  not  fail  to  remind 
the  friars  that  they  had  been  exempt  from  tithes  and 
other  taxation;  that  they  had  never  been  called  upon 
for  gratuitous  offerings,  supplies  being  still  paid  for  in 
habilitados'  drafts,  and  this  being  no  time  to  consider 
whether  these  would  ever  be  cashed;  and,  above  all, 
that  in  extreme  cases  the  soldiers  could  easily  take  the 
mission  keys  and  help  themselves. 

The  guardian  shared  the  enthusiasm,  real  or  affected, 

understands  there  ia  much  suffering  also  in  Lower  California.  St.  Pap. ,  Sii'\ , 
MS.,  vi.  ',iO.  Feb.  2Gtli,  Sola  to  Gcrvasio  ArgiicUo,  asking  for  cloth  ;niil 
ready-made  clothing,  'of  the  latest  style'  if  possililc.  Id.,  vi.  33.  Mar.  "iTtli, 
Sola  to  Gov.  of  Lower  California.  Understands  that  he  has  sent  an  .igcnt 
with  complaints,  and  he,  Sola,  may  be  obliged  to  do  the  same.  Jd.,  vi.  'M>-  7. 
June  7th,  San  Diego  in  a  l)ad  way.  Nothing  but  frijoles,  water,  and  salt  in 
small  quantities.  Giierra,  Dor.  IJixf.  Cat,  MS.,  v.  173.  For  the  padres  some 
promises  of  payment  of  annual  instalments  from  the  pious  fund,  with  .S3,0(llt  a 
month  on  account  of  back  stipends;  but  nothing  could  be  collected.  Anh. 
Sta  B.,  MS.,  xii.  399. 

'"Dec.  10,  1821,  one  of  the  padres  of  Sta  Clara,  who  for  some  inexplioiililc 
reason  signs  himself  'Fr.  Baldiri  do  las  Gnllinaa,'  complained  bitterly  of  tlie 
governor's  demands  and  announced  to  Payeras  his  resolve  to  endure  no  nimi'. 
He  declared  that  the  soldiers  were  not  content  with  the  necessaries  of  lifV; 
often  coupled  their  demands  with  thronts,  and,  no  matter  how  nuxch  tlie 
padres  exerted  themselves,  were  always  grumbling.  Evidently  the  friars 
wore  being  '  squeezed  '  for  their  desire  to  hold  on  to  the  temporalities.  Ari-h. 
Anoh.,  AIS.,  iv.  pt.  i.  81-2.  P.  Ibarra  of  San  Fernando  also  mounted  his 
high  horse  in  defence  of  the  rights  of  liis  Indians  in  some  matter  the  nature  "f 
which  is  not  clear;  but  not  apparently  in  connection  with  the  furnishiiif.' nf 
supplies,  as  is  implied  in  his  letters  to  Guerra.  Ouerra,  Doc.  Hint.  CaL,  y\^., 
vii.  C2-4. 


VIEWS  OF  THE  GUARDIAN. 


437 


<.('  Paycras,  and  declared  that  never  more  than  now 
^\(•l•o  the  friars  under  sacred  obligation  to  aid  the 
tr()(i})s,  being  especially  pleased  at  Sola's  acknowledg- 
iiRiit  of  such  aid,  in  one  instance  published  in  the 
^Mexican  official  journal."  That  the  individual  friars 
ot'iierally  shared  the  enthusiasm  of  the  prelates,  <jr 
that  the  latter  acted  from  any  other  motive  tliaii 
policy,  may  well  be  doubted;  but  the  line  of  policy 
was  clear — to  keep  the  Franciscan  instituticm  in  statu 
(jiio  until  the  dawn  of  a  better  epoch  with  the  final 
tiiuni|)h  of  Spanish  power  yet  hoped  for;  to  exhibit 
DO  opposition  to  a  secularization  which  was  deenicd 
to  1)0  for  a  long  time  impracticable;  to  resist  to  tho 
utmost  every  innovation  on  the  system,  which  might 
(jl).scurc  the  brightness  of  future  prospects;  but  to 
avoid,  by  compliance  with  all  demands  for  aid,  tho 
danger  of  forcible  confiscation  of  mission  property. 

"  Dec.  1820,  call  for  §3,000  in  coin  for  the  arsenal  at  Monterey  and  other 
military  purposes.  .A.  sergeant  commissioned  in  Jan.  1S'21  to  collect  tlic 
iiKiiioy.  St.  Pap.  Sac,  MS.,  xviii.  3o-C;  Gucrro,  Don.  Jll-if.  t'al.,  MS.,  iv.  (>9. 
.Ian.  8,  1821,  I'ayeras  deems  tho  call  just  and  orders  each  mission  to  contrib- 
ute, as  they  do,  each  giving  from  §25  to  §200.  Arrh.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  i. 
'.\\.  .Inn.  25th,  in  connection  with  an  order  to  furnisli  blankets,  etc.,  I'ayeras 
uriU's  tlie  secularization  decree  and  the  duties  of  Spanish  citizens  under  tlie 
constitution  as  reasons  why  tho  padres  should  contriljuto  freely.  /(/.,  iv.  i. 
42-.'!.  Feb.  2Gth,  Sola  to  P.  Martinez,  has  received  80  horses,  80  saddles,  and 
."lit  Munkets  from  his  neophytes  as  a  doiintiro  iov  tlie  troops.  .SV.  Pn/i.,  S(ii\, 
MS.,  xviii.  40.  This  was  noticed  in  the  Gaeeta  de  Jhr.,  xliv.  591-2,  and  by 
the  guardian  in  his  letter  of  May  23d.  Arch.  Sla  li.,  MS.  xi.  .'{4;!.  May  18tli, 
liill  for  boat,  timber,  and  14  workmen  for  repairs  at  San  Francisco;  with 
order  of  Tayeras  of  same  date.  Arch.  Arzoh.,  !MS.,  iv.  pt.  i.  5!)-()0.  San 
Francisco  gave  §1,200  worth  of  soap  this  year,  having  no  wheat,  hi.,  iv.  i. 
77.  Jiuie  18th,  Paycras,  in  the  Ilcpre^entacion  already  mentioned,  alludes 
to  till;  .*!3,000  for  military  purposes,  to  the  furnishing  of  800  cattle  in  May, 
and  to  an  advance  of  §0,000  on  future  dues  in  June;  p.  204-5.  July  llitli, 
Paiicmii,  Cordillera  sobre  suminlstrnc'ion  dc  Vivrrcs  JS2J,  MS.,  the  document 
rcfenvd  to  in  my  text.  July  30tli,  Sola  calls  on  tho  padres  to  indicate  what 
produce  they  can  sell  to  the  Russians  in  exchange  for  a  list  of  goods  encloscil, 
it  being  understood  that  half  the  amount  is  to  be  contributed  to  the  troops 
for  treasury  drafts!  Several  padres  reply  favorably;  San  Francisco  had  notli- 
iiig  to  sell;  and  others  signed  the  circular  without  saying  what  they  would 
do.  /(/.,  iv.  i.  7G-7.  In  a  circular  Paycras  says:  'Ksporo  do  la  docilidad  de 
Vs  Its  eerraran  los  ojos,  y  sin  abrir  la  boca  remiticran  lo  que  se  manda  con 
la  piiiitualidad  .jue  se  pueda.  Lo  contrario  seria  dar  lugar  ;'i  di.sgustos  y  re- 
ilanios.'  hi.,  iv.  i.  GO-1.  In  another  communication  Paycras  thinks  the  neo- 
jiliytes  may  be  made  useful  as  troops  if  too  much  is  not  expected  of  them, 
iinil  gives  his  ideas  about  their  organization,  hi.,  iv.  i.  83-9.  The  missions 
otrncd  to  furnish  supplies  for  the  troops  in  Lower  California  also.  Guerru, 
Hoc.  Hid.  Cul.,  MS.,  V.  2I2-13> 


V         '  '  1 


:l';;Pt 


E?;  ! 


raiiH 


'Ml'     j 


I     ( 


fllii'  il^l: 


|.    -;  j. 

1          ' 
1    . 

488 


THE  LAST  YEAR  OF  SP.lNISH  RULE. 


Shonlfl  the  old  regime  be  fully  reestablished  i])(^ 
treasury  drafts  would  be  redeemed;  otherwise  all 
would  be  lost.  The  padres  lost  the  battle  eventually 
as  we  shall  see;  but  later  eve  its  leave  much  room  for 
doubt  that  any  wiser  plan  of  campaign  could  have 
been  adopted. 

Besides  the  missions  the  only  source  whence  tlio 
provincial  exchequer  could  1  \>  replenished  was  tlu^ 
duties  on  imports  and  exports,  and  the  leading  coni- 
niercial  topic  of  the  year  was  the  controversy  already 
indirectly  noticed  respecting  tlic  payment  of  duties  l»v 
the  missions.  The  padres  claimed  exemption,  buttlu; 
governor  wnmld  pay  no  attention  to  their  arguments 
and  protests;  and  the  only  comfort  they  obtained  was 
the  privilege  of  paying  by  a  pro-rata  contribution  ;i 
sum  of  money  supposed  to  exceed  the  duties  reqnircd,'- 
reimbursable  if  superior  authorities  should  pronounce 
the  missions  exempt.  This  was  of  course  satisfactory 
to  the  governor,  and  thougli  it  somewhat  increased 
the  burden  of  the  missions,  it  left  the  friars  free  to 
flatter  themselves  with  the  idea  that  they  were  not 

''Jan.  IGth,  Sola  to  Guerra.  Has  heard  of  the  arbitrary  acts  of  the 
padres  and  their  excesses  in  buying  goods  for  specxdation  which  arc  prcteiulcil 
to  be  for  the  missions;  shipping  lif|iior  and  other  merchandise  inuler  tiic  titles  if 
gifts,  etc. ;  and  he  is  determined  they  must  pay  duties  on  everything;  '  poii|iii! 
csto  de  cstar  t\  la  critica  segun  su  moral  dc  cada  nno  do  cstos  padres  en  si'im - 
jiintcs  materins,  como  no  son  muy  escnipulosos,'  it  is  well  to  watch  them  iin.l 
look  out  for  the  nation's  interests.  Ciwrni,  Doc.  Ilist.  Cnl.,  MS.,  iv.  (i7  S; 
Prov.  liec,  MS.,  xi.  60.  April  20tli,  Sola  to  Payeras,  demanding  original 
invoices,  as  already  noted;  and  May  19th,  a  sliarp  letter  on  tiie  duties  of  tlio 
friars  as  citizens  and  their  disposition  to  defraud  the  treasury.  Thesiiip 
liita  was  expected,  and  the  friars  were  to  be  recpiired  to  pay  $0,000  or  §8,0i)() 
on  her  inward  and  outward-bound  cargo.  «SV.  Pap.  Sac,  MS.,  xviii.  4I{  fl. 
^lay  16th,  argument  of  Payeras  against  paying  duties  and  furnishuig  in- 
voices. Arch.  Anob.,  MS.,  iv.  pt,  i.  54-9.  May  24th,  Payeras'  proposal  to 
pay  ill  money  or  tallow  the  §0,000  or  .^8,000  on  expected  memorias  of  missirm 
goods,  aa  a  reinieip'o  if  the  missions  should  be  declared  exempt.  Id.,  iv.  i.  0'-'- 
8.  May  .30th,  Sola  says  padres  must  pay  0.25  per  cent  like  all  other  persons. 
J'ror.  Sf.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  296.  A  smaller  vessel,  the  brig  San  Fninrixro 
Javier,  came  instead  of  the  Rita  in  December,  and  the  amount  paid  was  re- 
duced to  $.3,000,  Sarria  protesting  to  the  last.  Some  of  the  poorer  missions 
were  allowed  to  pay  their  pro-rata  in  tallow.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  '2!Hi; 
Arch.  Sta  B.,  MS.,  xi.  441-2.  According  to  a  letter  of  Torre,  the  governor's 
secretary,  some  very  sharp  letters  passed  between  Sola  and  Padre  Martini'/, 
on  account  of  the  latter's  smuggling  operations.  Doc.  Hist.  Cat.,  MS.,  iv. 
502-3. 


COMMEIICK  AND  REVEXUE. 


439 


pnvliii,'  duties  at  all.  Wliethcr  tlu^y  wore  actually 
(>l)!iL;x(l  to  show  any  oriyiual  invoices  does  not  appear. 
It  is  not  possible  to  estimate  accurately  the  total 
iiicouie  of  the  provincial  !L,n)Vernnient  for  the  year. 
I'l'sides  contributions  of  food,  clothing,  tind)er,  cattle, 
lalxT,  etc.,"  there  were  obtained  from  the  missions 
(Hie  lialf  the  goods  purchased  with  one  or  two  cargoes 
of  ])roduce,  and  at  last  $12,000  as  advanced  dull' s; 
and  from  various  vessels  for  import  duties  at  Mon- 
tii-ey  and  San  Francisco  at  least  $23,000. 

in  April  there  was  published  in  California  a  royal 
order  of  the  preceding  year  declaring  free  from  all 
duties  national  })roducts  exported  in  Spanish  bottoms 
to  San  Bias  and  the  Californias,  in  v.-hi'-li  document 
there  are  indications  that  some  such  expedition  was 
thought  of  in  Spain,  together  with  some  })oints  of  in- 
I'oiination  about  previous  schemes  of  similar  nature; 
hut  as  it  appears  that  San  Bias  rather  than  California 
was  the  real  objective  point,  and  especially  as  none  of 
the  commercial  plans  were  ever  carried  out,  tliis  order 
merits  no  further  attention  here.'*  The  rates  of  duties 
exatited  continued  as  in  the  last  decade  so  far  as  the 
often  unintelligible  habilitados'  accounts  can  be  made 
out. 

Nine  vessels  are  named  as  visiting  the  California 
ports  this  year,  all  for  purposes  of  trade  or  in  need 
oi"  fresh  voyage-supplies.*^    Two  American  schoonei-s 

'■Some  partial  statistics  of  these  contributions  will  be  given  in  connection 
witli  the  local  annals  of  the  four  presidios. 

"/'/•or.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  48-i)4.  This  order  was  dated  March  8,  1820, 
tniiisuiitted  by  the  viceroy  Aug.  21,  1820,  and  published  by  Sola  April  10, 
IS'JI.  Feb.  loth.  Sola  to  Ouerra,  only  articles  of  groat  necessity  to  lie  cx- 
(■iii]it  from  duticsf?)  and  not  presents  sent  or  rceuived.  Tlie  inlial)itants  arc 
ill  tilt' liabit  of  denying  under  oatli  on  the  pretext  that  it  wouhl  be  mean  to 
tell  the  tinith.  Prov.  Rec,  MS.,  xi.  Gl.  May  SOth,  all  goods  imported  to  ])ay 
li.'J.'t  per  cent  on  value,  full  invoices  to  be  furnished  to  comandantes.  Pror. 
SI.  Pup.,  MS.,  XX.  297.  Oct.  1st,  Bandini  may  pay  his  duties  ii-  .nercliandise. 
/''. ,  XX.  297.  Oct.  10th,  Sola  complains  of  the  dithculty  of  linding  honest 
men,  at  the  same  time  intelligent,  who  woidd  properly  attend  to  the  collection, 
i'lvcu  liandini  with  liis  honeyed  manner  and  apiiarent  honesty  has  been  known 
to  smuggle.  Prov.  Uec,  MS.,  xi.  08. 

''The  Russian  brig  GoIovd'ui,  witii  cargo  of  goods  from  Sitka,  at  San  I'Van- 
Cisco  m  Feb. -March ;  duties,  S')-{). 

iSi  iioriaiio,  Spanish  brig,  Capt.  Juan  Malarin,  from  San  Rlaa  with  <b-y 
goods,  hardware,  etc.    Arrived  at  Monterey.  March  10th,  and  sailed  for  Sau 


18  V  Aiam  'W 


1    i 


'^1 


mm 


440 


THE  LAST  YEAR  OF  SPANISH  RULE. 


.t  ! 


I 


i  ! 


Ill  ii  ; 


■)■  I-  '  ! 


arc  named  as  suK|)C'('tod  oC  simiLT.^liiiijf,  and  tho  opoin- 
tioris  of  Olio  of  them,  or  rather  of  certain  Calit'or 
niaiis  in  connection  with  its  visits,  created  no  httic 
excitenunt  at  Santa  Bi'irbara  and  lios  Angeles.  .An- 
tonio Briones  with  a  few  companions,  by  tho  use  nf 
certain  signals,  induced  the  master  to  land  some  goods 
f(jr  trade  on  tho  jMuligo  coast.  The  goods  were  at 
once  seized,  and  the  two  or  three  men  in  charge  wcio 
arrested  and  held  for  a  ransom  of  a  thousand  doll;iis. 
l^riones  nearly  succe<xlcd  in  getting  the  money;  hut 
a  drunken  guard  allowed  the  prisoners  to  escap(>  just 
at  the  critical  moment.  Tho  goods  wore  taken  hy 
tho  party  and  nothing  was  said  to  tho  authorities; 

Uliis  April  17tli.  Came  back  to  Monterey  Sept.  25th,  and  in  October  was  ;it 
Sun  Francisco,  where  siio  paid  §1,194  duticu. 

Xiifva  IMnadt'.  Lou  Aiii/pl<n,  C-'apt.  .Jos6  Bandini.  At  Monterey  in  Miiy, 
.July,  and  August;  at  San  I'Yanciaco  in  August,  paying  .*!"J,'273  duties;  left  S.ai 
Diego  for  San  IJlus  in  Novc'nber.  In  tlie  <!urit(i  <le  <iii(i(lnl(ij<ufi,  JS.'I,  'JJ!I- 
.W,  is  a  correspondence  of  15andu.'  about  raising  the  new  Ua^,'  of  indupendciirc 
on  his  ship  at  San  Bias  in  December, 

KhIhxoJ',  Russian  sliip,  from  C'alluo,  arrived  at  ^Monterey  in  July;  piiid 
§4, 1'21  Ml  duties  at  San  Francisco  iu  Sept.;  and  made  a  second  visit  to  Mnn- 
terey  Sept.  lOth. 

Sii/loc  {':),  Anier.  sclir.  Capt.  Grems,  at  Sta  Bdrbara  in  Sept.  Warneil  ,ih 
a  KMiuggler  to  leave  California  waters. 

Edijie,  Amer.  schr. ;  refused  supplies  at  San  Diego  in  Sept.  on  suspicion  nf 
being  a  smuggler. 

/i'»»-oy>«,  Spanish  brig.  Paid  .SI, 7")4  in  duties  at  San  Francisco  in  Sept.; 
was  at  Monterey  Sept.  1st;  and  also  oil"  San  .hian  Capistrano. 

San  FrandKco  Jariir  or  Alrioii,  Zertajc  master  or  supercargo (?);  from  S:iii 
Bias  with  goods  for  the  missions;  at  Monterey  in  Dec. 

Ihililukof,  Russian  l)rig  at  San  Francisco  in  Dec;  paid  S.S, 404  in  duties. 
Scattered  records  in  8t.  I'ap.  Sac,  MS.,  vi.  41-'2;  xi.  (i.'i;  Pror.  /iVr.,.MS., 
xi.  «:{,  fiG-7;  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  292,  290:  JJc/jf.  St.  Pap.,  Ji<ii.  (V.-/. 
J/.,  MS.,  i.  17-18,  1.39;  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  lien.  MIL,  M.S.,  iv.  9;  S.  Diii/o,  Arr/,., 
MS.,  1:  Vallfijo,  Doc.  Hist.  C'al.,  MS.,  i.  21S;  xvii.  9,  .3.5-6,  02;  (.'inrra,  J.h.r. 
Hint.  Cat.,  MS.,  iii.  4");  v.  187-8,  2o4;  Arch.  Arzuh.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  i.  7*5. 

A  foreign  vessel  was  seen  approaching  San  Luis  Obispo  in  Sept.,  but  seeing 
the  J'eiiia  in  port  hurried  away.  Piov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  295.  May  1st, 
P.  Tomsis  Estcnega  at  San  Francisco  says  there  are  2  American  vessels  iit 
Ross  which  will  come  for  tallow.  Arch.  Sta  B.,  MS.,  xii.  I(i9.  Alvuradd, 
llkt.  Cat.,  MS.,  i.  228-9,  says  that  3  Russian  corvettes,  the  Mtncrra.  (>,(.■<, 
and  A/iiillo,  wintered  at  San  Francisco,  rescuing  three  English  prisoners  wlio 
had  deserted  from  the  Columbia  River.  It  would  appear  to  have  been  the 
winter  of  1820-1;  for  Jan.  21,  1821,  Lieut.  Martinez  writ-js  of  the  Russian 
olfioers,  20  in  number,  of  the  two  corvettes,  the  Apollo  probably  Ijeiiig  an 
error  (jf  Alvarado.  as  very  fine  gentlemen,  including  fanioui:  men  of  sciciuc, 
who  could  speak  no  Spanish  but  spent  their  money  very  freely.  They  saiK  d 
Fcl).  23d.  (Imrra,  Doc.  Ilht.  Cat.,  MS.,  v.  251-3.  In  May  the  oommamlaiits 
were  warned  to  extend  no  aid  to  two  English  vessels,  the  Oiprcif  and  Jli/"  ■ 
r'loii,  which  bad  been  ordered  away  from  San  Bias.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx. 
290. 


!i   I 


I  :;: 


VESSELS  OF  THE  YEAR. 


441 


Itui  the  affair  soon  luakod  out,  and  Captain  <1(.'  la 
(Jikira  not  only  confiscatod  the  ocxxis,  hut  nwuK;  llio 
(diisjiiiators  pay  a  heavy  tine  in  I'lvor  of  the  Los 
Aii,i;'eles  chapil,  and  condemned  the  two  leaders, 
1)1  Jones  and  Alanis,  to  six  months'  work  in  ehains.*" 
( )!'  tlie  Russian  vifsits  it  is  not  necessary  to  say  more 
\\rrc  than  to  note  the  fact  that  the  sur;.?eon  of  the 
yv'(////,so/'l)rought  vaccine  matter  to  IMonterey,  and  the 
•jMtli  of  August  vaccinated  fifty-four  |)ersons,  doubt- 
less the  first  time  this  operation  was  performed  in 
Ciilift)rnia." 

Sola  was  still  discontented  and  eager  to  get  a  better 
jilace  elsewhere.  The  motives  of  his  discontent  varied 
Mdiicwhat  from  time  to  time;  over- work,  business 
I'liough  for  six  men  constantly  employed,  all  to  bo 
(lone  by  himself  alone,  a  cold  and  disagreeable  climate 
uiisuited  to  his  advancing  years,  no  officers  to  be 
iiiti'usted  with  the  cares  of  state  while  he  might 
mjoy  the  fruits  of  the  sunny  south,  troubles  with  the 
|)iuh"es,  neglect  by  the  royal  authorities,  and  disgust 
at  tlie  character  of  the  Californians,  whose  condition 
lie  declares  would  lon<jf  aj^o  have  become  insufferable 
liiul  it  not  been  for  his  unappreciated  efforts.  His 
[)Ltitions  to  be  relieved  were  frequent,  and  he  was 
iiiiich  pleased  when  he  heard  in  May  and  July  that 
Lieutenant  Gonzalo  Gomez  de  Ulloa,  of  the  navy, 
was  seeking  and  had  even  obtained  the  appointment 
(if  governor,  a  rumor  that  probably  was  not  well 
I'uimded.^^ 


ill 


'"  This  affair  took  place  apparently  in  October,  whether  with  the  Ear/le  or 
so-culled  Sh]ln6  or  some  other  schooner,  it  is  impossible  to  say.  (Iwi'ra,  iHir. 
//'V.  <'al,  'MS.,  V.  ir)(>-8;  Prov.  St.  Pap..  JJcn.  MIL,  MS.,  lii.  !)-l();  ;•,•&/•. 
n<'-..  MS.,  xi.  69.  Lieut.  P'abregat  was  aLso  accused  of  surreptitious  trade 
with  an  American  schooner,  perhaps  the  same.  Prov.  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  xx.  •J!(4. 
/'/.,  Ikii.  Mil.,  xlvi.  25.  Tlie  reported  ipiarrel  between  I'udrc  Martinez  and 
Sula  arose  also  from  dealings  of  the  former  with  au  American  schooner.  JJor, 
Jli^l.  Cat.,  MS.,  iv.  5(}2-3. 

"  Giierra,  Doc.  Ilkt.  Val..  MS.,  v.  188-9. 

'».§/.  Pap.  Sac.,  MS.,  vi.  33-40;  Prov.  Rec,  MS.,  xi.  G3;  Doc.  /list.  C'al., 
M>;.,  iv.  519;  St.  Pap.,  Ben.,  MS.,  i.  47-8;  Arch.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  i.  90. 
Ill  .May  Sola  sent  to  Mexico  a  draft  of  §10,000  for  over-due  salary.  In  July 
the  rc])ort  was  current  that  Ulloa  was  to  have  come  as  governor  on  the  Ileliia, 
hill  had  been  delayed  at  Topic  and  might  l)e  expected  later. 


E  i  li 


itij 


[II 


iir 


.1  I  ! 

:  I   I 
■  I 


44-2 


THE  LAST  YEAR  OF  SPANISH  RULE. 


The  gentile  tribes  made  no  trouble  in  1821,  and 
the  only  topic  of  Iiulian  affairs  that  merits  attention 
was  a  correspondence  that  took  place  respecting  tlu> 
tribes  of  the  Colorado,     Since  1819  rumors  of  danijcr 

- 

from  that  quarter  had  been  current.  This  spring  the 
rumor  of  impending  Amajava  hostilities  came  from  a 
captive  woman,  and  caused  Sola  to  think  of  scndiiii^^ 
out  a  new  expedition  under  Moraga,  posting  f.  stroni;- 
force  at  the  entrance  of  the  Tulares,  and  even  fortil'v- 
ing  the  frontier  missions  of  San  Gabriel  and  Saii 
Feinando  with  walls;  but  nothing  was  done.  A 
Cocomaricopa  chieftain  with  a  few  companions  wlio 
came  to  trade  at  San  Gabriel  and  San  Diew,  althouuli 
he  bore  a  reconnnendation  from  the  connnandant  of 
Tucson,  was  sent  back  as  quickly  as  possible  after 
being  closely  questioned  about  the  Colorado  tribes, 
and  being  made  to  understand  that  such  visits  weie 
not  desired  in  California.'"  In  the  autumn  Payerns 
and  Sanchez,  with  a  guard  of  six  soldiers,  made  a  tiip 
of  inspection  between  San  Gabriel  and  San  Diego. 
The  only  value  of  the  diary  for  my  purpose  is  in  its 
local  names  and  statistics,   which    I   condense    in  a 


note 


'JO 


'"Jitimoreil  danger,  proposed  expedition,  pnd  fortificatiou  of  the  missions. 
Sola  t(j  Kuiz,  (hu'ini,  and  I'aicras,  ^Tarcii  8th.  Pror.  Iter.,  MS.,  xi.  (il-'2; 
J'ror.  St  /'(I],.,  MS.,  XX.  -JIM)  I;  /-/.,  y>V«.  J//7.,  xlvi.  21;  ,St.  Pap.  Sac,  MS., 
xvii.  4'_'-.S.  Tieatuifnt  of  the  Cocomaricopa  chief.  (Jitirnt,  J)or.  Hist,  (nl., 
IMS.,  iv.  -,-l\  -St.  PiijK,  Stir.,  MS.,  xviii.  4-J;  Proi:  St.  Pa/t.,  Pen.  Mil.,  .^^S., 
xlvi  'I'l.  JicpoitH  of  Santiago  Ar^iicllo  and  J'^studillo  on  the  statements  of 
the  ihief  that  tlie  C'oconiaricopas,  l';ipa^(^s,  .lalohedniiies,  and  I'agiics  on  liuth 
hanks  of  the  < 'olonido  weie  united  against  their  constant  foes,  th<!  Yuiiias. 
A[)aelies,  iiml  Aniajaviis,  tlie  last  livinj,'  farthest  up  tln^  river;  and  tliat  it  was 
7  days"  journey  from  ."^ .  c\  (laljriel  to  tlie  ("ohirado;  1st  to  San  Antonio,  !l  1.; 
•_M  to  San  ,Tose.  l.j  1.;  M  to  San  Sehastian,  l.">  1.;  4tli  to  Jesus  Maria,  "JO  1.; 
flth  to  I'ozo  dc  la  Alegria,  \'l  1.;  (ith  to  tlie  Meganos,  8  1.;  and  7th  to  tiic 
river  .lear  l>y.   I'rov.  St.  Pnp.,  MS.,  xx.  287  0. 

'"Siiiirhiz,  Piario  de  Id  (Jainiuata  que  li'tzn  el  P.  Prefecto  Pnijeram  en  i'liioii 
del  P.  Sctiie/iez  /tor  la  Sierra  demle  .SVt»  JJiet/o  haxUi  S.  Galiriel,  1S,'J,  MS. 
]!eL;\in  Sept.  lUth,  ended  Oct.  Is'.  The  route  was  as  follows;  From  S:iii 
J)iego  jMission,  K.  to  the  missinn  rancheria  of  Sta  Monica  or  El  <"a,)on,  a  1.:  N. 
J  1.  to  Canada  del  Arrastradero;  ranch.  Mich(L;ua;  up  the  windings  of  tlic 
Canada  K.  and  n.;  branch  cafiada  with  ranch.  Quei)tahua;  into  plain  ' 
I'ann')  witli  ranch.  Canapui;  by  tlie  valley,  .n.  i;.,  and  then  k.  to  ranch.  )»••  >!. 
na,  orEy;e]iam;  to(,'ariada  of  Sta,  Isahel,  or  Eleuanain,  al;out  11  1.  fron'  Sta 
Monica.  Cliinlicd  the  Sierra  Matlre  K. ,  past  the  mission's  cattle  rang'  ,  could 
not  see  the  (.'olorado  with  a  good  glass  as  was  hoped;  inucli  descnj/'"!!; 
back  by  the  .same  road,  into  eanada  of  San  Dieguito,  where  the  mission  had 


1,  and 

,cuti()ii 
iig  the 
danger 
ng  the 
from  a 
icndiiiii; 
stroiiLi; 
fortit'v- 
k1  Sail 
tic.     A 

lis  wlio 
thoujj,li 
dant  oi' 
lo  aftn- 

ti'il)os, 
ts  were 
Pa  v  eras 
Ic  a  trui 

DioL,ni. 

is  ill  its 
iG    ill  a 


mission:*. 

xi.  01  -i; 

Siir.,  MS., 

y/;.s^  (Vi/., 

.1/(7.,  MS., 

iitelllcutM  (if 
li'S  (111  li'ith 
lu!  YmiiiiH. 
that  it  «a- 
itmiio.  !•  1.: 

ana,  •Jtil.; 

7tli  til  till; 

iii  rn  Union 
As.V,  MS. 
]"roiii  Sail 
(111,  .')  ).;  N. 
iii^s  "f  tin' 
to  plain  ' 
inch.  1>'  i'- 
1.  fniir  Stii 

lllg'  ,    COlllll 

U,scni/''iiii 
inissiou  had 


WEATHER  REPORTS. 


443 


Tlu'  winter  of  1820-1  was  noted  as  cold  througli- 
out  the  province.  There  was  liardly  a  mission  where 
th(')<'  were  not  complaints  of  frost  or  snow  in  excess 
of  ;uiy thing  that  could  be  remembered.  'Vri^iiello 
wjilkcd  on  the  ice  in  a  ditch  at  San  Fi'anciseo;  deep 
simw  lay  on  the  plains  about  Soledad;  the  holy  wr.ler 
\\;is  frozen  at  Monterey,  as  was  the  stream  at  San 
J.nis  01>ispo;  at  Santa  Int's  many  sheep  perisiied, 
and  as  far  south  as  San  Iahs  Rey  the  c  ifi^  was  ex- 
fcssive.  All  this  f»om  January  to  March  A  comet, 
'inuy  feo,'  was  visil)le  at  Santa  Int^s  i..  i»larch;  there 
was  a  violent  earthquake  at  San  Luis  Rey  the  1st 
of  January,  and  a  succession  of  shocks  at  Santa 
Darhara  early  in  the  same  month;  while  at  San  JJiego 
in  September  or  October  tin;  valley  was  flooded  on  a 
clear  day  by  a  cloud-l)urst  in  the  m.iunlains,  if  we 
may  credit  the  memory  of  Bias  Au'uilar,  an  old  resi- 
(lent.  As  a  rule  rain  was  light  according  to  reports 
jVoin  all  quarters;  yet  1821  was  by  far  the  most  pro- 
ductive year  the  missions  ever  knew,  the  total  yield 
ivai-hing  180,000  l)usliel,s.''i 

Till}  annals  of  the  year  should  not  be  closed  without 
hrief  mention  of  a  report  which  Tadeo  ( )rtiz  de  Ayala 
placed  "  at  the  imi^erial  feet  of  his  ^Majesty  Iturbidc  " 

c'firn  t'lowing;  ranch.  Guichopa.  O^  .u'.t,  Tatayojai,  and  Elcunnam,  or  Sta 
Isalicl;  4.")0  Cliristians;  cafuula  callotl  Tamatia,  or  .lainatai.  Other  ranciicrias 
ill  iVL'idii  of  Sta  Isaliel,  M-i'mcuiz,  Oelonopai,  K^aiial,  Tt',nil(|m',  (Icmiar; 
nlioiit  'J(,'0  gentiles;  a  cross  •  iis  lilesscd  witli  groat  ccrcinony  at  tiie  chaji"!  on 
^(■|it.  l.")th.  ]'ayera3  wont  4  1.  N.  to  visit  tlio  hot  spring  of  .Jacopin,  past 
.'jataor  Las  J^lagas,  and  IJnonavista  Spring,  all  in  or  near  San  ,)(is(''  \'alU'y; 
N  ,  jiartly  liy  snnic  route  to  Ta(|ui,  in  a  fine  valley  titted  for  a  mission,  al.so 
cali'il  (inadaliipc,  2.5  leagues  from  Sta.  Jsahel;  (i  or  7  1.  K.  of  Stii  Isalicl 
lire  i'>  iiiiiehenas  with  4.")0siiuls.  \Vostdo\vn  thoCanada  tol'otrero,  or('a(|Ki; 
t(i  I'a.M,  or  San  Antonio;  aliout  3  1.  N.  and  i;.  to  'I'ciiK'cula;  \v.  and  N.  to 
s|iriiig  f  San  Isidro;  Sta  tiertrudis;  San  .lacinto,  or  .laguara,  a  ranch,  of  San 
I'lii.'*  II  y,  some  11  1.  from  Teim'cula.  Ahoiit  it  1.  to  San  !'»  namliiio,  or 
<oiiiilii  ga;  '200  Indians;  lianch.  Julmval;  Arroyo  de  San  Miguel  in  region. if 
San  lie  iiandino;  some  r((n<i>t  riijiin  inenlioned;  a  good  mission  site  at  a  marsh 
it  .lesii  Maria;  Juhabal  on  Rio  Sta  Ana:  (iiiiqiia;  Ajuenga  (?i;  San  <  lain  i. !. 
'lliire  i  of  course  much  descriptive  mutter;  but  my  only  olijict  lia.s  liceu  to 
piescrvi     he  names. 

•''For  weatlier  reports,  see  Gm'rra,  Dor.  Hist.  Cul..  MS.,  ii.  l!)l;  iv.  71, 
4'.'.V,"i01;  V.  S.-).  IS."),  '1X\\  Ar<h.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  iv.  jit.  i.  S!t,  !)1--J;  //f(,/c.s'  h'm. 
^Dii  -.  ."i(Jl-'J;  /il.,  Mctiinmliilid,  VX\:  S.  Dicip  Union,  Jun.  ,JS,  JSVi.  See,  also, 
tin.  1  liapters  on  local  annals  for  thia  decade. 


1         r  \i 


m 


m 


■  -li^M 


i 


irr 


Hi 


f 


k    : 


if 


1%., 


iiiii^ 


liiii 


444 


THE  LAST  YEAR  OF  SPANISH  RULE, 


ill  October  1821.^"  In  tliis  document  several  paj^cs 
are  devoted  to  the  Californian  regions,  their  vuluu, 
and  the  imminent  danger  of  their  invasion  or  too  close 
hemming-in  by  the  Anglo-Americans  from  Missouri 
by  way  of  the  Columbia,  or  from  Texas  by  way  of  the 
Colorado,  or  by  the  Russians  already  within  the  prov- 
ince, "  perhaps  under  some  secret  agreement  witli  1  hu 
government  of  Spain."  The  remedy,  or  prevention, 
for  threatened  ills,  as  outlined  by  this  author,  consisted 
in  the  convict  colonization  of  California,  free  traiK, 
"giving  another  method  to  those  missions,"  and  the 
o[)ening  of  ccmnnunication  with  Sonora  and  New  M<\- 
ico.  This  was  doubtless  the  first  proposition  of  in 
pendent  Mexico  in  favor  of  California. 


(ii> 


Of  tlie  foreign  residents,  John  Gilrov  Nvas  married 
about  easter  to  Maria  Clara  de  la  Asuncion  OrtcL^a, 
and  went  with  Captain  Arguello  on  a  trip  to  tlio  Car 
north  in  the  autunm.  John  Rose  was  zealously  ])er- 
fecting  his  religious  education  at  Purisima  and  San 
Buenaventura,  while  Jose  Chapman,  at  work  on  a 
mill  near  Santa  Ines,  received  from  the  governor  in 
December  a  document  certifying  that  he  was  included 
in  the  king's  amnesty  to  all  Anglo-American  pris- 
oners.^^ John  Michael  Johnson,  a  Scotchman,  was 
baptized  at  San  Buenaventura  on  May  2Gth,  but  noth- 
injjf  more  is  known  of  him.-*  Accordingf  to  statements 
in  later  lists  and  petitions  there  were  at  least  thi(  e 
additions  in  1821  to  the  foreign  colony,  Jeremiah 
Jones,  a  Protestant  calker  of  Surrey,  England,  .)ohu 
Bones,  an  Irisli  carpenter  twent3--three  years  of  ivn\ 
and  Phillip  Fellom,  or  Felon,  a  Danish  hatter  of 
twenty  years.*''     These  were  probably  deserters  fioui 

^"^  Ayala,  ncsi(me7>  df  hi  E.-tfadintira  del  Imprr'm  Jfcxlcnno.  Moxico,  Is'J.. 
MS.  lUnio.  p.  104.  Dated  Oct.  10,  1821,  while  Iturbiili;  Wiis  yet  preHidcnt  nf 
the  regency:  pp.  i)0-100  on  California. 

■Kirch.  Ar~ob.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  i.  4-_';  Doc.  Jfist.  Cal.,  MS.,  iv.  508;  rmv, 
Jicc,  MS.,  xi.  07;  J->('pl.  'S'<.  Fap.,  MS.,  xix.  (<J0-7). 

'■".S".  Buenaventura,  Lib.  Mision,  MS.,  'l'l-',\. 

^^Naturalization  records  in  Dept.  St.  Puji.,  MS.,  xi.\.  lO-'JS:  xx.  I'l; 
trada,  Xoticia  de  Eatrani/eros,  ISJ'J,  4IS.    There  are  Bevurul  others  \v)i<j  arc  -  i.l 


EXPEDITIOX  TO  THE  NORTH. 


445 


(liiTcrciit  vessels,  about  the  date  of  whoso  arrival  there 
iiiav  be  an  error  of  a  3'ear  or  two,  but  who  lived  long 
ill  the  country. 

Late  in  the  summer  rumors  were  current  that  a 
party  of  English  or  Americans  had  established  thein- 
st'lvcs  somewhere  within  fotty  or  fifty  leagues  of  San 
Francisco,  and  Sola  determined  to  send  out  an  ex[)lor- 
inn'  expedition  to  ascertain  ihe  truth,  and  if  necessary 
(hive  out  the  intruders."*^  Thirty-five  suldadvs  de 
Cucra  and  twenty  infantes,  part  of  the  force  coming 
111)  i'rom  Alonterey,  wore  assembled  at  £;in  Francisco. 
lb)rse?  and  much  of  the  sup]>lies  were  sent  from  Santa 
Clara  and  San  Jose  up  to  the  strait  of  tne  Carquincs. 
The  officers  selected  were  Captain  Luis  Argiiello, 
Alt'ercz  Francisco  de  Haro,  Alferez  Jose  Antonio 
.San-^hez,  and  Cadet  Joaquin  Estudillo,  with  Padre 
L'l.i-j  Ordaz  as  chaplain  and  chronicler,  and  John  Cil- 
rov,  called  the  "English  interpreter  Juan  Antonio." 
Sdine  neophytes  were  also  attached  to  the  force,  and 
all  was  ready  for  the  start  the  18th  of  October.  The 
i(iiii[)any  sailed  from  San  Francisco  at  11a.  m.  in  the 
two  lanchas  of  presidio  and  mission,  landing  at 
IJuyuta,  near  what  is  now  Point  San  Pedro,  to  pass 
the  night.  Next  day  they  continued  the  voyage  to  the 
('ai(|uines,  being  joined  by  two  otiier  boats.  Satur- 
day and  Sunday  were  spent  in  ferrying  the  horses 
aei'oss  the  strait,  together  with  a  l)and  of  Ululates  and 
('aiiucaymos  Indians  en  route  to  visit  their  gentile 
linines,  and  in  religious  exercises.  jMonday  morning 
they  started  for  the  north. 

tn  liiive  oomc  in  1 821,  but  aro  at  the  same  time  aooroditcd  to  vessels  known  to 
liuvf  arrived  in  IS'2'2;  and  still  otlicrs,  as  I'lUekle  and  Mclntu.sh,  \vliose  ar- 
rival is  referred  in  diflferent  ilocunients  to  IS'Jl,  IS'J'2,  and  1S2.'}  respeetively, 
and  whom  1  have  included  in  IS'J.'t. 

''"  Sept.  24th,  an  expedition  (jf  oO  men  contemplated  to  go  after  '  tlio  strange 
poopU;  said  to  bo  in  tlie  direction  of  San  Jose  towards  th'^  north.'  Commander 
nut  yet  chosen.  Gmrm,  Doc.  /list.  Cnl.,l,lH.,  x.'2'A.  Oct.  4tli,  Sola  to  padres 
ef  Sta  Clara,  San  Josi'',  and  San  Francisco.  lias  resolved  to  send  Arj^iiello 
vitli  4,")  or  50  men.  and  askstlie  padre*  to  fnrnisl\  su])plies.  Document  signed 
\>y  the  padres  and  sent  back  to  bo  archirado.  Arch.  Anob.,  MS.,  iv.  pt. 


I  l' 


i 


Mr  ^ ! 


44G 


THE  LAST  YEAR  OF  SPANISH  RULE. 


The  journey  which  followed  was  popularly  known 
to  the  Spaniards  at  the  time  and  since  as  '"  Arguollo's 
ex})edition  to  the  Columbia."  The  Columbia,  was  the 
only  northern  region  of  which  the  Spaniards  had  uiiy 
delinite  idea,  or  was  rather  to  them  a  term  neaily 
synonymous  with  "the  northern  interior."  It  was  from 
the  Columbia  that  the  strange  people  sought  were 
suj)posed  to  have  come;  and  it  is  not  singular,  in  tluj 
absence  of  any  correct  ideas  of  distance,  that  the  only 
expedition  to  the  far  north  w%is  greatly  exaggerated 
in  respect  of  the  distance  traversed.  The  narrativi.s 
in  my  possession,  written  by  old  Californians,  some  of 
whom  accompanied  Arguello,  are  unusually  inaccurate 
in  their  versions  of  this  aftair,  on  which  they  would 
throw  but  very  little  light  in  the  absence  of  the  orig- 
inal diary  of  Father  Ordaz — a  document  that  is  fortu- 
nately extant." 

Starting  from  the  strait  on  the  morning  of  October 
2 2d,  Argliello  and  his  company  marched  for  nine  days, 
averaging  little  less  than  eight  hours  a  day,  north- 
ward up  the  valley  of  the  Sacramento,  which  tiny 
called  the  Jesus  Maria.  The  names  of  ranchciias 
passed  i  give  in  a  note.-^    There  is  little  else  to 


10 


^''  Onlaz,  Dkir'io  de  la  Expedlnon  da  Don  Lu'ta  Argiielh  al Kortc,  IS.'l, 
MS.  Bcsiilcs  tlio  usual  faults  of  the  padrca'  diaries,  liirgely  consisting  in  ihu 
undue  proniiuonce  given  to  minor  happenings  supposed  to  bear  on  the  prns- 
pcctive  salvation  of  gentile  souls,  this  one  has  the  less  common  defci  t  of 
omitting  distances  in  each  day's  march.  The  statements  made  by  men  who 
claim  to  have  accompanied  the  expedition  are  in  lioroiida,  Kutan,  MS.,  IS-;21; 
Aiiuulii);  Mcmorhis,  M.S.,  19-24;  Ferinuidcz,  Voftan  da  t'al.,  MS.,  '20-'_';  iuul 
Pico,  Aco7it('cimietitos,  MS.,  lS-19.  Of  these  that  of  I'oronda  is  by  far  tlio 
most  accurate,  and  that  of  Fernandez,  largely  followed  by  Vallejo,  Ilii<t.  Cnl., 
MS.,  i.  144-0,  '2o\-'A,  and  Alvarado,  lliat.  t'al.,  MS.,  i.  191-a,  is  the  lenst 
correct.  It  seems  useless  to  note  errors  respecting  dates,  officers,  foi'ces,  re- 
gions traversed,  and  battles  with  Indians  in  these  manuscript  authoiitit?^. 
SoUK!  of  the  writers  admit  that  Argiiello  did  not  go  farther  probably  than 
the  ^Villamctte.  Narrative  also  in  Bojanjcs,  lii-cnenlo>',  MS.,  1-4.  Xd  ac- 
count of  the  expedition  so  far  as  I  know  has  ever  appeared  in  print,  beyoml  a, 
brief  newspaper  mention  in  a  notice  of  tlic  death  of  Capt.  Fernandez.  I'r. 
Marsh,  however.  Letter  to  Com.  Joiits,  1842,  MS.,  p.  2,  mentions  the  aliair 
and  says:  'I  have  ascci'tained  that  this  fiimous  cxjiedition,  which  was  lut 
about  4  months,  did  not  go  beyond  the  valley  of  the  Sacramento,  a  distance  uf 
not  more  than  200  miles  from  San  Francisco.' 

'■"*  I'ozo  de  San  Bias,  near  Suisun.  Ranch,  of  the  Ululatos,  near  that  of  tlio 
Cualactoi-;  ranch,  of  the  Libaytos,  400  inhab.,  on  a  river  'bastantc  conyiiU- 
rable'  called  siio  do  San  I'edro.    Ehita  on  a  river,  near  an  oak  grove,  000  iu- 


mown 

us  the 
id  any 
nearly 
IS  from 
t  Nvcro 

in  tin; 
10  only 
"•crated 
ratives 
lOnie  of 
cc  urate 

would 
ic  ori,L;- 
is  fortu- 

October 

no  days, 

,  nortli- 

h  they 

icheriiis 

to  lie 


itiiiL?  ill  ill" 
11  the  i'i"S- 
[u  .Icfect  ..t 

K-    llR-ll  \\ll" 

'.lS.,lS-il; 
'20--;  ii'i'l 
1)V  far  tho 

ta  the  least 

ful'L'l'f'i    I'C- 

(authoiilit's. 

Ibably  than 

-4.     Ni'  a"^- 

|it,bi"y<-i'"'^ 

luulez.     1  '!'• 

Is  the  atluir 

•h  was  uut 

ilistantf  uf 

•tbatof  tho 
lite  eoiuul^:- 
luve,  000  iu- 


ARGUELLO'S  EXPEDITION". 


447 


said  of  the  march,  tho  obstaolos  to  bo  overcome  havhig 
beou  few  and  shght.  Tho  natives  wore  cither  friendly, 
tiuud,  or  sHghtly  hostile,  having  to  bo  scattered  once 
or  twice  by  tho  ntuso  of  a  cannon.^^  The  nco[)hytc 
Eafael  from  San  Francisco  had  but  little  difficulty  in 
inakinsx  himself  understood.  The  most  serious  calain- 
ity  ^vas  the  loss  of  a  nmle  that  fell  into  tho  river  with 
two  tliousand  cartridges  on  its  back.  There  wore  no 
indications  of  foreigners. 

On  tho  30th,  to  use  the  words  of  tho  diarv,  "Hio 
place  where  wo  arc  is  situated  at  the  foot  of  the 
Sierra  Madre,  whence  there  have  boon  seen  by  the 
English   interpreter    Juan    Antonio   two   mountains 
called  Los  Cuatos — the  Twins — on  the  oppcjsite  side 
of  which  are  the  presidio  and  river  of  tho  Columbia. 
Tli'^  ''oi^.clierias  before  named  are  situated  on  tho  banks 
of  tho  llio  do  Jesus  Maria,  from  whicii  to-morrow  a 
(litfereiit  direction  will  be  taken."    Accordingly  the 
31st  they  "marched  west'"'  until  they  came  to  the  foot 
(if  a  mountain  range  about  fifteen  leagues  from  tho 
Sierra  Xovada,  which  runs  from  north  to  south,  tcr- 
iiiiiiatiiiij  in  tho  region  of  BodoLra."    Exactly  at  what 
point  tho   travellers  left  the  river  and  ontorod  tho 
mountain  range,  now  bounding  Trinity  County  on  the 
east,  I  do  not  attempt  to  determine,  though  it  was 
evidently  not  below  lied  ]^luff.     Tho  distance  made 
up  the  valley,  allowing  an  average  rate  of  three  miles 
an  hour  for  sixty-eight  hours,  the  length  of  tho  return 
maicli  of  ninety-six  hours  throuo'h  tho  mountains,  at 
a  rate  of  two  miles  an  hour,  and  the  ])ossiblo  identity 
of  Capa,  reached  in  forty-four  hours  from  Carquiiies, 
with  theCapay  of  modern  maps  op[)()site  Chieo,  would 

liali.;  rUiroy,  1,000  inhab.,  on  Kio  Jesus  Maria,  near  a  hill  an<l  al.inuMla.  or 
t;invL';  the  ranelici'iii  was  i>ruteete<l  liy  a  stuekade;  (iiiiiitny,  or  ( Siiitistoy, 
l.CiOO  inhab.,  on  same  rivir,  near  an  alanieila  nf  lari^'c  <paks  stretehiii!,'  10 
liiiLjiies;  CaiPil  (Caiiiiy,  oppc-iite  Chieo'.),  ('niiii;  Cha,  1,.")00  inhab.;  IVioti; 
Hutiihalii';  Ducibi.  ;  radii;  Sunns;  (  liciie;  IJali. 

-'■'  It  is  rather  vaguely  implied  by  Orilaz  that  a  few  Indian.s  wore  wonndcil 
nt  eiiiiitoy  onOct.  'JGth;  iind  Amador  claims  to  have  aimed  low  notwithstimd- 
ill;,'  .\i;,'iii;llo'»  ortlcrs.  killing  seven. 

'"'The  diary  has  it  "east,"  but  this  must  of  eourse  be  an  error,  perhaps  of 

Jliy  cnpyist. 


!^.^■ 


v"-l»'-r-t;i-    ^r^ 


'  ^'iS 


im 


i 


ii 


448 


THE  LAST  YEAR  OF  SPANISH  RULE. 


scorn  to  point  to  tlio  latitude  of  Shasta  or  Weavtr- 
villc  as  the  lujrtlioru  limit  of  this  exploration.^^ 

For  nine  clays,  the  explorers  marched  southwaid 
over  the  mountains.  No  distances  arc  given,  and  I 
.shall  not  pretend  to  trace  the  exact  route  followed, 
tliough  I  give  in  a  note  the  names  recorded  in  tliu 
diary.''^  Like  those  in  the  valley,  the  savages  wore 
not  as  a  rule  hostile,  though  a  few  had  to  be  killed  in 
tlu!  extreme  north;  but  their  language  could  no  longer 
bo  understood,  and  it  was  often  difficult  to  obt.iiii 
guides  from  rancheria  to  rancheria.  The  natural  ditH- 
eulties  of  the  mountain  route  were  very  great.  Many 
liorscs  died,  and  four  pack-mules  once  fell  down  a 
precipice  together.  The  3d  of  November,  at  Beneniic, 
some  blue  cloth  was  found,  said  to  have  been  obtained 
i'rom  the  coast,  probably  from  the  Russians.  On  the 
Gth  the  ocean  was  first  seen,  and  several  soldiers 
recognized  the  "coast  of  the  Russian  cstablishnn'ut 
at  Bodega."  Next  day  from  the  Espinazo  del  Diablo 
M'as  seen  what  was  believed  to  be  Cape  Mendocino, 
twenty  leagues  away  on  the  right.  Finally  on  the 
10th  the  pai-ty  fj-om  the  top  of  a  mountain,  highei" 
than  any  before  climbed,  but  in  sight  of  many  woise 
ones,  abandoned  by  their  guides  at  dusk,  witli  only 
thi'ee  days'  rations,  managed  to  struggle  down  and 
out  through  the  dense  undergrowth  into  a  valley. 


''  Anotlier  clue  to  the  locality  may  be  found  in  the  fact  that  on  starting 
soutli,  they  followed  a  river  along  the  foot  of  the  range  for  a  whole  day,  ,iii  l 
at  the  end  of  the  second  day,  after  passing  between  two  steep  ranges  still 
SDiithward,  encamped  on  a  river  supposed  to  lie  the  same.  They  nanieil  lii'; 
stream  Todos  Santos.  Amador  .lys  it  was  the  1'rinity,  which  indeed  seems 
to  l)e  the  only  stream  in  this  region  on  which  they  could  have  tnivclled  so 
hiiig  to  the  Bouth.  Yet  the  diary  does  not  indicate  that  tiiey  crossed  tin: 
iii.iin  Sh;e-  .  range  to  reach  the  river,  nor  do  subsetj^uent  events  seem  to  pnint 
t')  tiie  Trinity. 

'•'''  Rio  Todos  Santos;  Tuyaja,  on  river  said  by  the  Indians  to  be  the  s.'iiim'; 
Lnnita;  Gaiictely,  Po(pictoe;  IJenenuc.  Fertile  valleys  ot  Sta  (  ataliua  :ii!'l 
Carmen;  Mt  ilaltrnto;  Arroyo  de  Salsipuedes;  and  ranch— Chugeleiiipi; 
Armyo  de  lo3  Peligros;  C'aguitlonu'';  Satumtutillanii;  (Junliictole;  (lui;i!.''iil 
loiiii;  Oleyomi;  Catalillomi;  Chiyasayacume;  Ks])ina/o  del  ])iablo;  Magini; 
Valley  ot  IJuena  Espcranza;  Arroyo  do  .S.  Ignaeio  (this  according  to  7'"- 
yariiK,  Nntician  snhre  A'n.'w,  MS.,  417 — see  also  chap.  xx.  this  volume — \i  is 
the  Russian  Kiver  about  IH  leagues  above  its  mouth,  or  perhaps  not  far  aluM' 
C'loverdale);  Valley  of  Libantiliyanii. 


i\<.     . 


RETURX 


no 


And  clown  this  valley  of  Libantiliyanii,  which  could 
liarclly  have  been  any  other  than  that  of  the  llusisian 
liivcr,  though  at  what  point  in  the  present  Sonoma 
County  or  from  what  direction  they  entered  it  I  am 
at  loss  to  say,^  the  returning  wanderers  hastened; 
over  a  route  that  seems  to  have  presented  no  ohsta- 
ck's — doubtless  near  the  sites  of  the  modern  llealds- 
and  Santa  Kosa — and  on    November    12th    at 


hUl, 

noon,  after  twenty  hours'  march  in  three  days,  arrived 
at  San  liafael.^*  Next  day,  after  a  thanksgiving  mass, 
the  boats  arrived  and  the  work  of  ferrying  the  horses 
across  to  Point  San  Pablo  was  begun.  The  infantry 
soldiers,  who  were  mounted  during  the  exi)edition, 
also  took  this  route  home,  both  to  Monterey  and  San 
l-'rancisco.  The  rest  arrived  at  the  Presidio  in  the 
l)oats  at  10  A.  M.  on  the  15th.  Thus  ended  the  most 
extensive  northern  expedition  ever  made  by  the  Span- 
iards in  California.^' 

"^  From  this  diary  alone  it  would  be  most  natural  to  suppose  it  was  in  tlic 
n  ;.'ioii  (if  Ukiah  from  tliu  direction  of  Cow  Mountain  on  the  castor  nortii-taat; 
liiit  tiMin  the  mountains  the  ocean  was  plainly  visible,  and  there  is  no  men- 
tion nf  any  body  of  water  corresponding  to  Clear  Lake.  In  a  diary  of  tlio 
next  yi  u',  h.jwever,  I'rn/trax,  Aoficiaa nobrc  IiO'"<,  MS.,  417,  it  i.s  clearly  stated 
that  tlio  Arroyo  do  Sun  Ignaeio,  where  they  encamped  on  Nov.  !)th,  Kubse- 
(|Ufntly  elimbin;^  a,  high  mountain  on  the  10th,  and  tiienco  descemling  into 
the  \ulky,  was  the  Russian  River  13  1.  above  its  mouth,  that  is  in  the  region 
ef  Clovcrdnle.  And  agaii.  in  the  expedition  to  explore  Sonoma  in  lSi!.'{,  the 
raneheria  of  Libantiliyami,  jiassed  in  1821  on  the  lirst  ilay  s  march  down  tlie 
valley  of  the  same  name,  is  said  to  have  been  three  and  a  half  leagues  n.  w. 
liDin  the  site  of  the  modern  retaluma,  that  is  not  far  from  ,Santa  Rosa.  Al/i- 
iiiii'i,  i>hiri(),  MiS.;  S(nich(~,  JJiario,  MS.;  see  also  chap.  xxii.  of  this  volume. 

"Names  on  this  last  part  of  the  journey  were:  Sierra  do  ]5ucn  Rc^tiro,  the 
raii'-'e  « liich  they  had  left  running  parallel  with  their  route  down  the  valh^y; 
lainlu  ria  of  J^ibantiliyami;  spring  of  San  Jorge,  and  Aloiupali  (Olompali). 

^'Nnv.  loth,  Sola  to  Martinez,  sup)ioses  Argiiello  and  his  men  have  re- 
tunicil  and  are  resting.  Vnl/<Jii,  J)„<\  J/Js/.  ('nl.\  .MS.,  i.  48.  Dec,  '24tli,  Mar- 
liiiiz  to  (Juerra,  the  expedition  did  not  (iud  the  stran^'C  people,  tlniugh  they 
vent  ery  near  Cape  Mendneiuo,  the  ("uliindiia  Kiver,  and,  according  tn  the 
Ini'.iuiH,  '  very  near  New  Mexico.'  Guurra,  J)vf.  Hist.  CaL,  M8.,  v.  •_'.■>.}. 


HWT.  Cal.,  Vol.  II.    ^9 


CHAPTER  XXI. 

A  PRO\aNCE  OF  THE  MEXICAN  EMPIRE. 
1822. 

News  of  Indepexdence  and  the  Regency — Junta  of  April  Otii  at  Mhv- 
TKi;EV— Oath  of  Allegiance — First  Provincial  Election — Sola  as 
Dn-iTAUo  TO  the  Coutes— Events  and  Fkaks  in  Mexico — IiTKiiiiiK 
Sends  a  Comisionado — The  Emperor  Accstin  I. — Aisrival  of  ihk 
(.'ANoNKio  Fernandez  i;r  September — Chancje  oe  Flag — Junta  of 
October — Ayuntamientos — Dipctacion — The  Canoniuo  at  Ross- 
Priestly  Mishaps — Election  of  Governor — Wire-pulling — Arc!  k- 
LLo  Defeats  GrnuRA — Loyalty  of  the  Frl\rs — Departure  of  Fkk- 
nandez  and  Sola — Biographical  Notices — Character  of  Sola  - 
Commerce  and  Finance — Vessels — Gale  and  the  Boston  Trade- 
Mi  Culloch  AND  IIartnell— Capture  of  the  'Eagle' — Foreigners- 
Mission  Supplies — Indian  Affairs — The  Season. 

Iturbide's  imperial  regency,  cstabli.shcd  in  Scptoiii- 
l)cr,  was  not,  as  we  have  seen,  announced  in  Calit'oniiu 
before  the  end  of  1821.  In  January  1822  Governor 
Sola  wrote  to  Argiiello,  of  Lower  California,  that  he 
had  received  from  Mexico  "such  documents  as  aii; 
j)rintcd  in  a  country  of  dreamers,  since  independence 
is  a  dream.  Day  by  day  their  presses  will  turn  out 
absurdities  by  the  thousand;  but  you  and  I,  aware 
that  the  immortal,  incomparable  Spanish  nation  has 
many  and  great  resources  with  which  to  make  herself 
respected,  must  look  with  contempt  on  such  absurd 
views.  '■ 

Sola,  with  all  his  loyalty,  was  no  prophet;  for  thcic 
were  already  on  the  way  from  Mexico  despatchrs 
announcing  Iturbide's  success,  with  maniJu'Mo.'<  of  the 

'  .Tiin.  10,  1822,  Sola  to  Argiiello.  St.  Pap.  Sac,  MS.,  vi.  44.  Tlio  paiHrs 
rt'ftrroil  to  wore  doubtless  dated  between  Ilurbide",s  rising  in  Feb.  lui'l  lii.s 
success  in  Aug.  and  Sept.  In  the  letter  to  wliii'li  tiiis  wjis  an  answer  Argurllu 
liud  announced  the  refusal  of  his  son  Gervnsio  to  swear  the  ind(]iendencc. 

(400; 


JUNTA  AT  MONTEREY. 


451 


Snl)erana  Jiintado  la  Rogcncia  del  Iinperlo  Mrjicano. 
Tlii'se  (Icspatclies,  giving  it  to  be  understood  that 
luiibide's  rule  was  to  continue  only  until  Fernando 
or  one  (jf  his  brothers  could  come  to  take  the  throne, 
and  also  announcing  the  future  meeting  of  the  ^Fexi- 
can  rortes,^  were  received  in  March  1822, and  on  IMarcli 
1  {'Ah  Sola  communicated  the  news  to  the  commandants, 
whom  he  summoned  to  a  junta  at  Monterey.  Pay- 
eras  was  requested  to  be  present,  representing  the  in- 
terests of  the  missions  and  neo[)hytes.^  The  junta 
met  the  9th  of  April.  It  was  composed  of  ten  per- 
sons: The  governor,  prefect,  and  Sarria  representing 
the  j)resident,  captains  Guerra  of  Santa  Barbara  and 
Argiiello  of  San  Francisco,  lieutenants  Estrada  (if 
Monterey  and  Estudillo  in  place  of  Captain  Euiz  of 
San  Diego,  captains  Portilla  and  Navarrete  of  the  Maz- 
atlan  and  San  Bias  companies,  and  Lieutenant  Gomez 
of  the  artillor}',  being  also  connnander  of  the  ])ost  of 
^[onterey.  Estudillo  acted  as  secretary.  Of  the 
discussions,  if  there  were  any,  we  have  no  record; 
but  the  result  was  a  resolution  to  acquiesce  in  the 
ioiivncy,  to  obey  the  new  government,  to  recou^nizo 
the  dependence  of  California  on  the  Mexican  empire 
only,  and  to  take  the  prescribed  oath.  On  April  lltli 
tlio  oath  was  taken  with  all  due  solemnity;  first  by 
the  members  of  the  junta  at  Sola's  house,  and  then 
by  the  troops  in  the  plaza;  then  followed  religious 
services  in  which  Padre  Payeras  preached  an  a[>[)ro- 
})riate  sermon;  and  the  day  M'as  closed  with  vivas 
and  firing  of  jx^ns  and  music  and  illuminations  in 
honor  of  independence.* 

"These  despatches,  dated  Oct.  Gth  and  Nov.  IS,  1821.  from  Herrera,  the 
sc'(  rotary  of  relations,  and  from  Doniinguez,  minister  of  justice,  are  only  known 
as  tdliuled  to  in  Sola's  letters  of  Mar.  10th.  In  the  .<'cretary's  report  of  Mar. 
8,  IS'J'J,  is  a  complaint  that  nothing  had  yet  been  lieard  from  Califonua. 
Mi'xiro,  Mem.  Itrlanoiicfi,  JS„'.?,  ". 

'Sola  to  comandantes.  Dipt.  St.  Pap.,  ^IS. ,  i.  ii-Ci.  Same  date  Id.  to 
Payeras.  St.  Pap.  Sac,  MS.,  xviii.  2-3.  Rui?.  of  San  l)ie<,'()  was  excused  on 
account  of  his  infirmities.  Seiian  doubtless  received  a  similar  notice.  In 
Jitiila  dc  Fomnito  dc.  Cut.,  DatuDwii,  'A,  it  is  said  the  orders  arrived  from 
^[(•xico  in  April. 

'  Lrij.  Jlci:.,  MS.,  i.  1-4.  April  14th,  Sarria  to  Sefian  in  Airli.  ^fisil,ln■■^<, 
Ms.,  i.  508,     Estudillo  was  secretary  of  th"  junta.     The  resolution  of  the 


I     \,ul 


•^ni 


4r,2 


A  PROVINCE  OF  THE  MEXICAN  EMPIRE. 


The  oath  was  taken  at  Santa  Bai'l)ara  April  intli, 
]irobal)ly  at  San  Francisco  about  the  same  day,  and 
at  San  Diegcj  tlic  20tli.''  Tlicre  is  no  evidnicc  df 
any  hesitation  on  the  part  of  otlicers,  soldiers,  or  c'i\  il- 
ians;  neither  was  there  any  i)rotest  from  the  friars. 
'^I'hc  communication  in  which  Payeras  ma<le  kiicwu 
to  the  padres  the  })rocecdin^s  of  the  junta,  and  tin  ir 
consequent  duties,  is  not  extant;  but  I  have  Sarrias 
original  report  to  President  Senan,  in  which  he  an- 
nounces having  taken  the  oath  after  much  retlectioii, 
and  "may  God  grant  that  all  may  be  for  the  best. "'^ 
The  13th  of  April  Sola  formally  addressed  to  both  ]>re- 
fect  and  president  the  acta  f A'  the  junta  for  circulatinu 
among  the  padres,  who  on  the  day  after  its  reccijit 
must  be  required  to  take  the  oath,  together  willi 
their  neophytes,  and  forward  a  certificate  of  surli 
action."  It  is  to  be  presumed  that  there  was  a  gen- 
eral compliance  with  this  order  in  Ai)ril  and  ^tay, 
such  conn)liance  being  definitely  recorded  at  some  of 
the  missions,  and  the  evidence  of  hesitation  on  the 
friars'  part  being  confined  to  one  or  two  instances.'* 


nssenibly  is  translated  in  Ttaiido^pJi'x  Oration,  and  mentioned  in  Tiithill'i^  1114. 
Cat.,  PJl-2,  witli  tlie  statement  of  Boacana  that  the  Indians  (jf  San  Diego 
celebrated  the  independence  l)y  Imniing  their  chief.  The  record  of  the  junta 
and  of  tlic  proceedings  of  April  flth  and  Uth,  as  in  Lc;/.  Uec,  i.  1-4,  \vci<,' 
sent  to  Mexico  by  Sola  with  a  letter  of  April  1.3th,  and  were  pulilisluil  (Jii 
Aug.  .3d,  in  the  Gareta  del  G'ohkriio  Jmp.  dc  Mcx.,  iii.  r)8.V7.  A'allcjo,  ///-^ 
CaL,  MS.,  iv.  277-81,  and  Vallejo  (.J.  J.),  Jtemiiiinrevcinx,  MS.,  7H,  iiii]ily 
that  Sola  wished  to  keep  tlie  news  of  independence  a  secret  to  himself,  (Jiuna, 
and  a  few  other  Spaniards;  but  that  the  other  oiRcers  'interviewed'  the  mes- 
senger, learned  the  news,  and  insisted  that  it  must  bo  made  public. 

6/Vor.  Jicr.,  MS.,  xi.  72;  Drpt.  St.  Pap.,  Dm.  Mil.,  liii.  89;  hi.  7-8; 
Drpt.  iiVc,  MS.,  vi.  4.3;  St.  Pup.  S'lc,  MS.,  xi.  0. 

'^Arch.  Misioiics,  MS.,  i.  r)08.  An  incident  had  much  efTect  incasing  the 
patlre's  conscience,  the  receipt  by  mistake  of  a  eonmiunication  of  the  bifluip 
to  the  president  of  the  Lower  California  missions  ordering  the  taking  of  tlic 
oath. 

"•St.  Pnp.  Sac,  MS.,  xviii.  7;  Drpt.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  i.  7. 

^  April  21,  1822,  the  oath  taken  I)y  padres  and  neophytes  with  religious 
ceremonies  at  San  .Juan  Bautista,  Sta  Cruz,  and  Sta  Barbara.  St.  Pap.  J/(<v., 
]\1S.,  X.  10;  xi.  38;  Arrh.  Sta.  B.,  MS.,  ix.  128;  Arch.  ()h!i>pailn,  MS., 
80.  May  .'th,  at  Soledad,  whence  Payeras  writes,  'Por  fortuna  acabamos  de 
reconocer  i'l  un  Emperador  tan  justo  como  Cristiano  ypio.'  Arrh.  Ar:.iili., 
^IS.,  iv.  ])t.  i.  95.  May  12th,  the  oath  joyfully  taken  at  San  Rafael.  /''. : 
Viillijo,  JJnr.  Hist.  Cnl.,  MS.,  xxviii.  41.  May  10th,  at  San  Buenaventura, 
as  reported  by  Senan.  St.  Pa}).  Sac,  MS.,  xviii.  13.  Down  to  .Tidy  Patlrc 
EscmlO  seems  to  have  refused  the  oath,  and  on  that  ground  to  have  applied 


DEPUTY  TO  THE  CORTES, 


4fi8 


Al'"nt  the  same  time,  I  suppose,  there  must  have  ar- 
rived tlir()U<^h  the  bishop  certain  (»rilors  of  the  regeiK.-y 
talliiiL,''  for  })u1jHc  ))rayers,  not  only  for  the  success  of 
tlic  new  re^^inie,  hut  in  honor  of  the  lieroes  wlio  had 
(hed  in  the  strugL^k;  for  hherty.'*  I  iin<l,  however,  no 
records  of  such  rehgious  services.  There  also  came 
a  letter  of  the  guardian  on  the  (lcj)lorahle  condition 
(if  the  college,  where  cavalry  had  been  quartered  for 
a  month. ^'^  Truly  the  ])ros|)ccts  of  the  friars  were  not 
cheering,  though  they  wrote  but  little  about  their 
tnuihles. 

Sola  had  announced  in  his  call  for  a  junta,  that 
California  was  entitled  to  send  a  diputado,  or  deput}',  t 
the  new  cortes  in  Mexico.  This  matter  came  U[)  in  the 
junta,  after  the  oath  had  been  taken  the  12th  of  April. 
The  unanimous  decision  as  reported  by  Sarria'^  was 


o 


,< 


Ivi. 


fnr  license  to  retire;  indeed  that  seems  to  have  been  lus  main  object,  since  on 
liciii;,'  promised  prefcrciice  in  the  matter  of  retireniert  ho  swore  to  indci)end- 
eiitu  in  the  month  mentioned.  Si.  P(ip.  Sat:.,  MS.,  xviii.  I'J-'JO.  Tliere  was 
idsoii  slij,'lit  quarrel  witli  Sarria  in  May.  He  announced  in  churcli  tliat  the  sol- 
diers, having  sworn  to  independence,  no  longer  enjoyed  the  privilege  of  eating 
iiKut  (111  certain  days,  a  privilege  conceded  by  the  pope  through  the  king,  and 
Sola  excused  them  from  religious  service  until  the  regency  could  decide  tiie 
i|Uestion.  Xcxt  year,  however,  the  bishop  proclaimed  that  the  soldiers  were 
t )  have  the  same  privileges  as  under  the  old  government.  St.  Pap.  Sac,  MS., 
xviii.  11-1-;  Vallcjo,  Doc.  lllHf.  C'uL,  JIS.,  xxviii.  11.  Feb.  l.'Jtii,  Senan  had 
written  to  Ouerra,  'May  God  have  mercy  on  this  province  whicli  .seems  at 
present  to  lie  between  Scylla  and  Ciiarybdia.'  Gttcrra.  Doc.  JlUt.  VaL, 
MS.,  vi.  93.  March  loth.  Padre  Peyri  wrote  to  the  same  oflicer,  that  of 
t'uinse  the  missions  would  be  required  to  acknowledge  under  oath  Mexican 
iiiikjieudence,  but  he  for  one  woidd  not  do  it  if  he  had  any  hope  of  being 
flue  troni  persecution  in  .Spain;  for  the  offer  of  permission  to  retire  seemed 
til  liiiii  like  the  rejoicing  at  the  wedding  feasts;  and  later  '6por  fas  6  por 
m  f;is,  (1  por  si  6  por  no,  6  por. .  .(ya  mo  entiende)  .siempre  la  paganl  cl  caido; 
y  jiiilires  de  los  pobres  si  llegara  ii  empezar  la  fandauga.  Dios  no  lo  permita 
y  ii'is  asista.'  //.,  vii.  0-7. 

'■>S.Jo.-<r,  I'ateiilrs,  :\1S.,  ITiT-O;  Arch.  Sta  11,  vi.  MS.,  310-12.  Dated 
Oct.  7,  1S'21.  A  series  of  circulars  from  the  president  seems  to  have  been  re- 
ceived at  San  Rafael  in  -May,  containing  nut  only  the  decrees  referred  to  but 
(itliers  regulating  arms  in  private  hands;  forbi<lding  abusive  words  against  the 
n"\v  goveri,meiit,  and  empowering  old  authorities  to  continue  in  power. 
Vallcjo,  Do<  .  nut.  Vnl.,  MS.,  xxviii.  A-1. 

'"'Oct.  26,  1821,  Oasol  to  padres.  Arch.  St'i  Jl.,  MS.,  vi.  249-.V2.  Tlie 
padres  were  said  to  be  retiring  to  Spain,  and  only  '20  were  left.  It  was  im- 
P'lssilde  to  do  anything  for  California.  The  new  government  seemed  bent  on 
upsetting  all  that  was  old  and  stable. 

"  April  I4th,  Sarria  to  Sefian.  Arch.  M'l.i'toncs,  MS.,  i.  508-11.  He  favored, 
and  understood  the  other  padres  to  favor,  the  clmice  of  (iuerra.  Sola  was 
iinntiiiiied.  as  ho  uouhl  require  no  salary  in  addition  to  that  of  governor;  but 
iSola  himself  objected  to  that  view  of  the  matter. 


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A  PROVINCE  OF  THE  MEXICAN  EMPIRE. 


that  an  election  should  be  held ;  that  five  provincial 
electors  should  be  chosen,  one  for  each  presidial  juris- 
diction with  another  for  Los  Angeles,  and  that  the 
diputado  should  receive  a  salary  of  $4,000  to  be  raised 
by  voluntary  subscriptions  if  possible,  and  other\vis(3 
by  a  pro  rata  tax.^^  On  April  I7th  Sola  addressed 
to  the  prefect  instructions  for  the  election,  to  be  cir- 
culated among  the  padres — for  at  each  mission  the 
native  alcaldes  and  regidores,  "  with  the  padres'  ad- 
vice," were  to  choose  an  elector  tie  partido.  Thus  in 
California's  first  general  election  the  Indians  had  uoini- 
nally  a  voice.  Instructions  for  the  presidios  and  pue- 
blos I  have  not  found ;  neither  are  any  records  extant 
of  the  local  elections.  The  partido  electors,  however, 
met  at  their  respective  capitals  and  chose  for  each  a 
provincial  elector; — Francisco  Castro  for  San  Fran- 
cisco, including  San  Joh6  and  Branciforte  with  four 
missions;  Jose  Aruz  for  Monterey  and  six  missions; 
Francisco  Ortega  for  Santa  Barbara  and  five  missions; 
Jose  Palomares  for  Los  Angeles;  and  Ignacio  Lopez 
for  San  Diego  and  four  nt'  sions.  The  five  met  at 
IMonterey  May  21st,  v  Sola  and  lieutenants  Es- 
trada, Estudillo,  and  Cjn/uiez,  these  officers  holding 
scats  by  what  authority  I  know  not,  and  elected  Sola 
as  diputado  to  the  c6rtes.  Guerra  had  been  the  choice 
of  the  friars.  Whether  they  were  out-voted  or  changed 
tlieir  mind,  preferring  to  take  the  chance  of  seeing 
Guerra  governor,  there  are  no  means  of  knowing.'* 

'*Sama  says  that  the  salary  was  to  be  raised  for  one  year  only,  and  that 
tliero  was  to  be  a  petition  that  California  should  be  exempt  from  sendini,'  a 
diputado  in  future.  The  saiary  of  $4,000  was  to  bo  diminisiicd  by  tlie  old 
Kiiliiiy  if  a  military  man  should  be  fleeted.  It  was  regarded  as  of  great  iin- 
portiince  that  the  diputado  sliould  carry  elear  instructions  on  mission  mattw's, 
sent  in  duplicate  to  the  college.  On  the  very  next  day,  Apr.  13th,  Sola  is- 
sued an  appeal  on  the  all-essential  topic  of  the  §4,000,  urging  a  domtJivo  <ira- 
c'mnn  to  obviate  a  cnutrihucion  fonoza;  and  Apr.  17th  Payeras  issued  a  cinular 
to  tlio  padres,  all  of  whom  promised  to  give  was  6  menoa.  Si.  Pap., Sue,  MS., 
xviii.  8;  Arch.  Anoh.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  i.  l>4-5. 

'*  Sola,  I'rcvencioties Dohre  Eleccion  de.  Diputado,  1822.  MS.  Dated  Apr.  1  Vth, 
and  addressed  to  the  prefect  for  the  padres.  The  elcctores  de  provincin  ccmld 
neither  bo  military  men  nor  friars.  San  (iabriel  and  San  Juan  were  added  tu 
Los  Angeles  as  a  partido;  but  in  the  returns  the  missions  seem  to  have  Ik'iju 
classed  witii  San  Diego.  Form  of  credentials  to  ekctores  de  iiartido,  in  .l/'/i. 
Slu  JJ.,  MS.,  ix.  13y-4i'.     Record  of  the  meetuig  of  May  'J  1st  with  names  of 


FEARS  IN  MEXICO. 


455 


Caj)tain  Argiicllo  was  elected  us  dlpdtado  siiplentc,  or 
substitute,  for  the  coutiiigeiify  of  accident  to  the  priii- 
cijial.  On  June  2d  Sola  wrote  to  his  cousin  in  Mcx- 
icd,  announcing  his  coming  and  rcj(jicing  in  the  triumph 
(if  independence."  Five  months  it  seems  had  modi- 
iJLtl  his  political  ideas. 

AV'hile  all  went  thus  smoothly  in  the  north,  Cali- 
funiia  making  haste  to  follow  Mexico  in  each  succes.sive 
phase  of  independence  as  fast  as  the  news  arrived, 
witliout  the  faintest  shadow  of  hesitation  or  protest; 
wliile  officers,  soldiers,  friars,  neophytes,  and  civilians 
luui  formally  renounced  their  allegiance  to  Spain,  and 
became  faithful  subjects  of  the  new  Mexican  empire ; 
while  all  that  was  'royal'  had  become  'imperial;''* 
while  not  only  was  the  regency  fully  recognized,  but 
the  term  emperor  somewhat  prematurely  used;  and 
wliile  the  people  and  provincial  authorities  wtjrc 
patiently  awaiting  further  instructions  as  to  their 
duties  under  the  new  regime — California  was  the  ob- 
ject of  much  suspicion  and  fear  in  Mexico.  Kather 
stiangely  no  news  had  been  received  about  the  recep- 
tion of  independence  there.  The  loyalty  of  the 
Franciscans  to  Spain  was  well  known.  The  wealth 
(if  tlie  missions  was  exaggerated,  and  it  was  feared 
that  California  might  be  made  by  Spaniards  a  centre, 
or  starting-point,  for  a  reactionary  movement. 

Tnder  these  circumstances  it  was  deemed  best  to 
scud  an  agent,  or  comisionado,  of  the  regency  to  learn 
the  feeling  of  the  Calift^rnians,  to  'foment'  a  spirit 
(if  independence,  to  obtain  an  oath  of  allegiance,  to 
raise  the  new  national  flag,  and  in  general  to  su[)erin- 

tliL'  live  electors.  Lcrf.  Iter.,  MS.,  i.  4-S.  Estmlillo  was  secretary.  On  account 
of  tliu  (liliiculties  and  delays  of  travel  hetueen  California  and  Mexico,  Sola's 
li.i\v(  IS  were  extended  over  two  years,  pmbably  182.S-4,  if  t!ic  cortes  could  be 
iiiiliiL'ud  to  sanction  such  an  act.  According  to  Alvarado,  J/'ikI.  ('a/.,  MS.,  i. 
'211-2,  and  Vallcjo  (J.  J.),  Jlcminisrrncia'*,  MS.,  78-!»,  Argiiello  and  Estudillo 
liail  I'ucli  their  friends  in  the  electoral  college.  Apr.  l.">,  IH2'2,  tlic  'siivercign 
riini,'i\'ss  '  decreed  that  provinces  should  bo  represented  therein  and  fixed  the 
I'ay  of  deputies.  Guerrn,  Doc.  Hint.  Col.,  MS.,  vii.  l'J3-4. 

".SV.  }'ap.,S<tc.,  MS.,  vi.  47.     Sec  beginning  of  this  cliapter. 

'■' 'I'rcsiilio  imperial'  in  May  and  June  instead  of  the  old  form  'presidio 
real.'  Di^it.  ,«.  Pap.,  Jiai.  JUL,  MS.,  liii.  2,  75. 


456 


A  PROVINCE  OP  THE  MEXICAN  EMPIRE. 


I    i  F 


I  i 


i 


tend  the  putting  in  working  order  the  new  machin- 
ery of  constitutional  government.  The  mission  was 
regarded  as  a  delicate  one  requiring  high  and  pecuhar 
abilities,  such  as  were  believed  by  Iturbide  with  much 
reason  to  be  possessed  by  Agustin  Fernandez  de  San 
Vicente,  can6nigo,  or  canon,  of  the  Durango  catlu- 
dral,  who  was  selected  for  the  position  probably  in 
April,  on  the  13th  of  which  month  the  San  Carlos 
was  ordered  to  be  made  ready  to  carry  him  to  tlie 
north.  While  preparations  were  being  made,  Iturbide 
was  proclaimed  emperor  on  May  19th,  under  the  title 
of  Agustin  I.;  but  there  are  indications  that  the 
commission  of  Fernandez  already  made  out  by  tli(.> 
regency — that  is  Iturbide  as  president  of  that  sonio- 
what  mythical  body — was  not  replaced  by  anotht  r 
from  Iturbide  as  emperor,'®  an  omission  that  miglit 
have  had  serious  results  had  the  mission  been  as 
delicate  as  it  was  supposed  to  be. 

The  commissioner  was  to  proceed  first  to  Loreto, 
where  no  opposition  to  the  new  r(5gime  was  anticipated ; 
and  thence  by  sea  to  Monterey,  respecting  the  politi- 
cal attitude  of  whose  inhabitants  the  greatest  appre- 
hensions were  felt,  where  the  utmost  precautions  wciu 
to  be  taken  to  keep  the  San  Carlos  from  falling  into 
the  hands  of  foes,  and  where  the  can6nigo  was  to  find 
a  field  for  his  diplomatic  talents.  The  instructions  of 
Ulloa,  comandante  at  San  Bias,  to  Narvaez,  com- 
mander of  the  Sa?i  Carlos,  were  dated  June  9th  and 
the  vessel  sailed  probably  on  the  13th.'^  Let  us  re- 
turn to  Monterey  and  await  her  coming. 

"Tliis,  in  the  paucity  of  documcnta,  is  largely  conjectural;  but  it  is  to  lie 
noted  that  in  the  one  or  two  instancea  in  which  Fernandez  formally  naiiud 
ills  position,  it  was  as  '  Comisionado  de  S.  A.  la  Regencia  del  Iniperio  Mtji- 
cano,'  and  never  as  comisionado  of  the  emperor.  I  suppose  the  chanj:u  in 
conmiission  and  instructions  was  either  ncclcuted  in  the  rush  of  public  iitt'uiis, 
or  that  by  some  accident  the  papers  faileu  to  reach  Fernandez  before  the  I'ny 
of  sailing,  and  that  he  preferred  to  sail  without  them,  deeming  the  tccliiiiial 
informality  of  less  moment  than  the  (question  of  time,  especially  as  the dilli i- 
ence  between  the  regency  and  the  empire  was  microscopic.  If  this  was  tiio 
case,  it  may  account  for  the  failure  of  the  Canonigo  toexiiibithis  instructions 
in  California,  and  their  absence  from  the  archives. 

"  Ulloa,  InntruccioncK  rdativax  d  la  comixiou  de  Estado  tl  amhax  Cali/nr- 
nitu  en  el  beryaiUin  imperial  nombrado  iSan  Cdrlon,  al  muiido  del  tenivntc  <k 


:  m 


THE  CANONIGO  FERNANDEZ. 


167 


Deen  as 


While  Sola  was  preparing  for  a  trip  to  Mexico  as 
deputy,  on  July  14th  the  American  ship  Panther  ar- 
rived at  Monterey.  She  had  left  San  Bias  in  com- 
]«iiiy  with  the  San  Carlos  and  brought  the  news  both 
of  Iturbide's  accession  to  the  throne  and  of  the  Can6- 
iiiL,n>'s  mission.  Sola  accordingly  suspended  his  de- 
]iarture,  and  at  once  communicated  the  news  to 
coinmandants  and  friars,  with  the  information  that  he 
luul  received  a  pattern  of  the  new  flag,  and  a  promise 
from  the  emperor  that  all  dues  to  troops  and  missions 
should  be  quickly  paid,*^  a  promise  that  would  have 
removed  all  difficulties,  had  there  been  any,  in  the  way 
of  Iturbide's  recognition.  But  the  Californians  were 
far  from  suspecting  that  their  allegiance  was  not 
known  in  Mexico,  or  that  Fernandez  was  coming  with 
any  diplomatic  views.^** 

Fernandez,  having  accomplished  his  task  in  Lower 
California  during  July  and  August,  arrived  at  Mon- 


vm'h  D.  J0116  Maria  Narvnez  (1SS2),  in  Ilitntracion  Mexkana,  ii.  104-7. 
Tliis  is  the  most  important  document  extant  o«i  tlie  subject  in  the  absence  of 
the  instructions  to  Fernandez  himself,  which  arc  substantially  emlMjdied  in 
it.  The  date  of  sailing  is  said  to  have  been  ^'2  or  '2^  days  before  July  15th. 
J'ror.  h'fic,  MS.,  xi.  73;  Arrh.  Sta  Ii.,  MS.,  vi.  2-29. 

'Muly  15th,  Sola  to  Payeras.  Arch.  Sta  It.,  MS.,  vi.  229-31.  Id.  to 
Oiierra.  Prov.  Rec,  MS,,  xi.  73.  July  20tli,  Id.  to  Tapis.  August  8th,  to 
I'liycnis.  St.  Pap.  Sac.,  MS.,  xviii.  19,  21;  vi.  51.  August  9th,  the  new  ini- 
pciial  flag  made  its  first  appearance  in  California,  save  in  the  pattern  received 
liy  Sola,  at  Sta  BArljara  on  the  brig  San  Franrixco  tie  Paula,  wliusc  master, 
Manuel  Garcia  was  anxious  to  know  how  it  was  regarded  in  the  province. 
Giiirra,  Doc.  Jlist.  Cat.,  MS.,  vi.  14.1.  Yet  as  early  as  July  13th,  if  there  is 
no  iTror  in  the  date,  Capt.  Ruiz  wrote  from  San  Diego  that  a  new  Mexican 
Haj;  was  being  made,  though  both  cloth  and  colors  were  scarce.  Id.,  vi.  (il. 
.\u:,'ust  IGth,  Santiago  Argiiello  sends  to  Guerra  a  model  of  the  new  coat-uf- 
iiniis.  Id.,  vii.  75.  August  23d,  the  same  ollicer  understands  that  Fernandez 
is  ci lining  with  much  authority  both  military  and  ecclesiastic.  Id.,  vi.  (i2, 
August  10th,  Capt.  Ruiz  rejoices  at  tiie  empire  and  hopes  it  may  be  free  from 
st'inns,  /(/.,  vi.  03.  August  12th,  Torre,  the  governor's  secretary,  writes  to 
•  iiicrra  that  people  are  insane  aljout  tlie  coming  of  the  canonigo  as  of  a  mea- 
"iah,  some  persons  having  just  come  from  the  south  who  had  talked  with  him. 
It  is  said  hia  powers  are  very  great,  that  tho  missions  are  to  be  turne<l  into 
tiiwns,  etc.  '  Some  feel  themselves  already  rich,  others  avenged,  others  with 
(illiocs,  and  still  more  with  ranchos,'  The  writer  doubts  the  coniisionado's 
luitliDiity  over  either  the  military  or  missionaries.  Doc.  Ilwt.  (Jnl.,  MS.,  iv. 
"itsT-S.  Sent,  5th,  Sola  says  that  on  St  Augustine's  day  he  set  at  libei  ty  iv 
soldier  uniter  arrest  in  honor  of  the  Geueralisimo  Don  Agustin  Ituibide. 
I'nIh'Jo,  Doc.  nut.  Cal.,  MS,,  i.  41. 

'"  Yet  July  1st  a  hurried  express  from  Mexico  by  way  of  Loreto  arrived  at 
.Monterey  to  inquire  if  the  independence  had  been  adopted  in  California.  St. 
I'tq:  Sac,  MS.,  xviii.  18. 


i  'l   '1 


ji 


.( ' 


111 


fi 

Hi 


458 


A  PROVINCE  OF  THE  MEXICAN  EMPIRE. 


tcroy  in  the  San  Carlos^  the  2Gth  of  September.  In 
the  peninsula  he  had  doubtless  learned  that  there 
were  no  reasons  to  fear  a  hostile  reception,  and  that 
no  es|)ecial  precautions  would  be  required  to  keep  tlu3 
vessel  from  falling  into  the  hands  of  recalcitrant  loy- 
alists.'^ That  same  day  before  landing  Le  sent  his 
credentials  from  the  regency  to  Sola,  and  others  from 
the  guardian  of  San  Fernando  to  Payeras,  the  receipt 
of  which  was  acknowledged  on  the  27th  and  30th  iv- 
spectively.-*  From  this  point  records  respecting  tlic 
cumisionado's  acts  and  the  acts  of  the  authorities  in 
consequence  of  his  coming  are  meagre.  It  is  a  iv 
markablc  fact  that  neither  public  nor  private  arcliives 
furnish  a  single  contemporary  document  on  the  chaui^c 
of  flaiif:  nor  is  the  exact  date  of  that  event  known, 
though  it  doubtless  took  place  with  all  due  ceremony 
at  the  four  presidios  at  the  end  of  September  or  early 
in  October. 

All  the  old  Californians  of  course  remember  the 
cominjr  of  the  can6nigo  and  the  change  of  flajj,  but  in 

*"  The  Sail  Carlos  was  commanded  by  Jos6  Maria  Narvaez,  liis  eon  >Ii<,MK  1 
being  alftTCZ  de  navio,  Prieto,  contador,  and  the  priest  Afanadon,  or  Afaiia- 
dor,  cliaplain.  Guerra,  Doc.  Jlist.  Cal.,  MS.,  vi.  121.  Old  Californians  cay 
that  Fernandez  had  a  somewhat  numerons  suite  of  attendants,  which  may  lie 
true,  though  there  is  nothing  in  the  records  on  the  subject.  He  was,  \w\\. 
ever,  accompanied  by  a  priest  known  to  the  Californians  as  the  '  padre  clii- 
quito,'  or  Padre  Borrego,  possibly  identical  with  Afanadon. 

*'  Of  the  prevalent  fears  in  Mexico  on  this  subject,  the  existence  of  v  liitli 
I  learned  chiefly  from  the  instructions  to  liarvaez,  Alvarado,  IJint.  C'<il.,  MS., 
i.,  formed  the  same  idea  from  a  conversation  lie  overheard  between  Dorngo 
and  one  of  the  maronieros. 

"''Sept.  20th,  Fernandez  to  Payeras,  from  on  board  the  imperial  brig  S<tii 
Ciirlos.  Sept.  30th,  Payeraa  to  '  Seiior  Can6nigo  Comisionado  Dr  Don  Ai,'iis- 
tin  de  San  Vicente,'  announcing  that  he  has  circulated  a  copy  of  the  creden- 
tials among  the  padres  '  that  they  may  receive  with  reverent  submission  ^<lu  ii 
precepts  as  Vuestra  Sefioria  may  have  imposed  on  them.'  Arch.  Sta  li.,  MS., 
ix.  112-14.  Sept.  2(ith,  Sola  to  Fernandez,  receipt  of  documents.  Sept.  27tli, 
receipt  of  credentials  (from  the  regency  and  not  the  emperor).  Same  date, 
letter  of  thanks  for  praise.  St.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  vi.  52.  In  the  docunidit 
alluded  to  as  sent  by  Fernandez  to  Payeras  or  possibly  another,  dated  Mexico, 
April  18th,  the  guardian  wrote  that  there  were  rumors  in  Mexico  that  tiic 
padres  were  averse  to  taking  the  oath;  that  he,  when  summoned  before  a 
junta,  had  denied  this;  an<l  that  the  comisionado  must  be  received  vith 
respect  and  obedience.  Arch.  Mixiones,  MS.,  i.  512-13;  Arch.  Sta  li.,  MS., 
xi.  348-51.  Fernandez  also  brought  a  letter  of  recommendation  to  the  pudns 
from  Slndico  Martiarena  of  Tepic.  Id.,  xii.  405.  Oct.  2d,  Narvaez  to  Oueria, 
says  that  Fernandez  will  not  leave  California  until  he  has  installed  the  m  w 
government,  diputacion,  and  ayuntamientos.  Guerra,  Doc.  Uist.  Cal,,  MS., 
vi.  121. 


ilH| 


CHANGE  OF  FLAG. 


459 


(U  tails  their  statements  arc  confused,  since  they  are 
iiulined  to  group  in  this  connection  all  that  occurred 
ill  the  way  of  politics  from  the  swearing  of  the  liberal 
constitution  in  1820  to  that  of  1824  as  part  of  the 
cliange  from  the  old  to  the  new,  from  Spanish  mon- 
arcli}'  to  Mexican  republicanism  with  the  empire  as  a 
connecting  link.  No  wonder  they  fail  to  keep  clearly 
tliitined  the  details  of  the  successive  phases.  At  Mon- 
tti'ey  the  can6nigo  took  part  personally  in  the  cere- 
monies, making  a  speech  in  which,  with  all  the  arts 
of  the  wily  populachcro  that  he  was,  he  showed  that 
the  change  in  government  was  specially  devised  to 
promote  the  interests  of  each  particular  class.  Then 
the  old  flag  was  lowered,  not,  let  us  hope,  without 
tears  from  the  old  soldiers  of  Spain,  and  the  imperial 
banner  of  Mexico  was  unfolded  to  the  breeze  amidst 
thunders  of  artillery,  noise  of  drum  and  fife,  and 
shouts  of  "Viva  la  Independencia  Mejicanal  Viva  el 
Enipcrador  Agustin  1. 1"  The  friars  thought  much 
and  said  nothing;  young  men  were  inclined  to  be 
pleased  at  the  novelty;  the  Indians  are  said  to  have 
U'cn  delighted  at  the  substitution  of  the  eagle  for 
the  lion;  and  if  any  felt  sad  at  heart  when  they 
thought  of  the  old-time  glories  of  the  flag  of  Castile, 
the  races  and  feastings  that  followed  the  church  cere- 
monies, and  the  grand  ball  that  lasted  through  the 
niL;ht,  went  far  to  efface  unpleasant  thoughts.^' 

Jt  may  be  supposed  that  a  new  oath  of  allegiance 
to  Agustin  I.  was  required  from  every  one  in  the 
}>iuvince;  but  the^e  is  no  record  to  prove  that  such 

"Vallejo,  Hist.  Cal,  MS.,  i.  281-95,  and  Alvaratlo,  I  fiat.  Cal.,  MS.,  i. 
inH-20G,  iiurrato  these  afTaii-s  more  fully  than  others.  Pico,  Acoitticimkiilo^, 
Ms.,  ")-();  Avila,  Coma  df  Cal.,  MS.,  20-'2;  Vt'gnr,  L'crucnloi,  MS.,  4;  and 
Luiios,  Convulsiotiea,  MS.,  0,  speak  more  or  less  fully  of  the  event  at  Mon- 
ti ny.  Amador,  Memorial,  MS.,  79-SO,  129-31,  remenibera  the  elian.t;c  at 
San  Francisco.  Mrs  Ord,  Ocurrenciaa,  MS.,  15,  says  that  Guerra  was  absent 
fioii>  Sta  Bdrbara  when  the  ceremony  took  place.  Gonzalez,  Exp<r'ftici(ia, 
Ms.,  13-14,  was  away,  but  heard  that  Manuel  Cota  and  another  nuiu  refused 
nllLgiiince.  Sra  Machado,  Ttempoa  Paaados,  MS.,  9-10,  remembers  that  the 
l\:iii  was  raised  at  San  Diego  as  well  as  possible  without  a  flagstaff;  that  the 
Boldicrs  complained  that  there  was  no  distribution  of  money,  and  that  next 
(lii.v  nil  the  soldiers  had  to  cut  oil'  their  queues,  to  the  great  disgust  of  thcai- 
selves  and  of  the  women. 


I  'j 


M 


i  1 


i  I 


i 


J  I. 


i  I 


4C0 


A  PROVINCE  OF  THE  MEXICAN  EMPIRE. 


was  the  case.  A  decree  of  the  Mexican  congress 
dated  April  18th,  requiring  all  to  recognize  the  sov- 
ereignty of  the  nation  as  represented  by  that  body, 
and  to  promise  obedience  to  its  acts,  came  throui^^h 
the  bishop's  hands  and  was  circulated  by  the  presi- 
dent in  November;  but  the  only  recorded  instaiico 
of  ct)nipliance  was  at  San  Rafael  on  December  8tli, 
and  in  the  oath  there  was  no  allusion  to  the  emperor.-* 
Three  other  orders  were  forwarded  through  the  saiuf 
channels.  One  was  the  bishop's  order  to  substituti- 
the  name  of  Agustin  for  Fernando  in  the  litany  of 
prayers;  the  second  was  a  call  for  a  solemn  mass  and 
te  deum  in  thanksgiving  for  the  installation  of  con- 
gress, and  three  days  of  prayer  for  divine  aid  to  that 
body;  the  third,  an  imperial  cedula  requiring  similar 
jirayers  for  Iturbide's  wise  and  happy  rule;  while  a 
fourth,  arriving  too  late  for  obedience  in  this  yeai', 
called  upon  the  friars  to  pray  for  the  successful  issue 
of  important  business  which  called  the  emperor  to 
Vera  Cruz,  and  also  for  the  happy  delivery  of  tlio 
cm  press.  ^^ 

The  can6nigo  called  upon  the  padres  the  1st  of  (Oc- 
tober for  a  full  report  on  each  mission,  with  particular 
reference  to  geography,  lands,  and  natural  resourcrs. 
The  report  was  promptly  made  out  and  contained  a 
large  amount  of  information,  being  perhaps  the  most 
complete  descriptive  document  extant  on  the  subject; 
but  from  the  nature  of  the  material  it  can  best  be  util- 
ized in  connection  with  the  local  annals  of  this  decade. " 

'•"  April  18th,  decree  of  congress,  which  seems  to  have  been  conatitucioiinl 
when  the  decree  left  Mexico,  and  constituyeule  on  its  arrival  at  San  KafiK  1. 
•S'.  Jo8^,  PiltentfS,  MS.,  165-6.  June  7th,  bishop  to  president.  Arch,  tita  /I., 
MS.,  vi.  l'J'i-3.  N»v.  2d,  j^resideut  to  padres.  /(/.,  xi.  184.  Dec.  8th,  ontli 
tukcu  at  San  Rafael.    Vallejo,  Doc.  Hist.  CaL,  MS.,  xxviii. 

",S'.  Josf,  Patentes,  MS.,  16G-70;  Arch.  Sta  li.,  MS.,  vi.  123-:C:  Va'Mjo, 
Doc.  Hut.  CaL,  MS.,  xxxiii.  45. 

'°  Oct.  Ist,  Fernandez  to  the  padres.  Arch.  Sta  B.,  MS.,  ix.  li  t-7.  Tl'o 
infoniiation  was  sought  under  7  different  heads  or  topics,  including;  popul.i- 
tion,  live-stock,  crops,  mines,  fisheries,  geography,  and  needs  foi  cicfcnce, 
etc.  The  answer  was  the  document  which  I  call  Mmoneit,  Cuiulerno  d  i  Kstwla^, 
ISJJ,  MS.  The  heading  in  the  original  is  Enlculo  de  la  Mision  de  San  Diego  (otlur 
names  substituted  and  rest  of  title  omitted  later)  en  satin/accion  de  ha  piinfus 
que  t'l  Sr  Prelieiidado  etc.,  etc.  Comimonado  par  el  Supremo  Consfjo  de  Ji'e- 
yeiicia  a  lun  dos  Cali/ornias,  pide  a  la  Prf/cctura  de  esta  Provincia. 


AN  INFORMAL  COUNCIL. 


40. 


Ft  inandez  clearly  understood  the  importance  of  the 
mission  question. 

A  nicoting  was  held  at  the  governor's  house  on  the 
8tli,  at  which  were  present  Sola,  Fernandez,  Payeras, 
Siiiiia,  and  Tapis,  captains  Argiiello  and  Navarrete, 
lieutenants  Estudillo,  Estrada,  and  Gomez,  and  Al- 
fciez  Ilaro.  The  meeting  was  an  informal  one,  of 
which  probably  no  records  were  kept,  but  from  letters 
written  tlie  next  day''  we  learn  that  four  toj)ics  re- 
ceived attention  from  the  assembled  Californians  and 
were  decided — by  the  canonigo.  The  first  was  the 
^fDvernorsliip,  of  which  I  shall  speak  a  little  later. 
Next  came  up  the  establishment  of  a  provincial  dipu- 
tiicioii,  or  legislative  assembly,  under  the  constitution 
of  1812.  This  body  ought  properly  to  have  been  or- 
},'aiiized  long  before,  but  Sola  for  various  reasons  set 
f(.rtli  at  the  meeting,  chiefly  the  unfitness  of  the  Cali- 
lornians  for  self-government,  had  neglected  to  comply 
with  the  law.  His  reasons  and  arguments  were  over- 
thrown by  the  comisionado,  who  declared  there  nmst 
be  a  (liputacion  if  it  had  to  be  composed  of  Indians, 
and  that  the  art  of  self-government  could  best  be 
learned  by  practice.  Thus  it  was  settled.  Thirdly, 
the  matter  of  ayitntamicntos,  or  town  councils,  at  Los 
Angeles  and  San  Josd  was  considered,  the  perfect  or- 
}.;a nidation  of  these  councils  having  been  hitherto 
neglected,  without  any  suflficient  reason  as  the  cano- 
nigo decided.  Finally,  the  future  status  of  the  mis- 
sions was  discussed,  and  the  conclusion  was  that  the 
neophytes  might  remain  in  their  present  condition, 
with  certain  not  very  radical  modifications;  that  is, 
secularization  was  not  to  be  immediately  enforced.'^ 


28 


"  Oct.  9th,  Sola  to  Guerra.  Two  letters.  Prov.  Rec,  MS.,  ii.  78-80.  Oct. 
ntli,  I'aycras  to  the patlres.  A rch.  Sta  B. ,  MS. ,  ix.  106-1 1 .  Oct.  10th,  Joa6  Maiia 
Xp.iviiez  to  Guerra,  Ouerra,  Doc.  IlUt.  C'al.,  MS.,  vi.  110-20.  Sola  writes 
chiclly  of  the  diputacion  and  ayuntamientos;  Payeras  of  mission  matters;  and 
Xur\  acz  of  the  new  governor  to  be  chosen,  though  all  three  mention  the  dif- 
ferent topics. 

^  Those  of  the  Indiana  best  fitted  to  care  for  themselves  might  with  the 
consent  of  the  governor  and  padres  be  allowed  to  go  with  their  share  of  the 
property  to  the  pueblo,  or  to  live,  under  inspection,  separately  or  in  any  de- 
cunt  family.     The  lash  being  absolutely  abolished,  reliance  must  be  placed  on 


i 


462 


A  PROVINCE  OF  THE  MEXICAN  EMPIRE. 


n 


The  pueblos  had  always  had  an  ayuntarniento  com- 
posed  of  an  alcalde  and  one  or  two  regidores.  Tlie 
change  now  proposed  was  simply  the  addition  of  ii 
sfndico,  or  counsellor,  and  a  secretary  at  San  JosJ 
and  Los  Angeles,  and  the  removal  of  the  goverimi's 
coniisionado  who  at  each  pueblo  had  hitherto  Ikcu 
really  the  highest  authority.  Though  the  local  recoii Is 
are  incomplete,  I  think  there  is  no  doubt  that  tlie 
change  was  carried  into  effect  this  year,  in  accordance 
with  the  governor's  orders.'^ 

The  same  electors  who  on  Ma}'^  21st  had  elected  Sola 
as  diputado  to  the  Mexican  cortes,  were  at  once  sum- 
moned to  Monterey.  The  can6nigo  had  ordered  that 
these  five  men  had  the  right  not  only  to  choose  a 
diputacion  for  the  province,  but  to  elect  themselves  as 
members  of  that  august  body.  Accordingly  they  did 
so  elect  themselves  on  November  9th  in  the  following 
order  of  seniority :  Josd  Aruz,  Francisco  Ortega,  Fran- 
cisco Castro,  and  Josd  Palomares.  Cilrlos  Castro  was 
substituted  as  fifth  vocal,  or  member,  for  Ignacio  Lojhz; 
perhaps  because  the  latter  could  not  reador  write,  and 
Jos(5  Antonio  Carrillo  was  added  to  make  up  the  requi- 
site number  of  six.  Antonio  and  Jose  Castro  wwa 
named  as  substitutes;  the  governor  was  ex  officio  pre- 
sident, and  Francisco  de  Haro  was  made  secretaiv. 
Thus  constituted,  this  first  legislature  of  Califonii;", 
the  members  having  sworn  obedience  to  the  consti- 
tution and  allegiance  to  the  emperor,  was  installed 
on  the  same  day  with  appropriate  ceremonies  not  mi- 

a  stick  applied  to  the  clothed  back,  or  to  stocks,  shackles,  etc.,  all  'gently' 
applied.  The  diputacion  would  watch  over  the  iniHsiona.  The  padres  must 
make  extra  efforts  to  instruct  the  Indians.  The  neophytes  must  be  in  rcmli- 
ness  to  help  resist  invasion. 

'*  In  Ilia  letter  of  Oct.  9th,  already  referred  to.  Sola  ordered  that  MaitoK  iia 
be  sent  at  once  to  Los  Angeles  to  assemble  the  officers  and  people,  infdrm 
tliem  of  the  addition  to  bo  made,  leave  them  to  choose  new  officers,  or  retain 
the  old  ones,  and  cause  the  comisionado  to  relirc  and  join  his  company.  /'/-',)'. 
Eec,  MS.,  xi.  7S-9.  Payeras  in  his  letters  stated  that  Branciforte  was  in 
tliis  respect  to  be  added  to  S.  Josd.  Arch.  Sta  B.,  MS.,  ix.  100-10.  N'lv. 
7th,  Sola  has  been  informed  of  the  installation  of  the  newly  appointed  ayuii- 
tamiento  of  Los  Angeles.  Prov.  Bee,  MS.,  xi.  80.  The  ayuntarniento  ax  a 
body  was  to  be  addressed  as  ' Ilustre,'or  '  Muy  Ilustre,'  or  '  U.sia';  the  iin  tn- 
bcrs  aa  '  Seiior  Ixegidor,'  etc.,  or  plain  '  Vd.'  Arch,  Misionee,  MS.,  i.  2C'2. 


FIRST  LEGISLATURE. 


408 


iiulrly  (lesorlbod,  but  inclu(lin«jf  a  disooursc  l»y  Payoras, 
a  solemn  to  douin,  and  salutes  ofartlllery  and  musketry. 
The  diputacion  held  a  session  now  and  then  for  the 
rest  of  the  year,  dealing  for  the  most  part  with  minor 
matters,  and  doing  less  harm  than  is  attributed  to 
Mtiue  of  the  legislative  assemblies  of  later  years.** 


be  in  ri'iuli- 


Between  the  meeting  of  October  8th  and  the  or- 
{Tfaiiization  of  the  diputacion  on  Novend)er  9th  the 
caiHMiigo  made  a  visit  to  the  Russian  settlement  above 
liudega.  Payeras  went  with  him  and  wrote  a  diary 
of  the  trip.^'    They  left  Monterey  on  October  11th 

'"Record  of  tho  organization  of  the  diputacion.  Le;/.  liec,  MS.,  i.  S-11. 
Cajit.  Xuvurretc,  (-adct  Torre,  and  Alf.  Ilaro  were  tiie  witnesses  of  tiie  furmul 
iiistalliition.  Otiier  statcnients  of  tlie  fact  and  lists  of  members.  Deftl.  lice, 
MS.,  i.  119;  Arch.  Stn  It.,  MS.,  xi.  183;  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  AiKjelrs,  MS.,  i.  8'.'; 
/^7'^  St.  Pap.,  S.  Jour,  MS.,  iv.  129.  Nov.  t!7th,  tho  uovernor  issues  a  procla- 
iiiiition  in  tho  namo  of  the  emperor,  forbidding,  under  severe  penalties,  all 
iiikIiiu  criticisms  of  the  acts  of  the  diputacion,  and  all  marks  of  disrespect  to 
till'  liody,  or  any  of  its  members,  and  all  efi'orts  to  divide  prblic  opinion,  or 
criiiti- ill-feeling  or  disturluince.  I'ublished  at  San  Francisc ■  Dec.  1st.  I'al- 
I'jii.  J  Joe.  Hint.  L'al. ,  MS. ,  i.  50.  It  seems  that  some  of  the  ;  lilitary  officers 
hail  talked  rather  freely  about  tho  ignorance,  etc.,  of  tho  new  legislators. 
J)!"!:  I'l'c,  MS.,  i.  12.3.  Guerra,  in  a  private  letter  to  Argiiullo,  disapproved 
(if  tlic  bandoas  too  sweeping,  and  on  an  insignificant  matter.  It  was  nocrimo 
ti>  8ay  that  one  of  the  diputados  was  a  tomista,  and  others  ignorant  fellows. 
Due.  Hint.  C'al.,  MS.,  iv.  6*23-4.  Nov.  30th,  Payeras  instructs  tho  padres  aa 
tu  the  titles  duo  tu  the  new  assembly.  As  a  body,  the  diputacion  was  to  bo 
ndiii'i'Hsed  as  '  Vuestra  Excelencia,'  a  communication  to  Ijo  addressed  '  A  la 
Kxciiia.  Diputacion  Provincial  de  esta  Nueva  California,'  or  'al  Sr  Presi- 
lU'iite  do  la  Lxcma  Diputacion.'  Each  member  in  tho  board  was  to  l>e  'Usia,* 
or  '  V\icstra  Seflorla;'  but  out  of  it  '  Sr  Vocal,'  or  '  Vd.'  The  title  of  '  cov- 
t-rnor  '  had  been  abolished  in  favor  of  '  Gefe  or  Coinandante  Superior  Politico 
y  Militar.'  Arch.  Misioiien,  MS.,  i.  262.  The  only  recorded  sessions  of  tho 
(lijmtacion  in  1822  were:  Nov.  9th,  when  tho  body  was  organized;  Nov.  12th, 
wIr'ii  taxes  were  levied;  Nov.  13th,  when  a  special  tax  to  pay  Sola's  expenses 
was  imposed;  and  Nov.  27th,  when  the  mutter  of  habilitado's  compensiitioii 
was  settled. 

■'^Payeras,  Noticias  sobre  Rosa.  Diario  de  la  Caminata  que  emprmdid . .  . 
I'll  union  del  Sr  Comixionado  del  Imperio. .  .Jft2,i,  MS.  Tho  route  with  names 
was  as  follows:  Oct.  11th,  Monterey  to  Rancho  Nacionul,  formerly  Del  Key, 
or  San  Pedro.  Oct.  12th,  through  the  Cafladadc  Natividad  N.  E.  to  San  Jiusii 
liautista,  where  Sunday  was  spent.  Oct.  14th,  3  1.  N.  E.  to  ranclio  of  M.  (!. 
(I  astro?);  Laguna  Seca;  SanJosd;  Sta  Clarn.  Oct.  l.")th,  to  San  Francisquito 
•"'  1.  N.  w. ;  3  1.  to  Rancho  de  las  Pulgas;  2  I.  to  San  Mateo;  5  I.  to  I'll  Porte- 
ziii'li);  1  1.  to  Mission  San  Francisco.  Oct.  16th-18th,  rested  while  horses 
MiTf  crossed  over  the  bay.  Oct.  19th,  crossed  from  San  Francisco  to  San 
Kafael  in  the  lancha  by  rowing.  Oct.  20th,  5  1.  n.  to  Sta  Lucia  de  Olompali 
(written  Onompdi,  on  a  former  trip  AlompaH);  2  1.  N.  w.  to  AiToyo  de  San 
Antonio;  6  I.  N.  W.  into  the  hills  and  Cafiada  de  San  Vicente,  with  two 
spiiiiu's.  Oct.  21st,  N.  w.  rTound  two  points  of  the  Estero  del  Americano, 
(in  I-  very  steep  hills,  and  south  1  1.  to  shore  of  Bodega  Bay,  1 1  1.  from  San 
^  icLiite,  where  were  two  springs  near  the  beach  and  two  redwood  houses  built 


.{fi  ' ! 


iOi 


A  PROVINCE  OF  THE  MEXICAN  EMPIRE. 


'  i  !  '  ': 


accompanied  by  ciijht  'citizens,' Imlf  ofwliom  wore 
IndinuH.  The  breaking-down  of  a  cart  to  wbich  tiic 
two  padres  had  intrusted  themselves  deposited  tlicin 
in  ])()sitions  more  or  less  inconsistent  with  ecclesiastical 
dignity,  inflicted  a  few  bruises,  and  supplied  the  only 
excitement  of  the  journey  to  San  Francisco,  l^tiii;^' 
reenforced  by  Captain  Argiicllo  and  Lieutenant  Vallr, 
with  a  few  soldiers  and  servants,  the  party  were  rowcil 
on  the  19th  in  the  lancha  to  San  Rafael.  Three  days 
took  them  over  the  hills  to  Bodega  and  up  the  coast 
to  Ross.  The  distinguishing  incident  on  this  part  (d" 
the  trip  was  the  attempt  of  a  refractory  nmstang  to 
throw  the  imperial  comisionado  into  a  stream.  It  was 
not  quite  successful,  but  the  struggle  made  the  ridn- 
sick  even  to  vomiting  and  the  color  of  the  result  gave 
to  the  stream,  now  Salmon  Creek,  the  name  of  Arroyo 
Verde. 

The  time  spent  at  Ross  was  from  11a.  m.  on  tlio 
22d  to  the  morning  of  the  24th.  The  visitors  were 
received  with  a  salute  of  four  guns,  and  were  treat rd 
with  the  most  cordial  ho.spitality  by  the  young  mana- 
ger Karl  Schmidt  and  his  subordinates,  who  entir- 
tained  them  with  fireworks  and  music,  besides  showinj,' 
and  explaining  everytl  ng  in  and  about  the  settlement. 
The  resulting  description  as  written  by  Payeras  will 
be  utilized  elsewhere.  Of  official  diplomatic  intercouise 
between  Fernandez  and  Schmidt  there  is  no  record. 
The  comisionado's  object  was  of  course  to  obtain  as 
much  information  as  possible  for  the  government  in 
INlexico.  A  Russian  writer  says  that  he  warned  the 
Russians  to  abandon  the  settlement  within  six  months 
or  they  would  be   ejected  by  force.'*    Some  of  thu 

by  the  Russians;  n.  along  beach  and  over  several  hard  hills  to  Arroyo  Vcrdo. 
Oct.  2*2d,  2  1.  N.  to  Rio  do  San  Ignacio,  so  named  by  Argiielloin  his  expcditimi 
of  1821  at  a  point  about  13  1.  further  up  (Russian  River  of  course.  Sec  cliiip. 
XX.  tliis  volume.  There  is  some  confusion  not  easily  cleared  up;  but  the  i:i  1. 
may  be  an  underestimate);  IJ  1.  to  Santa  Maria  Arroyo;  to  Ross,  6J  1.  from 
Arroyo  Verde;  arriving  at  11  a.  m.  Oct.  24th  at  S.JW  A.  M.  sailed  for  Boil<n:i, 
where  the  soldiers  ana  horses  wese  joined.  No  new  names  on  the  return 
march.  Oct.  31st,  they  were  at  Son  Jos^,  and  Nov.  2d  reached  San  Jutm 
Bautista. 

'*  Potechin,  Selenie  Boss,  16. 


II 


SEASICK  DIGNITARIES. 


485 


I  wore 
ich  tilt' 
1  tlu'in 
iasticiil 
le  only 

Bt'iii'^' 
b  Vall.«, 
J  rowed 
CO  days 
le  coa>t 
part  t'l' 
tanj;  to 

It  was 

ho  ridtr 

alt  gave 

Arrovd 

[.  on  the 
OYH  were 
troati'd 
<r  maiia- 
o  cntcr- 
showin;^ 
tleiuont. 
raa  will 
lercourse 
record, 
ibtaiii  as 
mont  ill 
■ncd  the 
months 
of  the 

royo  Vcrilf. 

lexpeditimi 

Sec  chap. 

Utthc  i:n. 

t,  6i  1.  fn>m 
[for  BoUfjiai 
the  return 
San  Juuu 


Calirornians  givo  credit  to  a  report,  which  I  doom 
utterly  witliout  foundation,  that  Fernandez  devised  a 
.scheme  to  bribe  the  Indians  and  treacherously  fall 
upon  the  Russian  «;arrison  at  night,  thus  freeing  the 
imperial  domain  from  its  invaders  at  one  blow!  The 
Spanish  officers,  we  are  told,  refused  to  take  part  in 
any  such  plot.^ 

For  the  return  Manager  Schmidt  offered  a  bidarka 
with  fifteen  oarsmen,  to  which  apparently  frail  ve.ssi'l 
(if  skins  the  two  priests  with  a  few  attondants  in- 
trusted themselves,  not  without  iiiisjxivings,  i"<»r  a  sea 
V(»yago  down  to  Bodega.  The  sea  v,as  not  ([uite  tran- 
(juil  i'rom  a  landsman's  point  of  view,  ar  I  now  it  was 
the  turn  of  the  venerable  comisario  prefecto  v.icli 
contorted  features  to  unburden  his  stomach,  v.  hile  the 
canouij^o,  pale  as  death,  looked  with  as  much  com- 
jtlaceucy  as  circumstances  would  permit  on  his  com- 
])an ion's  discomfiture.  Nothing  of  interest  occurred 
on  the  return  from  Bodega  to  San  Rafael,  except  an- 
other equestrian  performance  in  which  the  canonigo 
was  thrown  and  somewhat  bruised,  while  Payeras 
looked  on,  in  sorrow — perhaps.  The  party  was  at  San 
Jose  the  31st  and  at  San  Juan  Bautista,  where  the 
diary  terminates,  the  2d  of  November.  At  each  mis- 
sion on  the  route  Fernandez  was  welcomed  with  the 
ceremony  due  to  his  exalted  rank. 

Chosen  as  deputy  and  engaged  in  preparations  for 
departure  Sola  had  notified  Jos(5  de  la  Guerra  to  be  at 
^Monterey  by  the  middle  of  July  to  assume  the  com- 
niund.  As  the  senior  officer  in  California  Guerra  was 
entitled  in  the  natural  order  of  things  under  the  old 
system  to  become  acting  governor  until  the  regular 
ap|Kjintment  of  a  successor  to  Sola;  and  no  other 
ofHccr  was  thought  of  for  the  position.  The  change 
was  delayed  by  the  coming  of  Fernandez;  but  again 

'\Alvarado,  Jfint.  Cal,  MS.,  i.  212-10;  Valhjo,  Ilhi.  ral,  MS.,  i.  317- 
2,^;  Valkjo  (J.  J.),  lieminiscncicui,  MS.,  8(>-l ;  Finiavdez,  C'oxas  ih:  Cal.,  MS., 
3--.').    J^one  of  these  seem  to  know  that  Arguello  was  one  of  the  party,  or 
liow  small  the  Spanish  force  really  M'as. 
Bin.  Cal.,  Vol.  U.    30 


imf 


i 


IKIP 


Mii  i 


1 1  i 

!! 

1   1 

i  ; 

i'li 

'  ' ' 

jfllH 

'11  Ml 

III  illl 

i 

l| 

inlf 

i 

If 

;■ 

" 

1 

i  •  i.   ' 
^*  1  ■ 

;:! 


. 


4GG 


A  PROVINCE  OF  THE  MEXICAN  EMPIRE. 


on  October  1st,  Sola  announced  his  intention  of  sail- 
ing in  the  San  Carlos,  and  summoned  Guerra  to  the 
capital.  The  captain  was  congratulated  by  his  friends, 
who  expressed  the  hope  that  the  appointment  would 
be  made  permanent.** 

When  the  can6nigo  heard  who  was  to  be  intrusted 
with  the  temporary  rule,  he  suddenly  discovered  that 
his  instructions  required  the  acting  governor  to  l)e 
chosen  by  a  vote  of  officers.  He  knew  the  growing 
feeling  of  bitterness  against  the  Gachupines,  or  Span- 
iards, in  Mexico,  and  he  did  not  deem  it  conducive  to 
his  own  personal  influence  and  popularity  to  return  to 
Mexico  with  a  report  that  he  had  left  a  Spaniard  in 
command  of  California.  He  had  no  objections  poi- 
sonally  to  Guerra,  does  not  seem  to  have  expressed 
openly  any  opposition  to  his  appointment,  and  sub- 
sequently gave  as  a  reason  for  his  real  opposition  the 
advice  of  the  padres  that  Don  Josd  was  too  strict  a 
disciplinarian  for  the  times. ^'  The  wily  priest  had 
noted  some  signs  that  the  younger  Californians  were 
imbibing  the  !^Iexican  prejudice  against  the  Spaniards, 
had  dropped  here  and  there  a  word  calculated  to 
foment  the  infection,  and  supposed  he  could  safely 
trust  the  officers  for  the  rest. 

It  is  not  at  all  unlikely  that  this  matter  was  talked 
over  by  Fernandez  and  Luis  Argiiello  during  their 
trip  to  Bodega.  At  any  rate,  soon  after  his  return 
the  can6nigo  learned  that  the  officers  were  not  likely 
to  vote  in  accordance  with  his  wishes,  perhaps  had 

"  June  20th,  Sola  to  Guerra.  Guerra,  Doc.  Hist.  Cat.,  MS.,  iv.  07-8.  On 
July  7tli,  P.  Znlvidca  congratulated  him  on  his  accession.  Oct.  Ist,  Sola  to 
s,amc.  Prov.  lice,  MS.,  xi.  '/S.  Oct.  Cth,  20th,  Lieut.  Gomez  and  Sii^'t. 
Vallcjo  to  Guerra.  Guerra,  Doc,  Uixt.  Cnl.,  MS.,  vi.  ir)0,  l.w.  As  early  iis 
January  P.  Martinez  had  conjectured  a  change  of  governor  and  the  choice  (jf 
Guerra.  Id.,  iii.  11. 

'*  From  a  letter  written  soon  after  his  arrival  it  would  seem  that  Fcrii.in- 
dez  knew  Gnerra  in  Mexico.  He  addresses  him  as  'my  old  and  cstLCin'il 
friciul,'  and  hopes  to  see  him  come  to  take  pos.se.ssion  of  the  poveniiiu'iit. 
(luerrii.  Doc.  Hint.  Vol.,  MS.,  iv.  109.  Feb.  10,  1823,  Manuel  Varela  wtitis 
from  Tepic  that  the  canitnigo  expressed  rej,'ret  at  not  having  left  (Jiierni  in 
charge,  i)ut  that  he  had  acted  on  the  advice  of  the  padres  ■who  thought  in 
tiic  present  condition  of  the  troops  it  was  not  best  to  '  keep  the  hawser  too 
taut.'  Guerra,  Doc.  Hid.  Cat.,  MS.,  vi.  135. 


1 '  ] 


argCello  elected  governor. 


467 


iilnady  voted  against  thom,^^  and  was  forced  to  con- 
sult anew  his  instructions,  which  told  him  this  time 
that  the  diputacion  must  also  have  a  voice  in  the 
(.Kction.  So  of  course  it  was  decided.  The  dipu- 
tadds  voted  solid  against  Gucrra,  and  Captain  Luis 
Aijj:uo11o  was  elected  by  a  majority  of  one  or  two, 
]irul>ably  on  the  9th  or  10th  of  November.  Don  Jose 
was  bitterly  disappointed,  and  his  friends  were  indig- 
nant. Arguello  was  not  blamed,  at  least  not  by 
Guerra,  who  had  always  been  and  continued  to  be  his 
warm  personal  friend ;  but  charges  of  corruption  were 
fivcly  made,  and  the  vote  of  the  diputacion  was  said 
to  have  been  bought.  Some  dwellers  in  the  south 
wcie  inclined  to  take  a  sectional  view  of  the  matter 
and  rc<xard  the  election  of  Arguello  as  a  danjjerous 
triumph  of  the  north.  The  correspondence  on  this 
sul)jcct  being  altogether  one-sided,^^  it  docs  not  be- 
hoove me  to  enter  deeply  into  the  merits  of  the  con- 
troversy, neither  is  it  necessary.    The  canonigo  deemed 

''The  fact  that  Estudillo  writes  from  San  Diego  on  Nov.  11th,  saying  that 
he  lUL'sumca  the  election  is  over,  and  that  he  voted  for  Guerra,  sliows  tiuit 
Bimic  of  the  votes  were  forwarded  by  letter.  Guerra,  Doe.  liiat.  Cal.,  MS.  vi. 
111.  Estudillo  admits  that  ho  would  prefer  the  governor  under  present  cir- 
tmnstiinccs  not  to  be  a  European. 

'■  Xov.  21st,  Estudillo  to  (jcuerra,  says  that  he  understands  the  number  of 
votes,  those  of  the  diputados  included,  vas  equally  divided,  and  Argiiello 
was  elected  by  Sola's  declining  to  vote.  He  congratulates  Guerra  on  escap- 
ing the  burden.  Guerra,  Dor.  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  iii.  vi.  Juan  Malarin  writes 
to  ijame  effect;  saya  that  Estrada  did  vote,  and  Santiago  was  not  allowed  to; 
(Itclares  that  there  M^as  trickery  in  the  southern  votes;  and  that  the  diputa- 
einii  voted  solid  for  Argiiello.  Id.,  vi.  113.  Theso  two  letters  are  alt  tlio 
(Ulinite  information  we  have  about  the  voting.  It  would  appear  that  only 
unc  or  two  oflicers  could  have  voted  for  Argiiello.  Gucrra  himself  says  such 
was  the  case  in  a  later  communication  to  a  Mexican  newspaper  in  which  ho 
ilifi'iidcd  himself  against  charges  by  Petit  Thouars.  Doc.  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  iv. 
i..'!Ti>-7.  Xov.  18th,  Anastasio  Carrillo  writes  from  Los  Angeles  that  'those 
et  tlie  north  have  hud  their  oMii  way  in  electing  Don  Luis.'  Guerra,  Doc. 
lli^t.  <'iiL,  MS.,  vi.  91.  Nov.  21st,  Estudillo  M-ritcs:  'It  is  best  to  obey;  time 
will  tell.'  /./.,  vi.  111.  Nov.  22d,  Capt.  Ruiz  writes  that  the  bomb  has  burst 
.iLTaiiist  them.  'Those  pvovinciales  (diputados)  will  work  to  render  thom- 
filves  hateful  to  all'  Doc.  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  iv.  013.  Nov.  '24th,  Malaiin 
writes  that  Narvaez  had  told  him  'the  votes  of  the  diputados  had  been 
liini;.'ht.  Indeed  may  God  lielp  them,  but  the  facts  are  before  our  eyes.* 
'>'»•/■;•((.  Doc.  IliKf.  Cal.,  MS.,  vi.  12G.  Jan.  2,  1823,  Narvaez  advises  Guerra 
to  aliido  by  liis  fate,  but  yet  lay  a  coiiiphiint  before  tlie  supreme  government 
(if  tiio  gross  slight  inflicted  on  him.  Thinks,  however,  ho  was  lucky  to  escape 
tlie  liiirdcn.  Id.,  vi.  122.  Nov.  22d,  Torre  says  there  arc  many  discontented 
ones  and  he  Sclicves  oven  the  diputados  repent  of  their  action.  /(/.,  vi.  105. 
'i'liu  Califoruians  in  theii-  rccoUuctiuns  add  nothing  on  this  subject  to  what  'u 


V 

r'tilmmSKki 

•1 

.■^m  mWMx 

iilH 

■MwuiiasffifeiiB 


1  ; 
1  i 


i  ,1 
i     ] 

;    "i 


i  !'  ;  1 


1.;    1... 


■I!    :    ! 


468 


A  PROVINCE  OF  THE  MEXICAN  EMPIRE. 


it  best  that  a  Mexican  and  not  a  Spaniard  should  rule 
California,  and  many  in  the  province,  though  Gucrra 
was  very  popular,  shared  this  feeling,  or  were  induced 
to  share  it.  Just  what  wires  were  pulled,  and  how, 
in  this  election  of  governor  as  in  all  that  have  fol- 
lowed down  to  date,  is  not  known.  Acting-governor 
Argiiello  came  down  to  the  capital  on  a  whaler  and 
took  formal  possession  of  his  office  on  the  day  tliat 
Sola  departed,  probably  November  22d,  but  possibly 
a  day  later.  His  proper  title,  however,  like  that  of 
Sola  himself  during  this  last  year  of  his  rule,  was  no 
hjuger  governor  but  gcfe  j^oUtico,  or  political  chief,  as 
appears  from  the  usage  in  contemporary  documents, 
though  I  find  no  delinite  order  in  the  archives  for 
such  a  change  at  this  time.  This  being  explained,  I 
shall  continue  to  use  the  more  convenient  title  of  gov- 
ernor as  before.^'^ 

The  comisionado  was  not  quite  satisfied  with  the 
padres,  or  at  least  he  wished  to  carry  back  to  ^Mexico 
more  definite  proofs  of  their  loyalty  to  the  cause  of 
independence  than  he  yet  possessed;  and  he  therefore, 
with  the  aid  of  Payeras,  attempted  to  obtain  from 
each  friar  a  certificate  of  his  views.     Many  had  not 

learned  from  the  few  original  papers  preserved,  and  they  fall  into  very  inany 
errors.  Alvanulo,  llht.  CaL,  MS.,  i.  '217--1;  Ccvttro,  Jlelacion,  MS.,  11-12; 
Oiiio,  Hist.  CaL,  MS.,  50-7;  Vallfjo,  Hint,  t'al.,  MS.,  i.  295-1);  Lnrioi,  Cm- 
riiUioiifn,  MS.,  G-7;  (>»•(/,  Ocnrrcncias,  MS.,  16;  Pico,  AconterlmicutoK,  MS., 
C-7;  Avila,  C'osnn  de  Cat.,  MS.,  22;  llrnmidez,  Cnmn  dc  CaL,  MS.,  2J  3. 

*^  There  is  no  definite  record  either  of  Argucllo's  taking  possession  <>r  of 
Viola's  departure;  hut  on  Nov.  22d  Torre  writes  that  ArgUcllo  has  arrived  from 
San  Francisco  and  has  not  yet  received  the  badge  of  olfice.  Giierni,  Dor.  JH4. 
CaL,  MS.,  vi.  105;  and  on  the  same  d..te  Fernandez  dates  a  letter  from  'on 
board  the  San  Cdrlo-i,^  indicating  that  he  had  embarked,  and  that  the  vi'sscl 
Bailed  that  afternoon  or  next  morning.  .S'.  Jorni  Arch.,  MS.,  i.  49.  Nov. 
)l!th,  Payeras  writes  that  the  San  Cdrlon  must  sail  on  the  22d.  Arch.  Sla  li., 
Ms.,  xi.  180-1.  This  is  perhaps  rather  a  weak  foundation  on  whicli  to  liase 
the  date  when  ArgUollo's  rule  began;  but  it  is  all  tliat  is  extant.  The  title 
g' ven  to  Sola  this  year  t'nd  to  Argiiello  was  generally  '  gefe  politico  y  oiniiaii- 
dante  militar;'  but  the  word  'superior'  was  often  added,  and  there  wore 
other  verbal  variations  indicating  that  the  change  rested,  so  far  as  Calit'oiiiia 
was  concerned,  on  no  direct  order  from  Mexi'^o,  but  rather  on  a  general  uiulor- 
standing  tiuit  a  change  had  been  ordered.  In  Mexico,  Mem.  Clticrrn,  ISM,  ]). 
25,  it  is  stated  that  the  office  of  governor  had  been  suppressed  in  vaiious 
places;  but  that  in  Califonua  the  nuitterwas  left  totlie  discretion  of  the  exec- 
utive. Mofras,  Ex'ploralioti,  i.  292-3,  erroneously  states  that  Sola,  faithful  to 
his  oaths,  refused  to  serve  the  new  government,  and  left  Monterey  with  some 
of  his  royalist  soldiers. 


DEPARTURE  OF  THE  CANON. 


469 


responded  as  late  as  November  13th,  when  the  prefect 
issued  a  circular  to  hasten  their  response,  and  to  show 
the  importance  of  the  Franciscans  being  square  on  the 
record  before  the  sailing  of  the  ship.  Of  the  effect  pro- 
tlucod  by  this  document  I  know  nothing,  but  I  suppose 
that  all  the  certificates  were  forthcoming,  since  after 
the  oath  previously  taken  there  was  no  object  in  with- 
holding them.  The  14th  Pay  eras  wrote  in  the  name 
of  the  padres  and  neophytes  a  polite,  humble,  and  flat- 
tering address  to  the  emperor,  praying  for  blessings 
on  the  imperial  family,  regretting  that  the  Califor- 
iiiiuis  were  deprived  of  the  privilege  of  seeing  one 
Avlieso  august  name  had  reached  their  ears,  and  hoping 
that  Agustin  I.  would  not  lose  sight  of  the  pagans  yet 
to  be  converted  in  the  north.^" 

The  canonigo  thus  accomplislicd  his  task  in  Califor- 
nia and  was  ready  to  depart.  Besides  being  imperial 
coMiisionado  he  was  the  highest  ecclesiastical  dignitary 
\vho  had  ever  visited  the  province;  yet  his  qualities 
did  not  altogether  accord  with  his  holy  office  as  viewed 
hy  the  friars  and  by  many  others.  He  was  a  rosy- 
cheeked,  jovial,  gayly  dressed  priest,  a  hon-vivant, 
spending  money  freely  and  always  ready  to  borrow 
from  any  one.  His  peculiarities  as  a  politician  a'.ul 
demagogue  are  sufficiently  illustrated  in  the  preceding 
narrative  of  his  operations.  That  he  left  unpaid  debts 
and  that  he  was  a  gambler,  is  shown  l)y  the  corre- 
spondence of  the  time,  even  if  we  hesitate  to  credit  the 
unelerical  fondness  for  wine  and  women,  by  which, 
according  to  old  Californians,  the  friars  were  scandal- 
ized, and  by  reason  of  which  they  rejoiced  at  the 
canon's  departure.  Sola,  at  first  his  friend,  afterward 
denounced  him  as  a  scoundrel.  After  the  downfall  of 
Iturbide,  Fernandez  was  reported  to  be  in  prison,  but 
in  1825  he  appears  again  as  vicar  of  Santa  Fe,  New 


exico. 


40 


"Nov.  13th,  Payeras  to  padres.  Arch.  Sta  B.,  MS.,  xi.  180-1.    Nov.  14tli, 
I'aycras  to  emperor.  /(/.,  vi.  236-40. 

'"On  the  canuuigo's  character,  and  especially  his  gambling  propensities, 
'X  corrygpoudcnce  of  various  padres  and  officers  in  Guerru,  Doc,  JJint.  LuL, 


if  ^i  I 


1     0 


ste 


!1i 


iii 


470 


A  PROVIXCE  OF  THE  MEXICAN  EMPIRE. 


Sailing  from  Monterey  November  2 2d  the  San 
Carlos  touched  at  San  Diego  for  a  week  or  perliaps 
more  at  the  end  of  December  and  beginning  of  Jan- 
uary. If  Fernandez  had  any  official  business  hero 
beyond  an  attempt  to  retrieve  his  fortunes  at  tlio 
gaming-table  its  nature  does  not  appear.  He  was  not 
lucky  at  cards  in  the  south  if  wo  may  credit  the  state- 
ment of  Santiago  Argiiello,  one  of  whose  letters  and 
one  from  Captain  Narvaez  are  the  only  records  extant 
of  the  stay  at  San  Diego.  On  the  San  Carlos  besides 
the  canon  sailed  Sola  and  Lieutenant  Manuel  Gomez, 
who  left  the  artillery  force  of  California  to  the  com- 
mand of  Ramirez.*^ 

In  connection  with  Sola's  departure,  though  I  shall 
have  occasion  to  mention  his  name  incidentally  a  little 
later,  I  present  here  a  connected  biographical  notice/- 

MS.,  v.-vii,  passim.  He  quarrelled  with  Santiago  Argiiello  and  others  nbnut 
gumbling  debts  at  San  Uiego.  1'.  Uria  when  he  heard  that  the  ('nnoiiicazo  v.as 
c;>niing  thought  it  would  be  a  good  plan  to  present  him  with  §2,000  and  a 
uozen  i>ucks  of  cards.  Sola  accused  liim  of  intriguing  to  keep  him  out  of 
congress,  of  committing  scandalous  acts  both  in  California  and  Mexico,  of 
leaving  unpaid  debts  at  tho  capital,  and  of  abandoning  in  Mexico  one  of  t'lo 
Russians  ho  had  brought  with  him  and  from  whom  lie  had  borrowed  §4!)7. 
Malarin  had  something  to  say  about  his  debts  and  fondness  for  display.  \'!i- 
llcjo,  Jliitt.  Vol.,  MS.,  i.  .323-7,  says  Magin  was  so  horrified  that  he  re(iuesti.il 
Fernandez  to  quit  Sta  Clara.  He  also  alludes  to  the  races  and  bull  fights 
given  in  Monterey  in  honor  of  tho  comisionado.  J.  J.  Vallcjo,  Jifmin'i^- 
ct'iiciaa,  MS.,  79-81,  speaks  of  his  immoralities;  as  does  also  Alvarado,  //(.•■•'. 
Cal.,  MS.,  i.  210-17.  August  2,  1823,  Ruiz  to  Cuerra,  mentions  report  tluit 
remandez  is  a  prisoner.  Uuerra,  Doc.  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  v.  221.  Ajipoiuted 
vicario  of  New  Mexico.   Mexico,  Mem.  Juxticia,  1S2G,  18-19. 

"Manuel  Gomez  first  appears  in  the  California  records  in  1817  when  lio 
was  sergeant,  and  brevet  alk'rez  in  command  of  the  artillery  detachment  of 
San  Francisco.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  xliv.  20.  When  ho  came  to 
the  country  is  not  known,  his  name  not  appearing  among  the  18  artillcrynun 
who  came  in  1797.  In  1818  he  commanded  tho  artillery  at  Monterey,  niul 
was  accused  by  some  of  the  Califomians  of  treachery  in  connection  with  lliu 
Rouchard  affair.  The  charge  was  I  think  wholly  without  foundation— see 
chap.  xi.  of  this  volume — and  for  his  gallantry  at  this  time  he  was  promoted 
to  be  lieutenant  in  1819.  March  22,  1819,  viceroy  to  Sola.  Prov.  St.  Pap., 
MS.,  XX.  72.  July  Cth,  Sola  to  viceroy.  Id.,  Ben.  Mil.,  xlvi.  11;  xlix.  :VJ. 
He  remained  in  chief  command  of  the  artillery  force  until  his  departure. 
He  married  a  daughter  of  Josfi  Maria  Estudillo.  July  .30,  1822,  announces 
his  approaching  departure.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  59-60;  Guerra,  Doc. 
Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  vi.  l.'io.     I  know  nothing  of  his  subsequent  career. 

"  Pablo  Vicente  de  Sola  was  a  native  probably  of  Mondragon,  Vizcaya, 
Spain,  and  of  gentle  birth.  He  had  two  brothers,  Casimiro  and  Vicente,  in 
Spain,  with  whom  ho  corresponded,  as  also  with  a  niece.  Dona  Brfgida  Sola. 
There  was  a  sister  who  was  a  nun.  and  apparently  another  brother  who  wiir'  a 
priest,  Jjosides  his  brother  Faustiuo,  who  served  m  California  as  a  missiouury 


BIOGRAPHY  OF  SOLA. 


471 


The  reader  of  the  prcceding  seven  years'  annals  of 
California  is  well  acquainted  with  the  man,  his  })ecii- 
liarities,  defects,  and  excellences  of  character.  He 
w  as  of  an  essentially  different  type  from  his  predeces- 
sors. They  had  earned  their  military  rank  step  by 
step  in  frontier  presidial  service,  and  were  thorou«xh 
soldiers.  Sola  sprung  from  a  family  of  considerable 
wealth  and  position  and  had  been  carefully  educated 

licfore  1790,  and  died  at  San  Fernando  college  in  1820,  after  being  insnno  for 
aO  years.  Ho  had  also  a  nejihew,  Jo86  Gabriel  Sola,  wlio  was  a  licutenaiit- 
cdlimul  in  Mexico  in  1820.  ,SV.  Pap.,  Sac,  M.S.,  vi.  2.'J,  20,  3");  Pmr.  St. 
I'lip.,  MS.,  XX.  200-2;  Arch.  Sta  B..,  MS.,  xi.  159-00.  Don  I'ablo  evidently 
I'jccivcd  a  good  education,  but  of  his  early  life  and  of  his  military  service 
untiling  is  kno^vn,  until  ho  was  appointed  to  act  temporarily  as  hubilit<ido 
gciKTal  of  the  Californiaa  in  Mexico  in  1803-7,  being  a  captain  at  the  time, 
and  over  40  years  of  age. 

Bring  licut. -colonel  of  provincial  militia,  he  was  appointed  governor  of 
Crtlifcrnia  by  the  viceroy  on  Dec.  31,  1814,  took  the  oath  at  Guadalajara 
Miiicli  31, 1815,  and  landed  at  Monterey  Aug.  30th.  To  recount  hi.s  diihcultics 
ill  combating  the  insurgents  and  hard  times  would  be  to  repeat  a  largo  por- 
tiiin  of  the  nine  preceding  chapters.  Ho  was  often  discontented  and  asked  to 
lie  relieved,  but  always  joined  to  his  complaints  a  petition  for  a  better  posi- 
tion. One  of  his  last  communications  written  in  California  was  a  complaint 
of  overwork.  Nov.  15,  1822,  letter  to  Guerra  in  Prov.  liec,  MS,,  xi.  81. 
Tliis  was  only  one  of  fifty  complaints,  many  of  which  have  been  noticed  in 
otlicr  chapters.  March  22,  1819,  the  viceroy  sent  Sola  a  commission  as  col- 
onel of  provincial  militia,  with  thanks  in  the  king's  name  for  his  services 
.".gainst  Bouchard.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  xx.  70;  Pror.  lire.,  MS.,  x.  55.  In  Octo- 
ber of  the  same  year  ho  was  again  thanked  for  his  conduct  when  the  Colorado 
luuians  attacked  San  Buenaventura.  Prov.  Si.  Pap.,  M.S.,  xx.  77. 

Elected  May  21st  as  diputado  to  the  Mexican  cortes,  or  congress,  he  sailed 
from  Monterey  Nov.  22d,  and  was  at  San  Diego  Dec.  18th  and  Jan.  2d.  He 
anivcd  at  Tepic  Jan.  25th,  was  at  Guadalajara  in  April,  and  at  Mexico  in 
Jnne.  Nothing  is  really  known  of  him  later,  except  that  early  in  1820  an 
oiilor  of  the  Mexican  government  separating  him  from  the  military  service 
vus  published  in  California.  Dept.  liec,  MS.,  iv.  45.  Ho  was  not  admitted 
lit  first  to  the  congress  of  1823,  a  fact  which  he  attributed  to  the  influence  of 
the  canonigo  Fernandez;  and  though  the  Californians  accredit  him  with  sonic 
8'.ibsc(|uent  service  as  a  diputado,  I  find  no  record  on  the  subject.  Taylor 
Bi'  s  lie  .'.iod  in  Mexico  about  1824,  Discov.  ami  Founders,  ii.  181,  but  I  sup- 
1'  tliout  any  authority. 

Osio,  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  2-5,  51,  tells  us  that  Sola  h.id  less  prudence  and 
luKiwlcdge  than  Ai'rillaga,  was  proud,  and  unpopular  with  his  subordinates; 
.^oiuctiiiies  showing  traits  of  generosity,  and  again  cruel  and  harsli  even  to  the 
extent  of  striking  those  who  displeased  him;  regarded  by  Paycras  as  not  liard 
1 1  manage.  Alvarado,  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  i.  75-7,  describes  him  as  amiable, 
I'l^ieeful,  and  humane,  with  a  better  education  and  more  polislied  manners 
t!i:iii  any  of  his  predeeessirs-  being  also  one  of  the  most  influential  of  Spanisli 
lilierals  in  Mexico.  Jos6  dc  Jesus  Vallcjo,  J!(  miiii-<a'ii(ias,  MS.,  09-70,  has 
Untiling  but  praise  fur  Sola'.s  character,  describing  him  as  (Christian,  liberal, 
1  iy:il,  au  'Ksjiaiiol  I'uncio'  yet  loving  the  Californians  as  his  eountrymen(l). 
.\iiKalor,  Mimotiuit,  MS.,  128-34,  tells  a  number  of  anecdotes  illustrating  lii.i 
pi  riiliafities  from  a  favorablo  jioint  of  view;  l)ut  relates  that  he  on  one  occa- 
i>i'ui  struck  a  soldier  who  applied  to  him  for  retirement  from  the  service, 
bi  eauso  the  application  should  iiavc  been  made  to  u  lower  othcer.     Romero, 


472 


A  PROVINCE  OF  THE  MEXICAN  EMPIRE. 


I  i  I 


in  the  schools  of  Spain.  He  had  probably  seen  no 
military  service,  but  had  been  advanced  by  the 
influence  of  friends  to  various  staif  positions  in  Mexi- 
can military  bureaux.  His  associations  and  tenden- 
cies were  aristocratic,  but  liberal  and  refined,  and  he 
had  good  natural  abilities.  He  had  had  better  advan- 
tages than  any  of  his  predecessors  except  Neve  and 
Borica,  but  in  strength  and  depth  of  character  not 
one  in  the  list  was  his  inferior.  He  was  a  ruler  for 
fair  weather.  His  inclinations  were  to  be  a  gentle- 
man, wise,  public-spirited,  liberal,  brave,  dignified  but 
affable.  There  are  traces  of  these  inclinations  through- 
out his  experience  in  California.  Under  such  favorable 
circumstances  as  could  rarely  or  never  occur  in  this 
world  he  might  have  made  those  qualities  the  promi- 
nent characteristics  of  his  rule,  but  such  was  the 
inherent  weakness  of  his  nature  that  the  first  wave 
of  adversity  swept  them  away,  leaving  a  peevishly 
despotic,  egotistic,  and  ill-tempered  old  man,  prone  to 
attribute  every  trouble  to  the  stupidity  of  the  despised 
Californians,  the  culpable  neglect  of  Spain,  or  a  league 
of  all  the  powers  of  heaven  and  earth  against  himself. 
Not  only  are  his  constant  complaints  and  self-praise 
in  the  worst  taste,  but  his  acts  and  especially  his 
correspondence  at  the  time  of  the  Bouchard  affair 
savor  strongly  of  cowardly  braggadocio;  while  the 
manner  of  his  sudden  change  from  a  royalist  Spaniard 
to  an  enthusiastic  Mexican  independent  reflects  no 
glory  on  his  name.  He  was  fond  of  children,  paid 
much  attention  to  the  school-boys  in  Monterey,  and 
was  occasionally  very  affable  to  a  common  soldier.  It 
is  to  these  characteristics  chiefly  that  he  owes  the 

Mcmorin.0,  MS. ,  6-8,  speaks  of  Sola  as  quick-tempered  and  despotic.  Boronda , 
Xo'iis,  MS.,  6-S,  remembers  him  as  a  strict  disciplinarian,  but  impartial  ami 
just.  He  also  speaks  of  his  fondness  for  children  and  of  his  great  pcrsonul 
strengtlu  All  agree  that  he  was  of  medium  stature,  thick-set,  strongly  built, 
and  of  rather  florid  complexion.  Torre,  Reminm-encioH,  MS.,  2-4,  adds  tli.it 
his  head  was  large,  that  nis  teeth  were  mostly  gone,  hair  and  beard  abundant, 
but  not  worn  long,  and  nearly  white.  His  voice  was  measured  and  somewhat 
rough;  but  his  manners  were  aflable.  Galindo,  Apiiutes,  MS.  .3,  speaks  of  him 
as  (fespotic  in  his  treatm  -^t  of  soldiers.  M.  G.  Vallejo,  like  Alvarado,  speaks 
highly  of  Sola's  character  and  abilities. 


COMMEROAL  TOPICS. 


473 


kind  words  spoken  of  him  by  some  of  the  old  Cali- 
furnians.  Yet  Sola's  defects  of  character  were  like 
his  excellences,  shallow,  and  there  must  be  placed  to 
his  credit  a  considerable  degree  of  executive  business 
ability  shown  in  the  management  of  provincial  affairs 
for  seven  years.  He  was,  moreover,  kind-hearted 
and  honorable. 


Having  thus  presented  the  political  annals  of  the 
province  for  1822, 1  have  now  to  glance  at  other  cur- 
rent topics  of  the  year.  The  most  important  are  those 
connected  with  commerce.  At  the  beginning  of  this 
year,  or  end  of  1821,  there  was  some  legislation  in 
Mexico  removing  restrictions  on  foreign  trade;  and 
although  this  action  does  not  seem  to  have  been  offi- 
cially known  in  California,  no  restrictions  were  thought 
of,  and  every  vessel,  foreign  or  Spanish,  was  welcomed 
for  the  duties  paid."  In  June  the  missions  and  other 
producers  were  called  upon  to  advance  in  addition  to 
all  duties  six  or  twelve  per  cent  on  all  sales  of  pro- 
duce, as  a  kind  of  forced  loan  to  be  repaid  when  the 
'usual'  supplies  or  pay  should  come  from  Mexico." 

There  were  twenty  vessels  on  the  coast  this  year, 
one  being  the  government  transport  San  Carlos,  six 

"  Monterey  and  San  Diego  opened  to  foreign  trade  by  decree  of  the  c6rtea 
and  tariff  of  Dec.  15,  1821.  Prieto,  Rentas,  204.  Jan.  14,  1822,  the  soberana 
junta  gubemativa  of  Mexico  decreed  the  opening  of  San  Diego  to  foreign 
commerce.  Mexico,  Mem.  Hacienda,  1838,  pt.  i.  p.  6-7.  June  11,  1822,  gov- 
ernor to  prefect,  in  reply  to  inquiry  if  iaws  prohibiting  foreign  trade  are  an- 
nulled, says  the  papers  announce  the  entry  of  several  foreign  vessels  tiading 
in  Mexican  ports.  St.  Pap.  Sac.,  MS.,  xviii.  13-14.  .Tune  12,  Payeras  says 
to  the  padres  that  according  to  advices  from  the  governor  they  are  to  havo 
free  trade — a  new  thing  for  them.  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxviii.  165;  Arch.  Mix- 
ioues,  MS.,  i.  516.  The  duties  exacted  were  25%  on  imports;  6%  by  seller  and 
G^  by  buyer  on  exports;  3.5%on  coin  exported;  $10.50  each  on  whalers;  and 
25  cents  per  ton — in  one  instance  at  least — for  tonnage.  Vallejo,  Doc.  Jli.4. 
Cat.,  MS.,  1.  35,  37;  xvii.  83,  99;  xxviii.  166;  Prov.  Rec,  MS.,  xi.  81-2. 
Anidiint  of  duties  paid  at  Monterey  this  year,  $9,089.  Habilitado  got  5%  for 
collection.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  Iv.  II. 

*'  .June  20th,  governor  to  prefect  and  to  Argiiello.  St.  Pap.  Sac,  MS.,  xviii. 
15;  Vallejo,  Doc  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  i.  34,  36;  Arch.  Misiones.  MS.,  i.  516.  The 
records  do  not  agree  whether  this  tax  was  6%  or  12%.  July  6th,  governor  to 
comisionado.  Excuses  the  people  of  San  Jo8«5  for  one  year,  on  account  of 
failure  of  crops  from  drought,  from  paying  one  third  of  the  fat  from  wild  cat- 
tle and  deer,  which  it  would  therefore  appear  they  had  paid  before.  St.  Pup. 
Sac,  MS.,  vi.  40. 


474 


A  PROVINCE  OF  THE  MEXICAN  EJiIPIRE. 


being  whalers  touching  at  San  Francisco  for  supplies, 
and  the  rest  engaged  more  or  less  exclusively  in 
trading  goods  for  Californian  produce.*"  We  have  not 
even  tolerably  complete  statistics  of  either  cargoes  or 
duties;  and  respecting  many  of  the  vessels  we  know 
only  the  fact  of  their  presence;  yet  there  are  a  few 
items  of  interest  to  be  noted  in  connection  with  sonio 
of  these  visits.  The  San  Francisco  Javier,  which,  as 
will  be  remembered,  came  with  a  cargo  of  mission 
goods  in  December  1821,  seems  to  have  been  cap- 
tured by  one  of  Cochrane's  fleet  at  Cape  San  Lucas 

**  The  Colonel  Young,  English  brig,  from  Lima,  loaded  by  Juan  Ignacio 
Manci»i<lor,  who  c^me  as  supercargo.  At  Monterey  and  S.  F.  in  Jan.  ami 
Feb.     At  S.  F.  she  paid  ^,807  in  duties. 

Bulddkof,  Russian  brig  from  Sitka.  At  San  Francisco  and  Monterey  in 
Feb.,  having  probably  remained  since  December  1821.  Again  in  December 
she  returned  with  a  cargo  to  San  Francisco. 

Snipe.  English  brig;  A.  Haig,  master;  at  Monterey  from  end  of  May  until 
late  in  June,  when  she  sailed  down  the  coast  after  tallow. 

Lml;/  Blachoood,  English  ship;  John  Hall,  master;  at  nil  the  ports  in 
June  and  July,  for  provisions  and  with  goods  for  sale.  See  HalVa  Itemarks 
for  a  description  of  all  the  ports. 

Jotm  Beg!/,  English  brig;  John  Lincoln,  master;  arrived  at  Monterey  in 
June  from  Callao;  at  San  Francisco  July  and  August;  consignment  to  Mc- 
CuUoch,  Hartnell  &  Co. ;  duties  at  San  Francisco,  $476. 

Claiuline,  English  ship;  from  Lima;  at  Monterey  July  14th. 

Panther,  American  ship;  Austin,  master;  arrived  Monterey  from  San  Bias 
July  loth.  Had  a  contract  dated  May  28th  with  Cubillas  and  Medina  uf 
Tcpic  to  be  loaded  with  10,000  arrobas  of  tallow  in  California,  for  wliitli 
Austin  had  deposited  a  bill  of  exchange  for  $18,750.  {Guei-ra,  Doc.  Hist.  Cal., 
MS.,  iii.  43.)  Aug.  9th,  loaded  3,000  fanegas  of  San  Gabriel  wheat  at  Sun 
Pedro. 

Sachem,  American  ship  from  Boston;  Gyzelaar,  master;  Gale,  supercargo. 
Left  Boston  in  Jan. ;  probably  at  Mont,  in  July. 

Orion,  English  whaler;  Barnes,  master;  at  S.  F.  Aug.  3d. 

San  Francisco  de  Paula,  or  Don  IhrmanoB,  formerly  tlie  Conmch;  Rafael 
Larragoyti,  master;  Manuel  Garcia,  owner;  arrived  at  Santa  Bdrbara  Aug. 
loth  from  San  Bias;  still  there  in  Sept. 

Eagle,  Amer.  schooner;  at  Monterey;  seized  at  Sta  Bdrbara  Sept.  13th. 

San  Vd)io»,  Imperial  Mexican  man-of-war;  Capt.  Joe<5  Maria  Narvacz;  at 
Mont.  Sept.  26th  to  Nov.  22d;  at  S.  Diego  Dec-Jan. 

Ontario,  Alex.  Bunker;  Almira,  T.  Daggett;  Gideon,  Obed  Clark;  Plow- 
hoy,  W.  Chadwick;  Alert,  C.  Roy — Nantucket  whalers,  at  S.  F.  Oct.  l.lth. 

Hawaii,  English  brig;  at  S.  F.  in  Nov. 

Volga,  Russian  Brig;  Capt.  Prokop  Tainanin;  at  S.  F.  Dec.  3d,  from 
Ross;  also  at  Mont. 

Sir  Francis  Baring,  English  brig;  at  Monterey  sometime  during  the  year. 
On  movements  of  vessels  in  1822  see  Vallejo,  Doc.  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  i.  35-f>,  4.1; 
xvii.  83;  xxviii.  166;  St.  Pap.  Sac.,  MS.,  xii.  3,  5-6;  xviii.  12,  18;  Dfjit.  Si. 
Pap.,  MS.,  1,  8;  M.,  Ben.  Mil.,\iv.  22;  Iv.  11;  Giierra,  Doc.  Hist.  Cal.,  MS., 
iii.  43;  iv.  04;  v.  209:  Prov.  Rec,  MS.,  xi.  70,  74;  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  Pr'xi'l., 
MS.,  ii.  44;  Arch.  Sta,  B.,  MS.,  xi.  94;  Hartnell,  Xarrativa,  MS.;  Sjience's 
List  of  Vessels,  MS. 


VESSELS  OF  1822. 


473 


3(1,  from 

the  voiir. 

35-8,  4'.; 

J)(pt.  SI. 
Cal.,  MS-, 
I.,  Pre.";'/., 


on  her  return  voyage  in  February/*  The  Colonel 
Yniing  brought  in  January  some  news  of  the  insur- 
rection, the  nature  of  which  is  not  specified.  The 
Pmither  in  July  brought  news  of  the  empire,  and  of 
tilt'  candnigo's  coming.  In  her  also  came  Josd  Amesti, 
a  Spaniard  who  spent  the  rest  of  his  life  in  California 
and  was  a  somewhat  prominent  citizen. 

It  was  by  the  voyage  of  the  Sachem  that  a  direct 
trade  between  Boston  and  California  was  opened. 
William  Alden  Gale,  whom  we  have  seen  on  the  coast 
in  earlier  years  engaged  in  the  fur-trade,  by  his  favor- 
able reports  of  commercial  prospects  induced  some 
Boston  merchants — Bryant  and  Sturgis,  Trot,  Bum- 
stead  and  Sons,  W.  B.  Swett,  and  perhaps  others  were 
interested — to  despatch  the  ships  with  an  assorted 
cargo  in  January  of  this  year.  Captain  Henry  Gyze- 
laar,  whom  the  reader  has  met  in  California  twice 
before,  was  in  command,  while  Gale  came  as  super- 
cargo and  part  owner.  Circumstances  were  not  at 
first  favorable,  for  reasons  to  be  noted  in  the  follow- 
ing,^ paragraph;  yet  a  load  of  tallow,  hides,  and  other 
produce  was  obtained,  and  the  trade  was  successfully 
continued  in  later  years,  mainly  by  Bryant  and  Sturgis 
through  the  agency  of  Gale,  who  became  virtually  in 
later  years  a  resident  of  California.*^ 

On  the  John  Begg  in  June  there  arrived  Hugh 
^leCuUoch  and  William  Edward  Paty  Hartnell,  rep- 
1  esenting  the  firm  of  John  Begg  and  Co.,  of  Lima,  who 
l)rought  a  small  cargo  of  goods,  and  came  with  the 
[•urpose  of  making  a  long  contract  for  products  of  the 
province  and  of  establishing  in  California  a  branch 
house  under  the  title  of  McCulloch  and  Hartnell,  or 
''^lacala  and  Arnel"  as  the  Spaniards  wrote  it,  and 
as  the  partners  themselves  not  unfrequently  signed. 
Both  the  governor  and  prefect  entered  with  some 

*'''St.  Pap.  Sae.,  MS.,  vi.  45.  The  news  of  this  capture  caused  precaution- 
ary orders  to  be  circulated  by  governor  and  prefect  in  April  and  May,  calling 
fiir  tlic  neophytes  to  be  in  readiness  for  action  and  for  other  measures  of  vigi- 
anco  like  those  of  1818.  Arch.  Sta.  B.,  MS.,  iii.  233-6;  xi.  17:^7. 

"  Phelptf  Fore  and  Aft,  241-2;  Robin wn' a  Statement,  MS.,  1-2. 


476 


A  PROVINCE  OF  THE  MEXICAN  EMPIRE. 


i!     [; 


enthusiasm  into  the  plans  of  the  Englishmen,  as  l)o- 
ing  advantageous  for  the  province,  and  in  July  a  con- 
tract was  concluded  for  three  years  from  Januiiiy 
1,  1823.  A  scale  of  prices  was  arranged  with  the 
prefect  after  consultation  with  the  friars.  Paytras 
attended  closely  to  the  interests  of  the  missions,  uiitl 
was  not  to  be  caught  napping,  being  fully  aware,  as 
he  said,  that  "the  times  had  changed,  and  the  day 
long  passed  when  hides  and  tallow  could  be  had  for 
nothing."  Had  he  known  of  Gale's  earl}'^  coming  lie 
could  doubtless  have  secured  yet  better  prices.  By 
the  terms  of  the  contract  Begg  and  Co.  were  bound 
to  send  at  least  one  vessel  each  year,  to  touch  at  cacli 
harbor  or  roadstead,  to  take  all  the  hides  offered,  and 
at  least  25,000  arrobas  or  312  tons  of  tallow,  and  to 
pay  either  in  money  or  in  such  goods  as  might  bo 
desired.  Each  mission  was  free  to  ratify  the  contract 
or  not,  but  the  ratification  must  be  for  the  full  period 
of  three  years,  and  exclusive  of  other  traders  so  far 
as  Hartnell  and  Co.  could  take  the  mission  produce/^ 
The   governor  in   addition   to   the  mission  contract 

*'The  tarifif  of  prices  was  as  follows:  Hides,  $1  each,  large  and  small; 
wheat,  $3  per  fauega;  tallow,  $2  per  arroba;  suet,  $3;  lard,  $4;  soap,  $Ui  per 
cental.  Beef  in  pickle,  including  bone,  $4  per  cental,  for  which  casks  w  ure 
to  be  furnished  or  the  Indians  taught  how  to  make  them.  Other  articles  iiien- 
tioued,  without  prices  being  affixed,  were :  horns,  hair  of  horses  and  cattle, 
liemp,  wine,  brandy,  saffron  for  dyeing,  skins  of  bears,  foxes,  etc.  The  (inly 
article  to  be  taken  in  unlimited  quantities  was  hides.  Wheat  in  large  quan- 
tities could  only  be  taken  when  the  crop  was  short  in  Chile. 

June  11th,  governor  to  prefect  announcing  the  proposition  of  Hartnell, 
St.  Pap.  Sac,  MS.,  xviii.  13-14  June  12th,  Payeras  to  the  padres  on  the 
advantages  of  the  plan,  and  his  own  efforts  to  get  high  prices.  June  17th, 
announcing  his  conclusion  of  the  arrangement  which  is  explained  at  length ; 
with  autograph  approval  of  the  governor  on  June  20th.  Payeras,  Dos  dim- 
lares  sohre  Coiitrata  con  McCulloch,  Hartnell  y  Cia,  1822,  MS.  June  lOtli, 
governor  to  commandants  in  south  announcing  contract  and  prices.  Ikfit. 
St.  Pap.,  MS.,  i.  7.  Same  date,  Id.  to  commandants  in  north,  annouining 
also  that  the  pueblos  and  rancheros  could  sell  all  the  tallow,  suet,  lard,  sonji, 
and  l)eef  tliey  could  deliver  on  the  shore,  at  the  prices  of  the  mission  contract. 
Vallejo,  Doc.  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  i.  34.  June  20th,  Sola  to  Guerra,  if  the  people 
do  not  avail  themselves  of  this  opportunity  they  will  deserve  to  be  treated  as 
vagrants.  Guerra,  Doc.  Hist.  Ccu.,  MS.,  iv.  98.  June  22d,  Sola  to  Payeras, 
approval  of  the  contract.  St.  Pap.  Sac,  MS.,  xviii.  16.  June  28th,  Sola  to 
Guerra,  mentioning  the  matter.  Prov.  Pec. ,  MS. ,  xi.  73.  July  6th,  Sola  to 
comisionado  of  San  Job6.  St.  Pap.  Sac,  MS.,  vi.  49.  July  31st,  Hugh  Mc- 
Culloch to  John  Begg,  sends  a  copy  of  the  contract.  Thinks  he  can  get  2.5,000 
or  30,000  hides  per  year,  also  many  skins  of  otter,  bear,  deer,  fox,  etc.,  and 
30,000  arrobas  of  taUow  if  wanted.     Is  obliged  to  take  only  hides  and  25,000 


Mcculloch,  hartnell,  and  company. 


477 


stipulated  that  articles  of  produce  from  the  pueblos 
and  ranchos  should  be  taken  at  the  tariff  prices  if 
delivered  at  the  shore.  McCulloch  went  back  to 
Lima,  though  he  made  later  voyages  to  the  coast, 
wiiilo  Hartnell  remained  to  manage  the  business,  and 
become  a  permanent  resident  of  the  province.  The 
business  thrived  for  some  years,  and  I  shall  have 
occasion  to  speak  often  of  this  commercial  house,  the 
first  established  in  California. 

The  Eagle,  or  Ayuila  as  the  Californians  called  her, 
an  American  schooner  that  had  been  engaged  in 
smuggling  on  the  coast  for  some  years,  came  to  grief 
at  Santa  Bslrbara  this  year.  Her  crew  attempted  to 
seize  the  San  Francisco  de  Paula  lying  at  anchor  there 
the  13th  of  September.  The  reason  assigned  for  this 
extraordinary  act  was  some  irregularity  in  the  sale  of 
the  brig,  formerly  the  Cossack,  to  the  new  owners. 
The  attempt  was  successful  at  first;  but  in  trying  to 
take  the  prize  out  of  the  harbor,  the  Eagle  ran  aground 
and  was  herself  .iptured  with  the  aid  of  the  garrison 
and  a  cannon.  After  some  legal  formalities  both 
vessels  and  cargo  were  confiscated  and  sold  at  auction 
for  about  $3,000,  which,  pending  a  decision  in  Mexico, 
was  devoted  to  provincial  uses.  The  schooner  could 
not  at  first  be  floated,  but  seems  to  have  sailed  as  the 
Santa  Apolonia  next  year.  She  seems  to  have  been 
bought  by  the  padres  of  Santa  Bdrbara.  The  records 
afford  no  information   respecting   officers  or  crew.*' 

arr.  of  tallow.  Salting  beef  will  be  a  good  business,  since  cattle  can  be  had 
at.?4  per  head,  or  a  little  more.  Prices  may  be  deemed  high,  but  an  American 
sliip  {(Jale's)  is  offering  f  1.50  for  hides,  and  §4  per  100  horns,  Mliile  §1.50  or 
81. To  is  freely  oflfered  for  tallow.  The  American  ship  could  not  gut  a  load 
because  the  contract  had  been  signed.  Many  vessels  this  year,  and  the  people 
liave  high  expectations;  goods  selling  slowly;  but  fewer  vessels  will  come  for 
3  years,  while  the  contract  lasts.  Tallow  generally  commands  a  good  price 
at  San  Bias.  Valtejo,  Doc.  IUkI.  Cat,  MS.,  xxviii.  177.  Accounts  of  the 
cstal)lishment  of  McCulloch  and  Hartnell,  in  Larkin'a  Deiicrip.  of  Cal.,  M.S., 
in  Spe)ire's  Hint.  Notes,  MS.,  11-12;  liobinsou's  Statements,  MS.,  1-2;  Alva- 
rmh,  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  ii.  68-72;  Fernandez,  Cosas  deCcU.,  MS.,  50-3. 

'Hiuerra,  Hoc.  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  iv.  99-101;  Prov.  Rec,  MS.,  xi.  75-7, 
81-2;  H(pt.  /fee,  MS.,  i.  1.33;  vi.  199;  vii.  160;  St.  Pap.  Sac,  MS.,  vi.  .52; 
Di'pl.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  liv.  21-2.  Exactly  what  became  of  the  pro- 
ceeila  of  this  sale  was  what  some  later  officials  tried  to  find  out,  and  the  matter 
iu  suiiio  of  its  phases  waa  still  pending  as  late  as  1829. 


478 


A  PROVINCE  OF  THE  MEXICAN  EMPIRE. 


The  subject  of  foreign  residents  in  California  assuiiiLS 
increasing  importance  as  the  years  pass  by,  and  en! 
long  the  annual  record  will  exceed  tho  limits  of  a  j)fiiii- 
graph.  Tho  vessels  of  1822  left  a  number  who  settled 
in  the  province.  Tho  John  Bcgg  brought  W.  E.  1*. 
I[nrtnell,  a  native  of  Lancashire,  England,  and  thu 
Italian,  Juan  B.  Bonifacio,  to  be  tho  stevedon;  of 
jSIcCulloch,  Ilartpell,  and  Go's  cargoes.  Tho  British 
whaler  Orion  left  at  San  Francisco  under  circumstances 
not  explained,  her  mate,  William  Anthony  Richardson, 
a  native  of  Kent,  afterward  somewhat  prominent,  who 
asked  in  October  and  received  in  November  from  Sola 
permission  to  remain  on  condition  of  teaching  carpcnti  y 
and  navigation  to  the  young  men  of  California;  jiikI 
the  same  vessel  left  a  deserter,  John  Martin,  also  ;m 
Englishman  but  willing  to  become  a  Christian. 
Still  another  young  Englishman  named  Robert  Livoi- 
more  deserted  from  the  Conoliango,  as  the  Colonel 
Young  was  called,  and  was  baptized  at  Santa  Clara. 
Joseph  Vincent  Lawrence,  a  native  of  New  York  aged 
twenty-six,  and  William  Welsh  came  on  tho  Lad;/ 
Blackwood,  were  discharged  at  Bodega  at  the  end  of 
1821,  and  came  down  to  San  Franci.sco  in  a  boat. 
Lawrence  was  carpenter  and  calkcr  on  tho  Dlachwood, 
which  came  from  Bengal.  Jean  Baptiste  Mutrcl,  of 
Paris,  came  to  the  coast  this  year  on  the  French  ship 
Nereid,  but  appears  to  have  lived  exclusively  in  Lowrr 
California  for  five  years.  William  A.  Gale  and  Ca|)- 
tain  Hei  ry  Gyzelaar,  of  tho  Sachem,  may  almost  ho 
consider:  '  as  residents  of  California  from  this  date; 
and  the .  mther  had  on  board  F.  W.  Macondray,  who 
returned  .  1850  and  was  the  founder  of  a  great  mer- 
cantile ho  56.  There  were  no  less  than  six  additional 
arrivals  at  redited  more  or  less  definitely  to  this  ,yoar. 
These  wei.e  George  Allen,  baptized  as  Josef  JorLje 
Tomds,  an  Irish  Quaker  who  perhaps  came  in  1821; 
William  Wilson,  an  American  of  twenty  years;  ]\Iaii- 
uel  de  Dios  Pasos,  a  Portuguese  or  Brazilian,  who 
perhaps  did  not  come  until  1824;  Michael  Lodge,  an 


ii,i 


t- 


FOREIGN  RESIDENTS. 


479 


Irislinian,  tvronty- throe  years  of  ago;  anotbor  Trish- 
iiiati  of  whoso  name  the  records  make  Michael  Moque- 
lixt;  and  an  EngHshman,  William  Thompson,  alluded 
to  in  a  newspaper  sketch.  Of  the  older  pioneers  Jose 
Chapman,  convinced  "how  mistaken  he  had  been  when 
liu  lived  within  the  sect  of  tho  Anabaptists,  resolved 
to  forsake  it  and  embrace  that  most  holy  one,"  and 
accordingly  "had  the  glory  of  receiving  baptism  from 
that  holy  man  Padre  Seilan"  on  the  24th  of  June; 
and  the  same  year  ho  married  Guadalupe  Ortega  by 
whom  he  had  four  children  before  1829.  Jost5  Bolcof, 
tiiu  Russian,  was  married  this  year  to  Cdndida  Castro, 
and  possibly  he  was  the  Russian  who  accompanied  tho 
cauonigo  to  Mexico. **  Foreigners  were  now  generally 
well  received,  though  the  padres  were  inclined  to  bo 
strict  about  religious  matters.  The  deserting  sailors 
had,  however,  no  objections  to  becoming  Catholics; 
and  McCulloch  wrote  that  he  and  Hartnell  had  com- 
]»roniised  the  matter  satisfactorily  by  consenting  to 
remove  their  hats  and  go  on  their  knees  on  certain 
occasions. 

As  a  matter  of  course  the  missions  were  still  called 
upon  to  furnish  supplies  for  the  troops,  both  by  Sola 
and  Argiiello.  That  the  missions  must  pay  duties  on 
sales  of  produce  was  regarded  as  settled,  so  that  there 
was  no  refunding  of  the  last  year's  advances,  as  indeed 
there  would  have  been  none  had  tho  decision  been  in 
favor  of  the  friars.  Now  that  thoy  paid  their  duties 
without  protest,  they  were  called  upon  for  six  per 
cent  in  addition  as  a  reinte(/ro,  or  loan,  which  was 
paid,  not  without  some  murmurs.  None  of  the  com- 
munications of  the  friars  are  extant,  but  Sola  in  tho 
last  months  of  his  rule  used  some  very  plain  language 
to  Payeras."     In  a  circular  issued  in  December  to  sat- 

'"  Naturalization  records  in  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS. ,  xix.-xx. ;  Estrada,  Kotma 
de  Ion  EnirarKj^roa,  1829,  MS.;  Vallejo,  Doc.  llwt.  Cat.,  MS.,  i.  42;  St.  Pap. 
Sac,  MS.,  X.  12;  8.  Buenaventura,  Lib.  Mwion,  MS.,  23;  Arch.  Sla  B.,  MS., 
ix.  '213-14;  xii.  432;  .V.  Josd  Pioneer,  June  U,  1S70;  S.  F.  Atta  C'al.,  Mar.  9, 
ISOO;  Cronixe'H  Nat.  Wenllh,  39. 

''  I'adio  Martinez  wrote  that  as  he  bad  nothing  he  could  give  nothing,  '  bat 


$ 


•    > 


i  i 

,  if 


I    I 


l( 


I  II 
I 


480 


A  PROVINCE  OF  THE  MEXICAN  EMPIRE, 


isfy  demands  of  Governor  Argucllo,  Prefect  Paj^cras 
very  clearly  expressed  the  missionary  policy  on  tho 
current  topic  as  follows:  "I  believe  we  should  sacri- 
fice the  less  in  order  to  save  the  greater.  If  on  ac- 
count of  the  small  harvest  wo  refuse  to  give,  tliey 
will  impose  on  us  tithes  of  all,  and  the  troops  will  get 
in  abundance  what  they  now  ask  in  moderation."*^- 

The  Indians  caused  no  trouble  this  year,  thou<,']i 
the  Colorado  tribes  were  still  greatly  feared;  and 
when  at  the  end  of  October  or  beginning  of  Novem- 
ber one  hundred  and  fifty  men,  women,  and  cliildieii 
came  from  that  direction  with  an  Opata  bearer  of 
despatches,  the  most  exaggerated  rumors  were  cur- 
rent both  in  respect  to  their  numbers  and  intentions. 
The  visitors  reached  San  Gabriel,  doubtless  with  no 
hostile  intentions,  whither  Captain  Portilla  was  sent 
to  arrest  and  send  th.em  back.  They  departed  with- 
out resistance  but  in  great  displeasure  at  their  inlios- 
jHtable  reception.^^ 

these  neophytes  have  full  liberty  to  cede  their  chattels  as  their  charity  may 
lironipt.'  Guerra,  Doc.  Hid.  Cat.,  MS.,  iii.  12.  June  r2th,  Payeras  iiniiliua 
that  12%  is  deinande<l  as  a  loan — instead  of  (5% — says  it  will  smother  many 
speculations,  and  he  will  remonstrate.  Arch.  Misioiip>i,  Mii.,i.  51(5.  Fobruaiy 
20th,  Sola  declares  tho  padres  are  arbitrary  and  despotic  in  the  matti:r  (if 
furiiishing  supplies,  and  he  will  report  it  to  the  viceroy.  Prov.  lice,  MS.,  xi. 
71.  Feb.  22(1,  Sola  begs  Payeras  to  write  less  and  do  more.  Regrets  his  luk 
of  firnmess  iu  these  trying  times.  St.  Pap.  Sac,  MS.,  xviii.  2.  Judu  l.'ltli, 
Sola  to  Payeras.  The  contribution  of  12%  must  be  paid,  and  there  is  no  nccil 
of  listening  to  the  padre's  opinion.  Haste  is  also  necessary  to  prevent  troulilfs 
like  those  in  Lower  California,  where  the  troops  refused  to  obey  their  cliiif. 
/(/.,  xviii.  15.  June  22d,  in  answer  to  Payeras  complaints  that  the  Imliaiis 
have  to  support  the  whole  province.  The  padre's  expressions,  says  Sola,  aio 
insolent  sind  only  to  be  borne  because  he  is  accustomed  to  deal  e.vclu.sivily 
with  Indians.  The  mission  aid  has  not  been  so  important  as  the  padre  iiii- 
ugincs.  He  had  better  vise  more  delicate  language  or  resign.  Id.,  xviii.  Ki- 
17.  December,  a  levy  of  $3,000  imposed  on  the  niissions.  Arch.  St<i  B.,  xi. 
124.  Dec.  1st,  Gov.  Argiiello  to  prefect.  Calls  attention  to  wants  of  the 
garrisons.  Dei)t.  lice,  MS.,  i.  27.  Further  correspondence  between  Argiiello 
and  Payeras.  Arch.  Arzob.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  i.  97-100. 

^^Dec.  4th,  Payeras  to  padres.  Aixh.  Arzob.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  1.  99. 

M  Oct.  23d,  .30th,  Nov.  11th,  22d,  communications  of  Capt.  Ruiz  of  San  Die,!,'o 
to  Capt.  Guerra.  JJoc.  Hid.  CaL,  MS.,  iv.  609-10,  613-15;  Guerra,  Doc.  lll^l. 
Cal.,  MS.,  vi.  G5;  Nov.  3d,  Estudillo  to  governor.  Dcpf.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  i.  S- 
9.  The  number  of  Indians  was  at  lirst  given  as  600,  and  they  were  rcpoi  t-il 
to  have  declared  their  intention  to  set  the  neophytes  free.  Hostilities 
between  this  party,  or  another  similar  one,  and  the  Yumas  are  referred  to. 
Portilla  had  known  the  Opata  chief  in  Sonora  and  did  not  arrest  him. 


THE  SEASON. 


481 


Payeras 
J  on  tho 
lid  sacri- 
[f  on  ac- 
ve,  tliey 
i  will  get 

"  5' 

on.   ° 

',  though 
red ;  and 
Novuni- 
eliilclren 
bearer  of 
ivere  cur- 
itentions. 
3  with  no 
I  was  sent 
:'ted  witU- 
icir  inhos- 


Tlic  '  intelligent  Californian,'  who  furnished  the  re- 
])ort  of  an  unprecedented  flood  this  year — a  report  ex- 
tensively circulated  in  the  newspapers  and  utilized  in 
^u[)J)()rt  of  the  theory  of  decennially  recurring  inunda- 
tinns — was  in  error,  probably,  since  so  great  was  the 
,.c;iicity  of  water  in  1822  that  in  February  tlic  gov- 
ernor ordered  a  novena  of  prayers  to  San  Antonio  de 
]  Mthia  for  relief''*  True  the  result  may  have  been  a 
llood  in  April,  but  there  are  no  records  to  that  effect, 
jiiid  moreover  the  harvest  was  small.  Hall  tells  us 
lliat  the  Santa  Clara  church  was  considerably  injured 
liv  an  earthquake  this  year.  I  have  found  no  origi- 
nal evidence  of  the  occurrence. ^^ 

'*  Feb.  20th,  governor  to  comandantes.  Prov.  Fee,  MS.,  xi.  70.  Feb.  6tli, 
no  rain  yet  at  Sau  Diego. 

-y/a/rd  JJhl.  S.  Jo.sc,  114,4-2.3. 

Hist.  Oal.,  Vol,  II.    31 


r  charity  may 
lyeras  iii>iilit-s 
imothcr  many 
February 
the  inattc:i-iif 
licr.,  MS.,  xi. 
egrets  his  lack 
.Iiiiio  nitli, 
ere  is  no  lucil 
event  trouliU'S 
y  their  cliicf. 
the  ImliaiH 
says  Sola,  are 
al  exclusively 
the  patlrc  im- 
;.,  xviii.  Ki- 
71.  Sill  7>.,  xi. 
wants  of  the 
ecu  Argiiello 

99. 

izof  SanT)ieR'> 
m,  Vor.  //^•^^ 
,p.,  MS.,  i.  '^- 
rt-ere  reimit.'il 
Hostilities 
e  referred  to. 
it  hint. 


\m 


I  i :.  r 


lu 


CHAPTER  XXII. 

Ar.Gt)ELLO'S  RULE— LAST  OF  THE  EMPIRE— A  NEW  MISSION 

AT  SONOMA. 

1823. 

Political  Rumors — The  Empire  Proclaimed  ik  April — Governor  Tos- 
■j'a's  Exploits — Downfall  of  Itcrbide  Announced  in  Novemukh— 
California  Approves — Federation  Proposed — Junta  Summon  ki>— 
Sessions  of  the  Diputacion — A  Ring  and  Lobby— Signs  of  Skcp- 
larization — Violence  to  a  Padre — Death  of  Prefect  Paykhas 
AND  President  SeSan — Their  Life  and  Character — Sarria  as 
Prelate — Vessels  on  the  Coast — Commerce — Purchase  of  the 
'Rovek' — Otter-hunting  Contract — Foreign  Residents — A  Mis- 
sion AT  Sonoma — Explokation  by  Altimira — New  San  Francisco- 
Trouble  AMONG  the  Friars — A  Compromise— Name  Changed  to 
San  Francisco  Solano — Annals  1824-30 — Santiago  Arguello  is 
the  North — Romero's  Expedition  from  Sonora,  1823-6. 

Politically  1823  was  an  uneventful  year  in  the 
province,  where  stiring  national  events  were  but  little 
known.  The  records  contain  few  official  comniuiiicji- 
tions  between  the  authorities  of  Mexico  and  California. 
Doubtless  the  correspondence  extant  is  also  inconiplLtc; 
yet  the  successive  imperial,  revolutionary,  constituent, 
and  executive  powers  liad  but  little  time  to  think  ct' 
so  distant  a  province,  and  communication  by  mail  \\  us 
far  from  regular  or  rapid.  In  addition  to  the  offiiial 
news  received,  startling  rumors  were  current.  From 
Lima  came  a  report  of  a  compact  between  Spain  and 
France,  by  which  California  was  to  be  ceded  to  the 
latter  power  in  return  for  troops  to  be  furnished  again>t 
the  Spanish  liberals;  a  compact,  however,  opposed  by 
England.^ 

'  July  22,  1823,  Josd  Estrada  to  Guerra,  in  Ouerra,  Doc.  Hist.  Cal.,  MS., 
V.  189. 

(482) 


! ; 


I  If  1  1 


STARTLING  RUMOPvS. 


483 


MISSION 


ERNOK  ToS- 
OVEMliKlt  — 
CMMONKD- 

s-s  (IF  Skcc- 
;t  Paykras 
-SarrIa    \s 

,SE     OF     THE 

TS— A  -Mis- 
Francisco— 

jHANGEl)  TO 
IrG  CELLO    IN' 


CaL,  MS., 


Again  it  was  feared  that  the  Russians,  now  that 
tluro  was  no  danger  of  eompUcations  with   Spain, 
might   attempt   to   seize   California.     Iturbide  in  a 
speech  before  the  council  of  the  regency  a  few  days 
before  his  elevation  to  the  throne  had  said:  "In  the 
Califbrnias  the  Russians  are  threatening  us."     In  a 
letter  to  one  of  the  friars  from  Mexico  was  the  declara- 
tion: "At  the  moment  when  Spain  shall  acknowledge 
the  independence  of  the  Mexican  empire  you  will  all 
be  Russians."     The  canonigo  wrote  that  the  emperor 
was  apprehensive  of  trouble  from  the  direction  of 
Ro.ss  and  Sitka.     Padre  Duran  in  a  communication 
of  January  Gth  recapitulated   the  preceding  points, 
and  added  that  Russian  officers  had  recently  made 
iiKjuiries  about  the  strength  of  the  garrisons.     He 
noted  a  suspicious  paper  in  Russian   found  in  the 
province  and  sent  to  Mexico  for  interpretation,  and 
assured  the  governor  that  the  danger  was  at  least 
sufficiently  real  to  warrant  precautionary  measures.- 
Yet  Argiiello  felt  no  more  than  a  proper  'official' 
alarm;  most  other  Californians  felt  none  at  all,  and 
as  we  shall  see  relations  with  the  Russian  company 
became  more  friendly  than  ever.    Indeed,  the  changes 
of  the  past  year  with  long-continued  neglect  by  S[)ain 
and  Mexico  had  left  the  Californians  indifferent  to 
exterior  politics.    Some  of  them  would  not  have  been 
f^ieatly  surprised  to  find  their  province  annexed  to  the 
yandwieh  Islands,  nor  perhaps  very  reluctant  in  their 
allegiance  to  an  Hawaiian  sovereign,  able  and  willing 
to  pay  his  debts. 

It  will  be  remembered  that  throughout  the  trans- 
actions  of  Fernandez  in  California,  though  Iturbide 

Jan.  6,  1823,  Duran  to  Argiiello.  Arrh.  Anoh.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  A.  1-4. 
Ma\  ;iOth,  Argiiello  to  the  cniuniigo,  is  filletl  with  ahum  at  liia  I'lcer.  llaa 
iii'iuoil  nothing  suspicious,  ))ut  is  closely  watching  the  Kussiir..  irigato  Aiial/o. 
J>(./.t.  h'(c.,  'Mii.,  i.  65.  March  8th,  1'.  Amortj.s  to  prefect.  Has  entertiuneil 
till'  iJussian  oflicers  at  San  liufacl,  but  has  prevented  the'.n  from  going  over- 
lainl  to  ' Kos-Koskoff '  as  they  desired,  without,  iiowevri-,  telling  them  of  tlio 
giiviiiior's  orders,  by  pretending  that  the  roads  were  bad,  streams  high,  etc. 
Anh.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  ii.  7.  In  August  the  Russian  taken  to  Mexico  by 
thi'  canonigo  passed  the  frontier  of  Lower  California  on  his  way  back.  Ouerra, 
hoc.  J  list.  Cat.,  MS.,  V.  222. 


m 

wm\ 

^I^^B 

it  fM 

m^H 

'' '1 

IH 

wt  J! 

^^B 

If 

H 

484 


ARGtELLO'S  RULE-LAST  OF  THE  EMPIRE. 


.■  i 


was  often  spoken  of  as  emperor,  all  official  acts  wcif, 
in  the  name  of  the  regency,  from  which  body  the 
canon  held  his  powers ;  and  that,  so  far  as  the  records 
show,  no  formal  allegiance  was  sworn  to  Agustiii  I. 
In  fact  Iturbide,  though  proclaimed  emperor  in  May, 
before  the  comisionado's  departure,  had  not  been 
crowned  until  later.  The  coronation  took  place  on 
July  21,  1882,  and  the  official  despatch  from  tlio 
minister  of  war  connnunicating  the  intelligence  reached 
California  at  the  end  of  March  1823.  On  April  -Jd 
the  empire  was  proclaimed  at  Monterey  and  the  oath 
taken  "with  all  the  solemnity  permitted  by  tlio 
exhausted  condition  of  the  province."  At  San  Fran- 
cisco the  ceremony  took  place  the  27th,  and  doubtless 
about  the  same  time  at  the  other  presidios  and  pue- 
blos.3 

Iturbide  had  dissolved  in  October  1822  the  un- 
manageable congress,  to  establish  in  its  place  the 
junta  institmjente,  and  the  motives  which  impelled  him 
to  such  an  act  were  explained  in  a  communication,  the 
receipt  of  which  was  acknowledged  by  Governor 
Argiiello  on  May  30,  1823.*  In  March,  during  the 
last  days  of  his  power,  the  emperor  is  said  to  have 
appointed  a  governor  and  comandante  general  to 
succeed  Sola,  choosing  for  the  position  Captain  Boni- 
i'acio  de  Tosta  of  the  navy.  Thus  Don  Bonifacio  ni.iy 
be  entitled  to  a  place  in  the  list  of  governors;  i'or 
though  his  term  of  office  was  only  a  few  days,  it  is 
said  that  he  succeeded  in  collecting  some  money  ;it 

'  April  ,3,  1823,  Argiiello  to  minister  of  war,  with  ratifiCiation  by  the  ili]ui- 
tacioii.  Dcjit.  J'ec,  MS.,  i.  8,  9.  May  Ist,  Martinez  to  Argiiello,  on  the 
ceremony  of  April  27tli,  at  M'hieh  some  coin  was  distributed.  St.  Pap.,  Sw\, 
M.S.,  xiii.  2.  In  May  and  June  there  arrived  and  were  published  liy  the 
prefect  tho  decrees  already  alluded  to,  and  received  through  the  hishup, 
calling  for  prayers  in  behalf  of  Iturbide  and  his  family.  The  prayers  \\v\v 
tiolate,  for  in  May  the  emperor  was  banislied.  Aivh.  Sta  Ji.,  MS.,  x.  '.'T'i; 
VaHijii,  Dor.  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  xxviii.  51.  May  .SOth,  Argiiello  to  ministtr 
of  state.  Has  received  the  warning  to  be  on  his  guard  against  the  runin\iiy 
malcontents  of  Guerrero.  Dcpt.  liec,  MS.,  i.  14. 

*  Dcjit.  liec,  MS.,  i,  10.  On  forming  the  junta  to  replace  the  con^'vcss 
Iturbide  appointed  Ambrosio  Martinez  de  Vea  to  serve  as  a  representative  "f 
Califori'ia.  O'acita.  del  iloli.  Jmj>.,in.  02.V-7.  Let  us  hope  that  this  gentleiiiiiu 
faithfully  represented  the  views  of  his  far  away  constituents  during  his  simrt 
term  of  olhce. 


FALL  OF  ITURBIDi:. 


485 


Giuiclalajara  on  salary  account,  a  fact  that  should  per- 
haps entitle  him  to  a  very  high  place  in  the  list  in 
rcs[)ect  of  ability." 

Iturhide  surrendered  his  crown  in  March  and  was 
lianished  from  America  in  May.  Under  diftcrent 
dates  in  April  various  proclamations  and  decrees  of 
tlie  cojifjreso  constitttijentc  and  podcr  cjccutiro  were  de- 
snatched  to  Califcjriiia.  The  17th  of  Xovemher,  in 
thirteen  separate  communications  to  Lucas  Alaiuan, 
secretary  of  state,  Argiiello  acknowledged  the  recei[)t 
of  as  many  decrees.  xVt  the  same  time  he  declared 
tluit  the  Californians  had  'adhered'  to  the  new  and 
/'(//  Justa  form  of  government;  that  all  decrees  had 
been  or  should  immediately  be  obeyed;  that  the  term 
vdcional  should  be  substituted  for  hnpcrial;  that  all 
political  prisoners  should  be  set  free,  and  that  any 
man  daring  to  support  Iturbide  as  emperor  by  word 
or  deed  should  be  treated  as  a  traitor." 

TIio  adhesion,  announced  by  Argiiello,  had  been 
rendered  I  presume  by  the  diputacion  acting  in  the 
iiauic  of  the  })eople;  for  I  find  no  record  of  any  popu- 
lar swearing  of  a  new  alleofiance.  Meanwhile  there 
was  formed  at  Durango  a  plan  of  federation  to  em- 
liiaee  Nueva  Vizcaya,  Xew  ]VIexico,  and  the  Califor- 
iiias;  and  a  document  setting'  forth  the  advantaijes  of 
such  a  union,  with  a  formal  invitation  to  join  it,  dated 
Aug.  7th,  was  sent  by  the  diputacion  of  Arizpe  to 

*  April  10th  and  June  18th.  Sola  to  Giicrra  from  Guadalajara  and  Mexico. 
(!"iyni,  Doc.  JJi,-t.  CiiL,  MS.,  iv.  104-G.  Letter  from  .Josi?  Mannel  Ihiiz. 
/'/..  V.  "JiO-l.  At  what  date  these  letters  reached  California  does  notaiipear; 
liinli;il)ly  not  before  Xoveniber. 

"  Nov.  ITth,  Arguello  to  Ahiman.  Dept.  Per.,  MS.,  i.  18-23.  On  Pec.  1 1th, 
niintlier  hatch  of  des])atches  were  received,  wliose  purport  is  not  given.  April 
I'.Kli,  Alanian  to  Argiiello.  Siiji.  Govt.  SI.  Pop.,  MS.,  xix.  3.  Sept.  •JTtii,  Alaniaii 
til  Ar,::iiello.  Xo  royal  or  imperial  insignia  to  he  used.  St.  Paji.,  MS.,  xvi. 
1-.  As  hite  as  June  IStii,  Sola,  as  diputado  from  California,  had  not  been  ad- 
mitted toaseatintho  congress.  Giicriti,  Dnf.  Ili<f.  Val.,  MS.,  iv.  10-4-(].  Xor 
il'iis  it  appear  that  he  was  admitted  at  all  this  year,  if  ever.  Yet  in  Augu.it 
iiiid  September  some  orders  were  sent  to  California  for  dipuiados  to  proceed 
t'l  Mexico;  and  that  money  for  mileage,  etc.,  be  paid  into  the  national  trens- 
iiiv.  St.  I'ap.Sar.,  MS.,  xvi.  10-l.S.  Meanwhile  the  missions  had  drawn  on 
'li|,ic  for  .S|,,")00  to  pay  Sola's  expenses,  and  were  assessed  19  cents  iier  neo- 
I'liyte  to  raise  .S,'?,000  for  a  year's  salary,  whicli  they  had  also  advanced.  May 
(itli,  the  prefect  protests  that  this  tax  ■was  a  temporary  and  not  a  perniaucnt 
expedient.  Arch.  Arzob,,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  i.  90-7,  101;  iv.  pt.  ii.  8-0. 


i  B  <  1  i  »3 

111  1    ?(■   -^ 


486 


ARGCELLO'S  RULE-LAST  OF  THE  EMPIRE. 


that  of  Monterey,  ar  J  was  received  by  ArgUello  in 
December/  In  consequence  of  this  invitation,  and 
probably  of  some  further  news  from  Mexico,  Argiiello 
determined  to  call  a  junta  of  prominent  men  of  tlio 
three  orders,  military,  civil,  and  ecclesiastic,  to  delib- 
erate on  the  future  condition  and  policy  of  the  prov- 
ince. The  call  was  for  December  31st;  but  as  wo 
shall  see  the  junta  did  not  meet,  or  at  least  did  not 
act,  until  January  1824.^ 

The  only  change  in  the  personnel  of  the  provincial 
diputacion  was  the  appointment  of  Cadet  Josd  Joaquin 
de  la  Torre  as  secretary  in  place  of  Francisco  de  Haro. 
The  only  recorded  sessions,  the  records  being  for  tlio 
most  part  but  indirect  references,  were  in  April.  On 
the  8th  the  members  were  at  the  capita^  but  had  not 
met;  the  9th  action  was  taken  on  a  proposition  to 
move  the  mission  of  San  Francisco;  the  12th  a  reve- 
nue law  was  enacted;  and  the  18th  a  secretary  was 
appointed.  There  are  also  some  indications  that  the 
body  may  have  met  in  November  to  *  ratify '  the  down- 
fall of  Iturbide."  From  the  letters  of  Jose  Antonio 
Carrillo  and  Torre  it  would  appear  that  even  at  this 
early  date  Californian  legislators  did  not  live  in  perfect 
harmony,  nor  were  they  free  from  the  taint  of  both 
ring  and  lobby. 


10 


'The  original  document  in  Vallejo,  Dor,  fHitt.  Cal.,  MS.,  i.  6.*?.  It  is 
signed  by  Antonio  Narbona,  president,  and  by  JosiS  Manuel  do  ICstrella,  soc- 
rctary.  The  precise  nature  of  the  confederation  and  its  relations  to  tlio  vost 
of  New  Spain  are  not  explained.  Tlic  receipt  of  a  similar  document  thnuigh 
r.  Felix  Caballero  is  acknowledged  by  Argiiello  on  March  22,  1824.  Diiil. 
7.Vc.,MS.,i.  239. 

*  Records  of  San  Rafael  mission  in  Arch.  Misionen,  MS.,  i.  266,  showing' 
tliat  the  call  was  received  there  on  Dec.  2'ith,  and  that  prayers  were  to  l>c 
offered  for  success. 

"Leg.  Eec,  MS.,  i.  20-1;  Oiierrn,Doc.  Hut.  Cal,  MS.,  v.  168;  vii.  123-8; 
VaUijo,  Doc.  Jli4.  Cal.,  MS.,  xxviii.  49,  85;  Arch.  Sta  B.,  MS.,  ix.  133-N; 
Arch.  .l)-2o6.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  ii.  50-1;  v.  pt.  ii.  117-19;  Doc.  Hist.  CaL,  MS.,  iv. 
621-2.  On  the  two  special  topics  alluded  to,  revenue  law  and  transfer  of  San 
Francisco,  I  shall  have  more  to  say  later. 

''*  Torre  WTites  to  Guerm  that  the  secretary,  Haro,  is  said,  to  have  bc<  ii 
dismissed  because  he  refused  to  sign  a  representation  to  the  canijnigo  against 
Fresident  Argiiello  and  the  officials  of  Monterey,  and  in  favor  of  ousting  0rtcf,':i 
in  favor  of  a  svjikiite.  Ortega  ■was  the  only  diputado  who  did  not  regret  tlio 
choice  of  Argiiello,  the  others  admitting  they  did  it  to  pleaso  the  eanonigo. 
He  also  says  ArgUello  is  much  displeased  at  the  unfavorable  reception  of  his 


MISSION  SUPPLIES. 


487 


The  comparatively  meagre  correspondence  extant 
oil  the  old  topic  of  mission  aid  to  the  presidios  throws 
little  new  light  on  the  subject  and  develops  no  special 
controversies,  indicating  rather  that  on  both  sides  the 
(hity  of  the  padres  to  make  up  deficiencies  in  provin- 
cial revenue  had  come  to  be  regarded  largely  as  a  mat- 
ter of  course."  While  the  subject  of  secularization 
was  not  directly  brought  up  in  California  this  year, 
yet  there  are  frequent  indications  of  a  general  impres- 
sion in  official  circles  that  the  step  was  only  in  abey- 
ance, and  that  a  crisis  was  approaching.  A  refusal  to 
favor  the  missions  in  taxation,  a  bold  step  of  the 
dij)utacion  in  decreeing  the  suppression  and  transfer 
of  missions,  the  tone  of  the  governor  on  the  disposi- 
tion of  public  lands,  and  other  manifest  signs  of  the 
times  showed  that  the  day  had  well  nigh  passed  when 
the  padres  could  maintain  their  old-time  power  and 
niont)poly."     Meanwhile  the  missions,  and  the  pious 

bamlo,  laying  the  blame  on  Guerra.  This  man  Torre  was  very  much  inclincil 
to  1)0  a  tale-bearer  and  mischief-maker.  Doc.  Hixt.  C'al.,  MS.,  iv.  G'21-2.  '-V11 
ii  giiiiiiito  the  devil,'  writes  Carrillo;  '  we  have  three  superior  chiefs,  and  nil 
iwiitili'iruH.  Malarin,  Estrada,  and  Don  Luis  form  this  imperfect  trinity, 
Voting  by  seniority.  The  first  is  the  one  who  decrees,  ever  assenting  to  what 
is  (lutormined  by  the  second,  in  order  not  to  lose  what  he  has  gained  by  inar- 
ivinj,'  his  daughter,  while  the  last  (Argiiello)  plays  the  role  of  the  constitu- 
tiunul  kings,  except  that  the  kings  act  in  accordance  with  the  law,  and  our 
cliiof  jiortonto  d  iiifelh.  Twenty -four  hours  here,  and  yet  no  session,  because 
the  step-father  and  step-son  have  so  decided  on  account  of  I  know  not  what 
vast  projects  of  their  own.  I  have  been  tempted  to  protest,  but  three  of  my 
companions  have  not  consented,  doubtless  because  on  the  day  of  the  swearing 
money  was  distributed  to  all  but  me.'  Ouerra,  Dor.  ll\st.  Cat.,  MS.,  v.  1(38. 

"Jan.  '2.")th,  in  reply  to  an  urgent  demand  for  jiitl  S.  Rafael  replies  that 
till'  mission  has  already  given  all  the  grain  it  can  spare.  Arch.  MisioiicK,  MS., 
i.  -IJ.'I.  March  1st,  Argiiello  to  prefect.  Calls  his  attention  to  the  extreme 
wiint  of  soap;  felt  even  in  his  own  family;  )?1,'20<)  worth  needed  at  San  Fran- 
eiseo  every  year.  Dept.  Her.,  MS.,  i.  20.  In  May  Sedan  protested  against 
tli(>  missions  being  included  in  the  tax-law  of  April  12th  as  contrary  to  all 
preeedeut  and  law.  Arch.  Anoh.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  ii.  11-12;  v.  pt.  ii.  117-10. 
-lunc  11th,  P.  Ibarra  ofi'crs  §200  in  money  instead  of  §1,000  in  goods  on  a 
foii'e(l  loan.  Guerra,  Doe.  llisf.  Gal.,  MS.,  vii.  00.  Sefian  during  the  short 
timi'  lie  was  prefect  seems  to  have  been  more  timid  than  Payeras  had  been  in 
ealliiit;  for  supplies.  Fernandez  says,  Go.^cia  de  Gnl ,  M.S.,  27-S,  that  Ijut  for 
the  imdres'  liberality  and  Argiiello's  liminess  the  soldiers  would  have  deserted 
anil  L'onc  to  Sonora  as  they  several  times  threatened  to  do. 

'- Atigust  31st,  Argiiello  to  padres  of  S.  Gabriel,  reprimanding  P.  Sanchez 
fir  speaking  satirically  of  the  'imaginary'  ayuntamiento  of  Monterey.  As 
t'l  tlie  claim  of  the  missions  for  lands  which  no  had  granted  to  private  indi- 
viiji.iils  the  governor  says  it  is  his  duty  to  look  out  for  the  welfare  of  all  the 
in!i:ibitants,  including  the  useful  ones  who  had  borne  arms  for  the  country; 


ft    1 


r\ 


M        I 


h 


488 


ARGCELLO'S  IIULE— last  OF  THE  EMPIRE. 


fund  by  which  they  had  been  supported,  received  sonm 
attention  at  the  hands  of  the  new  Mexican  govern- 
ment which  favored  radical  changes;"  the  guardian 
wrote  that  affairs  at  the  college  were  going  on  from 
bad  to  worse,  that  utter  ruin  was  imminent,  and  that 
friars  were  greatly  in  error  if  they  hoped  to  better 
their  condition  by  retiring  to  San  Fernando;^*  while 
at  home  in  one  instance  at  least  the  soldiers  of  a  mis- 
sion escolta  w-ent  so  far  as  to  lay  violent  hands  upon  a 
padre  and  threaten  him  with  their  weapons,  "  the 
most  scandalous  case  ever  seen  in  California,"  as 
Father  Boscana  described  it,  and  probably  the  first 
instance  of  actual  violence  to  a  friar.^^ 

But  the  greatest  loss  of  the  missionaries  in  182:1 
was  in  the  death  of  two  of  their  oldest,  best  beloved, 
and  ablest   companions,  the   prefect   and   president, 

and  that  because  the  missions  have  heretofore  been  allowed  to  be  sole  ownei  s 
of  the  lands  it  is  no  reason  ■why  such  a  state  of  things  should  contimic. 
Dsyt.  Hec,  MS.,  i.  36-8.  April  '23d,  Sarria  opposes  the  suppression  of  Sta 
Cruz.  Arch.  Sla  B.,  MS.,  xii.  3G1-2. 

'^  Alamau  in  his  report  of  Nov,  8th  to  the  congress,  Mexico,  Mi'in.  Jicla- 
cioricK,  ISJJ,  31-3,  states  that  the  events  of  the  war  have  ruined  the  fumU 
devoted  to  the  support  of  the  California  missions,  and  that  the  estates  of  tlie 
pious  fund  are  entirely  unproductive,  so  that  no  stipends  can  be  paid,  to  say 
nothing  of  the  large  amounts  advanced  by  the  padres  for  the  support  of  tlic 
troops.  It  is  recommended  that  the  estates  be  sold  outright  if  possible,  nr 
otherwise  that  the  rents  be  farmed  out  to  private  persons  at  moderate  rates 
as  the  only  means  of  secui'ing  an  income.  But  this  income  once  secured,  it 
siiould  not  be  devoted  exclusively  to  the  payment  of  stipends.  '  It  is  iiuix's- 
sary  to  consider  other  interests  than  those  of  the  missionaries  in  the  vast  ami 
fertile  peninsula  of  Californias.  The  rich  commerce  of  which  it  is  one  ilay 
to  be  the  centre,  the  multitude  and  excellence  of  its  agricultural  products, 
the  aid  it  can  lend  to  the  formation  of  a  national  navy,  and  the  anibitiims 
views  respecting  it  shown  by  certain  foreign  powers,  should  claim  the  atten- 
tion of  congress  and  the  government.  It  the  mission  system  is  that  lust 
suited  to  draw  savages  from  barbarism,  it  can  do  no  more  than  establish  tlie 
first  principles  of  society  and  cannot  lead  men  to  its  highest  perfecti(iii. 
Nothing  id  better  to  accomplish  this  than  to  bind  individuals  to  society  iiy 
the  powerful  bond  of  property.  The  government  believes,  therefore,  that  tiic 
distribution  of  lands  to  the  converted  Indians,  lending  them  from  the  mission 
fund  the  means  for  cultivation,  and  the  establishment  of  foreign  colonies, 
which  perhaps  might  be  Asiatic,  would  give  a  great  impulse  to  that  important 
province.'  The  use  of  Califoniia  as  a  penal  colony  is  also  recommended,  nut 
only  to  benefit  the  province,  but  to  make  of  the  criminals  'farmers  useftil  to 
the  nation,  good  fathers,  good  neighbors,  and  finally  good  citizens.' 

•^Jan.  1st,  guardian  to  prefect.  Arch.  Sta  B.,  MS.,  xi.  351-7. 

'^Letters  of  Boscana,  in  Arch.  Arzob.,  MS.,  iv  pt.  ii.  G-7.  The  event  oc- 
curred at  San  Juan  Capistrano  in  January.  Three  soldiers  swore  that  P. 
Barona  should  not  depart  for  San  Diego,  tried  to  prevent  hia  mounting,  auJ 
finally  caused  his  horse  to  throw  him. 


DEATH  OF  PAYERAS  AND  SKJTAX. 


481) 


!^^a^iano  Paycras  and  Jose  Scrum.  The  former  died 
(111  April  28tli  at  his  own  mission  of  Purisinui  and  was 
liuried  next  day  under  the  pulpit  of  the  mission 
cliureli.^^  There  was  no  missionary  with  whose  puh- 
lir  life  and  character  for  the  past  eight  years  the 
n  Jider  is  better  acquainted  than  with  that  of  Payeras, 
througli  his  writinjjfs,  many  of  which,  both  originals 
and  copies,  form  part  of  my  collection  and  have  l)ee!i 
presented  in  substance  in  the  mission  annals  of  preeed- 
iiig  chapters.  There  was  no  friar  of  better  and  more 
evenly  balanced  ability  in  the  province.  He  was  per- 
sonally a  popular  man  on  account  of  his  affable  man- 
mrs,  kindness  of  heart,  and  unselfish  devotion  to  the 
welfare  of  all.  It  was  impossible  to  quarrel  with  him, 
and  even  Governor  Sola's  peevish  and  annoying  com- 
})laints  never  ruffled  his  temper.  Yet  he  had  extra- 
ordinary business  ability,  was  a  clear  and  forcible  as 
well  as  a  voluminous  writer,  and  withal  a  man  of 
great  strength  of  mind  and  firmness  of  character.    He 


"■'Mariano  Payeras  was  bom  on  Oct.  10,  1709,  at  Inca,  island  of  ^lalloica, 
taking  the  habit  of  St  Francis  Sept.  5,  1784,  at  the  piincipal  convent  of  the 
Older  at  Palnia.  Ho  left  Spain  in  January  179.3,  and  in  Februiuy  17!M>  was 
(k'tuiled  by  the  college  of  San  Fernando  for  duty  in  California.  He  served  .ih 
a  missionary  at  San  GU-los  from  1706  to  17!).S;  at  Soledad  from  Novemlier 
17!!iS  to  1803;  at  San  Diego  from  September  ISO.S  to  1804;  and  at  I'urisinia 
fidni  1804  to  his  death  on  April  28,  l.S'23,  though  after  1815  a  large  part  of  his 
time  was  spent  in  travelling  from  mission  to  mission.  From  .July  I  SI.")  to 
A]iiil  1,  1820,  he  held  tlie  place  of  president  of  the  missions,  liaving  been 
rei'leeted  in  1818,  and  holding  the  office  of  vicar  from  May  1810.  From  April 
1,  IM20,  though  hi.s  election  in  Mexico  was  in  t)ctoher  1819,  till  his  ih.'ath,  he 
was  eomisario  prefecto,  and  also  eomisario  del  santo  ofieio.  In  all  tlie  mission 
rcporta  he  is  credited  with  especial  and  distinguished  merit.  On  his  life,  see 
I'lirixiimi,  Lib.  Jlixion,  MS.,  12;  mission  liooiis  of  the  otlier  establidimeiits 
w  here  he  served,  though  there  is  not  a  single  mission  in  tlie  province  on  the 
luuiks  of  which  his  name  does  not  occasionally  appear.  AHtobioij.  Aiitoij.  dc  /on 
I'lidny,  MS.;  Suriia,  luforme  del  Com.  l'i\/e<:to,  1S17,  MS.,  53-4;  Arch.  Sla 
J!.,  MS.,  iii.  129-.30,  158;  xi.  94,  334,  337;  Arch.  Arr.ob.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  i.  pas- 
t^im;  iv.  pt.  ii.  8.  See,  also,  the  documents  under  his  name  in  my  list  of 
authorities,  and  the  mission  annals  of  the  country  since  1815  in  tlie  jirecediiig 
(.iiapters  of  this  volume.  The  sentiments  of  Payeras  at  the  time  of  the  Bou- 
ciiard  attack  were,  '  viva  Dios,  vi\a  la  religion,  viva  el  rey.  viva  la  p.itria,  y 
1'  veneer  I'l  morir  en  tan  preeiosa  defensa.'  In  October  1819  he  was  thanked  in 
till'  king's  name  for  his  services  in  those  trying  times.  Prov.  St.  I'd/i.,  MS., 
XX.  01.  He  was  the  only  one  of  the  padres  who  visited  and  described  Ross; 
and  Mofras,  Exploration,  ii.  5,  says  that  on  May  2,  1817,  he  addressed  a  let- 
ter to  tlio  king  on  the  subject  of  tlie  Russian  colony.  Xotwithstanding  his 
[iiDiiiinence  it  was  never  the  lot  of  Paycras  to  be  the  miiihtro  fuiidador  of  any 
luiswiou. 


U 


400 


ARGt'ELLO'S  RULE-LAST  OF  THE  EMPIRE. 


Kif 


was  called  to  rule  the  friars  during  a  trying  pcric 
when  it  would  have  required  but  a  trifle  to  involve  tluj 
padres  and  soldiers  in  a  quarrel  fatal  to  the  missions. 
Payeras  saw  but  one  line  of  poli<;y  by  which  to  escape 
existing  difficulties,  and  from  that  policy  he  never 
wavered,  though  it  sometimes  placed  him  in  seeming 
opposition  to  his  companion  friars.  His  firmness  must 
often  have  seemed  harshness  to  his  subordinates,  and 
they  would  hardly  have  borne  it  with  so  good  a  grace 
from  any  other  prelate.  With  much  of  Lasuen's  suav- 
ity and  none  of  Serra's  bigotry,  he  had  all  the  zeal  of 
the  latter  and  more  than  the  shrewdness  of  the  foi- 
mer.  His  death  just  at  this  time,  in  the  prime  of 
life,  must  be  considered  as  a  great  misfortune,  thougli 
not  even  his  skill  could  have  saved  the  missions  in  tliu 
times  that  were  coming. 

Early  in  April  Payeras  had  named  to  succeed  him 
as  prefect  his  associate  the  president  and  vice-prefect 
Jose  Senan.  But  Senan's  term  of  office  was  very 
brief,  since  he  himself  died  at  his  mission  of  Sau 
Buenaventura  on  August  24th  of  the  same  year.  He 
died  kissing  the  crucifix  at  7  a.  m.,  after  long  and 
severe  suffering,  at  the  age  of  sixty-three,  and  was 
buried  the  25th  by  Vitoria,  Ordaz,  and  Suiier,  his 
remains  being  deposited  in  a  wooden  coffin  within  a 
•stone  vault  on  the  epistle  side  of  the  main  altar  op- 
posite the  grave  of  Padre  Santa  ^laria." 


!    !   !■ 


"  Jos(5  Francisco  <lc  Paula  Senan  was  Ijom  ^Tjircli  S,  1700,  at  Barcelona, 
in  a  convent  of  which  city  he  became  a  Franciscan  on  .Tan.  S,  1774,  at  tlio 
early  age  of  14,  being  noted  for  extraordinary  memory  and  inclination  to 
study.  Leaving  his  convent  in  April  1784,  lie  arrived  at  the  Mexican  college 
in  Septendjcr,  and  in  October  1787  was  sent  to  California,  wlicre  lie  served  at 
San  Curios  until  1795,  and  then  retired.  While  in  Mexico  he  made  a  full 
report  to  the  viceroy  on  the  condition  of  the  California  missions.  Later  lie 
returned  northward,  arriving  at  Sta  Barbara  May  7,  170S,  and  serving  at  Sail 
Buenaventura  from  July  of  that  year  until  his  death  on  Aug.  24,  18'j;<. 
Seiian  was  elected  president  in  July  1812,  and  held  the  office  from  the  end  of 
that  year  until  the  end  of  1815.  Again  he  was  elected  in  October  1819,  anl 
held  the  office  from  April  1820  till  his  death,  being  also  vicario  foraneo  anl 
vice-prefect,  and  prefect  from  April  28,  182.'{.  On  his  life  see  Atitohioij.  A>i- 
toiy.  de  los  Padres,  MS.,  403;  Sarria,  Jn/orme  del  Com.  Pre/edo  1817,  MS., 
47-8;  S.  Bnevavevtvra,  Lib.  Minim,  MS.,  21-3,  ii.  58-CO.  Arrival  at  Su 
Biirbora  May  7,  1798,  with  seven  companions.  Arrh.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  i.  47. 
Jan.  18,  1821,  governor  has  received  bishop's  appointment  of  vicar  for  Seuaii. 


BIOGRAPHY  OF  SEJIAN. 


491 


Father  Sefian  was  older  in  tlio  service  than  any 
fithcr  ill  California,  being  the  only  survivor  of  those 
wlin  had  come  before  1790.  He  also  was  a  model 
missionary,  resembling  Payeras  in  many  of  his  cx- 
rellcnces,  but  unlike  the  latter  shrinking  from  the 
cares  and  responsibilities  of  official  life.  He  was  the 
sn|i(Tior  of  Payeras  in  scholarship,  his  equal  in  the 
f|Uiilities  that  make  a  successful  missionary,  but  infe- 
lidi'  as  a  politician  and  leader.  He  was  particularly 
a \ rise  to  all  controversy,  except  on  theological  points, 
liciiiir  somewhat  more  of  a  irlir/ioso  than  was  Payeras. 
He  disliked  to  issue  orders  or  assume  authority,  but 
was  always  ready  to  respond  to  the  frequent  calls  of 
liis  confreres  for  advice.  He  was  sometimes  nick- 
named Padre  Calma.  He  was  familiar  with  the 
]aii«i:uage  of  the  Indians  about  San  Buenaventura. 
Comparatively  few  of  his  writings  are  extant.  During 
Ills  first  term  as  president  he  managed  the  interests 
of  the  missions  with  much  skill,  but  during  his  second 
term  he  was  released  as  far  as  possible  from  such 
duties  by  orders  from  Spain,  in  order  that  he  might 
write  a  history  of  California.  In  1819  he  promised  to 
uiulertake  the  task,  but  what  progress  he  made,  if 
any.  before  his  death  is  unknown. 

Vicente  Sarri'a  was  named  by  Senan  on  August 
4tli  to  succeed  him  as  prelate.  He  learned  of  Sefian's 
(Icatli  September  5th,  and  held  the  office  of  prefect, 
ad  interim  until  November  1824,  to  the  end  of  the 
decade.  He  was  also  president  till  April  1825,  hav- 
ini(  tried  unsuccessfully  to  give  the  office  to  Father 
Jaime,  to  whom  it  by  right  belonged.^'* 

'*>>.  /'')/..  Sac.,  MS.,  38-40.  Notices  of  hia  death.  Arch.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  iv.  pt. 
ii.  S.  1(1,  20,  68;  Dept.  liec,  MS.,  i.  39-40.  April  19,  1820,  in  a  letter  to  the 
pnviiiK)r  he  says  he  '3  61  years  old,  and  had  hoped  for  rest;  but  there  is  no 
liopi'  cif  rest  in  tl-.io  world.  Arch.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  i..  15-10.  Valdt^s,  Memorial, 
^I^^. .  7,  describes  Seflan  as  short  and  fat  witli  rather  fair  complexion,  appear- 
iiij.'  younger  than  he  was.  Autograph  in  S.  Antonio,  Doc.  Huetlos,  MS.,  00-1, 
68-!  t, 

'MrcA.  MisioncK,  MS.,  i.  26.'>-0;  Arch.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  ii.  20,  68. 
Pec.  IS,  1823,  Sarrfa  announced  that  the  powers  hitherto  enjoyed  by  the  pre- 
fict  liiul  been  extended  for  five  years  more.  I  may  hero  allude  to  the  statis- 
tical 1  oport  on  the  state  of  the  missions  at  the  end  of  1823,  Misiones,  Entado 


ill  ■ ' 


I  \ 


!.i, 


li 


til 


402 


AROCELLO'S  RULE-LAST  OF  THE  EMPIRE. 


The  nuinhcr  f)f  vos'.els  clearly  rccordLul  as  ha\  iiij,r 
bct'ii  on  the  coast  this  year  Avas  sevciitcon,  tin  nf 
them  heiiiL,'  identical  with  those  of  the  past  year,  tliivc 
heinj^  Russian  nieu-of-war,  five  bein«(  whalers,  mid 
the  rest  traders  in  i[iiost  of  tallow,  hides,  and  ^riiiu. 
I  append  their  names."*  The  traders  did  a  hvcly 
l)Usiness/  the  duties  paid  on  imports  and  exports  jic- 
cording  to  the  accounts  kept  at  Monterey  amountiiii,^ 

(/«  /no. .  .ancaiht  de  Inn  htformfx  dc  los  Mtsloiievoii,  etc.,  MS.,  not  liecausc  it  was 
move  important  than  similar  reportH  for  other  years,  but  because  it  was  ti'iinH- 
latcd  by  Taylor  and  published  m  the  S.  /'.  Biillclhi,  Oct.  27,  ISOO.  It  is  iii,l 
to  liiive  been  written  by  Arroyo,  but  if  so  that  pndre  inuHt  have  acted  umivIv 
as  Secretary  for  Sarria. 

^* /JiiUluknf,  Vichilman,  master;  at  S.  F.  in  Jan.,  July,  Aug.,  and  Sept., 
periuips  making  a  trip  to  the  nortli  iu  tlic  mean  time.  Duties  §800,  iiulii.l- 
ing  tonnage  at  i^'IJA)  per  ton. 

Ajiollo,  Russian  frigate;  at  S.  F.  from  March  to  May,  buying  $H.IU7  nf 
provisions.     She  came  back  in  Novendier. 

Sffhein,  (iyzclaar,  master;  (!ale,  supercargo;  at  S.  F.  in  April,  slIU 
duties;  again  in  July,  S400;  at  Mont,  in  Aug.,  §()(»2.     She  got  2,500  biilis. 

John  J-iegi/,  McCullough,  supercargo;  to  McC,  H.  and  Co.  At  S.  F.  Apiii, 
§1,800  duties;  at  S.  Diego,  May-June,  §1,500;  at  Mont,  in  Aug.  Totiil  if 
duties,  §11,008;  cargo,  .?44,5-i8. 

Thomitu  Xowlan,  or  XcirlaiHls,  English  ship;  Wm.  Clark,  master;  at  Sta 
B.  and  S.  Diego  in  May,  bound  for  Callao. 

Sta  Apoloiiid,  which  appears  to  be  the  /."";//(•  of  1822,  got  otY  the  bni',  le- 
christened,  and  despatched  to  Mazatlan  and  S.  Ulas  in  May  or  June  from  Sta 
K,  Antonio  Arana.  master;  Cdrlos  Carrillo,  owiitr. 

Xeplidie,  English  brig;  at  Monterey  iu  July.  Total  of  duties,  ^IS.txU; 
cargo,  §10,404. 

jRovcr,  Amer.  schooner;  Cooper,  master.  At  S.  F.,  in  June,  from  Main!;; 
and  China.  Paid  §412  duties,  including  §n0  on  coin  taken  away  at  'AJt  \<n- 
cent. 

Hebe,  English  brig;  Nixon,  master;  to  McC,  H.  and  Co.  At  Mont,  iu  Oct. ; 
at  S.  F.  in  Oct.  and  November,  paying  §384. 

Atmlru,  Timothy  Daggett,  or  Doggett;  CI!<lco)i,  Obed  Clark;  Ploirboi/  (niiil 
perhaps  tlio  Alert,  Charles  Ray,  or  Rcy,  or  Roy);  and  the  Jlassachii-di", 
Cathartc(?),  whalers  at  S.  P.  in  Oct.  to  refit. 

Mcutor,  American;  at  S.  Y.  in  Nov. ;  paid  §024. 

Coroiiel,  perhaps  Colour t  Y<'!inij;  at  S.  F.  iu  Nov.;  paid  §280. 

Ctoloviiin,  Russian  bri;.  firm  Sitka;  at  S.  F.  in  December. 

Creis<r  and  Ladoiii,  it'  ssian  frigates.  The  former  42  guns,  240  men, 
Capt.  Micliael  Lazaref ;  the  second  20  guns,  100  men,  Capt.  Andrew  Luzmvf. 
Arrived  at  S.  F.  Dec.  1 1-14,  from  St  Petersburg  to  repair  and  refit. 

Besides  the  pi'cceding  the  Peruvian  brig  IIuuM-ar  was  peruntted  in  Sep- 
tember— that  is  by  a  document  of  that  date— to  load  tallow  and  hidi'  iit  ."v 
Pedro;  the  Nndnrno  and  Ihtiid  PniiHctC.)  are  vaguely  reported  at  Moiitiny 
and  about  to  sail  south  in  April;  while  Si)encc  includes  in  his  list  for  In.':!, 
erroneously  I  suppose,  the  J6ren  Tartnr,  Pizarro,  and  Mercunj. 

On  the  movements  of  vessels,  see  Val/ejo,  Doc.  H'mt.  Cat.,  MS.,  i.  ''4, 
213;  xvii.  128,  155-05,  187-9,  201-0,  229-35;  xxviii.  322,  329;  Dept.  //'•., 
MS.,  i.  50,  Ofi,  08,  72,  70,  111-12,  181-3,  188-9;  215;  vi.  90;  .S7.  Pa]<.  S,n:, 
MS.,  X.  14,  10,  18,  19,  81-2,  9.3.  98-9:  xi.  15,  10,  48,  71;  xii.  1,  2;  xviii.  J:); 
Dcpt.  St.  Pap.,  lien.  Cimf.  If.,  MS.,  iii.  83;  Gaerm,  Doc.  Hist.  C'cU.,  MS.,  iii. 
47;  Spence's  List  of  Veiisels,  MS. 


VESSELS  OF  1823. 


403 


.lying  8:'.'l-47iif 


master;  at  Sta 


duties,  83,CMJ4; 


iMont.  iiiCK't. ; 


t(»  s  17,538,  which  may  or  may  not  iiichido  the  i?G,.'300 
kiioNvu  to  haVo  been  paid  at  San  Francisco  and  San 
])i('L,''o.  The  grain  crop  was  SO, 000  fanogas  ajn^ainst 
r)S,()00  for  the  preceding  year,  the  drought  still  con- 
tiiiuiiig.'"' 

The  John  Begg  and  one  or  two  other  vessels  came 
ill  iiccordanco  with  the  terms  of  the  ITartnell  con- 
Inn  t.  We  have  few  details,  but  it  appears  that  some 
ot'tlie  missions  either  had  not  sijjned  the  contract  or 
(lid  not  keep  it,  and  tlint  McCulloch,  ITartnell,  and 
('(iiiipany  had  by  no  means  monopolized  the  entire 
mission  trade."^  Gvzelaar  and  Gale  were  on  the 
coast  in  their  Boston  ship,  the  ^ac/(ic?»,  though  where 
she  bad  spent  the  winter  does  not  a]>pear;  and  at 
least  one  otlit-r  American  shij)  obtained  a  cargo.  Also 
ill  April  there  arrived  from  China  the  American 
scliooner  Rover,  Captain  John  R.  Cooper,  who  after 
disposing  of  his  cargo  sold  the  vessel  to  Argiiello  for 
$9,000." 

■•'"The  only  tlocuinent  relating  to  the  season  is  an  order  of  Vicar  Sefinn  al- 
lowiii;;  the  faithful  to  eat  meat,  eggs,  etc.,  on  account  of  tlie  dilhculty  of  get- 
ting,' (.■(irn  and  beans,  'having  before  my  eyes  tlio  liarrenness  of  the  liulda 
owiiiL'  to  *  most  notable  lack  of  r.ain  in  tlie  south,  and  seeing  tliat  the  threat- 
ciiiii'.'  lit  the  locust  plague  and  the  visitation  of  the  worm  have  begun.'  Arch. 
Ubhji'iilo,  MS.,  22. 

-'San  Diego  was  bound,  for  the  padres  refused  to  let  Cot  have  1,000  ar- 
rolwa  of  tallow.  Cot  on  March  20th  asks  Hartnell  to  let  him  have  that  tallow 
to  !"■  repaid  in  May  with  other  tallow  which  he  could  obtain  from  San  Luis 
Pay,  which  mission  was  therefore  free  to  trade.  Vallcjo,  Doc.  Hist.  Cal.,  MS., 
i.  .kS.  April  18th,  P.  Martinez  purchases  one  fourth  of  the  Thou.  Xowinn  for 
.*.'?,()(H)  in  coin,  binding  himself  to  obtain  for  her  on  the  next  trij^  all  the  hides 
of  San  Luis  Obispo,  and  as  many  more  as  possiljle.  Guerrn,  Doc.  Hint.  Cal., 
MS.,  iii.  4G.  Nov.  28th,  P.  Duran  to  Hartnell,  complaining  that  tallow 
vciiihing  1,205  at  the  mission  (San  Jose)  weighed  only  1,070  on  board  the 
sliip;  also  says  that  the  hides  used  for  hotax  to  pack  the  tallow  must  be  p;ii(l 
for  if  11.  wishes  to  continue  the  contract.  Vcllejo,  Doc.  Iliit.  C'ul.,  MS.,  xxviii. 
.Si'i.  April,  habilitados  warned  to  look  out  for  smuggling  from  the  John 
y>7;/.  Dept.  Rec,  MS.,  i.  111. 

-  It  seems  that  the  president  was  called  upon  to  furnish  the  .?9,000; 
hut  Aug.  oth  Senan  writes  that  while  ho  approves  the  purchase  and  would 
111'  |.'l,i(i  to  furnish  the  money,  he  fears  tlie  padres  would  not  understand 
tlu'  itility  of  the  measure;  would  regard  tlie  ves.sel  as  a  useless  source 
(if  ixpeiise,  and  would  blame  him;  therefore  he  refu.ses.  Arch.  Arznh.,  MS., 
iv.  lit.  ii.  12.  When  Argiiello  secured  the  money,  or  whether  he  obtaineil 
civilit  for  all  or  part  of  tlic  price,  is  not  clear;  but  I  liave  before  me  the  bill 
(if  f^ali-  from  Cooper  to  Argflello,  dated  Dec.  29th.  The  schooner  was  of  S.'l 
tons  burden.  Vatlejo,  Doc.  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  xxviii.  143.  Alvarado  mentions 
the  purchase.  Jlht.  Cal.,  MS.,  ii.  lo-lO.  Fernandez,  Cnxan  dc  Cal.,  !M8., 
-o-T,  tells  us  that  according  to  the  conditions  of  tlie  sj'le  Cooper  was  to  re- 


i-n 


m:m 


i  I  ;■ 


I 


494 


ARGt)ELLO'S  RULE— LAST  OF  THE  EMPIRE. 


Still  another  venture  of  Don  Luis  was  to  form  a 
contract  by  which  the  Russian  American  Company 
could  hunt  otter  on  shares  in  California  waters.  Long 
ago  the  Russians  had  desired  this  privilege,  as  will  be 
remembered,  and  now  that  their  old  friend  was  gov- 
ernor they  renewed  their  demands  with  success.  The 
contract  was  signed  at  Monterey  the  1st  of  December 
for  four  months.  The  Russians  were  to  furnish  Aleuts 
and  bidarkas;  the  Californians  to  feed  the  hunters 
and  furnish  ten  Indians  to  watch  the  Aleuts,  and 
the  product  of  the  hunt  was  to  be  equally  divided, 
the  skins  being  kept  under  inventory  at  the  presidios 
until  the  division  was  made.  Should  the  contract  bo 
renewed  the  Californians  must  pay  the  Aleuts'  wages. 
It  was  apparently  renewed  next  year,  and  down  to 
October  1824  the  share  was  677  skins  for  the  govern- 
ment and  838  for  the  company  according  to  the  Rus- 
sian accounts.  There  is  no  Spanish  record  of  the 
revenue  thus  produced.^ 

In  the  matter  of  general  commercial  regulations  I 
have  only  to  note  the  revenue  act  of  the  diputacion 
on  April  12th,  designed  to  raise  money  for  expenses 
connected  with  its  own  organization,  with  that  of  the 
ayuntamientos,  the  sending  of  a  diputado  to  congress, 
the  repair  of  roads,  the  support  of  schools,  and  the 
good  of  the  province  generally.  To  these  ends  a  tax 
of  six  per  cent  was  imposed  on  all  exports;  a  tax  of 
eight  or  ten  dollars  per  barrel  on  brandy,  and  four 
dollars  on  wine;    and  a  slaughter  tax  of  one  real 

main  in  command,  and  sail  whenever  ordered  at  $100  in  cash  and  $oO  in 
goods  per  month,  with  free  house-rent  and  expenses  when  on  sliorc;  iilsc 
to  receive  four  youths  for  instruction.  Vallejo,  Ilift.  Vol.,  MS.,  i.  338- M, 
thinks  that  Argiiello  borrowed  the  money  from  the  president  to  pay  for  the 
vessel,  and  then  borrowed  part  of  it  back  from  Cooper. 

^  A  full  statement  of  the  contract  and  result  is  given  in  KhUhnihof,  Zapisk't, 
143-4.  Tlie  hunting  was  done  chiefly  in  San  Francisco  Bay,  but  also  at  Mon- 
terey and  down  as  far  as  San  Pedro.  Fernandez,  Corns  de  Cat.,  MS.,  -.V  (!, 
says  the  Russians  agreed  to  sell  their  skins  to  Argiiello  at  345  each  and  tnive 
pay  in  wheat.  A  copy  of  the  contract  was  sent  to  the  minister  of  stiitu  in 
Mexico  on  Juno  20,  1825.  Dept.  7?ef.,  MS.,  i.  229.  According  to .S^.  Pap.  Sdc, 
MS.,  xiii.  1,  the  number  of  skins  obtained  by  the  Californians  down  to  the 
end  of  1823  was  324.    They  were  sent  to  China  the  next  year  on  the  Iluvtr. 


FOREIGNERS. 


405 


on  each  head  of  cattle  or  sheep,  and  two  reals  on 


each  hog."-^* 


Captain  John  R.  Cooper,  of  the  Rover,  may  be  re- 
garded as  a  resident  of  California  from  his  first  com- 
iiiL,'^  in  1823,  and  he  brought  with  him  Daniel  A.  Hill 
of  J^illerica,  Mass.,  and  Thomas  M.  Robbins  of  Nan- 
tucket, two  gentlemen  who  became  prominent  citizens 
of  Santa  Barbara."  William  Borris,  or  perhaps  Bur- 
rou*>hs,  was  an  American  from  New  York  or  New 
Jersey,  with  whom  Captain  de  la  Guerra  on  July  1st 
formed  a  contract  for  medical  service  in  and  about 
Santa  Bdrbara  for  four  years.^®  It  was  perha})s  in 
1S23  that  David,  afterward  baptized  and  known  as 
James  or  Santiago,  Watson,  the  Englishman,  came 
to  the  country  i'"*'  the  two  Buckles,  William  and  Man- 
uel, English,  and  perhaps  brothers,  came  this  year  or 
possibly  a  little  earlier,  while  Manuel  Edward  Mc- 
intosh was  the  name  of  a  new  Scotch  settler. ^^  Of 
the  older  foreign  residents  William  A.  Richardson 
was  baptized  at  San  Francisco  on  June  IGth,^  being  27 


"Lf7.  Rec,  MS.,  i.  11-16;  VaVejo,  Doc.  Ilifif.  Cal,  MS.,  xxviii.  8,"); 
(,'ucrm,  Doc.  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,vii.  126-7;  >!  re  A.  Arzob.,MS.,  v.  pt.  ii.  117-19; 
Arch.  Sta  B.,  MS.,  ix.  133-8.  The  liquor  tax  is  very  unintelligible  in  some 
rcspt'cts.  It  would  seem  that  it  must  be  paid  by  both  manufacturer  and 
biiytT. 

''•'  Dana  and  Moraga,  Linta  de  EMranfje^os  en  Sfa  Barbara,  1S3G,  MS.,  ac- 
cording to  wliich  document  both  Hill  and  Robbins  came  on  the  Jiover  in  1823. 
It  i.i  possible,  however,  that  Jloblj' aa  came  on  a  subsequent  trip,  according  to 
//"NC'.s  Sketch  Sta  B.,  6-7,  where  it  is  stated  ihat  Hill  settled  in  i-ta  B;lrljara 
in  1S24  and  Robbins  in  1827.  In  me  introduction  to  Bobbins'  Diary,  MS.,  he 
is  said — probably  by  Hayes  tlie  copyist — to  have  come  on   the  Rover  in 

i8-2(;. 

'"^  Guerra,  Doc.  Ilht.  Cal.,  MS.,  ii.  197-8.  DanielJennison  of  Ireland  and 
John  WQmson  of  Hollanu  served  as  interpreters  and  witnesses.  How  these 
men  ciimc  to  California  docs  not  appear, 

■'  Larkin,  Xote.s  on  Peru.  Char,  of  Californiam,  MS.,  104,  says  that  Wat- 
son in  18-1.')  hud  been  22  years  in  California.  Other  authorities  make  the  date 
KS'.M  or  1826. 

'^^  Eslrtula,  Liita  de  Estratigerox  en  Moutereti,  1S20,  MS.  Naturalization 
rocon'  ;  •  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.',  xix.  :{2,  37;  xx.  '31 ,  33;  /</.,  xvii.  .39.  Buckle's 
naniL  .„  .iso  written  Hoc,  Bocle,  Bockel,  and  Bugle.  One  is  often  c.illcd  .loscj 
Sannu'l.  I  suppose  that  one  was  originally  William  and  the  other  Saniui'i.  The 
foinicv  was  1!(  and  the  latter  22  years  of  age  in  1823.  Ma- kini-osli  was  28. 
lit'  is  said,  Sarratnento  Record,  Nov.  15,  1870,  to  have  first  visited  California 
in  Is  13,  and  to  have  returned  in  1823  as  master  of  a  hid'j  drogcr. 

■»  Ihpt.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  10-11;  Vallejo,  Doc.  Hist.  CiL,  MS.,  xxviiL 
32:2;  Dqj.  Rec,  MS.,  i.  74. 


'^^^''^>? 


iiti 


'  Hi 


M  ! 


406 


ARGUELLO'S  RULE— LAST  OF  THE  EMPIRE. 


years  of  age.  Joseph  V.  T  iwrence  came  to  live  at 
Los  Angeles,  where  ho  soon  married  IMaria  Arriola. 
Jeremiah  Jones  Mas  baptized  sub  conditione  at  Sau 
Juan  Bautista  on  March  5th  by  Arroyo  de  la  Cuehta, 
who  added  Te6filo  Tomils  to  his  name,  while  Geoi'iru 
Alien  and  John  Mulligan,  the  latter  a  native  of  Tiilly- 
bamman,  County  Down,  Ireland,  were  living  at  Mon- 
terey.*' 

A  new  mission  was  established  in  1823,  the  twenty- 
first  and  last  of  tlie  list,  begun  under  peculiar  oir- 
cunistances.  At  first  there  was  no  idea  of  foundinM- 
a  new  mission.  In  1822  at  a  conference  bet\vo;ni 
Canon  Fernandez,  Prefect  Payeras,  and  Governor 
Aigiiello  it  had  been  decided  to  transfer  the  mission 
of  San  Francisco  fvom  the  peninsula  to  the  "north- 
eastern contra  costa  on  the  gentile  frontier,'"  a  decision 
based  on  the  comparative  sterility  of  the  old  site,  the 
insalubrity  of  the  peninsula  climate,  the  broadness 
of  the  field  for  conversion  in  the  north,  the  success  of 
the  experimental  founding  of  the  San  Rafael  branch, 
and  not  improbably  a  desire  on  the  part  of  two  of 
tlie  three  conferrincf  dijjnitaries  to  throw  the  few  for- 
tue  ranchos  south  of  San  Francisco  into  the  hands  of 
settlers.^*  The  matter  next  came  up  just  before  the 
death  of  Payeris,  who  seems  to  have  had  nothing 
more  to  say  about  it.  March  23,  1823,  Padre  Joso 
Altimira,  very  likely  at  Arguello's  instigation,  pre- 

»"  Dipt.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  Ifi;  S.  Juan  B.,  Lib.  Minion,  MS.,  19;  Vulbjo. 
Doc.  Il'iM.  Cnl.,  MS,,  xxviii.  ',]'2'2;  xxx.  l.'JO.  Oct.  Ist,  Alaniantogcfe  politicD. 
The  suiirt'ine  govLTiiiiient  has  decided  tlipt  o^l  foreigners  must  present  tliciu- 
selves  and  declare  foi-  Mliat  puipose  they  have  come  to  the  country,  that  they 
may  bo  given  a  carta  dc  Mijuridad .  Ihyt.  St.  J^ap.,  MS.,  i.  10.  Oct.  7th.  ilt,'- 
cree  of  congress  authoi'izing  foreigners  to  take  an  interest  in  mines.  Schmiili's 
Civil  Law  of  Spain  ami  Mexico,  .'^37-0. 

"  There  is  no  foi  inal  record  of  this  conference,  probably  none  was  written, 
and  it  is  only  recorded  in  subsequent  corresponronce,  chiefly  in  Argiitlla'a 
letter  of  Aug.  4,  18*23,  in  Dept.  Ihc,  MS.,  i.  3"i;  Arch.  Anoh.,  MS.,  iv.  jit. 
ii.  1().  There  were  t«  the  inhubifcint  of  San  Francisco  three  contra  co.stft.i: 
T!ie  northern,  or  M'liat  is  now  Marin  County;  the  eastern,  or  Alameda  mid 
Contra  Coata  counties,  often  called  'tierrn  firme  do  San  Jos(5;'  and  the  north- 
eastern, including  tlio  country  from  Petaluma  Creek  to  the  Soxjrameuto,  or 
the  counties  of  Sonoma,  Napa,  and  Soluno. 


PROPOSED  TRAXSFEPt  OF  SAN  FRANCISCO. 


497 


f-entod  to  the  clipiitacion  a  memorial  in  wliicli  lie 
1  ecouimendcd  the  transfer,  he  being  a  party  naturally 
interested  as  one  of  the  ministers  of  San  Franciseo. 
On  April  9th  the  diputacion  voted  in  favor  of  iihe 
chanufe.  It  was  decreed  that  the  asisfencia  of  San 
Kafael  should  be  joined  again  to  San  Francisco,  and 
transferred  with  it,  and  the  suggestion  made  that  the 
country  of  the  Pctalumas  or  of  the  Canicaimos,  should 
1h'  tlie  new  site.  The  suppression  of  Santa  Cruz  was 
also  recommended.  The  governor  sent  these  resolu- 
tions to  Mexico  next  day,  and  Altimira  forwarded 
copies  to  the  new  prefect  Sefian  on  April  30th,  but 
received  no  response.^^ 

An  exploration  was  next  in  order,  for  the  country 
between  the  Suisunes  and  Petalumas  was  as  yet  very 
little  known,  some  parts  of  it  never  having  been  visited 
hy  the  Spaniards.  With  this  object  in  view,  xVltiniira 
and  the  diputado,  Francisco  Castro,  with  an  escort  of 
nineteen  men  under  Alferez  Jose  Sanchez,  embarked 
at  San  Francisco  the  25th  of  June,  and  spent  the  night 
at  San  Rafael.  Both  Sanchez  and  Altimira  ke})t  a 
diary  of  the  trip  in  very  nearly  the  same  words,  the 
sui)stance  of  whichi  reproduce  in  a  note  so  far  as  names, 
fourses,  and  distances  arc  concerned,  omitting  neces- 
y.\vt]y  much  descriptive  matter  res])ecting  a  country 
siiu'o  so  v,'ell  known.^     The  explorers  went  by  way  of 

" '  Ko  •  these  facts  also  we  must  depend  on  later  correspondence,  chiefly 
.•\i;!ii:irii'a  Icttvjr  to  Argiiidlo  on  Aug.  31st.  Ai'ch.  Anoli.,  ilS.,  iv.  pt.  ii.  JO-l. 
Tho  i  risia'iv'j  rccor  •;  have  no  mention  of  this  session,  and  Avgu<;ll()'s  de- 
.s).,.''  <  •'  ;,')c  minister  of  ■^^tate  dated  Apr.  10th,  J)i/if.  Jftc,  JIS.,  i.  11-12, 
ci  .iitai;i  I  lut  few  details.  Altimira  states  that  I'ayeras  had  at  the  tirst  specially 
ihtnistt'd  the  transfer  and  choice  of  site  to  him. 

'^''  Sdiichez,  Diiwioih  la  JCxjieilirioii  ririjiraild  ron  ohjcfode  recoiKirirterri  uos 
]«ii-'i  la  nm-rajilanta  ile  la  Mlfiott  dc  Sun  Fraiirixro,  JSJJ,  MS.  The  departure 
('.•'  Sanchez  and  the  nund^er  of  his  men  are  stated  in  .S7.  Paji.  Sac,  MS.,  xi.  1(>. 

All'imira,  Diario  dc  la  Exjicdicion,  etc.,  MS.  This  diary  was  also  trans- 
lated hy  Alex.  S.  Taylor,  and  puhlished  in  Ilutchiinjif'  Mmj.,  v.  58-()'2,  ll.")-18, 
SIS  the  Journal  of  a  minioii-J'ouiidln;/  fi.rji<ilitlon  north  of  San  Fnaic/'sro  ni  ISj.j. 
Tlin'igh  there  arc  many  verhal  diH'crcnccs  hetween  the  two  diaries,  it  is  evi- 
(liiit  that  they  were  not  written  independently  from  day  to  day.  I'rohalily 
>iiii.'lKv.  used  the  friar's  MS.  in  making  out  his  narrative.  Tajlor's  transla- 
'   ■!!  is  often  inaccurate. 

Aw  (linry  is  in  substance  as  follows:  June  20th,  in  the  morning  from  S. 
;.  .;a"l,  i)  leagues  north  to  Olonipali;  in  afternoon,  north  and  round  the  iiead 
uf  the  creek  at  the  point  callctl  Chocuay  (where  the  city  of  Vetalunia  now 
Hmt.  Oai..,  Vol.  U.   aa 


:im 


:[  |!M 


■i     1.'  i'lSi 


H 


\\i      I  ! 


,  !''' 


I   ' '  > 


ARGUELLO'S  RULE— LAST  OF  THE  EMPIRE. 

Olompali  to  tlie  Petaluma,  Sonoma,  Napa,  antl  Suisiui 
valleys  in  succession,  making  a  somewhat  close  oxani- 
ination  of  each. '  Sonoma  was  found  to  be  best  adapted 
for  mission  purposes  by  reason  of  its  climate,  location, 
abundance  of  wood  and  stone,  including  limestone  as 
was  thought,  and  above  all  for  its  innumerable  and 
most  excellent  springs  and  streams.  The  plain  of  the 
Petalumas,  broad  and  fertile,  lacked  water;  that  of 
the  Suisunes  was  liable  more  or  less  to  the  same 
objection,  and  was  also  deemed  too  far  from  the  old 

stands,  tlu    r  >ani  being  apparently  called  Chocoiotni)  to  the  little  brrxik 

of  Lenia  on  of  the  I'etaliiinas,  where  ti  bear  was  killed,  and  wheiu 

they  passed  th-  -.  .t  with  8  or  10  Petalumas  hiding  there  from  their  eiKMiiii* 
of  Lihantiloyaiiii,  or  Libautiloc|uemi  (the  Libantihyami  of  chap,  xx.),  S.^  1.  tn 
the  N.  w.  (1  think  this  Arroyito  de  Lema  may  have  been  some  distauco  duw  n 
the  creek.) 

June  '27th,  over  the  plains  and  hills,  eastward  and  north-eastward,  past  :i 
small  tulc-lake  50x100  yards,  and  a  little  farther  tlie  large  lake  of  Tolay,  so 
named  for  the  chief  of  tlie  former  inhabitants,  one  fourtli  of  a  league  long  by 
loO  or  "200  yds.  to  J  league  wide  (perliaps  they  were  as  far  south  as  the  hike 
back  of  the  modern  Lakeville),  and  thence  x.  e.  to  the  plain  on  whicli  is  tiiL' 
place  called  Sonoma,  so  called  from  the  Indians  formerly  living  there,  i."nn[i- 
ing  on  the  stream  near  the  main  creek,  where  a  boat  arrived  the  .same  (l:iy 
from  S.  Francisco.  (Sonoma  liad  probably  been  visited  before.)  Paycrns  iii 
1S17  used  the  name  of  Sonoma  as  well  as  Petaluma.  chap.  xv.  The  arriv;il 
of  the  boat  and  also  the  mention  of  the  name  coming  from  former  inhal)itiiiits 
point  in  the  same  direction  though  there  is  no  definite  record  of  any  pr-'viuiii 
visit.  This  afternoon  and  the  next  forenoon  they  spent  in  exploring  the 
valley. 

June  28th,  in  the  afternoon  they  crossed  over  the  hills  north-castwanl  to 
the  plain,  or  valley,  of  XapA  (so  accented  in  the  original  of  Altiinira),  naiiiiil 
for  the  former  Indian  inhabitants,  and  encamped  on  the  stream  (Napa  (  rix'k) 
M'hich  they  named  San  Pedro  for  the  day.  A  wliitish  earth  on  the  iMinkrs 
of  a  warm  sjiring  thought  to  be  valuable  for  cleansing  purposes,  and  lane 
herds  of  deer  anil  antelope  were  noted  on  the  way. 

June  '20th,  crossed  over  another  range  of  hills  into  the  plain  '  of  the  Sinsiin. ' 
so  called  like  the  other  places  from  the  former  Indian  inhabitants  (iieiienilly 
called  in  earlier  documents  'of  the  Suisunes' as  the  name  of  the  Indians!, 
camping  on  the  main  stream  5  1.  from  Napa,  101.  from  Sonoma,  and  51.  s.  v.'. 
of  the  ranchcria  of  the  Hulatos.  June  .30th,  killed  10  bears,  and  had  some 
friendly  intercourse  with  the  Lybaitos.  (In  a  letter  of  July  10th,  A  rch.  A  rjih. , 
JIS.,  iv.,  pt.  ii.  •2.1-0,  Altimira  gives  more  particulars  of  his  conference  with 
the  Indians,  by  which  it  appears  that  the  Lybaitos  lived  about  .31.  beyoii'l 
[n.  e.]  the  Hulatos,  or  Ulatoa.  The  rancherias  of  the  Chemocoytos,  Sucuiito-, 
and  Ompines  are  mentioned  in  the  same  region.) 

.luly  1st,  back  to  Napa  and  Sonoma  wit'i  additional  explorations  of  the 
latter  valley.  July  2d,  up  the  valley  and  over  the  hills  by  a  more  nortlicrn 
route  than  before,  past  a  tulo  lake,  into  the  plain  of  the  I  etalumas,  and  to 
the  old  camping-ground  on  the  Arn>yo  de  Lema.  July  3d,  back  by  a  diieit 
course  of  2  leagues  to  Sonoma,  whore  after  new  explorations  a  site  was  cliosiii. 
July  4th,  ceremonies  of  taking  possession,  and  return  to  Olompali,  (i  Imi^ 
leai(ues.  July  5tli,  back  to  San  Rafael  and  waited  for  the  boat  from  Sonoma. 
July  Cth,  embarked  at  Point  Tiburou  and  went  to  San  Francisco  befoic  tho 
wind. 


NEW  SAX  FRANCISCO. 


499 


Sail  Francisco;  but  Sonoma  as  a  mission  site,  with 
eventually  branch  establishments,  or  at  least  cattle- 
ranclios  at  Petaluma  and  Napa,  seemed  to  the  three 
representatives  of  civil,  military,  and  Franciscan  po\v('r 
to  offer  every  advantage.  Accordingly  on  July  4th  a 
cross  was  blessed  and  set  up  on  the  site  of  a  former 
n-eutile  rancheria,  now  formally  named  New  San  Fran- 
cisco. A  volley  of  musketry  was  fired,  sacred  songs 
were  sung,  and  holy  mass  was  said.  July  4th  might, 
therefore,  with  greater  propriety  than  any  other  date 


Contra  Costa  of  the  NonTii  east. 

l)e  celebrated  as  the  anniversary  of  the  foundation, 
though  the  place  was  for  a  little  time  abandoned,  antl 
on  the  sixth  all  were  back  at  Old  San  Francisco. 

( )nly  the  approbation  of  the  prelate  was  now  want- 
iii'i',  and  nothinir  being  heard  from  Senan,  Altiiuiivi 
uioto  to  him  again  on  the  subject  ni  very  earnest 
teiius,  explaining  what  had  been  done  and  on  wluit 
authority,  justifying  the  proposed  measures  on  the 
ground  that  San  Francisco  was  on  its  last  legs  and 
San  Rafael  could  not  subsist  alone,  "notwithstanding 
the  prejudices  of  certain  persons."     He  hoped  the 


,'0  ...  i  i 


600 


ARGtTELLO'S  RITLE— LAST  OF  THE  EMPIRE. 


1  1' 


prelate  woukl  not  delay  his  approval  of  so  beneficial  a 
measure,  nor  listen  to  the  unfounded  objections  <^f 
Padre  Amor6s.  He  threatened,  moreover,  if  the 
affair  should  fail,  to  leave  California  and  go  to  Europe 
on  the  first  opportunity!  In  the  same  letter  ho 
charged,  on  the  authority  of  the  Indians  lately  visited 
in  the  Suisun  region,  that  Duran  of  Mission  San  Jost^ 
Avas  in  the  habit  of  making  raids  for  converts  in  that 
region,  forcibly  seizing  the  gentiles,  and  even  killing 
those  who  resisted.  Altimira  not  only  protested 
against  this  modo  de  conquistar  practised  by  Duran 
and  Amoros,  and  bitterly  complained  of  by  the  late 
prefect,  but  he  declared  that  by  the  terms  of  an 
arrangement  made  when  San  Rafael  was  separated 
the  minister  of  San  Jose  was  prohibited  from  making 
con\erts  at  all  in  that  region,  and  demanded  that  all 
such  neophytes  should  at  once  be  given  up  for  the 
new  establishment.^* 

At  the  end  of  July  Argliello  asked  why  Altimira 
had  not  made  the  transfer,  and  was  told  that  it  was 
impossible  to  begin  operations  without  the  people  of 
San  Rafael,  for  those  at  San  Francisco  were  not  lialf 
enough.  The  padre  went  to  Monterey,  and  was 
ii^tructed  by  Argliello  not  to  wait  for  the  prelate's 
orders  but  to  make  a  beginning  at  once;  and  corre- 
sponding communications  were  sent  on  August  4tli 
to  Seiian,  Amoros,  and  the  comandante  of  San  Fran- 
cisco. Accordingly  Altimira  went  over  to  San  Rafael 
with  Lieutenant  Martinez,  and  on  the  12tli  took 
possession  by  inventory  of  the  mission  property. 
Returning  to  San  Francisco,  he  started  on  the  2;3d 
for  Sonoma  with  an  escort  of  twelve  men,  including 

^Muly  10,  1823,  Altimira  to  Seiian  in  Arch.  Arzob.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  iii.  '2\-C,. 
The  last  portion  of  this  letter,  relating  to  the  complaints  against  Duran,  was 
translntetl  by  W.  H.  T.  and  publiehed  in  Hntchivjs'  Mag.,  v.  28-30,  as  The 
Firnt  Exploration  of  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco,  North;  Extract  of  a  Letter,  dc  ; 
and  this  translation  was  in  1877  reprinted  in  Territorial  Pioneers  of  Vol., 
Fi'rsf  Annual,  109-12.  I  suppose  that  the  translator  never  saw  the  whole 
letter,  and  that  probably  the  publishing  committee  of  the  society  were  not 
aware  that  the  fragment  had  been  before  published;  else  they  would  liave 
been  likely  to  select  for  reprinting  the  more  important  diary  of  Altimira  also 
in  IhUchinfjs'  Mayazine. 


A  CONTROVERSY  AT  SONOMA. 


501 


neficial  a 
:tions  of 
,    if  the 
)  Europe 
itter   he 
V  visited 
San  Jose 
s  in  that 
n  kilhng 
protested 
y  Duran 
the  late 
ns  of  an 
separated 
11  makinf,' 
\  that  all 
p  for  the 

Altimira 
at  it  was 
people  of 

not  half 
and   was 

prelate's 
nd  corre- 
gust  4th 

an  Fran- 

,n  Rafael 
2tli  took 
[property. 

the  23d 
lincluding 

Jpt.  iii.  21-0. 

It  Duran,  was 
28-30,  as  The 

la  Letter,  (le  ; 

lieers  of  ('"l-, 

Iw  the  -whole 
lety  wero  nut 
L  would  have 
lAltiinira  also 


an  artilleryman  to  manage  a  cannon  of  two  pound 
calibre,  and  a  force  of  neophyte  laborers.  They 
arrived  at  New  San  Francisco  the  25th  and  at  once 
began  work  on  granary,  ditch,  corral,  and  other  needed 
structures.  There  is  no  record  of  any  formal  ceremony 
on  August  25th,  though  that  is  generally  given  as 
the  date  of  foundation;  and  it  is  not  j»robable  that 
any  was  performed,  the  usual  ceremonial  acts  having 
taken  place  as  we  have  seen  the  4th  of  July.  Good 
jirogress  was  n)ade  for  a  week.^^ 

]\Ieanwhile  Prefect  Seilan,  just  before  his  death, 
affixing  his  signature,  very  likely  for  the  last  time,  to 
a  document  prepared  by  his  secretary,  had  written  on 
August  23d  to  3?adre  Sarria  on  the  subject.  Res[)ect- 
iiig  Santa  Cruz  he  expressed  no  opinion,  having 
consulted  his  superiors.  To  the  suppression  of  so 
flourishing  an  establishment  as  San  Rafael  he  was 
strongly  opposed;  and'  while  he  did  not  altogether 
disapprove  the  transfer  of  San  Francisco,  he  was  as- 
tounded at  the  summary  and  illegal  manner  in  which 
the  diputacion  had  disposed  of  the  subject  without 
consulting  the  supreme  government.  On  recei[)t  of 
tliis  communication  Sarria  wrote  to  Altimira  refusing 
to  authorize  the  change.  By  this  letter  the  padre  at 
Xew  San  Francisco  was  interrupted  in  his  work  the 
oLst  of  August,  and  was  naturally  furious.  The  same 
day  he  wrote  to  Argiicllo  narrating  en  resume  all 
that  had  occurred,  and  complaining  most  bitterly  of 
the  way  in  wdiich  he  had  been  treated,  and  of  the 
"frivolous  difficulties"  put  in  his  way  by  the  "minister 
of  an  unprofitable  asintencia"  through  "underhanded 

'•August  4th,  Arguello  to  Amorcis,  Altimira,  Scnan,  and  Martinez.  De/it, 
Uic,  MS.,  i.  32;  Arch.  Arzob.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  ii.  10-20.  Aug.  18th,  Altimira 
to  Argiicllo,  Avill  start  on  the  21st.  Id.,  iv.  pt.  ii.  78.  Aug.  25th,  Mar- 
tinez to  Argiiello,  saying  that  the  padre  started  on  the  2.3d.  St.  Pap.,  Sac., 
Ms.,  X.  83-5.  Aug.  31st,  Altimira  to  Argiiello,  narrating  all  the  eveuts 
III  iT-iumd.  Arch.  Anob.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  ii.  50-0. 

'i'hompson,  Hist.  Sonoma,  10-11,  gives  a  brief  account  of  the  explorations 
and  fiiundatiou.  Mofras,  Exploration,  i.  445;  ii.  G,  says  the  mission  wiis 
fmmdod  by  Amoriis  on  Aug.  25th.  See  also  Sonoma  Democrat,  June  2,  1875, 
and  other  sketchca  in  newspapers  and  books.  Nearly  all  who  mention  tiic 
sulijoL't  call  the  mission  San  Francisco  Solano,  or  San  Solano,  a  name  given, 
as  \vu  shall  sec,  at  a  later  date. 


ill 


Kf 


iir-i 


1^ 


602 


ARGt^ELLO'S  RULE-LAST  OF  THE  EMPIRE. 


efforts,"  and  the  aid  of  "confederate  padres."  The 
prefect  had  obstinately  kept  silent,  though  not  in 
worse  health  than  usual  and  perfectly  able  to  confirm 
the  orders  of  his  predecessor.  The  confederates  were 
all  blind  to  the  circumstances  and  had  exerted  thorn- 
solves  in  the  ojicio  de  Satands  of  throwing  obstacles 
in  the  way  of  a  great  enterprise,  especially  Pache 
Duran;  and  the  new  president  seemed  to  be  one  of 
tlic  plotters,  complaining  that  his  license  should  have 
been  waited  for,  though  all  might  have  died  before  it 
came.  The  padre  concludes  by  saying,  in  substance : 
"I  wish  to  know  whether  the  diputacion  has  any 
authority  in  this  province,  and  if  these  men  can  over- 
throw your  honor's  wise  provisions.  I  came  hero  to 
convert  gentiles  and  to  establish  new  missions,  and  if 
I  cannot  do  it  here,  where  as  we  all  agree  is  the  best 
spot  in  California  for  the  purpose,  I  will  leave  the 
country."^" 

A  correspondence  followed  between  Sarria  and 
Argiiello,  in  which  the  former  with  many  expressions 
of  respect  for  the  governor  and  the  secular  govorn- 
mcnt  not  unmixed  with  personal  flattery  of  Argliollo, 
justified  in  a  long  argument  the  position  he  had  as- 
sumed.^'   The  governor  did  not  reply  in  detail  to  Sar- 

^"  Aiif?.  23(1,  Seflan  to  Sarria.  Arch.  Anoh.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  ii.  12-13.  Aug. 
2"fl  (must  be  an  error),  Sarria  to  Altimira.  Id.,  IG.  Aug.  Slat,  Altiniini  to 
Argiiello.  Id.,  flO-G. 

"'Sept.  5th,  Sarria  to  Argiiello.  Arch.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  ii.  5G-C8,  or 
Sarri'i,  Arrjumodo  coidni  el  tmslado  de  San  Francisco,  1SJ3,  MS.  The 
points  made  are  briefly  as  follows :  Sarria  regards  himself  as  only  prefect  ,ul 
interim  and  dislikes  to  give  positive  orders;  but  claims,  1st:  That  the  new 
constitution  does  not  change  the  old  laws  and  usages  by  which  the  whole  mat- 
ter of  founding,  suppressing,  or  moving  missions,  and  of  appointing  pailics 
was  intrusted  by  both  church  and  state  to  the  prelate,  the  diputacion  haviiiLj 
no  authority  in  the  matter  wliatevcr.  2d.  Tlie  original  decree  of  the  diputa- 
cion mentioned  the  country  of  tlic  Petalumas,  and  now  it  was  changed  to 
Sonoma  on  the  judgment  of  one  padre.  AVhat  would  Captain  ArgiuUo 
think  if  the  location  of  a  fortification  settled  by  the  military  authorities 
should  be  changed  by  a  i^rivato  soldier?  3d.  He  dwells  on  the  great  wrung 
to  the  Indians  of  San  Rafael,  now  under  the  new  rcJgimo  free  citizens  luid 
t'(pial  to  white  men,  by  forcing  them  to  leave  their  birthplace,  their  hauls, 
tiu.:ir  houses,  and  the  padre  wiiom  they  love,  they  being  unanimously  opposed 
to  the  change.  4th.  There  is  a  great  lack  of  padres  to  carry  out  the  proposed 
Bchcmo,  3  having  died  or  departed  since  Paycras  approved  the  transfer;  and 
it  was  unsafe  for  one  friar  to  live  alone  at  so  distant  a  place.  5th.  If  Payeras 
approi'cd  the  transfer  on  general  principles,  it  would  )je  an  insult  to  his  nieia- 


GOVERNOR  AND  FRI/\RS. 


503 


rui's  arguments,  since  it  did  not  in  his  view  matter 
uiueh  what  this  or  that  prefect  or  padre  had  or  had 
IK  it  approved,  but  took  the  ground  that  the  diputacion 
was  empowered  to  act  for  the  pubUc  good  in  all  such 
lui-cnt  matters  as  that  under  consideration,  and  that 
its  decrees  must  be  carried  out.  During  fifty  years 
the  friars  had  made  no  progress  in  the  conversion  <jf 
northern  gentiles  or  occupation  of  northern  territory; 
aiul  now  the  secular  authorities  proposed  to  take  charge 
dl'  the  conquest  in  its  temporal  aspects  at  least.  The 
new  establishment  would  be  sustained  with  its  escolta 
under  a  majordomo,  and  the  prelate's  refusal  to  author- 
ize Altimira  to  care  for  its  spiritual  needs  would  be 
reported  to  the  authorities  in  Mexico.^ 

Yet,  positive  as  was  the  governor's  tone  in  general, 
lie  declared  that  he  would  not  insist  on  the  suppres- 
sion of  San  Rafael;  and,  though  some  of  the  corre- 
spondence has  doubtless  been  lost,  he  seems  to  have 
consented  readily  enough  to  a  compromise  suggested 
l»y  the  prefect,  and  said  by  him  to  have  been  more  or 
less  fully  approved  by  Altimira.  By  the  terms  of 
this  compromise  New  San  Francisco  was  to  remain  as 
a  mission  in  regular  standing,  and  Padre  Altimira 
v.as  appointed  its  regular  minister,  subject  to  the  de- 
cision of  the  college;  but  neither  Old  San  Francisco 
no]'  San  Rafael  was  to  be  suppressed,  and  Altimira 
V.  as  to  be  still  associate  minister  of  the  former.     Neo- 

o:y  to  suppose  he  would  have  approved  such  medios  violentoa  of  cfiFecting  it. 
I  ill.  Xcitlicr  Payeras  nor  the  canonigo  ever  approved  tlie  aggregation  of  Sau 
Liil'iR'l,  but  on  the  contrary  l)oth  promised  the  ncoph^'tcs  a  new  cliurch.  7th. 
I'i.ihe  Seuan  entertained  the  same  views  as  tlie  writer,  and  was  axonibradu  at 
t'le  earlier  developments.  How  much  more  astounded  will  he  be  at  later 
otiu.s!  'AVhat  a  labyrinth!  Tlie  political  authorities  iierfonning  the  func- 
tions of  a  bishop!'  8th.  It  maybe  said  that  application  was  made  to  tho 
1  ;elate.  So  did  Henry  VIII.  apply  to  the  jjope  for  approval  of  his  unholy 
iiiiniagc,  but  he  obtained  no  favorable  reply;  neither  did  P.  Altimira.  9th. 
still  Altimira  is  not  accused  of  acting  in  bad  faith,  because  letters  are  known 
ti  have  been  delayed  on  the  way.  10th.  Too  much  weight  should  not  be 
jrivoii  to  the  representations  of  one  padre  unsupported  by  his  prelate  and 
a  soeiates.  11th.  All  arc  zealous  for  new  conversions,  but  wish  them  to  be 
a  xiiniplished  with  moderation,  regularity,  and  wisdom.  Some  of  tlieseargu- 
i;;cnts  v.cre  repeated  in  Sarria's  letter  of  Sept.  12th,  unle&s  there  is  an  eiTor 
i:i  the  date.   /(/.,  69-72. 

"".Sept.  17th,  Arguello  to  Sarria.  Dept.  liec,  MS.,  i.  42-6. 


m 


§ 


I!  A 


C04 


AnoOELLO'S  RULE— LAST  OF  THE  EMPIRE. 


,ii,    ;' 


ii:i 


■  i.il  I^Wm 


phytcs  might  go  voluntarily  from  Old  San  Francisco 
to  the  new  establishment,  and  also  from  San  Jose  tuid 
San  Rafael,  provided  they  came  originally  from  the 
Sonoma  region,  and  provided  also  that  in  the  case  of 
San  Rafael  they  might  return  if  they  wished  at  any 
time  within  a  year.  New  converts  might  come  in 
from  any  direction  to  tho  mission  they  preferred,  but 
no  force  was  to  be  used.^'' 

All  did  not  go  quite  smoothly  under  the  compro- 
mise, and  Altimira  still  had  his  troubles,  though  his 
temper  cooled  considerably.  He  complained  that  the 
ministers  of  the  neighboring  establishments  were 
using  their  influence  to  keep  their  neophytes  from 
going  to  New  San  Francisco,  while  Duran  even  circu- 
lated false  statements  of  impending  attacks  by  gentiles 
to  accon)plish  his  purpose,  and  he  should  be  made  to 
hold  his  tongue.  The  new  mission  had  received  less 
aid  and  cooperation  from  the  old  ones  than  had  usually 
been  afforded ;  the  padre  at  Old  San  Francisco  showed 
a  disposition  to  retain  all  property  of  any  value;  a 
show  of  military  power  was  needed  to  inspire  respect 
on  the  part  of  the  gentiles;  and  too  great  liberty  was 
allowed  the  neophytes  in  the  matter  of  choosing  their 
place  of  residence,  as  they  were  inclined  to  change 
their  mind  every  day  or  two.  Yet  the  padre  was  en- 
couraged on  the  whole  by  the  progress  made.*" 

Passion  Sunday,  April  4,  1824,  the  mission  church, 
a  somewhat  rude  structure  24  by  105  feet,  built  of 
boards  and  whitewashed,  but  well  furnished  and  deco- 
rated in  the  interior,  many  articles  having  been  pre- 
sented by  the  Russians,  was  dedicated  to  San  Francisco 
Solano,  which  from  this  date  became  the  name  of  the 
mission.  Hitherto  it  had  been  properly  New  Sail 
Francisco,  though  Altimira  had  always  dated  his  let- 
ters San  Francisco  simply,  and  referred  to  the  penin- 

'•  Sept.  12th,  30th,  Sarria  to  Arguello,  inclosing  copy  of  appointment  ami 
instructions  for  Altimira.  Arch.  Arzob.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  ii.  69-75. 

*»Oct.  4th,  18th,  Altimira  to  Arguello.  Arch.  Arzob.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  ii.  75-8. 
Oct.  ISth,  Sarria  to  Arguello,  has  heard  reports  that  the  Indiana  are  ruuuing 
away  and  do  not  like  their  missionary.  Id.,  86. 


SAN  FRANCISCO  SOLANO. 


iSOS 


sular  establishment  as  Old  San  Francisco;  but  this 
usai>e  became  inconvenient,  and  rather  than  honor  St 
Francis  of  Asisi  with  two  missions  it  was  agreed  to 
dedicate  the  new  one  to  San  Francisco  Solano,  "the 
ofreat  apostle  of  the  Indies."  It  was  largely  from 
this  early  confusion  of  names,  and  also  from  the  in- 
coiivonienco  of  adding  Asis  and  Solano  to  designate 
the  respective  saints  Francis,  that  arose  the  popular 
usage  of  calling  the  two  missions  Dolores  and  Sau 
Solano,  the  latter  name  being  replaced  ten  years  later 
by  the  original  one  of  Sonoma." 

Beyond  the  fact  that  Buenaventura  Fortuni  took 
Altimira's  place  as  minister  in  September  182G,  the 
only  information  extant  respecting  the  annals  of 
Solano  for  the  rest  of  the  decade,  not  of  a  statistical 
nature,  is  to  the  effect  that  a  mission  rancho  of  Santa 
Eulalia  had  been  established  at  Suisun  before  the  end 
of  1824,  that  a  provisional  house  for  the  padre's  visits, 
Mitli  a  corral  for  horses,  had  been  built,  and  that  a 
ncopliytc  alcalde  was  in  charge  of  the  ranr^  >.  In 
March  1824  the  mission  had  a  granary,  a  padn  .^  house, 
and  seven  houses  for  the  guard  besides  the  chapel,  all 
of  wood.  But  by  the  end  of  the  year  one  large  adobe 
house  30  by  120  feet  and  seven  feet  high  had  been 
couiideted,  with  tiled  roof  and  corridor,  and  two  other 
structures  had  been  made  ready  for  roofing  just  in 
time  to  be  destroyed  by  the  unusually  heavy  rains. 
A  loom  had  been  set  up  and  a  beginning  made  of 
weaving.  A  garden  fenced  with  willows  contained 
from  150  to  300  fruit  trees,  and  in  the  vineyard  from 
1,000  to  3,000  vines  were  growing.  Between  182  1- 
and  1830  cattle  increased  from  1,100  to  2,000;  horses 
from  400  to  725;  and  sheep  remained  at  4,000,  though 
as  few  as  1,500  in  1826.  Crops  amounted  to  1,875 
bushels  per  year  on  an  average,  the  largest  yield  being 
3,945  in  1826,  and  the  smallest  510  in  1829,  when 

"  Mar,  29,  1824,  Altimira  to  Arguello,  announcing  the  intention  to  dedi- 
cate the  church  on  Pussiou  Sunday,  and  exphiining  the  progress  he  had  made 
iu  other  respects.  Arch.  Arzob,,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  ii.  125-8. 


I 


608 


aroCello'S  rule-last  op  the  empire. 


vlicat  and  barley  failed  completely.  At  the  end  <if 
1824  the  mission  had  093  neophytes,  of  whom  32J 
had  como  from  San  Francisco,  153  from  San  Jose, 
02  from  San  Rafael,  and  9G  had  been  baptized  on  llio 
f'lpot.  By  1830,  050  had  been  baptized  and  375  buiitd , 
but  the  number  of  neophytes  had  increased  only  to 
700,  leaving  a  margin  of  over  100  for  runaways  oven 
on  the  supposition  that  all  from  San  Rafael  retired 
the  first  year  to  their  old  home.  Notwithstaudiii!,' 
the  advantages  of  the  site  and  Altimira's  enthusiasm 
the  mission  at  Sonoma  was  not  prosperous  during  its 
short  existence." 


In  September  the  governor  was  making  preparations 
for  an  expedition  to  explore  the  country  lying  betu  eeii 
the  new  mission  at  Sonoma  and  the  Bodega  coast. 
The  rancheri'a  of  Huilantuliyami*'  was  an  objective 
point,  and  it  was  thought  best  to  find  out  wliat  iil 
Schmidt  was  doing  in  that  direction,  where  s 

said  the  Russians  had  been  seen.     It  appears  tnat 

"  On  buildings,  etc.,  see  Altimira's  letter  of  March  29th,  in  Arch.  Arzoh., 
MS.,  iv.  pt.  ii.  125-8,  by  which  it  also  appears  that  from  8an  Francisco  tho 
mission  received  20  yoke  of  oxen,  25  bulls,  50  cows,  CO  horses,  and  3,(X)0  sheep, 
besides  some  implements,  etc.  See  also  tho  padre's  annual  report  on  this 
mission  at  tho  end  of  1824,  in  Arch.  StaJi.,  &1S.,  x.  519-20.  1  have  in  my 
collection,  <S'.  Francisco  Solano,  Lib.  Mision,  MS.,  tho  original  rejzistirs  of 
Ijaptisnis  and  burials  with  the  alphabetical  index  of  neophytes,  from  t!io 
beginnini^  down  to  1839,  three  qur.int  old  leather-bound  tomes,  types  of  simi- 
lar records  at  all  the  missions,  Tho  first  baptism  was  that  of  20  children  of 
Ijoth  neophyte  and  gentile  parents  on  April  4,  1824;  tho  next  was  of  13  lulult 
Petalumas  on  April  IGlh;  and  the  3d  of  23  Ululatos,  The  urst  burial  Mas 
that  of  a  gentile  woman  on  Dec.  20,  1823,  tho  only  death  in  tho  year.  Tho 
last  baptism,  Oct.  1,  1839,  was  numbered  1,494;  and  the  last  burial,  Oct.  7, 
1830,  was  numbered  875, 

The  different  nations  or  tribes  of  Indians  which  furnished  converts  as 
shown  by  tho  mission  books  were  as  follows:  Aloquiomi,  Atenomac,  Canoiiia, 
Carquin,  Canijolmano,  Caymus,  Chemoco,  Chichoyomi,  Chocuyem,  Coyayuini 
or  Joyayomi,  Huiiuc,  Huymen,  Lacatiut,  Loaquiomi,  Linayto(Libayto?),  Loc- 
noma,  Mnyacma,  Muticolmo,  Mulaca,  Napato,  Oleomi,  I'utto  or  I'ututo 
(I'ulto  or  Pultato  or  Pultoy — Putah  Creek  ?),  Polnomanoc,  Paque,  Petaluina, 
Siiisun,  Satayomi,  Soneto,  Tclen,  Tlayacma,  Tamal,  Topayto,  Ululato,  Z.i- 
clom,  Utinomanoc, 

I  have  also  the  original  statistical  reports  for  each  year  from  1825  to  1<'^30 
inclusive,  together  with  financial  accounts  of  mission  supplies  to  the  cscolta, 
amounting  to  about  $200  per  year,  in  Arch.  Aliaionen,  MS.,  and  Vallejo,  Voc. 
Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  xviii. -XX.,  xxix. -XXX.  passim, 

*^  Identical  very  likely  with  the  Libantilayomi  of  former  records,  and  ap- 
parently somewhere  in  the  region  of  the  modem  Santa  Kosa, 


SONORA  AND  CALIFORNIA. 


607 


tlio  expedition,  consistirif^  of  twenty-five  men  under 
All'crez  Santiago  Argiiello,  did  start  from  San  Fran- 
cisco the  7th  of  October;  but  respecting  the  trip  and 
what  was  accompHshed  nothing  is  known.** 

Still  another  expedition  may  be  noticed  here  as  well 
as  elsewhere,  though  it  extended  through  several 
yeiirs;  and  briefly,  though  I  have  before  me  no  less 
tlian  seventy-five  official  communications  on  the  sub- 
ject. I  allude  to  the  expedition  of  Captain  Josd  Ro- 
iiioro  to  California  and  back  by  way  of  the  Colorado 
from  Tucson,  Sonora.  Unfortunately  witli  all  the 
correspondence  no  diaries  are  extant.  The  object 
was  to  explore  a  pernianent  route  of  communication 
between  the  two  provinces,  and  Romero  with  a  small 
force  of  eleven  men  was  accompanied  by  Padre  Felix 
Caballero,  a  Dominican  friar  of  Lower  California." 
At  the  crossing  of  the  Colorado  and  later  the  In- 
dians were  hostile  and  stole  all  the  horses,  but  after 
groat  suffering  the  party  arrived  by  a  .southern  route 
at  the  frontier  peninsular  missions  in  July  1823,  the 
report  having  reached  Tucson  that  all  had  been  killed. 
The  explorers  were  fed  and  clothed,  and  Romero  was 
summoned  to  Monterey  for  consultation  with  the 
governor  as  to  the  best  way  to  get  back  to  Sonora. 

Romero  left  Monterey  the  10th  of  October  for  San 
Gabriel  to  prepare  for  his  return,  Arguello  having 
issued  orders  to  officers  and  padres  that  every  assist- 
ance was  to  be  afforded.  After  two  months  of  dili- 
gent correspondence  about  men  and  guns  and  rations 
and  animals,  about  forty  men  under  Lieutenant  Estu- 
ilillo  were  equipped  as  an  escolta,  and  the  march  began 
tlie  1 5th  of  December.  On  account  of  various  mishaps 
tliey  did  not  leave  San  Bernardino  until  Christmas, 
and  subsequently  lost  their  way  rmd  wandered  in 
mountains  and  deserts  without  water  for  their  animals 

"St.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  X.  17, 82, 91;  xiii.  2;  Dept  Rec,  MS.,  i.  41, 65,  fi8-9. 
"  He  started  from  Sta  Catalina  Api'il  14th,  and  reached  Arizpe  in  May. 
Ca'jullero,  Estadlstica  de  Son.  y  Sin.,  11. 


'^  1  Tf 

A  I', ! 


I 


Lmi 


i  ::' 


508 


ARGUELLO'S  RULE  -LAST  OF  THE  EMPIRE. 


o  Sun 


till  the  end  of  January,  when  they  returned  t 
Gabriel/"  It  required  about  as  much  paper  and  ink 
to  announce,  explain,  and  complain  of  the  result  an  it 
had  to  prepare  for  the  start. 

Two  parties  of  Indians  soon  arrived  in  search  of 
Romero  with  despatches  from  Sonora;  but  an  Indian 
revolt  which  occurred  this  spring,  and  will  be  desci  ihcd 
in  the  next  chapter,  prevented  his  return  with  tlio 
messengers.  It  took  a  long  time  to  convince  Argiiello 
that  the  danger  was  past;  and  in  September  ]  y24, 
when  Romero  was  preparing  for  another  start,  tlio 
governor  received  instructions  from  Sonora  to  send 
him  bacK  by  way  of  Loreto.  Romero  was  unwilling 
to  go  by  that  rcMite ;  Argiiello  would  not  authorize  vy 
help  him  to  go  by  the  other;  and  the  ensuing  corre- 
spondence consumed  the  time  until  the  late  summer 
of  1825.  Then  a  nevv  general  in  Sonora,  Jose  Figut- 
roa,  of  whom  I  shall  have  much  to  say  in  later  jcart^, 
ordered  Romero  to  return  by  land  and  complete  tlio 
exploration;  and  a  new  governor  ordered  the  ntcos- 
sary  guard  to  be  prepared.  A  new  avalanche  of  offitial 
docunents  in  August  and  September  was  repeated  iu 
November;  and  finally  all  was  ready,  though  in  the 
mean  time  Figueroa  had  come  to  the  Colorado  to  meet 
Romero,  and  tired  of  waiting  had  gone  back.  Sut  h 
active  and  complicated  preparations  were  rarely  known 
in  California,  every  officer  in  the  south  being  involved. 
At  one  time  it  was  proposed  to  fortify  the  San  (lor- 
gonio  pass,  but  this  plan  was  given  up  on  account  cf 
the  deep  snow.  The  last  mishap  was  the  running;' 
away  of  the  Cocomaricopa  guides  from  San  Beiiiai- 
dino  the  4th  of  December.  The  grand  total  of  resnlt 
was  that  Alferez  Romualdo  Pachcco  with  five  soldiers 
and  a  party  of  Indians  escorted  Romero  to  the  C»tlo- 

^' Rafael  Gonzalez,  Experienciait,  MS.,  14-19,  accompanied  the  party  ami 
gives  some  details.  Ho  attrilmtes  the  failure  largely  to  Estudillo's  incdiiiijo- 
tence  and  intemperance.  It  would  appear,  however,  that  the  attempt  of  Ko- 
nicro  to  take  with  him  a  large  di'ove  of  mares,  and  the  attempt  to  follow  a 
new  trail  pointed  out  by  an  Indian,  instead  of  the  old  route  of  Anza  aud 
others,  had  much  to  do  with  the  disaster. 


ROMERO'S  EXPEDITION. 


609 


rnflo  in  December,  and  then  returned  by  another  and 
uctter  route  to  San  Diego  before  February  2,  1826, 
on  \\  liich  date  the  governor  announced  the  result  to 
the  minister  of  war  in  a  communication  which  closes 
the  series.*^ 

*'  Itomero,  Dorinuentos  relafiroit  d  la  ETpedicion  del  Capitan  B.  pm  ',  ahrir 
Ciiiiiiiif)  eiitre  Sononi  y  California,  1S:'3-G,  MS.  Being  the  letters  of  Roinei-o, 
Arj.'iH'llo,  Echeandia,  Urrea,  Figueroa,  Estudillo,  Ouerra,  I'ortilla,  Padieco, 
>ama,  and  others.  Also  Echeanilia's  final  report  of  Fel).  2,  1826,  in  St.  Paj>., 
iid'-.,  MS.,  xix.  24-0.  It  is  implied  in  this  report  that  some  point  on  the 
si.iitluin  route  had  been,  or  was  being,  garrisoned  with  a  view  to  keep  open 
till'  cDiiiniunication  by  land.  March  30th,  Gen.  Figueroa  to  coniandante  gene- 
i;i!  of  California.  Thinks  an  effort  should  be  made  to  keep  the  route  open. 
]>i.stiiin.e  from  Arizpe  to  Concepcion,  200  leagues;  from  Concepcion  to  San 
]>it;„'o,  80  leagues.  JJejit.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Alii.,  MS.,  Ivii.  17-18.  There  are 
ii;:uiy  minor  points  of  some  interest,  but  no  importance,  in  the  correspondence, 
luattt-is  of  otlicial  etiquette,  etc.,  which  I  have  omitted. 


wn 

\\'% 


■i!      h   1  it     '!■ 


:HI 


H  E 


ii 


I  ■  •   ' 


I:  :l 


CHAPTER  XXIII. 

EVENTS  OF  ARGUELLO'S  RULE-INDIAN  REVOLT. 

1824. 


V 


National  Politics — Junta  at  Movteeey — Plan  de  Gobierno— Califor- 
nia's First  Constitution — Sessions  of  the  Dipctacion — Ba.ndos 
against  Criminals  —  Communications  with  Mexico  —  MiSon  Ar- 
roiNTED  Governor — Colonization  Law — The  Missions  and  Padrk>— 
Question  of  Supplies — Stipends  Paid— List  of  Vessels — Coopku^j 
Voyage  to  China — Otter  Contract — Commerce  and  Revente  — 
Kotzeble's  Visit  and  Impressions — Foreign  Residents  Old  ami 
New — ^Revolt  of  Neophytes  in  the  South — Motives — Burxini;  of 
Santa  Ines— PurIsima  Taken — Fight  and  Flight  at  Santa  ]l\u- 
BARA — Estrada's  Campaign — Expeditions  of  Fabregat  and   I'ou- 

TILLA  to  the  TuL,VRES — CAPTURE  AND   EXECUTION   OF  POMPONIO. 

The  federal  constitution  of  October  4,  1824,  was 
not  known  in  California  until  the  next  year;^  l)iit 
there  w'ere  rumors  of  federation  proclaimed  by  soiiu) 
of  the  provinces  and  not  j'et  approved  by  others — 
rumors  not  well  understood,  but  sufficient  to  create  a 
vague  impression  that  it  was  perhaps  incumbent  on 
California  to  do  something.  Moreover  several  prov- 
inces, including  Sonora,  Jalisco,  and  Oajaca,  had 
directly  invited  the  Californias  to  join  them;  and  it 
was  necessary  to  take  some  action  on  these  invitations. 
Accordingly  Argiiello  had  summoned  a  junta  a.s  wo 
have  seen  in  the  preceding  chapter. 

The  junta  met  at  Monterey  on  the  7th  day  of  Janu- 
ary. It  was  composed  of  the  military  officers  Gueria, 
Estrada,  Ramirez,  and  Santiago  Argiiello,  with  the 
deputies,  Jose  Castro  as  substitute  taking  the  place  <  't' 

'  In  the  Acta  Consfitutiva  of  Jan.  31,  1824,  it  wns  declared  that  CaHfoinia 
and  Colima  should  be  federal  tcrritoritif  a,  innuediatoly  subject  to  the  suinxiuo 

Eowors.  Siipt.  Govt.  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  iii.  1,     But  not  even  this  acta  nppuars  to 
ave  been  known  in  California. 

(610) 


JUNTA  AT  MONTEREY, 


511 


Ortega.  For  some  reason  not  explained  the  friars 
were  not  represented.  The  "Political  and  Military 
Superior  Chief  and  President  of  said  Most  Exeellent 
l)i])Utacion,"  Don  Luis  Argiiello,  in  his  opening 
address  stated  that,  in  distress  at  the  unhappy  condi- 
tioi!  of  our  America,  disturbed  by  political  ditferences, 
he  had  called  the  meeting  to  devise  some  means  of 
esca})e  from  the  prevalc  iit  contagion,  and  secure  for 
the  province  the  peace  hitherto  enjoyed.  He  invited 
all  to  express  their  views  frankly  on  the  following 
points :  1st.  Will  it  be  expedient  for  this  province  to 
declare  itself  in  favor  of  the  federation;  and  if  so  will 
it  1)0  advantageous  to  join  some  one  of  the  provinces 
inviting  it?  2d.  What  kind  of  a  government  in  any 
case  will  be  best  for  California?  The  diputados  spoko 
first;  the  military  men  followed;  and  after  sufficient 
discussion  the  junta  by  a  unanimous  vote  resolved: — 
1st.  That  for  the  present  the  province  should  remain 
aloof  and  free  from  anv  other  until  the  intentions  of  the 
national  government  could  be  learned  with  reference 
to  a  general  federation  of  all  the  American  provinces; 
and  2d.  That  a  committee  of  four  should  be  appointed 
to  report  a  plan  of  government  for  internal  atl'airs. 
The  committee  was  named  and  the  meeting  adjourned. 
Next  day  the  junta  reassembled  to  hear  the  report 
of  the  committee,  whose  members  are  not  named. 
The  report  was  a  'plan'  of  preamble,  four  titles,  and 
twelve  articles.  It  was  unanimously  adopted  after 
diseussion;  was  officially  published  in  a  proclamation 
l)y  Argiiello  on  January  17th;  and  was  publicly  read 
at  each  presidio  within  a  few  days.  Though  thhjilan 
dc  (/obierno  introduced  no  radical  changes;  never  had 
pr()[)erly  any  legal  or  political  force  or  authority,  antl 
was  nominally  the  law  of  the  land  for  only  one  year. 
Vet  as  California's  first  constitution  or  organic  law  I 
have  deemed  it  worth  prescrvation*in  a  note,  though 
iu  a  form  somewhat  abridged.'^ 


'  Plan  lie  Gob'ierno  Provincial  resvrlto  por  hi  Junta  General  en  Monterey, 
1SJ.J,  MS.,  and  iucomplctc  in  Leg,  liCc,  MS.,  i.  17-19.     Read  to  tlic  troops 


612 


EVENTS  OF  ARGCELLO'S  RULE— 1824. 


I  hi 


Thirteen  subsequent  meetings  of  the  diputacion  nro 
recorded  in  1824,  several  of  which  were  of  tlie  junta 
provided  for  in  the  plan,  to  constitute  which  Presi- 
dent Sarria  with  lieutenants  Estudillo  and  Martinez 
were  called  in  to  take  part  in  the  deliberations. 
Though  the  matters  treateil  and  the  decisions  reached 
were  for  the  most  part  trivial,  yet  as  the  methods  of 
treatment  were  in  some  cases  peculiar  and  interest] n'^ 
I  append  the  substance  of  the  record.^     During  the 

at  San  Francisco  on  Jan.  20th  as  certified  by  Lieut.  Martinez  on  the  original 
record  in  my  collection. 

Title  I.  on  Governmoit. — Art.  1.  The  government  of  this  province  glial!  I)e 
civil  and  military,  vested  in  one  person  exercising  the  functions  befoio  jiic- 
scribed  by  the  laws.  Art.  2.  The  diputacion  shall  still  subsist,  with  tlic 
same  attributes  as  before  under  the  laws.  Art.  3.  There  shall  lie  a  junta 
general  composed  of  diputacion,  two  officers,  and  the  prelate  of  the  niissidns, 
with  the  governor  as  president —to  have  cognizance  of  grave  afl'airs.  Art.  4. 
The  governor  may  judge  what  matters  require  the  assembling  of  the  ji;nla; 
but  such  matters  shall  include:  1st,  extraordinary  taxes;  2d,  grants  of  land; 
3d,  foreign  relations;  and  4th,  control  of  public  funds  and  accounts.  Art.  .". 
The  junta  may  at  any  meeting  modify,  add  to,  or  repeal  any  of  the  regula- 
tions in  force. 

Title  II.  on  Military  Force. — Art.  1.  So  long  as  there  are  means  for  pay- 
ment the  governor  is  to  receive  §2,500;  a  captain,  §1,200;  a  lieutenant,  .S'lJd; 
alferez,  ,§400;  sergeant,  §202.50;  corporal,  §225;  and  private,  §217. ">0  \»v 
year.  TIio  Monterey  presidial  company  i)  consist  of  80  men  including,'  (ilii- 
cers,  and  each  of  the  others  of  70  men,  the  artillery  to  continue  as  before. 
Art.  2.  All  men  from  18  to  50  years  should  be  enlisted  to  form  conii.aniLj 
(militia)  of  infantry  or  cavali-y,  and  the  militia  artillery  companies  should  be 
kept  full  and  in  a  good  state  of  instruction. 

Title  III.  Expentieif  and  Iteirnue. — Art.  1.  Indispensable  expenditures  a vo: 
the  regular  and  proxnpt  payment  of  the  garrisons;  §1  per  day  to  dipiitadc  ^ 
during  absence  from  home;  and  a  salary  of  §270  to  the  secretary  of  the  (li)iu- 
tacion.  Art.  2.  Revenues  to  meet  these  expenditures  are:  (1)  tonnage  on  Im;- 
eign  vessels  as  per  last  Mexican  tariff;  (2)  25%  on  sales  of  goods  imported  (  i 
foreign  craft,  after  deducting  12.5%  as  before(?);  (3)  10%  on  imports  by  Mexi- 
can vessel.";  (4)  G%  from  foreigners  on  exports;  (5)  12%  from  sellers  on  y.vue; 
(0)  the  product  of  the  national  ranches;  (7)  other  revenues  according  to  tlio 
public  exchequer — at  present  only  that  of  the  postoffice;  (8)  the  prodiut  cf 
the  otter-fishery  lately  established;  (fl)  10%  on  all  cattle  branded,  and  on  fiois 
including  Avine  and  brandy — no  importation  of  foreign  liquors  being  pir- 
niitted.  Citizens  may  pay  the  tax  in  kind;  but  the  missions  (in  money?)  on 
cattle  at  §1..'50  per  head;  wheat,  §2  yicr /anei/a;  corn,  §1.50;  beans,  §2.50;  wine 
§8  per  barrel;  brandy,  §35  per  barrel.  But  all  efiect's  for  the  church  or  ]ii'r- 
sonal  use  of  the  padres  are  exeinpt.  Art.  3.  The  junta  may  devise  otiier 
sources  of  revenue  if  needed. 

Title  IV.  on  Administration  of  Justice, — Art.  1.  For  civil  cases  in  towns 
there  shall  be  three  resorts  {innfancias).  Ist  to  alcalde;  2d  to  comandantr: 
and  3d  to  the  governor.  Civilians  living  at  the  presidios  -,\iii  apply  first  to 
the  coman<lante,  secondly  and  finally  to  the  governor.  Art.  2.  Criminal 
cases  will  be  tried  by  a,  court-martial,  whose  sentence  will  be  executed  with- 
out appeal. 

'  Legislative  record  for  the  year:  At  the  spring  session  the  first  recordcil 
meeting  after  Jan.  7th-8tb  was  on  Jan.  23u,  when  after  fixing  a  date  for 


SESSIONS  OF  THE  DIPUTACION. 


613 


m  the  original 


year  Argiicllo  issued  a  series  of  bandos  intended  to 
promote  the  public  welfare,  some  of  them  founded  on 
acts  of  the  diputacion,  and  others  having  no  such  rc- 
coiilcd  basis.  On  January  31st  he  proclaimed  the 
death  penalty  for  all  thefts  exceeding  twenty-five  dol- 
lars, the  body  to  be  quartered  in  cases  where  force  or 
false  keys  were  used.  For  thefts  of  $1.25  to  .^G.'J.") 
ten  years  of  presidio  or  public  works  were  imposed; 

tlu'  ciimmcnceinent  of  the  secretary's  salary — a  matter  more  important  to 
TdiTc  than  to  the  reader — the  suLjcct  of  revenue  was  taken  up  anil  Licu- 
teiiJiiit  Estrada  was  appointed  administrator  general.  Next  d;iy  attention 
w;is  called  to  the  deplorable  condition  of  the  forts  at  Monterey  and  San  Diego, 
and  a  novel  expedient  was  devised  for  cfl'ecting  repairs.  A  competent  person 
was  to  be  appointed  in  each  place  to  watch  for  vagabond,  lazy,  and  useless 
jicisuns,  who  were  to  be  reported  to  the  governor  and  set  to  work  on  the  de- 
f(iu'fs,  at  a  cost  of  six  cents  a  day  for  rations.  Jan.  27th  the  establishments 
of  a  college,  or  hos/ticio  de  cutudios,  for  the  education  of  Califoniian  youth  was 
proposed:  but  when  it  came  to  a  vote,  Carrillo  and  Palomares,  while  admit- 
ting tliat  such  an  institution  would  be  convenmitmmo,  opposed  the  assump- 
tion of  any  obligation  to  pay  a  teacher.  Sarria,  being  called  in  next  day  for 
coiisidtation,  promised  to  see  what  could  be  done  in  view  of  the  scarcity  of 
money  and  ifriars;  and  there  the  matter  rested.  In  the  session  of  the  '2Tth 
iiljuses  in  police  regulations  were  noted,  and  the  governor  was  authorized  to 
i.ssiic  ii  bando  making  each  ayuntamiento  responsible  for  the  proper  control  of 
its  own  puel)lo.  By  resolution  of  the  2Uth,  whalers  were  required  to  pay 
tonnage  dues,  and  all  foreign  vessels  to  pay  for  wood;  and  on  the  same  day 
tliu  projiosed  voyage  of  the  Jiorer  was  considered,  of  which  more  anon.  On 
tills  (u'casion  Palomares  refused  to  vote,  and  Aruz  being  sick  thi'ee  members 
v.cnt  to  his  house  to  take  his  vote,  since  he  had  only  a  bad  cold  and  was  in 
full  jiossession  of  all  his  senses. 

At  the  autumn  session  on  Sept.  14th  the  distribution  of  lands  was  consiil- 
cnil;  Sarria  made  a  speech  in  behalf  of  the  neophytes  as  individuals  and 
coiiiniunitics;  it  was  proposed  to  take  for  redistribution  a  part  of  their  lands, 
ficni  .such  settlers  as  had  more  than  they  needed;  and  finally  it  was  resolved 
to  leave  the  whole  matter  to  be  settled  in  Mexico.  On  the  10th  Sarria,  Estu- 
ilillo,  and  Martinez  met  with  the  diputacion  forming  the  junta  general  pro- 
viileil  for  in  the  plan.  The  revenue  accounts  for  the  three  preceding  years 
vere  called  for;  but  Argiicllo  after  various  excuses  declared  that  as  he  got  no 
reeonipense  for  '  heating  his  head  '  over  those  accounts,  the  junta  would  have 
to  wait  -.iiiiil  they  were  ready;  whereupon  it  was  voted  that  if  the  documents 
\\\vc  not  forthcoming  within  fifteen  days,  the  legislators  could  not  perform 
tlieir  duties  and  the  people's  money  would  be  wasted.  On  the  litth  it  was 
noted  that  foreign  brandy  had  been  sold  in  violation  of  the  plan,  and  sou\e  of 
tlie  nieudjers  were  in  favor  of  fining  Argiiello  SIO  per  barrel  on  all  licjuor  sold, 
for  liMviiig  failed  to  enforce  the  laws;  but  others  doubted  the  power  of  the 
(li|mtiicion  to  fine  the  governor,  and  it  was  thought  best  to  refer  the  nuvtter 
to  tile  sovereign  congress.  At  the  session  of  Oct,  18th  a  petition  was  received 
fioni  tiic  neophytes  of  San  Buenaventura  asking  to  lie  relieved  from  the  tJixes 
ini|iosed  by  the  plan;  and  as  the  style  of  the  document  was  not  altogether 
leverential,  it  V)cing  'adorned  with  an  enormous  criticism  and  thri'at '  by  the 
liiidr(  s  in  an  appended  prologue,  it  was  decided  to  refer  it  to  a  ccjuimittee  of 
two,  who  were  not  to  consider  tlie  propriety  of  abating  the  tax,  but  the  best 
niciins  of  administering  a  '  prudent  rebuke.  At  this  same  session  the  junta 
iiotiiied  the  people  that  the  ten  per  cent  tax  on  products  was  not  to  be  con- 
fuuiulcd  with  tithes,  but  v.'as  an  independent  and  direct  tax.  On  the  '27th 
Uisx.  Cal.,  Vol.  II.    33 


jli 


EVENTS  OF  ARGUELLO'S  RULE— 1824. 


and  from  8G.25  to  625  there  was  added  a  riimiin<f  of 
the  gauntlet  six  times  between  lines  of  two  Imndicd 
men  armed  with  ramrods.  On  the  same  date  he  (k- 
creed  that  no  person  should  leave  town,  presidio,  ov 
rancho,  without  a  passport  from  the  civil  authority; 
and  again  he  ordered  that  all  books  and  papers  sus- 
pected of  being  seditious  against  either  the  govern- 
ment or  the  Catholic  faith  must  be  delivered  for 
examination  by  the  president  of  the  missions.  Tlir 
5th  of  Februar}'  he  forbade  the  selling  or  buying  of 
cattle  without  notice  to  the  administrator  of  revenues, 
or  the  transfer  of  produce  for  sale  without  a  permit 
from  the  alcalde,  under  penalty  of  confiscation  and 
fine.  And  finally  on  November  22d  he  issued  an 
edict  against  horse-stealing,  or  rather  against  tlio 
prevalent  practice  of  taking  ahorse  wherever  it  might 
be  found  and  leaving  it  wherever  ccnivenience  might 
dictate  without  reference  to  the  rights  of  the  owner.' 
Communication  with  the  Mexican  government  was 
very  rare  and  of  slight  importance.  Tlie  governor  sent 
in  a  few  complaints  of  destitution  with  reminders  (jf 
back  pay  due  the  garrisons,  directing  his  communica- 
tions to  the  minister  of  the  treasury  or  to  Don  Pablo 
do  Sola.  The  latter  was  still  regarded  as  California's 
diputado  in  congress,  and  Argliello  declared  that  if 
he  were  not  admitted  no  successor  could  be  sent  for 
want  of  funds.  From  Sola  we  hear  nothing,  and  from 
the  habilitado  general  in  Guadalajara,  Gervasio  Ar- 


comandantes  were  instructed  to  facilitate  in  every  possible  way  the  sale  cf 
produce  offered  by  settlers.  Oct.  .30th,  the  junta  repealed  from  Jan.  1,  lf>-'i, 
the  two  taxes  of  12^  per  cent  and  G  per  cent  on  exports;  but  imposed  a  tax 
of  25  per  cent  on  all  coin  extracted  from  the  province.  Nov.  ",  3th-llth,  tlnie 
was  some  vaguely  recorded  action  on  the  proposition  of  Arns  that  the  'A]  nil 
session  be  held  in  January,' and  that  the  diputacion  meet  'in  the  ceiitiv  1 1 
the  province.'  Dec.  2d,  comandantcs  were  ordered  to  have  the  cargo  of  eiu  li 
vessel  appraised  for  the  collection  of  duties  immediately  on  arrival.  Leg.  J'"., 
MS.,  i.  10-41.     It  is  very  likely  that  the  record  is  not  quite  comjdete. 

*  Bandos  of  Jan.  .31  st  and  Feb.  flth  in  Dept.  S'.  Pap.,  S.  Jon6,  MS.,  iv.  12- 
13,  17-18.  Bandos  on  passports  and  seditious  books,  in  Guerra,  Doc.  Hf^l. 
Cal.,  MS.,  iv.  144-6.  Bando  of  Nov.  22d,  original  document  in  Coroiifl,  J>i«: 
llist.  Cal.,  MS.,  .3-4.  Vallejo,  llht.  Cal.,  MS.,  i.  342-5,  notes  ArgucUus 
attempts  to  diminish  crime  and  the  severity  of  his  measures.  We  do  not 
hear,  however,  of  the  death  penalty  beuig  inflicted  for  stealmg. 


GOVERNOR  Ml5fOX. 


51 J 


oiu'llo,  nothing  officially,  though  in  a  private  letter 
\\v.  stated  that  no  aid  was  to  he  hoped  for  from  tJic 
tivasmy.^  Under  date  of  Xovcniher  3d  the  superior 
powers  attempted  to  use  California  as  a  medium  i'or 
manufacturing  favorahle  public  o[)inion  throughout 
the  world  and  counteracting  the  malicious  reports  of 
Spanish  foes  by  ordering  that  reports  of  the  prevalent 
luninony  be  sent  by  every  English  or  American  vissel 
to  ^lichelena  at  London  and  Obregon  at  Philadelphia. 
The  minister  of  war  also  noticed  the  past  services  and 
present  needs  of  the  Californian  troops  in  his  report 
presented  to  congress  the  20tli  of  December.*' 

At  the  end  of  the  year  came  the  announcement, 
ai)parently  in  official  form,  for  it  was  formally  ])ro- 
clainicd  at  San  Francisco,  that  a  new  comandante 
general,  and  presumably  gefe  politico  as  well,  had  been 
appointed  to  succeed  Sola,  Argiiello's  rule  being  of 
course  ad  interim.  Brigadier  General  Juan  Jose  Mi- 
fioii  was  the  new  ruler,  with  Lieutenant  Manuel  Ruiz 
as  second  in  connnand;  but  neither  ever  came  to  the 
jmnlnce,  and  another  man  was  named  a  little  later, as 
we  shall  see,  in  place  of  Miiion." 

Among  the  general  acts  of  the  Mexican  congress 
in  1S24  the  only  one  requiring  special  notice  in  con- 
nection with  Californian  history  is  the  colonization 
(leci-ee  of  August  18th,  which  was  forwarded  innne- 
(liately  on  its  passage  for  publication  in  the  province. 
Tliirugh  the  law  had  no  inmiediate  practical  effect  in 
California,  its  subsequent  importance  as  a  basis  of 
land  legislation  and  iu  connection  with  the  admission 

■'Aigiiello  to  sup.  govt,  and  to  Sola  of  different  dates  in  Drpf.  liic..  MS., 
i.  4S,  ,')!,  173,  21'4,  274.  Oct.  Otli,  Arj,'UL'!Io  sends  a  ooniplaint  of  tlie  (li|ir,ta- 
linn  that  Sola  has  not  been  adniitteil  to  coiigies.s.  An/i.  Arzuh.,  MS.,  j\ .  ]it. 
ii.  ll'ij.  Dee.  9tli,  Gcrvasio  Argiiellu  to  Iiis  brotlur,  in  Uitcrid,  .Dor.  ]ll<l.  ( V,/,, 
MS..  V.  2-J(l. 

'  Xov.  M,  Esteva  to  Argiiello,  Si(p.  Corf.,  ,S7.  Pa/).,  MS.,  .xi.\.  9-H).  ?.:iiT 
Y  Til  an  to  congress.  Jfciico,  Mnn.,  O'lnrrn,  181*4,  l!»-'2(). 

■  Dec.  14tli,  ArgU(.>llo  to  (auMia.  ])</(.  6'/.  I'rij,.,  Jloi.  Mil.,  MS.,  liv.  4; 
]hv.  ;id,  Martinez  to  Argiiello.  St.  I'ap.  Sec,  MS.,  xiv.  (i.  Mifion  nanicil  an 
(.'iiieial,  Dec.  17tli.  Ikpt.  lifC,  MS.,  i.  Kil.  Ajiril  24th,  Varelii  to  (Jucira, 
tln' .V((//  Carlos  is  ordered  toAcapu!"3  to  convey  to  California  war  material 
ami  the  new  governor  of  both  Cn'"'  .nias,  Col.  Mifion.  (Juerra,  Doc.  Hid. 
Cal.,  MS.,  vi.  139. 


Kill 


i!;:H 


516 


EVENTS  OF  ARGi)ELLO'S  RULE— 18f>4. 


of  foreigners  renders  its  reproduction  hero  essential. 
Tlie  provisions  of  the  act  were  certainly  liberal  and 
wise,  if  not,  as  Tuthill  says,  "so  liberal  as  to  excite  a 
wonder  what  hidden  motive  suggested  its  wiser  jno- 


visions. 


"8 


The  missionaries  like  others  were  Avaiting  for  some- 
thing to  turn  up,  but  without  the  slightest  pos.siMo 
hope  that  the  'something' would  be  in  any  way  favoi-- 
able  to  their  interests,  to  which  the  fall  of  Iturbide 
was  a  death-blow."     The  day  of  republicanism  was  at 

* Derreto  del  Congreno  Mfficano  sohre  Colonhacion ,  IS  de  Agosfo,  1S'J4,  ^I^". 
Forwarded  by  Minister  Alaniiin  on  same  date  to  California.  Also  ])riiit('(l  in 
Mi'xko,  Cat.  de  Ordenes  y  Dccreton  de  la  Soberano  Junta  Provisloiia/  (iiilienin- 
tiva,  etc.,  iii.  G4.  Translated  in  Halleck'a  Jteport,  app.  4;  I  llockwvll,  4."(1; 
Wheeler's  Lund  TitUs,  7-8;  SrhmkWa  Civil  Lawn  of  Spain  and  Mexico,  'M0-'>; 
JJicinelle's  Col.  Hist.  S.  F.,  add.  23-4.  Art.  1.  The  Mexican  nation  proniisis 
security  in  person  and  property  to  foreigners  settling  in  its  ten-itory  and  olicy- 
ing  its  laws.  Art.  2.  Tliis  law  refers  to  national  lands,  not  private  proptrty 
nor  belonging  to  corporations  or  pueblos.  Art.  3.  The  congress  (legislatuic) 
of  each  state  will  at  once  regulate  the  matter  of  colonization  according  to  tliis 
and  the  general  laws.  Art.  4.  Lands  within  20  leagues  of  the  boundary  of  ,i 
foreign  nation,  or  within  10  leagues  of  the  coast,  cannot  be  colonized  withmit 
approval  of  the  suin-eme  executive  power.  Art.  5.  The  federal  governiiRut 
niaj'  reserve  lands  for  public  edifices.  Art.  G.  For  5  years  after  the  puldiea- 
tion  of  this  law  no  tax  shall  V>e  imposed  on  the  entry  of  foreign  new-comers. 
Art.  7.  Before  1840  the  national  congress  cannot  prohibit  tlie  entry  of  fur- 
eigners  to  colonize,  except  compelled  to  do  so  in  the  case  of  individuals  of 
some  nation  for  strong  reasons.  Art.  8.  The  government  will  take  prccim- 
tionary  measures  for  the  security  of  the  federation.  Art.  9.  Mexican  citi/Liis 
are  to  be  preferred  in  tlie  distribution  of  lands,  with  no  distinction  aiiKuis,' 
them  except  for  merit,  services,  circumstances,  or  residence  in  the  )dace  whcie 
the  lands  arc.  Art.  10.  Military  persons  entitled  to  lands  under  the  promi.-e 
of  March  27,  1821,  shall  be  attended  to  in  the  states.  Art.  11.  Tlie  supiciiie 
executive  may  grant  vacant  lands  in  the  territories  to  military  or  civil  ollii'i  is 
of  the  federation.  Art.  12.  No  person  shall  have  more  than  one  .s(j.  league 
of  5,000  varas  of  irrigable  land;  four  leagues  of  land  dependent  on  rain;  (n* 
six  leagues  of  grazing  land.  Art.  13.  The  colonists  cannot  transfer  their  ])iis- 
sossions  in  mortmain.  Art.  14.  This  law  guarantees  the  contract  niadi^  liy 
individuals  to  bring  families  at  their  own  cost  and  in  accordance  with  tlio 
laws.  Art.  15.  No  grantee  under  this  law  can  retain  lands  if  he  reside  (uit 
of  the  republic.  Art.  IG.  The  government  will  jiroceed  in  accordance  witli 
these  principles  to  the  colonization  of  its  territory. 

"Sept.  12th,  P.  Martinez  of  San  Luis  writes  to  Argiiello  of  his  disgust 
at  the  state  of  affairs  in  general.  He  thinks  all  is  lost,  sees  no  prospect 
of  inipi'ovement,  and  will  himself  leave  the  country  rather  than  stay  to  see 
'the  devil  get  away  with  all  he  has  done.'  Arch.  Aizoh.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  12!)-l)l. 
According  to  Yallejo,  Jlitft.  Cul.,  MS.,  i.  and  345-8,  and  Alvarado,  //(-/. 
Cal.,  MS.,  ii.  25-fl,  1'.  Martinez  had  this  year  a  quarrel  with  Corporal  Migiul 
Avila.  He  harshly  reproved  Avila  for  talking  with  an  Indian  in  the  rniuhe- 
ria;  Avila  blamed  him  f<ir  sidministering  the  reproof  in  presence  of  .sei- 
\ants  and  inferiors;  the  friar  called  the  corporal  a  perjurer  and  a  traitor;  tlic 
corporal  in  try  big  to  induce  the  padre  to  go  with  him  and  settle  the  matter 


TROUBLE  WITH  THE  FRI.VES. 


617 


10 


liaud,  find  the  friars  had  this  year  for  meditation  on 
lluir  future  poHcy.  Notwithstanding  their  despond- 
Liicy,  and  the  fact  that  the  old  reasons  for  coni- 
jiliance  with  secular  demands  had  largely  ceased  to 
exist,  I  find  but  one  instance  of  refusal  on  their  part 
to  comply.  At  San  Diego  in  February,  at  a  time 
when  the  province  was  threatened  with  danger  from 
the  Indians,  the  padres  of  the  four  missions  of  the 
juiisdiction  refused  to  furnish  supplies  for  the  troops 
unless  i)aid  their  just  value.  This  gave  rise  to  some 
correspondence,  but  the  result  is  not  clearly  given 
The  threatening  attitude  of  the  Indians  gave  the 
I'liars  a  temporary  advantage,  and  Argiiello  was 
obliu'ed  to  adopt  a  somewhat  conciliatory  tone,  merely 
warning  the  friars  that  there  was  danger  of  drivinii; 
the  troops  to  extremes.  Sarria  on  the  other  hand 
protested  on  December  31st  that  it  would  be  impos- 
isible  to  continue  meeting  such  exorbitant  demands 
as  those  of  the  past  year.  The  provincial  authorities, 
lie  saiti,  had  a  very  erroneous  idea  of  the  mission 
jnoducts;  most  of  the  missions,  after  paying  the 
\arious  taxes,  duties,  and  forced  loans,  could  barely 
clothe  their  neophytes  in  coarse  and  scanty  material; 
they  could  not  collect  the  sums  due  them;  and  the 
pueblos    had    never   done  anything   for   the   trocps, 

qiiii'tly,  touched  his  robe;  whereupon  the  padre  cursed  him  and  thrratjii'jd 
txtimnuuuication.  Avila  was  greatly  frightened,  turned  pale,  and  calleii  liis 
men  10  arms.  The  infuriated  ])adre  rang  his  bell  and  summoned  all  his  as- 
i-istaiits  and  neophytes.  The  two  forces  faced  each  other  in  battle  arraj-, 
jinind  on  one  side  with  guns  and  lances,  and  on  the  other  with  book,  holy 
viitir,  and  cross.  Martinez  began  to  read,  and  Avila  seized  the  book,  think- 
iii'-;  thus  to  escape  danniation;  but  the  padre  went  on,  linis-lied  the  rite  in  bad 
Litiu  from  memory,  and  retired  in  triumph  to  the  church.  The  nuittei'  was 
iiiiit  ti>  the  commandant  and  to  the  governor,  and  was  compromised  by  au- 
iiuUiiig  the  excommunication  and  the  appointment  of  a  new  rabo. 

'"hipt.  llfc,  MS.,  i.  '23'.t,  S14.  Padre  Boscana  was  prominent  in  the 
ri.fu«d.  April  l'2th,  Argiiello  encloses  to  Sola  his  lett<'r  to  Sarria,  not  iu- 
ehiiling  all  the  corrcsiiondenee  as  'too  tiresome,' but  enough  to  show  that 
tlir  padres  made  a  great  deal  of  trouble  about  a  little  corn  and  beans.  Id.,  i. 
Til.  Aryiiello  also  eomplainetl  to  the  president  this  year  that  the  padres  of 
San  CValos  refused  to  say  mass  at  a  court-martial  on  the  ground  thu*^  this  was 
a  niw  duty,  but  really  ))ecause  they  feared  they  would  get  no  pay.  liL,  i. 
•>-\.  To  Ivotzebue,  Lieuteiant  Estudillo  accused  the  padres  'of  consulting 
I  Illy  their  own  interest,  and  of  employing  their  proselytes  as  a  means  of 
laying  u|)  wealth  for  tliems  elves,  with  which,  when  accj[uired,  they  return  to 
iSlwin. '  Kolzcbuc'n  Xtw  Voijwjv,  ii.  lOS. 


^r 


5IS 


EVENTS  OF  ARGCELLO'S  RULE— 1824. 


!l! 


■W  IM 


\  li  I  ! ", 


thougli  Los  Aiigclos  had  one  tliousaml  inhabitants 
v.'ith  rich  lands  and  many  randios.  If  AigCuHo 
chose  to  use  violent  means,  the  president  would  iiut 
sn[)port  him,  and  while  the  padres  would  not  resist, 
tliere  was  great  reason  to  fear  that  all  would  (jiiit 
the  country  and  the  missions  would  be  abandoned.^' 

The  padres  had  one  extraordinary  stroke  of  good 
luck,  however,  about  which  both  by  inclination  and 
by  superior  instru(jtions  they  said  nothing.  They 
were  informed  in  a  letter  of  the  guardian,  confidential 
and  to  be  circulated  with  the  greatest  care,  that  tho 
stipends  of  1820-3,  amounting  to  842, G80,  had  at  last 
been  collected  and  placed  in  the  hands  of  Sindico 
Martiarena  at  Tepic  for  the  use  of  the  missions.  The 
matter  had  been  managed  in  Mexico  so  shrewdly  that 
not  even  Procurador  Escalante  knew  of  it,  because 
he  was  not  to  be  trusted,  and  because  "in  these  days 
money  is  the  greatest  enemy  a  man  can  have  in  the 
house."  It  was  also  to  be  kept  secret  in  California 
lest  the  padres  might  not  be  believed  to  be  so  desti- 
tute as  they  pretended,  and  lest  the  knowledge  miglit 
prevent  the  collection  of  the  later  stipends,  of  whicli 
there  was  yet  some  hope,  though  those  preceding  1820 
w^ere  regarded  as  lost.^^ 

I  give  a  list  of  sixteen  vessels  for  this  year,  thouj^h 

''April  22(1,  Argucllo  to  Sola.  Says  he  lias  sent  a  despatcli  to  the  minis- 
ter of  the  treasury  praising  the  conduct  of  tlio  troops,  but  cxprcsiii!,'  a  fear 
tliat  tlicir  pacific  spirit  may  he  disturljcd  if  the  padres  go  on  acting  as  tlay 
have  done.  Dcpt.  lice,  JhS.,  i.  52-3.  Dec.  .31,st,  Sarria  to  Argiiello.  Arrh. 
Ar.ob.,  :MS.,  iv.  pt.  ii.  121-4.  Valkjo,  J/i.<  Cal.,  MS.,  i.  Xi^-rt,  and  Alv:i- 
rado,  J  list.  Cal.,  MS.,  ii.  4-7,  both  speak  of  a  regular  junta  of  the  govti  nui-, 
<liputacion,  and  padres  at  Monterey  at  \v]iich  Argiicllo  explained  tho  critiud 
slate  of  affairs,  called  on  the  friars  for  food  and  for  a  loan  on  his  pcrsouid 
credit,  and  was  sui)ported  in  his  demands  by  Padre  Teyri  in  an  clociULiit 
f-pecch;  but  I  find  no  evidence  of  any  such  meeting. 

'-(Juardian  Cortes'  circular  to  the  padres.  Arrh.  Sta  /?.,  MS.,  vi.  2.')5-0. 
Dated  June  27th.  In  VaJlvjo,  Dor.  Hid.  Cal.,  M8.,  xviii.  20-2,  27,  I  lin'l 
an  invoice  of  a  large  lot  of  goods  for  the  missions  shipped  from  San  IJlas  i>n 
May  1st  by  the  Apolonia,  Malarin  master.  These  effects  may  be  suppu^td 
to  have  been  bouglit  with  a  part  of  tlie  $42,GS0. 

On  Alay  24th  Sarria  v. is  elected  eomisario  prefceto  at  the  college  by  17 
votes,  Tapis  receiving  1.")  votes  and  Dnrau  1.3.  The  residt  was  announced  in 
California  on  Nov.  lltli.  An/i.  Ar.oh.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  ii.  121;  Arch.  Oh!f</i'''i", 
MS.,  2:{;  .Sla  Clam,  Arch.  Parrcjiiia,  .MS.,  20;  S.  Ju-ic,  PaknUs.  MS.,  oliU-1. 


VESSELS  OF  THE  YEAR. 


519 


the  records  arc  not  so  complete  as  would  be  desirable." 
Only  two  or  three  of  the  ileet  were  strangers  visiting 
the  coast  for  the  first  time.  The  Pizarro  was  eon- 
signed  to  McCulloch,  Hartnell,  and  Co.,  as  were  per- 
li;i[)s  one  or  two  other  vessels.  The  home  firm  of 
IV'gg  and  Co.  of  Lima,  had  made  a  contract  to  sup[>ly 
ilic  I'eruvian  government  with  salt  Ix-ef;  and  a  num- 
ln  r  of  salters  and  coopers  from  Ireland  and  Scotland 
^vl•re  sent  to  prepare  the  meat  in  California  under 
lliti  superintendence  of  David  Spence,  who  came  on 
the  P'lzarro.  But  few  details  are  known  respecting 
tliis  bro.nch  of  the  coinpany's  business,  which  })rovi'cl 
unprofitable  after  a  few  cargoes   had  been  shipped. 


^'^  Anih,  American  brig,  arrived  off  S.  Diego  from  S.  Dec.  .^Oth.  The 
/,'  >ivy,  Coo|icr,  on  the  coust  in  spring  and  autumn,  in  the  mean  time  making 
ii  trip  ti)  China.  S'210  duties  on  corn  taken  away. 

BnUldkof  at  S.  F.  and  Sta  Cruz  in  Jan.  Corporal  Rodriguez  and  .lofti 
lldlciif  were  arrested  for  snmggling  goods  to  the  amount  of  §loO  from  her  at 
stii  {'vm. 

Iliir'ik,  Russian  brig;  Basilio,  master.  At  S.  F.  in  Jan.,  paying  $234,  and 
jarliaps  at  Mont,  in  Dec.  1S'2.'J. 

Apollo,  Cre'tser,  and  Ladmja,  Russian  frigates  at  S.  F.  in  Jan.,  having 
ariivt'd  in  the  autumn  of  1823.  The  t'nUi r,  Capt.  Migliael  Lazaref,  came 
li:Kk  to  S.  F.  in  Dec.  1824. 

Ifdwuli,  English  brig,  Capt.  Kelly.  At  Mont,  and  S.  F.  in  May.  Paid  at 
S.  I-".  8481. 

Ytmmj  Tartar,  or  Jdven  Tartar;  Wm.  Smith,  master;  I'Inglisli  schooner. 
Ari'ivcd  from  Lima  at  Monterey,  June  12th;  at  S.  F.,  in  July  and  Dec,  pay- 
ing .'r!.',j4. 

('oiKt'ivcia,  Colombia  schooner  from  S.  Bias;  Zurrillaga,  master;  arrived 
at  Mont.  July  29th. 

Tliomas  Kinclan,  from  Lima;  AVm.  Clark,  master;  at  S.  F.  in  Aug.  and 
Sopt.,  paying  $1,191. 

Mentor,  American  ship.  At  S.  F.  in  July,  paying  8471,  and  S.  Diego  in 
Sept.,  bound  for  Mazatlan. 

I'mlprlatf,  or  Entcrjtrise,  Russian  frigate  under  Kotzebuc.  At  S.  F.  in 
(.>et.  and  Nov. 

Pizarro,  English  brig,  f roni  Lima.  Arrived  at  Mont,  in  Oct. ;  still  there  in 
Nov. 

Uoiial  George,  English  ship;  no  dates;  left  8  men. 

S'ichem,  vaguely  alluded  to  a3  having  been  on  the  coast  in  February,  but 
very  doubtful. 

On  movements  of  vessels  see  De)>t.  liec,  MS.,  i.  24,  8",  90,  lofi,  222,  224, 
•2i)l;  JJvpt.  St.  Pup.,  III')).  Clint.,  H.  MS.,  iii.-viii.  pas.'^im;  Dvjit.  St.  Pap., 
MS.,  iv.  15()-9;  /(/.,  Mont.,  iv.  87;  /'/.,  B<v.  Mil.,  liv.  T);  St.  Pap.,  Sar., 
-AIS.,  xi.  70;  xiv.  1,  5-11,  24;  Lc/.  Pec,  MS.,  i.  29;  S.  Joxe,  Arch.,  MS., 
V.  :{(i;  Vallejo,  Doc.  Hist.  Cat.,  MS.,  i.  2i;!;  xviii.  G-ll,  '.U-'.l,  43,  47-')0, 
■"'T  (iO;  xxviii.  405,410;  Spejice's  llUt.  Xutis,  MS.,  12-13.  According  to 
lltynolds'  list  in  Ilovolnlu  Friend,  ii.  49,  thore  were  7  arrival.s  from  Cali- 
fornia ))orts  at  Honolulu  in  1824.  Combier,  Voyaiiet  an  (lolj'e  ile  la  Cal.,  2.')1, 
ppeaks  of  a  Mexican  ship  captured  by  an  English  corsair  in  the  latitude  of  S. 
I'ranjcisco. 


■M  V 


l|i 


1 1 ' 


in 


820 


EVENTS  OF  ARGDELLO'S  RULE- 1824. 


Within  a  year,  Peru  having  failed  to  pay  prornijtiy, 
the  contraet  was  annulled.'* 

Argiiello  sent  his  newly  purchased  schooner,  tlir 
liori'f,  with  a  cargo  of  skins,  ineluditig  300  otters  ob- 
tained from  the  Russian  contract,  and  tallow  enough 
to  properly  ballast  the  vessel,  to  China  under  the  coiii- 
nuiiid  of  Ca[)tain  Cooper,  her  former  owner.  lie 
intentled  the  carijo  to  he  exchanijed  for  such  jjoods  as 
were  most  needed  by  the  troops;  but  he  also  kept  in 
mind  his  own  personal  interests  and  obtained  from  the 
diputaeion  a  decree  granting  to  himself  as  owner  of 
the  vessel  five  per  cent  of  the  net  value  of  the  effects 
to  be  brought  back.  The  leaver  was  ready  to  dej)ait 
at  the  end  of  January,  and  probably  sailed  in  Feli- 
ruary.  She  returned  in  November,  but  of  the  voyage 
and  its  results  we  know  only  that  the  return  cargo 
was  valued  at  812,781.  November  9th  a  contract 
was  made  between  Arguello  and  Cooper  for  a  second 
voyaiife  to  be  made  the  next  voar.'"' 

According  to  the  figures  giv'cn  in  the  last  chapter, 
the  Russian  otter  contract  yielded  to  the  provincial 
government  about  350  skins  down  to  the  end  of  Octo- 
ber when  it  expired.***  I  have  already  recorded  the 
conunercial  legislation  of  the  year  in  presenting  the 

'*Spence,  in  Taj/lor's  D'ihcov.  and  Founders,  ii.  No.  24;  Croniae'a  Nut. 
Wealth,  40;  Ilartndl,  Xarralivn,  MS.,  2-3. 

"  Dejit.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  MIL,  M8.,  Ixii.  2.^  Decree  of  tliputacion,  Jan.  20tli. 
Leij.  Rcc,  MS.,  i.  28-31.  Jan.  Slat,  receipt  f»  v  §210  duty  on  ^,000  in  toin 
exported.  VaUijo,  Doc.  Hist.  Cat.,  MS.,  xxviii.  333.  Doc.  31,  1823  (?),  Iiill 
of  goods  bought  in  Manila  and  Canton  for  account  of  Argiiello  to  be  sliippril 
by  Rarer.  Id.,  xxviii.  320-30.  Fernandez,  CWw  de  Cat.,  MS.,  23-7,  .siiys 
that  Santiago  Estrada  and  !Mnrcelino  Escobar  sailed  with  Cooper.  J.  .1. 
\  allejo,  Iieiiiin!'<C('ii(:ia.<,  MS.,  80,  tells  us  that  the  crew  brought  back  many 
silks,  etc.,  for  smuggling.  The  contract  of  Nov.  9th  is  in  IJcpt.  St.  Pap., 
Ben.  Ctint.  //.,  MS.,  i.  20-1.  It  is  not  altogether  intelligible,  giving  the  im- 
pression that  Cooper  was  still  owner.  He  was  to  have  .$10,000  for  freight  out 
and  back,  and  tlie  privilege  of  bringing  §10,000  worth  of  eftects  on  his  own 
account  free  of  duties. 

'"Jan.  12th,  the  governor  reprimands  the  commandant  of  San  Francisco 
for  having  eight  canoes  engaged  in  otter-fishing,  thus  robbing  the  pi'ovincial 
treasury.  JJcpt.  Pec,  MS.,  i.  70.  Dec.  0th,  the  commandant  of  San  Francisi  <> 
reports  that  20  rat/iicos  had  returned  without  finding  a  single  otter,  and  liad 
gone  to  Bodega.  Si.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  xiv.  C.  This  would  indicate  that  tliu 
contract  had  been  again  renewed  after  October.  In  tiio  mission  report  of  1822 
it  had  been  reconunendcd  that  Alaskans  should  be  employed  to  teach  otter- 
hunting.  Arch.  Sta  B.,  MS.,  iii.  288-9. 


COMMERCIAL  ITEMS. 


S2I 


7roiiiae'a  Xul. 


arts  of  the  diputacion.  Ar</iicll<)  issued  the  17th  of 
.laiiiuiry  a  piovisiunal  tarilf  of  jjrices  for  tlii'  province," 
to  iicfonquMiy  tlie  plan  de  o-ohiurno  pi'oclaiined  tlie 
saiiK'  day, and  title  III.  of  whicli  was  devoted  to  reve- 
line.  On  tlic  23d  Estrada  wtis  appointed  adnnnis- 
trator  general  of  provincial  finance  and  revenue,  a 
siil)"n'ct  which  was  further  rej^adated  in  some  of  its 
details."*  In  March  Sarria  j)resented  an  argument 
aL^ainst  a  double  price-list,  one  for  natives  and  another 
I'ui'  fui-eigners,  "a  thing  which  he  could  not  make  agree 
wit] I  Christian  morality."^"  In  the  autunm  the  i\\[m- 
tacion  chided  the  governor  for  permitting  the  intro- 
(hiction  of  foreign  brandy;  paid  no  heed  to  a  petition 
nf  neo[)hytes  and  padres  for  relief  from  taxation;  en- 
coui'aged  the  cx[)ortatioii  of  pueblo  products;  and 
linally  removed  the  tax  on  exports  for  reasons  not  ex- 
plained, to  take  effect  from  the  beginning  of  1825.-" 
Of  tlie  practical  results  of  the  legislation  on  trade  wo 
only  know  that  the  duties  on  ex])orts  and  imports  for 
the  year  as  recorded  at  Monterey  amounted  to  )i?8,000, 
or  less  than  half  the  amount  for  1823.^^  With  the 
free  trade  that  followed  the  downfall  of  Spanish  power, 
smuggling  again  became  prevalent  and  profitable;  but 

''D'pt.  St.  Pap.,  S.  Jond,  MS.,  iv.  9-10;  VetUcJo,  Doc.  Ifht.  Cul.,  MS., 
xviii.  11.  The  i)riccs  were:  ■wheat,  .$'2;  niiiize,  l?!.?-);  licaiis,  $"2.50;  Linuv 
beans,  Jjl.TS;  pease,  §1.75;  chick  pease,  !*3;  laril  pur  arrulxt,  !?"J;  talluwtlo., 
81.7.');  Iloiir,  rine,  ilo.,  §2;  flour,  coarse,  do.,  .^l.oO;  dried  meat  ilo.,  §1;  deer- 
.skiii  slioes,  §1.50;  cows,  heifers,  etc.,  for  beef,  §1.50  to  §7;  other  articles  ut 
thu  (ilil  r.ates. 

'*^  Tlic  liabilitados  collected  the  revenue  at  the  presidios,  and  the  sfndicos  at 
tlic  jmolilos,  each  receiving  3  per  cent  and  reporting  to  Estrada  at  tlic  capital. 
.*>.  Fi'iiiaiido  was  added  for  revenue  purposes  to  S.  Diego  jurisdiction,  and  Sta 
t'ltiz  til  Monterey.  I'Cstrada  .secured  three  per  cent  ou  the  total  net  receipts 
ami  njiorted  to  tlie  diputacion.  /-((/.  Jt'<c.,  MS.,  i.  '2\-',\;  Jhjif.  .bV.  I'np.,  S. 
•III"!-,  MS.,  iv.  14-15.  By  act  of  .Jan.  2!)th  a  tonnage  duo  of  5  reals  per  ton 
Mas  rxacted,  and  also  0  reals  per  boat-load  of  wood,  the  tax  on  timljer  to  bo 
left  t(i  the  administrator.  /(/.,  iv.  20. 

"-March  22d,  Sarrfa  to  Argiiello.  Arch.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  ii.  94. 

'" Li'j.  lice.,  M.S.,  i.  32-!).  Doc.  14tli,  Argiiello  in  a  proclamation  orders 
tliat  all  th'!  decrees  of  the  diputacion  on  the  collection  of  duties  must  bo 
iiitoiued.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  J//7.,  M.S.,  liv.  4. 

-'  iJept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Cii.yt.  II.,  MS.,  i.  (212).  In  Mcxkn,  Mem.  Ilwicnda, 
1S2(),  p.  27,  it  is  stated  not  very  intelligii)ly  that  the  customs  received  up  to 
tlic  end  of  1824  were  .*>1,1G0.  Feb.  Kith,  governor  calls  on  liabilitados  for 
acemiiits  for  1822-3.  Giterra,  Doc.  Hist.  Cul.,  MS.,  iv.  14(i-7.  April  20th, 
(jiR'i  la  ordered  to  distribute  the  .$2,000  in  his  hands,  giving  each  of  the  7  com- 
panics  .§300  and  devoting  the  rest  to  necessary  expenses.  Id.,  iv.  155-0. 


1 


r,oo 


EVENTS  OF  ARC4UELL0'S  RULE— 1S24. 


!     I 


the  annals  of  contraband  trade  aro  never  clearly  re- 
corded, and  in  these  years  smugglers  were  rarely  di,^- 
turbed.2- 

There  is  no  record  extant  respecting  the  wcatlur 
during  the  winter  of  1823-4,  as  there  probably  would 
))e  had  the  season  been  a  notably  dry  or  wet  one. 
Some  of  the  crops  were  caught  in  the  fields  by  tlic 
heavy  rains  of  the  next  autumn,  but  the  harvest  was 
a  little  larger  than  that  of  the  preceding  year,  aggre- 
gating about  78,000  bushels."^ 

One  of  the  visits  of  foreign  vessels  deserves  more 
extended  notice,  chiefly  from  the  flict  that  the  visitor 
])ublished  a  book  in  which  a  chapter  was  devoted  to 
California.  I  allude  to  the  voyage  of  Otto  von  Ivot- 
zebue,  who  had  once  before  visited  California  and 
described  his  impressions.^^  On  this  second  visit 
he  commanded  the  Russian  frigate  Predpriatle,  de- 
spatched with  a  cargo  and  also  as  a  cruiser  to  protect 
tlie  Russian  compan}^  from  foreign  sn]ugglers  on  the 
north-west  coast,  but  also  carrying  a  scientific  corps. 
Coming  from  the  north,  Kotzebue  anchored  in  San 
Francisco  Bay  on  October  8th,  and  was  saluted  'oy 
the  guns  of  Fort  San  Joaquin  as  soon  as  powder  could 
be  borrowed  for  that  purpose  from  the  frigate.  The 
vessel  remained  until  December  Gth,  the  visitors  were 
furnished  with  all  the  fresh  provisions  needed,  ami 
were   most   hospitably  entertained;   and  during  the 

''^Alvarado,  Hixt.  Cal.,  ?iLS.,  ii.  7'>-C),  says  that  Argiiello  did  n  t  olijcrt 
tc  smuggling,  saying;  'I  see  not  why  vc  should  prevent  it,  since  our  ])riiiilo 
iu'c  the  gainers.'  In  fact  the  governor  maj'  have  indulged  slightly  in  lOhtr:'. 
liand  trade  himself,  if  M'c  judg .  by  his  request  of  Aug.  9,  1824,  to  some  ime 
iii  Lower  California  to  scntl  him  sonic  pearls  for  his  daughter  throu'rh  iiis 
nncle  at  S.  Diego  that  there  may  be  no  suspicion.  Dcpf.  I'cc,  i.  l.")G.  Vallcjo, 
J  lift.  Cal. ,  MS.,  ii.  {)  tells  us  that  the  padres  wore  still  engaged  in  smu,L',i,'liii.', 
ov  at  least  pocketed  the  proceeds;  and  J.  J.  Vallcjo,  Ikmtiiisrcncian,  ^IS..  •_'.'), 
states  that  few  captains  or  sup  ^rcnrgos,  to  say  nothing  of  sailors,  came  witii- 
out  a  pncutilla  f  all  sorts  of  things  not  indicated  on  the  ship's  mnnifcst, 
prohibited  books  being  among  the  articles  thus  introduced.  Yet  we  h.ive 
seen  that  Argiiello  issued  an  occasional  warning  and  that  Bolcof  and  Euihi- 
guez  were  arrested  for  smuggling  at  Sta  Cruz. 

-^  There  arc  newspaper  accounts  of  earthquakes  in  1824. 

"'Sec  chan.  xiii.  of  this  volume;  Kotr.cbiie's  Voi/mjcj  Chamimo,  llcl-fi ;  a;nl 
Choris,  Voyaij:; 


It    II 


doavly  ro 
rarely  (li.> 


le  weather 
ibly  would 

'    wet    0!ll'. 

Ids  by  the 
arvest  was 


Bar,  aggrc- 


irves  more 
the  visitor 
devoted  to 
:>  von  Kot- 
tbrnia  and 
icontl    visit 
priatie,  dc- 
'  to  protect 
llers  on  tlio 
tific  corps. 
Ired  in  Sail 
saluted  oy 
iwder  could 
;ate.     The 
sitors  wore 
oeded,  and 
kluring  the 

(lid  n  t  oliject 
lincc  our  inniilo 
Llitly  ill  I'lrntm 
124,  tf^  Konio  (iiie 
[tcr  tlirou;:li  lii^ 

|i.  loO.      VilUrjii, 

pdinsmuL'.^liii;.', 
jcHcio.'*,  ^l^..  ■-■'. 
lors,  caiuc  vitli- 
ship's  nwuiU-'t, 
Yet  wo  i".i\'' 
hcof  ami  Ivt'ili'i- 

[isso,  Rehr;  ^i^''^ 


KOTZEBUE'S  VISIT. 


523 


stay  of  two  months  the  commander  made  three  some- 
what extended  expeditions  into  the  interior.  First 
he  visited  Santa  Clara  and  San  Jose;  next  went  to 
Ross  overland  by  way  of  San  Rafael;  and  finally 
made  a  boat  voyage  up  the  Sacramento  River.^ 

Kotzebue's  observations  on  local  matters  connected 
with  San  Francisco,  Santa  Clara,  San  Jost5,  San  Rafael, 
and  Ross  will  be  uvilized  in  other  chapters.^"  IJis  im- 
jiressions  of  thing]  actually  seen  are  interesting,  and 
tolerably  accurate.    He  was  enthusiastic  in  his  adniira- 

'•'  K<,tz('hue's  Kcw  Voyaije  routid  the.  World  in  the  years  1S23,  !?.},  25,  and 
Qi'i.  Bji  OUo  von  Kotzebue,  Post  C'li/ttaiu  in  the  Itiissian  Imperial  Kavi/.  Lon- 
don, IS.'JO.  I'Jnio.  2  vols.  The  cliaptcr  on  California  is  found  in  vol.  ii.  71-1.")0. 
Xotico  of  the  arrival  on  Oct,  8th  (Kotzebue  gives  it  as  Sept.  '27th,  liussian 
f.tyk')  in  St.  Pap.  Sue,  MS.,  xiv.  8-9.  Notice  of  sailing  before  Dec.  18th, 
l>';t.  Iter.,  MS.,  i.  *J2v.  See  accounts  of  Kotzebue's  visit  by  Stillmau  in 
(>r  dand  Monthly,  ii.  2(j0  ct  serj.,  and  by  Taylor  in  S.  F.  Uiillilhi,  Jan.  11, 
ISliT. 

-''A  few  items  not  directly  connected  witli  local  nnnals,  or  the  otlier  topics 
referred  to:  '  Some  speculators  liave  attempted  a  trade  with  China,  but  with- 
out success.  A  richly  laden  ship  was  intrusted  to  a  Xortli  American  captain 
for  this  purpose,  who  disposed  of  the  cargo  in  Cliina;  but  found  it  more  con- 
viiiicut  to  retain  both  the  money  and  ship  for  liis  fiwn  use  than  to  return  to 
the  ljuners,'  This  allusion  is  not  intelligible.  On  the  way  to  .Sta  Chua  they 
lamlcdon  a  small  pleasant  ishmd,  wliei'c  'probably  the  foot  of  man  liad  nexer 
lict'oiv  trod,'  whose  '  northern  shore  was  tolerably  biah,  ami  rose  almost  per- 
]iniili('ularly  from  the  sea.'  The  author  speaks  of  the  mission  San  Jnse  as 
'dill'  iif  the  ricliestin  California,  and  a  Pueblo  has  aiisen  in  itsncighborliood; 
the  iiuly  Pueblo  on  the  b.ay  of  San  Francisco,  cxci-jit  that  near  Santa  Clara' ! 
On  his  trip  to  Ross  he  was  accompanied  by  l^icut.  Kstuilillo,  whom  he  found 
'ii  Miy  cheerful  companion,  and  one  of  the  most  enlightened  Spaniards  1  have 
iiiit  in  California;'  yet  who  seems  to  have  given  the  traveller  some  alwurdly 
iiitiicurate  information  about  the  province.  A  dista'.it  view  was  had  of  the 
r.ii-^siuu  of  '  St.  Prauciseo  Salona,  the  only  one  'ituated  on  the  northern  shore 
ol  the  ])ay  except  San  (iabricl'!  A  valley  extending  far  inlaml  from  15ode;--a 
v.iis  calleil  by  the  n.ntives  Valley  of  the  White  !Men,  there  Ijcing  a  tradition 
tlKit  :i  nhip  had  once  been  wrecked  on  the  coast,  and  the  wliitc  men  had  chosen 
this  valley  for  their  residence.  These  men  had  jierhaps  improved  the  native 
r:Kc,  \vh(j  were  'distingui.-;hed  fur  their  courage,  and  jirefcrred  ileath  to  the 
lioininion  of  the  Missionaries,  into  wlujse  powi'r  no  one  of  them  has  ever  yet 
ln(  II  entrapped.'  Tiie  latitude  (jf  the  mouth  of  the  Sacranvnto  was  found  to 
lie  ;.i  'J'  4",  and  longitude  l'J'2'4';  and  the  voyagers  went  up  to  US'  '27',  or  very 
miii- the  present  site  of  thoeityof  Sacramento.  Of  tlu^  two  rivers,  which  unite 
'Jl!  miles  from  the  geuend  mouth,  the  one  from  the  east  was  called  by  the 
>i';nii:irds  I'escadorcs,  and  its  two  tributaries  San  .loar|uin  and  Jesus  Maria. 
'  N'l  truce  remains  of  a  nunicrous  race  called  Korekinca  (enniuines)  by  whuni 
it  was  once  inhabited.'  Kotzebue  conjectured  th;it  tlie  Slaviiinka  (I'ussiaii 
llivir)  was  ."in  arm  of  the  Sacramento.  The  extraordinary  abuudiinee  ( if  game— 
ilei  I-,  licars,  and  birds — attracted  attention  and  furnished  nun'h  Fport.  A 
llnek  iif  pelicans  iiitacked  an  Aleut,  and  gave  iiim  a  severe  beating  with  their 
wings;  a  bear  was  .seen  swimming  after  a  deer  by  moonlight.  1'he  rivr  by 
s minling  was  found  to  be  from  Ij  to  '20  fathoms  deep,  except  at  the  mouth, 
will  le  it  was  4  or  ii  fathoms. 


SI 


II 


■!i  tf 


.■■k  1-8 


"I 


Hi 


!  '  ! 


& 


524 


F.VEXTS  OF  ARGOELLO*;^  RULE— 1824, 


tion  of  the  country,  its  iiiitural  resources  and  clianus, 
unci  its  sjjraiul  prospects  I'or  the  future.  Eacli  of  t]:^> 
three  great  districts  visited  successively  furnislu'd  a 
new  t()i)ic  for  wonder  and  praise,  all  being  in  niaikcd 
contrast  with  the  Russian  territories.'"''' 

"It  has  hitherto  been  the  fate  of  these  regions," 
writes  Kotzebue,  "like  that  of  modest  merit  or  Jiimil)!*! 
virtue,  to  remain  unnoticed;  but  posterity  will  do 
them  justice;  towns  and  cities  will  hereafter  flourisli 
where  all  is  now  desert;  the  waters,  over  wliidi 
scarcely  a  solitary  boat  is  yet  seen  to  glide,  will  rcllcct 
the  flags  of  all  nations;  and  a  happy  prosperous  pc()[»lo 
receiving  with  thankfulness  what  prodigal  nature  ho- 
stows  for  their  use,  will  disperse  her  treasures  over 
every  part  of  the  world."  For  the  institutions  of  the 
country,  and  partic'darly  for  the  mission  system,  the 
author  has  nothing  but  condenmation.  The  Spaniards 
were  an  ignorant,  indolent,  good-for-nothing  pco[)lc; 
and  the  padres  Jiad  no  good  quality  but  hospitality. 
The  neophytes  were  simply  slaves,  captured  in  their 
liomes  by  the  lasso  and  drasfged  into  the  missions  to 
toil,  until  relieved  l>y  death,  under  tyrannical  masters 
who  treated  them  worse  than  cattle.  Naturally  tlu; 
lowest  race  on  the  face  of  the  earth,  the  Indians  were 
still  further  dt>graded  by  the  inicuiities  of  the  mission 
system  under  the  hy[)ocritieal  pretence  of  conversion 
to  Christianity.  AVhile  Kotxebue's  views  "svere  not 
alt«\gether  without  foundation,  his  exaggeration  and 
prejudice  on  these  points  are  ap[)arent,  and  are  attrihu- 

"  South  of  Siin  Francisco  '  tlic  country  presented  on  all  sides  ft  picture  uf 
beauty  and  fertility,'  dcscrilicd  at  some  length.  'How  abundantly  and  liiip- 
pily  might  thiiUisands  of  fannlios  subsist  here  !  and  how  advantageously  inii;l,t 
the  emigrants  to  IV-a/il  have  preferred  this  spot  for  colonization!'  On  the 
north  side  of  the  bay  the  eountry,  '  chiefly  characterized  by  gently  swelliii^ 
hill.s,  the  park-like  grouping  of  the  trees,  and  the  lively  verdure  of  the  me;ul- 
ows,  is  as  agreeable  to  tiie  eye  as  that  of  the  southern  coast.'  On  the  S:ic- 
raniento  '  in  e\  evy  direction  the  landscape  was  ehari'i'.ng  and  luxuriant.'  '  'i  lio 
many  rivers  llowing  through  this  fruitful  country  will  be  of  the  greatest  uso 
t')  future  settlers.  The  low  ground  i.s  exactly  adapted  to  the  cultivation  (f 
rice;  and  the  hi;;her  would  yield  the  finest  wlicat  harvests.  The  vine  nii^ulit 
be  cultivated  here  to  great  advantage.  All  along  the  banks  of  the  river  gra  pis 
groM'  Mild  in  a'^much  profusion  as  the  rankest  weeds, '  and  the  grapes,  though 
isiuaU,  were  very  edible. 


Il 

li     ill       ; 

i- 

IlkL 

mtL 

FOREIGN  PIOXEERS.  523 

tnl'lo  in  part  to  his  reliance  on  tlic  statements  of 
,)(ist3  Maria  Estudillo,  a  bitter  foe  of  the  padres.  Es- 
tudillo  also  led  our  author  very  fir  astray  respecting 
the  j)olitical  situation  of  the  p.  ^vince.  His  version 
v.as  that  California,  though  neglected  by  Spain  and 
iiiij)()rtuned  by  Mexico,  had  remained  through  poverty 
ii'"'  suffering  true  to  the  king,  and  in  unquestioning 
,^ui>inission  to  the  friars,  until  a  smouldering  spark  had 
a  few  years  ago  been  blown  into  a  flame  in  consequence 
of  a  revolt  of  the  Indians.  The  troops  with  little  loss 
(1(1  rated  large  numbers  of  the  foe,  learned  how  weak 
the  padres  really  were,  declared  their  independence 
of  Spain,  and  made  California  a  separate  republic. 
Whether  it  was  best  to  remain  independent  or  place 
herself  under  the  protection  of  a  foreign  power  was 
yet  a  subject  of  discussion.  ''Our  soldiers  are  all  of 
one  mind;  whoever  pays  them  the  arrears  duo  from 
the  Spanish  government  is  their  master;  he  purchases 
tliem  and  to  him  they  belong.  Induced  by  a  knowl- 
edge of  this  disposition,  Mexico  has  entered  into  nego- 
tiations with  us" !  The  only  obstacle  now  to  California 
ht'coming  a  powerful  state  was  the  inability  of  her 
inler,  Don  Luis  Argiiello,  and  thus  Estudillo  gratified 
again  his  personal  s}>ito.'^ 

l^ireigners  were  still  welcomed  and  baptized;  and 
though  authority  came  from  ]\Iexico  to  expel  them 
shouhl  the  necessitv  arise,  there  was  no  need  to  cxer- 
cise  such  power,  and  harmony  was  undisturbed.^  Of 
(lid  acquaintances  George  Allen  was  baptized  as  Jose 
Jorge  Tomas  by  Sarria  at  San  Curios  on  Decendjer 


^''Kotzehuc  also  exhibited  much  prejudice  finil  unfairness  in  liis  present- 
iiiciit  I  if  the  Russian  question;  l)ut  this  will  he  notice<l  elsewhere. 

■"  I  lee.  24th,  the  governor  is  ordered  to  niaUe  p\iblic  the  decree  of  congress 
iuitlidri/.ing  the  e.\]i«lsion  of  foreigners  if  nccessiuy.  Sup.  Govt.  St,  Pap., 
Ms.,  xix.  IS.  Jan.  2,  182."),  Sarria  to  bishop  announcing  tliat  he  lias  baptized 
iiiiuiy  Knglish  mid  Americans  in  j'v.va  (iL-<ii/iitii,  but  feels  some  doubt  about 
till'  Kjii.scopal  sect.  A  Russian  wj.s  admitted  on  protestation  of  faith,  ab- 
jtipitiiiii  of  error,  and  absolution  of  censure.  Arch.  Stti  B,,  MS.,  xii.  .'^(12-.'{. 
(■loniid  was  designated  for  the  burial  of  foreigners.  ]Jf)d.  Ihc,  MS.,  iii.  ;{. 
Cut  tells  Hartnell  that  in  the  Sta  IJurbara  troubles  the  Indian  leaders  said 
tliey  had  no  intention  of  harming  foreigners.  Vattejo,  Doc.  Hist.,  MS,,  xxviii. 
35S. 


C2G 


EVENTS  OF  ARGUELLO'S  RULE— 1824. 


22(1;  John  ]Martin  was  received  into  the  chureli  at 
San  Juan  Bautista  by  Arroyo  do  la  Cuesta  Oct()l)(,'r 
IGth;  Padre  Uria  baptized  Dr  Die*:jo  Borris,  aged  i!2, 
at  Santa  Barbara  June  5th;  Jose  Chapman  bought  a 
house  at  Los  Angeles  from  Agustin  Machado;  and 
Wm.  A.  Richardson  was  in  trouble  at  San  Francisco 
about  his  debts,  being  threatened  with  the  calahtco  if 
he  did  not  pay  within  twenty-four  hours.^"  Among 
new-comers  the  most  prominent  was  David  Spence,  tho 
Scotchman,  who  arrived  on  the  Pizarro  to  take  charge 
of  the  meat-packing  establishment  of  Begg  and  Com- 
pany, and  who  became  a  leading  and  wealthy  citizen.^' 
James,  Walter,  or  Santiago  Burke,  came  on  the  Youirj 
Tartar;  Nicodemus  Goddard,  an  American  shoe- 
maker, nineteen  years  of  ago,  on  the  Sachem,  probalilv 
the  year  before.  Thomas  Stewart,  a  Scotch  carjxu- 
ter  of  twenty-three  years,  was  one  of  six  desertcis 
left  by  tLe  Royal  George.^'  Wilham  Logan  and 
Thomas  Shaw  arc  spoken  of  in  documents  of  this 
year  as  residents;  and  Joseph  Lawrence,  called  La- 
rans,  a  native  of  New  York,  was  baptized  by  Sariia 
at  San  Gabriel  the  11th  of  July.^'*  An  English  whaler 
seems  to  have  left  at  San  Francisco  in  November 
James  McKinley,  William  B.  Garner,  and  Janie.^ 
Watson,  natives  of  Scotland,  England,  and  Ireland 
respectively.®*  Other  names  accredited  to  1824  by 
lists  of  foreigners  in  later  j^ears,  but  with  no  details 
of  vessels,  are  the  following:  David  Littlejohn  and 
Santiago  McFerion,  Scotch;  Joseph  Daniel  Ferguson, 
Irish;  Joseph  Dilen,  or  Dillon,  American;   Mathew 


^''Dcpt.  Si.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  (OC-7,  185-7);  Drpt.  Itec,  MS.,  i.  284;  SUi 
Bdrhnm,  L'lh.  Mkion,  M.S.,  20;  H.  Jh(ui  Jiautiyla,  Lib.  Mis'ion,  MS.,  lit. 

^^Spi lire's  Jlitit.  jN'oto,  MS.,  12-13.  At  Monterey  in  December.  Valh  l<i, 
JJoc.  lliKt.  Cnl.,  MS.,  x.wiii.  422. 

"-  Dana  and  Monii/fi,  LUfa,  L'^SU,  MS.;  EKtrada,  Luta,  1S20,  MS.  Ili;r-e, 
Skcti-h  of  Sta  B.,  G,  say.s  tlmt  Capt.  l>urke  came  in  1820. 

3^  V'aUrjo,  Doc.  JILst.  Cat.,  MS.,  xxviii.  402,  408;  ,S'.  Gahnel,  Lib.  Mlsh,::, 
MS.,r.7. 

="  Monterey  list  of  1840.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xvii.  38;  Los  Angeles  list 
of  IS.'ili  in  fAhf  Anqdfs  Arch.,l,i$i.,  i.  121-4;  Naturalization  records  in  7^-;'. 
.S7.  i'oj).,  MS.,  xix.  (1(;0-4);  xx.  (108-13);  Moiifd-ii/  Jhinhl,  May  1,  ISTJ. 
Kotzebue  notices  tlie  arrival  of  the  wijaler  with  a  scurvy -atrickeu  crew. 


IXDIAX  REVOLT. 


5'.'7 


Fcllom,  or  Fuloii,  identical  perhaps  with  tlie  Philip 
lYlou  of  1821,  a  Dane;  and  several  more  doubtful 
iiuuies.^^  Charles  Smith  is  mentioned  as  engaged 
in  otter-hunting,  but  the  reference  may  possibly  be  to 
Karl  von  Schmidt,  of  Ross;  and  an  American  whoso 
Christian  name  was  Daniel  is  thought  by  Mrs  Ordto 
have  been  killed  in  the  Indian  troubles  at  Santa  Bar- 
bara.^" 


Tlie  neophytes  of  throe  southern  missions  revolted 
this  3-ear  against  the  military''  authority.  There  are 
evidences  that  other  missions  were  asked  to  join  in 
the  rising,  but  only  slight  indications  that  any  con- 
sented or  furnished  material  aid.  Records  of  official 
investigations  have  been  lost,  if  they  ever  existed. 
Old  Califoriiians,  writincc  of  the  affair  from  memorv, 
attril)'.ite  the  movement  to  a  deliberately  planned  at- 
tempt to  free  the  country  forever  from  tlie  power  and 
presence  of  Spaniards,  doubtless  exaggerating  its  im- 
])iirtunce  in  this  respect.^'  Franciscan  authorities  in 
3Iexico  took  tlie  ground  that  the  real  cause  was  the 
ever  growing  discontent  of  the  Indians  at  having  to 
8Uj)[)ort  the  troops  by  their  hard  labor  without  pay, 
that  is  without  the  old-time  memorias  of  mission  sup- 
jilirs  which  could  no  longer  be  sent  now  that  drafts  in 
I'avor  of  the  missions  were  not  honored  by  the  treas- 

''•  Los  Anonkx,  Arch.,  MS.,  i.  121-4;  /</.,  AmutUimh'nto  Pec,  MS.,  Vy2; 
l'~'r,i,l,(,  L'l^'lK,  ISJri,  MS.;  l><j)t.  Si.  Pap.,  MS.,  xvii.  .';7-S;  xx.  (IT.'.-'J).  lii 
;i.'-I<rtLli  of  (.".  J.  Fcllom  iu  tlio  S.  Jos'i  Pioiner,  July  <>,  1S7S,  Mathew  is  said 
to  liiivc  cvjinc  to  Ciililornia  iu  lS^2'^.    Scu  I'loim  r  /'ii/i-ilfi: 

^"  lUjif.  l<e<\,  MS.,  i.  70;  Ord,  Ociirreuciati,  MS.,  13-14;  RipoU,  Lfvantn- 
mh nil,  lie  Iii'/iiis,  MS. 

"■(AsjV),  JJist.  CciL,  MS.,  58-85;  Alvarado,  I.'l^t.  Cal,  MS.,  ii.  47-."7;  Va- 
l'<J",  l/ist.  CaL,  MS.,  i.  3r.(V-0i);  Valkjo  (J.  J.),  A'l'miitixa'nria.-^,  MS.,  S'J-.'!; 
Ooir.'ilcz,  E.rjirrieiicia.t,  MS.,  l'J-'2.j;  On/,  Ocurfoic'mn,  MS.,  7  15;  I'aldis, 
Jh  iuoriax,  MS.,  li-\7;  Jin  nil  ill! ,  llisl.  CuL,  MS.,  (i7-70;  Hn/hn/i),  A/miitis, 
Ms.,  4-5;  Feniandvz,  Cosa.-i  de  (,'fd,,  MS.,  14.  Ilie  Viillejo-Alviiniilo  vorsion 
I'Kil^cs  I'acuniio  loader  of  tin;  revolt,  a  veil  ciliKated  iiuopliyto,  skilful  oar- 
juutir  and  cahinct-nialvor,  ]iatriotio  in  lii.s  ideas  and  determined  to  free  lii.s 
ei'iiiitiy,  and  sul(.sci|UCHtly  an  iiitellij;ent  eitizeii  an<l  mendier  of  tli(!  aynnta- 
iiiiriito  at  Monterey.  The  arehives  Binipl'  how  that  I'aeoniio  was  one  ol  ton 
ii!i  11  .sentenced  to  ten  years  of  iiresidiii  woAi  and  exile,  and  that  Jose  I'aeoinio, 
Mniif,  irt/,  J'adroii,  MS.,  15,  vas  a  niarrieil  earpentcr  40  years  old  in  ls;>6 
livi'.ij^'  at  the  cai}ita!.  (.louialez  say.s  the  leader  was  one  I'utricio,  a  half- 
breed. 


1 


MM 


i'V^ 


■  lilMllllu 


528 


EVENTS  OF  ARGflELLO  S  RULE— 1824. 


yyy  33  This  explanation,  if  somewhat  far  fetched  for 
an  apparent  motive,  was  not  entirely  without  fouiR'.ti- 
tion.  Some  of  the  padres  claimed  that  the  first  out- 
break was  due  to  a  petty  act  of  injustice  on  the  part 
of  the  soldiers,  and  that  it  was  fanned  into  a  revolu- 
tion by  continued  acts  of  cruel  severity.^"  At  any  rate 
there  was  no  ill-feeling  shown  by  the  neophytes  against 
the  padres.  The  truth  is  that  the  Indians  did  not 
fare  so  well  in  these  hard  times  as  formerly,  when  there 
was  no  market  for  mission  produce;  the  soldiers  on  ac- 
count of  their  destitution,  if  not  their  new  repubhean 
ideas,  were  careless  of  the  Indians'  rights;  the  neo- 
phytes noted  the  growing  diificulties  of  the  friars  and 
their  comparative  inability  to  protect  their  subjects 
from  the  soldiers;  and  they  finally  were  incited  in  con- 
nection with  some  local  event,  but  as  I  think  without 
very  definite  plans,  to  test  the  strength  of  their  op- 
pressors. 

The  trouble  began  at  Santa  Ines  on  the  afternoon 
of  Sunday  the  21st  of  February.  The  flogging  of  a 
Purisima  neophyte  by  the  orders  of  Corporal  Cota  a 
short  time  before  is  mentioned  as  the  immediate  cause. 
Details  of  what  happened  here  are  not  known.  The 
soldiers  defended  themselves  and  the  padre;  it  does 
not  clearly  appear  that  anybody  was  killed,  but  a 
large  part  of  the  mission  buildings  was  burned.  Early 
the  next  day  Sergeant  Anastasio  Carrillo  arrived  with 
a  small  force,  and  the  hostile  Indians  seem  to  have 
fled  to  Purisima.  Carrillo  remained  for  some  time  at 
Santa  Ines,  which  does  not  appear  to  have  been 
abandoned.^" 

^*  July  5,  1S25,  guardian  to  Minister  Alaman.  Arch.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  iv.  pt. 
ii.  145-8. 

"•May  nth,  P.  Ripoll  to  Sarria.  Arch.  Arzoh.,  MS.,iv.  pt.  ii.  95;  Sarrfaal^o 
seems  to  take  this  view  of  the  matter  more  or  less  fully. 

'"' Acconling  to  liijmU,  Leraiifamiciifo  dc.  Iiidios  iti  Sfa  B.  17~4,  MS.,  the 
rebels  nt  Sta  Inus  sent  a  message  to  the  alcalde  And r(5s  at  S.  Marcos,  tliu 
message  reaching  Sta  IJdrbara  on  Mor.day  morning,  that  they  had  killed  tho 
soldiers  and  slnit  np  the  padre.  Osio,  Jlist.  Vol.,  MS.,  Gl-5,  tells  a  story  i>f 
P.  Uria  being  awakened  from  his  siesta  by  a  page  who  said  tlie  Indians  wno 
coming  to  kill  him;  whereupon  the  padre  seized  a  musket,  killed  two  of  t!iu 
assailants,  broke  the  arm  of  another,  and  fought  his  way  to  where  the  soKUcis 


RF.VOLT  AT  PURfSIMA. 


529 


)tchc(l  for 
it  fouiu'.u- 

first  out- 
.  the  part 

a  re  vol  u- 
t  any  rate 
es  against 
8  did  not 
hen  there 
iers  on  ac- 
•epubhcan 
:  the  neo- 
friars  and 
r  subjects 
ed  in  eon- 
k  without 

their  o\)- 

afternoon 

jU'injx  of  a 

\al  Cota  a 

ate  caiiso. 

wn.     The 

it  does 

3d,  but  a 

Early 

ived  with 

to  have 

le  time  at 

ave   been 


MS.,  iv.  pt. 

15;  Sarrtanlso 

V,,  MS.,  tlic 
Marcos,  tliu 
a  killed  tho 
;lla  a  story  of 
Indian.'^  wno 
1  two  of  tlie 
the  soklitig 


At  Purisima  the  neophytes  rose  on  the  same  after- 
noon, probably  on  recei})t  of  the  news  from  Santa 
ines,  and  took  posses.sion  of  the  mis.sion.  Contem- 
jKiiary  documents  afford  few  particulars,  but  corrobo- 
r;iic  in  a  general  way  the  accounts  from  memory. 
Toiporal  Tiburcio  Tapia  with  his  four  or  five  men 
(li Tended  the  families  and  padres  through  the  night, 
only  one  woman  being  wounded,  but  at  last  surren- 
(li'iod  when  powder  gave  out.  In  the  morning  Tapia 
and  Padre  Ordaz  were  sent  to  Santa  Ines  to  prevent 
Carrillo  from  coming  with  his  troo])s  and  thus  causing 
t'lK'  slaughter  of  the  families.  What  answer  was 
received  is  not  known,  but  soon  all  the  soldiers  and 
tlicir  families  were  allowed  to  retire  with  Padre  Ordaz 
to  Santa  Ines;  while  Rodriguez,  minister  of  the  mis- 
.■-ion,  remained  with  his  neophytes,  who  showed  no 
disposition  to  molest  him."  Four  white  men  were 
killed  at  Purisima  during  the  affray;  but  two  of 
tliLin — Dolores  Scpiilveda  and  Ramon  Sotelo — and 
probably  all,  were  travellers  on  their  way  to  Los  An- 
geles, who,  suspecting  no  danger,  arrived  at  the  mission 
alter  the  trouble  had  begun  and  apparently  before  the 
Liuard  Jiad  surrendered.  The  number  of  Indians  killed 
Vvas  seven,  or  at  least  that  was  the  number  buried  this 
and  the  two  following  days.*^  Masters  now  of  the 
situation  locally,  reenforced  from  Santa  Ines  and  ])er- 
liaps  to  a  slight  extent  from  other  missions,  the  rebels 

vi'iv  dofending  theniselvoa  in  the  square!  Mrs  Ord,  Ocitrrencias,  M.S.,  II- 
!-.  tells  us  that  P.  Uria  iiiid  the  soldiers  defended  themselves  in  the  padre's 
iii'iiso  all  night,  killing  several  Indians;  and  also  that  Carrillo  had  a  ligiifc 
iiftrr  Ills  arrival,  killing  sonic  and  capturing  the  leaders.  She  says  tliat  the 
I'inlre  and  families  left  Sta  Ines  and  came  to  Sta  ]};ii'l),'ii-a  for  a  while. 

''  Oslo  says  the  rebels  ofl'ered  to  spare  Tapia  if  he  would  give  up  his  arms, 
lilt  lie  refused;  also  that  in  the  fight  many  houses  were  burned.  A  letter  of 
Siinia,  Arch.  Anob.,  MS.,  iv.  ])t.  ii.  (S7-0<),  pai'tially  confirms  the  statement 
it  Mrs  Ord  that  the  soldiers'  families  were  lieM  for  a  while  as  hostages  to 
l;i'(|)  Ciirrillo  away.  Gonzalez,  a  soldier  who  took  j)art  in  the  event.-s  of  the 
111  \t  month,  tells  us  that  Ordaz,  who  was  minister  of  Sta  Jjies  and  not  of 
I'm  isima,  arrived  at  the  latter  mission  after  the  surrender.  V.'ddcs  says  that 
tlic  inajordoino  Arellanes  was  held  as  a  captive  until  the  mission  was  i-etaken. 
^  alltjo  and  Alvarado  imply  that  the  soldiers  were  kept  as  prisoners.  Thi.'y 
miifoiind  I'adre  Kodriguez  with  \ictoria,  and  the  former  states  that  I'aiomio 
li.iil  'J, 000  Indians  when  he  attacked  and  captured  the  mission. 

•■  Punxiina,  Lib.  ,!/;,<.,  MS.,  11. 
llisr.  Cal.,  Vol.  II.    ill 


t. 


\i  ^ 


,* 


630 


EVENTS  OF  ARGt^ELLO'S  RULE  -1824. 


began  to  prepare  for  defence  by  drilling,  erecting-  pali- 
sade fortifications,  cutting  loop-holes  in  the  adobo 
walls  of  the  church  and  other  buildings,  mounting 
one  or  two  old  rusty  cannon  hitherto  used  chieflv  to 
make  a  noise  on  diets  de  Jiesta,  sendmg  messages  uf 
exhortation  to  gentiles  and  neophytes,  and  taking 
every  precaution  that  native  ingenuity  could  devise. 
It  was  nearly  a  month  before  they  were  attacked. 

The  news  reached  Santa  Biirbara  on  Monday  morn- 
ing,^* and  the  neophytes  under  Andres  manifestod 
great  excitement,  which  fathers  Ripoll  and  Jaime  suc- 
ceeded in  allaying  for  a  little  time;  but  during  the 
former's  absence  at  the  presidio  the  Indians  armed 
themselves  and  worked  up  renewed  fury  by  recalling 
instances  of  ill-treatment  from  the  soldiers.  They 
also  claimed  to  be  in  danger  from  the  rebels  if  they 
did  not  join  the  revolt.  They  promised  the  padro, 
however,  on  his  return  to  do  no  harm  if  the  troops 
were  kept  away,  and  Ripoll  produced  an  order  froni 
the  connnandant  for  tlie  escolta  to  withdra^^'.  The 
Indians  insisted  that  the  soldiers  should  leave  their 
weapons,  and  wounded  two  men  who  refused  compli- 
ance with  that  condition.  Guerra  at  once  marched  to 
the  mission  and  a  fight  of  several  hours  ensued,  in 
which  the  Indians  foujjht  with  g-uns  and  arrows  from 
behind  the  pillars  of  the  corridor.  The  Indians  lost 
two  killed  and  three  wounded;  while  the  troops,  with 
four  wounded,  retired  to  the  presidio.  The  rebels  then 
took  all  the  clothing  and  other  property  they  could 
carry,  respecting,  however,  all  that  was  in  the  church, 
and  retired  to  the  hills  not  far  distant,  sending  Padre 
Jaime  to  the  presidio  on  horseback  after  they  had 
urged  him  in  vain  to  go  with  them.  Tlie  same  after- 
noon the  troops  came  back  under  Alferez  Maitoi'ena, 
and  within  a  day  or  two  they  sacked  the  Indians' 

*^  The  best  authorities  on  events  at  Sta  Barbara  alone  make  it  Suntlaj-,  and 
speak  of  mass  at  the  presidio;  but  I  follow  the  dates  of  official  documents 
which  speak  of  the  rising  at  the  three  places  as  having  taken  place  on  Fib. 
21st-22d,  that  is  on  Sunday  and  Monday.  Oaio  says  the  affair  began  at  iita 
luiis  ou  Saturday. 


REVOLT  AT  SANTA  BARBARA. 


531 


houses,  despite  the  padre's  protests,  an<l  killed  sueli 
stia,<;glers  tis  they  could  catch  without  reference  to 
their  guilt  or  innocence,  as  EipoU  claimed.  ^TessaLTes 
jtassed  between  the  fugitives  and  the  padres;  hut  the 
turnier  refused  to  return,  and  after  a  week  or  more 
moved  their  camp  further  off  toward  the  Tularcs. 
Sut'h  was  the  situation  at  the  end  of  Ft'hruai-y,  at 
wliich  time  twelve  victims  had  been  buried  at  the 
mission.** 

.^ [can while  the  alarm  reached  Monterey  and  a 
correspondence  ensued  between  the  governor,  his 
subordinates,  and  the  missionai'ies,  on  the  steps  to  be 
taken  to  ward  oif  the  danger.*''  The  result  was  that 
a  hundred  men  were  sent  south  under  Lieutenant 
^[ariano  Estrada  and  Alferez  Francisco  de  Haro  to 
cooperate  with  Captain  de  la  Guerra  against  the 
rebels.  By  some  mischance,  or  misunderstanding  of 
orders,  the  two  armies  were  not  united,  and  Estrada, 
liaving  left  San  Luis  Obispo  March  14th,  reached 
J'urisima  early  in  the  morning  of  the  IGth.  Tlie 
cavalry  having  been  sent  to  the  right  and  left  under 
corporals  Alviso  and  Espinosa  to  act  as  skirmi«hers 
and  cut  oft'  the  retreat  of  the  foe— or  prevent  the  re- 
treat of  the  army  being  cut  off,  as  the  case  might  be 
— the  rest  of  the  force  opened  fire  on  the  adobe  walls 

*'  The  best  authorities  are  liipoU,  Lcvnntamhnto  de  IiuUon en  Sta Bdrhnm, 
lf!~.U  MS.,  which  is  RipoU's  report  of  May  r)th,  to  Sania;  and  Ord,  Oi-nr- 
rnc-'iitK,  MS.,  7-11,  the  author  of  which,  the  daughter  of  (iuerra,  though  a 
yiiiing  girl  at  tlic  time,  had  exceptioii.il  facilities  tlieii  and  later  to  leani  all 
iihdut  the  matter.  The  burials  are  recorded  in  Stu  Bdrhitrn,  Lib.  Mis'inn, 
.MS.,  4,'j-O,  where  is  also  a  later  certilicate  that  1(5  other  Indians  hail  been 
liiiiii'd  by  their  companions.  ^Irs  Ord  says  that  in  the  forenoon  only  a  small 
jiurt  of  the  neophytes  fought,  while  the  rest  were  getting  away;  and  that  when 
tlu'  troops  returned  after  dinner  all  had  gone.  Meanwhile,  Ki]>oU  sat  at  a 
winilow  at  the  ju'csidio  overlooking  the  mission,  weeping  and  e.xolaiiuiiig, 
'My<!od,  they  killed  some  Indians  1'  and  refused  to  partake  of  the  liroth 
e;uiicd  to  him  by  Seiiorita  do  la  (Jiierra.  Oslo  also  lias  something  to  say 
iihout  the  retreat  of  the  troops  having  been  merely  going  to  dinner  in  oriler 
In  \\\i\\i  on  a  full  belly  ' a  la  iiii/lesn.' 

''  FlI).  'jritli,  27th,  March  7th,  Sarria  to  Ai'giiello,  transmitting  news,  and 
ill  l,i>t  letter  begging  most  earnestly  that  the  trouble  be  settled  witlmut 
shcilding  of  blood.  Arch.  Ai-zob.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  ii.  87-0.  Fell.  'J4th,  March 
lOtli.  Argiiello  to  Gueira.  Oueira,  Dor.  llUt.  Cal.,  MS.,  147-51.  Feb.  127111, 
M;ncli  Hd,  Arnuello  to  Randrez.  J)e}if.  I?i'r.,  MS.,  i.  97-!).  Tiie  forci-  stut 
soalli  finally  was  IG  artillerymen,  '2'i  cavalry,  Xy  infantry,  and  ',io  auxiiiaricjj 
lliulians?).  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  Iviii.  7;  Ixxxvii.  (i4. 


\'i   tV\\ 


';  I 


',  ( 


!^     ■!', 


M'lii 


'W 


!   t 


•^ 


682 


EVENTS  OF  AliGtJELLO'S  RULE— 1C24. 


at  eiii,flit  o'clock  from  muskets  and  a  I'our-poundci' 
Tlic  neo[)h3-tcs,  now  said  to  have  been  about  tini  • 
hundred  stron«,^  returned  tlie  fii'e  from  cannon,  swivd- 
guns,  and  muskets,  to  say  nothin<if  of  the  clouds  df 
arrows.  The  i;uns  "were  ineffective  throuijh  tliu 
ignorance  of  the  neophyte  gunners.  Some  say  tlu.' 
cannon  burst  at  the  first  discharge  and  killed  several 
persons.  The  Indians  after  a  while  attemi)ted  to  fly, 
but  were  prevented  by  *  he  cavalry.  Then  they  begged 
Padre  Rodriguez  to  intercede  and  stop  the  firing, 
Mhich  he  did,  first  l)y  a  letter  and  then  by  coming  out 
in  person.  The  battle  was  over  at  half  past  ten.  The 
Spaniards  had  three  men  wounded,  one  of  them  niov- 
tally ;  while  the  Indians  lost  sixteen  killed  and  a  largo 
number  wounded.  Two  swivel-guns  and  sixteen 
muskets  were  the  most  important  items  in  the  war- 
stoi'es  captured.  After  the  depositions  of  the  prisoners 
had  been  taken,  Guerra  and  Estrada  proceeded  under 
authority  of  the  governor  to  decree  the  })unishment. 
Seven  were  condemned  to  death  for  complicity  in  the 
murder  of  Sepillvecla  and  his  companions,  and  were 
sliot  before  the  end  of  the  month.  The  four  ring- 
leaders in  the  revolt,  Mariano,  Pacomio,  Benito,  ami 
Bernabe,  were  sentenced  to  ten  years  of  presidio  and 
l)erpetual  exile  from  the  province;  and  eight  otluis 
to  eight  years  of  presidio  in  California.  It  was  claimed 
by  Ripoll  that  a  pardon  had  been  promised  to  all  at 
Purisima,  which  was  most  unlikely,  and  was  indig- 
nantly denied  by  Estrada.  Argiiello  was  disposed  to 
think  his  officers  had  been  too  lenient  in  the  ixmisli- 
ments.*** 

^^ March  19th,  Estrada's  official  report  to  the  governor.  Drpt.  Sf.  Pap., 
MS.,i.  100-9.  He  especially  coinineiiils  the  valor  of  the  artisan  Frauciscit 
I'aclieco  who  volunteered,  acted  as  aid,  and  did  good  service  with  a  gun;  the 
artillerymen  Manuel  Flores  and  Octaviano  Outierrcz;  and  the  infantryuii'ii 
Santa  Ana,  Diaz,  Leonardo  Vfrgen,  and  Antonio  Rodriguez.  Sentences  of 
the  oftonders  on  Marcli  '2M.  Dipt.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  JUL,  :MS.,  Mi.  30-7.  No- 
tice of  the  execution  of  the  seven;  no  details.  Dvjit.  Pec.  MS.,  1.  lOH  :S. 
Argiicilo's  report  of  Estrada's  campaign  to  minister  of  war.  /(/.,  i.  217.  ^I^iy 
2'2il,  Estrada  to  (riierra,  denying  the  ehai-gesof  tiie  paiires,  and  calling  on  t'.io 
captain  to  state  the  facts.  Gmrni,  Dor.  IJiyt.  Cnl.,  ^IS.,  v.  100-1.  Ajinl 
22d,  Torre  to  (4ucrra,  to  tlie  efl'ect  that  there  is  much  current  fault-linding  ;it 


It  t  )  i; 
lll'ii 
It 


HKBKL8  IX  THE  TULARKS. 


r):!3 


All  the  I'ovoltcd  iii-'opliytes  jiad  now  been  subjected 
except  those  of  Santa  Biii'bai'a,  with  a  few  refugees 
who  had  joined  them  from  othei-  missions.  Resjicct- 
iw^j;  the  movements  of  this  party  during  the  month  of 
Marcli  very  little  is  known,  save  that  the  rebels  re- 
treated to  the  region  of  the  Tulares.  ^Eareh  "21  st 
]'a(lre  Ordaz  wrote  to  the  governor  that  the  situation 
was  threatening,  the  rebels  being  at  San  lOmigdio 
rancho  where  a  Russian  was  insti'uctinijf  them  in  the 
u>c  of  firearms,  the  Indians  of  San  Fernando  having 
nui  away  presumably  to  join  the  rest,  and  those,  of 
San  liuenaventura  and  San  Gabriel  showinji;  alarm- 
iiig  signs  of  revolt."  But  it  would  seem  that  the 
danger  was  exaggerated;  foi  at  the  end  of  the  month 
Argiiello,  on  the  strength  of  reports  that  the  Santa 
]);irba)'a  Indians  had  dispersed  and  were  gradually 
icturning  to  their  mission,  ordered  Estrada  back  to 
]\lonterey,  that  the  settlers  might  attend  to  their  sow- 
ing; he  was  to  wait  for  the  roads  to  dry,  and  to  make 
an  expedition  later  if  it  should  prove  necessary. ''^ 

The  reports  that  prompted  Aigiiello's  orders  would 
also  seem  to  have  been  premature;  for  Guerra  imme- 
diately despatched  Lieutenant  Fabregat  with  eighty 
men,  who  had  two  encounters  with  the  rebels  on  Apiil 

tlu'  sliLjlit  piuiislimcut  inflicted  and  at  the  failure  of  the  Sta  Barbara  troc>ps  to 
take  i)art  in  the  action.  /</. ,  vi.  100-7.  (iouzale/,  ExjicriincluK,  MS.,  also 
ii'iiiplains  of  the  failure  as  an  injustice  to  the  southern  soldiers  of  which  ho 
was  one. 

Vallejo  and  Alvarado  add  something  of  interest  if  not  of  accuracy  to  the 
narrative,  by  I'eprescnting  tiic  liuliuns  to  have  exposed  tlio  person  of  tlie 
paihe  where  tlie  shots  fell  thickest  iu  order  to  stop  the  firing.  Tliey  put 
< 'lurra  in  command  of  the  assaulting  foriic;  represent  the  besieged  rebels  as 
liiiving  escaped  during  tlie  night,  perhaps  with  the  connivance  of  P.  Kodri- 
giiiz;  and  as  subscfpicntly  encanii)iug  at  the  Laguna  where  terms  were  made, 
tlic  murderers  being  given  up  and  Pacomio  sent  to  Monterey  to  live  as  an 
independent  citizen !  Oslo  tells  us  of  an  Indian  who,  in  the  midst  of  the  lon- 
lliet.  tied  a  crucifix  to  his  neck  wrapped  in  a  blanket,  witli  a  view  to  test  its 
elliiaey,  vowing  life-long  devotion  if  he  were  unharmed.  He  fought  unscathed 
among  tljc  flying  bullets  until  his  arrows  were  all  gone,  and  later  .served  as  a 
jjiuiis  sacristan  until  death.  An  increased  escolta  was  left  at  I'uri'sinia  under 
JSergt.  I'ardo  after  this  allair.   Gwrra,  JJor.  Ilisf.  CaL,  MS.,  vi.  l."),3. 

'^'Mar.  '2Ist,  P.  Ordaz  to  Arguello.  Arch.  Ai-zoh.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  ii.  OI-.S. 
I'lii'  padre  deems  it  of  the  utmost  importance  that  the  Indians  be  puni-shed  by 
u  )niiitary  force  at  once. 

'*  March  31st,  Arguello  to  commandant  of  Sta  Barbara.  Guerra,  Doc.  Hist. 
Cut.,  MS.,  iv.  151-2.     Id.  to  lUmiiez.  De^'t.  Ike,  aMS.,  i.  102-3. 


mm 


j 

\'-    •  I'  ,- 

■  !  i:  i 

i 

ij 

l& 

ii 

!:i'!i 


r)34 


EVENTS  OP  ARGOELLO'S  RULE-1824. 


Otli  an  1  1 1  til  at  Buonavista  Lake,  and  at  or  near  Snii 
Eniii'dio.  Soi'ijeant  Cilrlos  Carrillo  t'onnnanded  at  the 
latter  iv^ht,  killing  four  Indians,  recovering  thirteen 
horses,  and  having  three  civilians  of  his  force  ^'ounded. 
In  the  other  battle  of  five  hours  Fabregat  lost  not  a 
man  killed  or  wounded;  l)ut  the  army  retreated  to 
Santa  liarbara.  The  governorthanked  the  troops  for 
their  bravery,  though  he  could  not  quite  comprehend 
the  retreat;  but  it  seems  that  a  storm  of  wind  and 
dust  had  ]>revented  more  effective  operations.^" 

Argiiello  imme<]iately  set  about  the  organization  of 
a  new  expedition  to  the  Tulares,  the  preparations  for 
Mhich  were  completed  by  the  end  of  May.  ■"  The  com- 
mand was  given  to  Captain  Portilla,  some  slight  blanio 
being  imputed  to  Guerra  for  his  past  management. 
The  subordinate  commanders  were  Lieutenant  Valle, 
of  the  forces  sent  from  Monterey,  fifty  in  number,  and 
Lieutenant  Ibarra  of  the  southern  troops.  The  whole 
force  was  about  130.  Padre  Ripoll  was  asked  to 
serve  as  chaplain,  but  at  first  declined,  declaring 
that  he  would  rather  die  than  be  present  at  the  hor- 
rors that  were  to  be  committed.     This  padce  carried 

"Record  of  the  fights.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  liv.  .•?;  Giiprrn, 
J)oc.  Jfiit.  Cal.,  MS.,  iv.  15.3,  157-8.  The  ■wind  and  dust  are  mentioned  liy 
Ri|)oll,  Leviuitnmieiifo  tie  Indion,  MS.,  and  by  Gonzalez,  Experlencia/i,  MS., 
2."?.  Ripoll  was  asked  to  poas  chaplain  bnt  refused.  He  says  that  an  Indiiiii 
taken  at  S.  Emigdio  was  killed  to  save  the  trouble  of  guarding  him;  also  tliat 
two  men,  one  of  them  an  American,  were  killed  at  the  same  place  by  gentiles, 
nidt'il  by  only  one  Christian.  Mrs  Ord,  Ocurrencias,  MS.,  i;i-14,  says  tlio 
American's  Christian  name  was  Daniel.  Lugo,  Vu/a,  MS.,  G-8,  tells  us  th;it 
the  Ijrothers  Dominguez  were  struck  by  arrows  while  the  force  was  marcliiiig 
througli  the  Cajon  de  Uvas;  he  also  notes  a  song  composed  by  a  San  Diogo 
soldier  for  tho  occasion,  beginning: 

'  El  Sur(?cnto  Don  Curios 
I'or  lu  Triiil'jTl 
Se  vistii'i  do  giicrrn 
Con  niucba  oruoldad,' 

and  po  on,  a  verse  for  each  soldier. 

'"April  15t]i,  Argiiello  to  Guerra  and  Portilla.  Guerra,  Doc.  Hist.  Cal., 
MS.,  iv.  153-5;  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  liv.  3.  Orders  of  vavinus 
dates  to  Portilla  and  Valle.  Dept.  Bee.,  MS.,  i.  143-52.  June  Uth,  Argiielly 
to  minister  of  war  before  the  result  of  Portilla's  campaign  was  known.  /(/.,  i. 
221.  June  Ist,  several  Indians  who  had  been  in  the  Tulares  were  examined 
as  to  wliat  they  saw  there,  and  testified  that  the  refugees  hod  plenty  of  cattle 
but  had  drank  all  their  liquor;  that  the  married  and  unmarried  were  living 
together;  and  that  they  spent  their  time  in  gambling  without  prayer.  Guerra, 
Doc.  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  viL  142-SO. 


END  OF  THK  KKVOLT. 


W5 


]iis  hunuinity  in  tin;  affair  to  tlio  vor<jfc  of  cliildisli 
wiiiknoHs.  The  Indians  had  not  harmed  the  friars, 
iiiid  had  committee)  no  sacrilege  in  the  church,  and 
Kipoll's  head  had  room  for  no  other  ideas.  Sarn'a  at 
lust  determined  to  go  in  person,  an<l  Ripoll  went  also, 
lie  also  deplored  the  martial  and  destructive  ideas 
that  were  prevalent,  begged  that  pacific  measures 
might  be  used  so  far  as  j)ossil>le,  and  finally  induced 
Argiiello  to  grant  an  indnlto,  or  general  pardon,  for 
Jill  |)ast  rebellion,  which  he  forwarded  in  advance  to 
tlu!  Tulares,  with  a  letter  of  his  own  the  IGth  of  jMav.''' 
l*ortilla  marched  the  2d  of  June  from  Santa  l:Jiir- 
biira  and  Valle  from  San  Miguel,  the  two  divisions 
uniting  the  8th  far  out  in  the  plain  of  the  Tulares,  at 
Sim  Emigdio.''^  The  fugitives  were  encaniped  near 
this  place,  heartily  repentant,  as  they  said,  and  will- 
ing to  return  to  mission  life,  but  timid  and  apprehen- 
si  0  of  punishment  if  they  should  give  up  their 
weapons.  All  was  thought  to  be  settled  on  June 
1 1  th,  but  unfavorable  rumors  circulated  bv  jjentiles 
and  distniscful  neophytes  caused  additional  delays; 
and  it  wan  not  until  the  IGth  that  the  army  started 
til  return,  the  rebel  chief  Andres  being  left  behind  to 
(Mtllect  and  bring  in  some  forty  refugees  who  had  not 
yet   been  found.     The  pardon  seems  to  have  been 


■  9  S  ■'.»■.■ 


^'  May  7th,  Ripoll  to  Sarria;  April  30th,  May  10th,  14th,  18th,  27th,  June 
3il,  Siinia  to  ArgucUo.  Arch.  Anob.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  ii.  112- 17,  133-4.  Domingo 
Cunillo  commanded  24  of  the  presidial  troops  under  Portilla. 

■'-  /'ortUla,  D'larlo  dc  mm  Expcdkion  id  Tulrir,  lS..'/f,  MS.  The  diary  of 
tlic  northern  division  is  not  extant,  if  any  was  written.  The  route  of  For- 
tilla'a  march  was  as  follows:  To  S.  Buenaventura,  where  he  remained  until 
Juiii'  3th.  Up  the  Sta  Clara  Kiver  l.}  leagues  to  Camulos  raneho,  where  the 
S.  Fernando  sheep  were  kept.  Up  the  river  3  1.  to  8.  Javier  raneho;  N.  k., 
ovcru  sunnnit  named  hy  .Sarria  S.  Norberto,  to  the  spot  named  Espiritu  Santo 
from  the  day,  5  1.  Over  the  hills,  past  an  arroyo  called  Tinoeo  to  Alamos,  8 
1.;  over  the  plain,  past  the  Salinas  de  Cortds,  into  the  Canada  de  Uvas,  to 
.^t.a  Teresa  de  Jesus,  a  fine  site,  0  1.  Three  leagues  more  througli  the  Ctijoii 
til  the  plain,  whence  the  LakcMisjamin  was  seen  0  1.  toward  the  N.;  over  the 
I'liiiii,  leaving  the  lake  to  the  right,  to  S.  Emigdio,  which  was  0  1.  from  the 
iiiouth  of  the  Cajon  de  Uvas  and  5  or  6  1.  from  the  lake.  The  camp  of  the 
ri  hols  was  at  Mitoeha.  The  rancheria  of  Tulali  is  mentioned  on  or  near  the 
liiivo.  The  return  was  by  Malapica;  Canmp,  Cuyam,  Casitec  named  S. 
Pa))lo;  Seguaya,  or  S.  Gervasio  Creek;  down  the  ereek  to  Sta  In(!'S  River, 
down  the  river  3  1.  to  CiC-negas  raneho  or  Trinidad;  to  S.  Roque  and  half  a 
lc'a;,'ue  to  Sta  Bdrbara  Mission. 


I 
I     t 

f 


L*( 


i  i 


imi! 


686  EVENTS  OF  ARGUELLO'S  RULE— 1824. 

completo,  and  tlio  repentant  rchels  were  even  al- 
lowed to  retain  their  arms  on  the  niarcli  in  order  to 
he  ready  for  an  attack  from  the  gentiles.  All  reached 
Santa  Barbara  tlu;  21st,  and  the  revolt  of  1824  was 
at  an  end.''' 

As  a  reward  for  bravery  at  Purisima,.  ^Mariano  Es- 
trada was  made  by  the  ^Mexican  <(overnmcnt  full  lieu- 
tenant; the  artisan  Francisco  Pacheco  was  made  brevet 
allerez;  and  to  the  troojjs  was  awarded  double  pay  fir 
a  month — a  graceful  compliment  which  cost  nothing, 
as  the  soldiers  never  received  their  original  pay,  not 
to  mention  the  double  -allowance.'^*  After  the  revolt 
all  the  neophytes'  weapons  were  by  the  govcrn(»r's 
orders  removed  to  the  presidios  as  a  jirecautio'iary 
measure.'"  In  October  the  junta  named  Captain  dr 
la  Guerra,  with  diputados  Aruz  and  Jose  Ant»»nio 
Carrillo,  to  investigate  the  causes  of  the  revolt;  l)nt 
we  have  no  rec(H'd  of  results.*"^  In  July  1825  a  crim- 
inal prosecution  was  carried  on  by  AHerez  Maitoreiia 

'•■''.riine  'JStli,  Sarrfa  to  Arifuollo,  announcing  the  success  of  the  cxpeilition, 
and  praising  the  conduct  of  Portilla,  Valle,  and  Ibarvi.  Dec.  lUst.  I'aiit. 
]!iiiz  mentions  Cadet  lloniingo  Carrillo's  exploration  of  tiic  lake  duiing  tliis 
expedition.  JJi /it.  St.  P(tp.,  Bin.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ivii.  4-0;  Arch.  Ar.oti.,  MS.,  iv, 
jit.  ii.  IIS  •_'().  Krifael  Gonzalez  was  a  soldier  in  this  expedition.  lie  siiys 
that  Iharra  lost  his  patience  and  threatened  an  attack  if  tlic  Indians  did  not 
yield  next  day.  He  also  nieutie'i  .  die  celebration  of  the  CofjiHn  in  an  inra- 
iiiiiild  on  the  plain.  Oouzukz,  E.v)i(:ncudax,  MS.,  '23-4.  In  tlie  middle  of 
April  tliere  lia<l  been  rumors  of  a  disposition  to  revolt  on  the  part  of  the  neo- 
phytes at  San  Luis  Obispo,  and  Sergt.  Igiiacio  Vallejo  was  sent  by  tlie 
goveinor  to  investigate,  and  if  necessary  punish.  The  rumors  proved  un- 
founded, l)ut  \'Hllejo  could  rot  lose  the  opportunity  of  making  a  speeeli  tn 
tile  Indians  on  the  terrible  punislimeut  tiiat  had  lieen  in  store  for  tliem  h;hl 
they  been  less  faithful.  J),'})!.  St.  Pup.Jicii.  Mil.,  MS.,lv.  1-.'};  Jhjil. !!(<■.,  MS., 
i.  fM),  104-.").  Padre  Cabot  of  S.  Miguel  in  a  letter  to  the  governor,  An'li. 
Ar:.oij.,  Ms.,  iv.  pt.  ii.  132,  .sjiys  that  the  rebels  of  I'urisima  sent  beads,  etc., 
to  various  gentile  rancherias  with  an  invitation  to  .join  them.  Taelie  ami 
Telanio  refused  to  receive  tlie  gifts;  the  Xotontos  took  the  lieuds,  but  diiliin* 
go'.  lUilial  and  Santaelie  staited  but  do  not  seem  to  have  joined  tlie  rebels 
Mrs  Oi'd,  <>rttrn'ii--'ints,  iMS.,  1."),  deems  it  fortunate  that  tlie  revolted  Lul- 
ians  were  on  bad  tei'ns  witli  tiiose  of  San  Buenaventura,  else  tlie  latter  would 
have  risen  and  been  followed  by  those  <jf  S.  I'Y'rnando  and  S.  (iabriel.  l>y  a 
httir  of  Aigiiello  to  ( iuerra  on  July  2.')d,  it  would  appear  that  there  was  Sdiiie 
further  trouble  with  the  Indians,  or  perhaps  that  the  refugees  'eft  in  the 
Tulares  ilid  not  come  in  as  had  l)een  promised.  1J( [it.  St.  Pop.,  lien,  Mil., 
MS.,  liv.  4  .-). 

•'' Communications  from  M'ar  department  of  -July  31st  an'^  -^"g-  Hth.  Si. 
Pap.  S'c:,  .MS.,  xi.  IS-lf);  J),]ii.  SI.  Pap.,  Ben.  M'il.,  MS.,  lA..vvii.  G9. 

^■'Julv  22d.  .Sarria  to  I'adres.  Arrb.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  iv.  pt,  ii.  120. 

5«G'«t"/V((,  Dui:.  JPust.  Cul.,  MS.,  vii,  ldl-2. 


CAPTURE  OF  POMl'ONIO. 


587 


for  tliuin  Iki'I 


aij'ainst  the  ex-rebels  of  Purfsinia,  not  for  insurrection, 
Itiil  I'or  the  theft  of  certain  artich's  whicli  had  never 
liccu  returned/''  In  January  1826  Benito  and  Ber- 
ii.ilie,  two  of  the  rebel  leaders  condeinnt  •'  to  the  chain- 
uiniL;',  made  their  escape;  and  a  report  to  the  minister 
(if  war  in  October  indicates  tliat  not  all  the  refugees 
lind  yet  been  reduced  to  sui)miss:on.°^ 

Besides  the  great  revolt  there  is  nothing  in  the 
Indian  affairs  of  1824  that  calls  f'.n  special  notice, 
except  the  capture  and  executi(»n  of  Pomponio.  lie 
WHS  a  refugee  neophyte  of  San  J^'rancisco,  and  a  native 
(if  the  San  liafael  region;  and  for  several  yc-^yn  had 
Inen  notorious  as  an  outlaw  and  criminal,  whose  cap- 
turt'  had  often  been  attempted  withoi'.t  success.  Of 
Lis  depredations,  extending  from  San  Bafael  to  Santa 
Crii/  and  probably  farther  south,  consisting  of  lol)- 
liciies,  outrages,  and  nuu'ders,  cliietly  of  Indians,  l)ut 
iiiiludiuLj  the  killinu"  of  one  soldier  named  IMamiel 
A  iirela,  we  have  no  contemporary  record  save  general 
allusions  in  connection  with  his  capture.  From  the 
vague  recollections  of  old  inhabitants  some  startling 
and  romantic  tales  of  his  adventures,  wholly  unri'lia- 
lilc  in  detail,  have  found  their  way  into  the  newspa[)ei's 
vi'  later  days.  Lieutenant  Martinez  with  a  corjxd'id 
and  two  men  ca[it'."  d  Pomponio  in  the  Canada  do 
Xoviito  above  San  liifael.  He  was  tried  by  a  court 
maitial  at  ^Monterey  February  Gth  and  shot,  aj)i>ar- 
cntly  the  Gth  ol'  Septeuiber.''*    It  was  also  in  or  about 


hi 


■ti; 


•qum 


■c 

\  I 

! 

i 

i 

1' 

■■i 

ill 

' 

m 

liittur  woul 


liL'rcM'Us  siiiiu' 


'"Dipt.  Sf.  Pap.,  nci.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ivi.  10-11. 

■'^J>'lit.  Sf.  ''ap.,  MS.,  i.  ISd;  /<!.,  J!r„.  Mil.,  liv.  10.  TIic  mission  report 
fi.r  1S'_>7-S  also  iliiplii'S  that  soino  were  yet  al'Sfiit.  Iliinliiil,  Ikiv.  Hist.  Ciil., 
Ms.,  0,  Geiionil  inuntioii  of  tlu'  revolt  in  Jkjif.  Jt<r.,  MS.,  i.  .")l,  17'2:  .Sfii, 
Viam,  Airfi.  Pan-o<p(ia,  MS.,  r>>S-(i.'t;  Taylor  in  '  'iil.  Far  i>r,  Manii  •_'l.  l.S(i'2. 
Jl'iiiiica)!,  Xul,ic(  snr  la  yoiinllc  ('(ilifoniir,  1  IS  !t,  Ljivt'S  an  inaiMii'iite  ac- 
"Miiit,  ilating  tlie  revolt  in  June  lSi'7,  or  ratiier  representinj.,'  tlie  alVnir  a.s  iin 
•  tarlv  by  the  gentiles,  (jr  Toli's.  Diiliaut-Cilly,  1  /«;/<//(),  ii.  l-l,'t-."i.  iuueeii- 
iiitriy  ileacribcs  the  revolt  ami  (hite.s  it  in  IS'Jd. 

^^  Iloja  (le  HcrvicioH  of  Martinez  in  I'alli  jn.  Doc.  lli-'f.  Cal.,  MS.,  xix,  141. 
.  tiikiuei'it  of  Martinez  in  Pcji/.  St.  I'ltp.,  Jim.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixvi.  !):{;  St.  7'.^/;. 
S'i'\,  MS.,  xi.  0(1-7;  xi\.  .3.  The  eoiirt-niartinl  eonsisteil  nf  (liierra.  Itainin/, 
S.iiitiiigo  ^Vryuello,  Ignacio  Vallejo,  (.'arlos  A.  (,'arrilli/,  Teire,  mid  -Ivni-  K. 
K-tiaila,  who  with  Gov.  Argiiello  nign  the  sentence  on  Fell.  (Ilh.  Prur.  St, 
Ptqi.,  L'cn,  Mil.,  M8.,  lii.  7.     Execution  on  Sept.  Gth.     Estrmlu,  in  Gtarni, 


!i    i    ! 


'■ 


:}'i 


'Tl 


638 


EVENTS  OF  ARGt)ELLO'S  RULE— 1824. 


1824,  apparently,  that  Martinez  and  Sanchez  had  some 
encounters  with  the  chieftains  of  northern  contia 
costa  tribes,  Marin  and  Quintin,  who  left  their  nam 
one  to  a  county  and  the  other  to  a  point  in  that  region. 


00 


.Doc.  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  v.  190.  Torre,  liemimscendas,  MS.,  46,  and  G.ilindo, 
Apunten,  MS.,  65-6,  gives  some  account  of  hi.s  depredations,  stating  that  it  was 
liis  favorite  associate  who  at  one  time  cut  off  his  own  heel  to  escape  fnjin  tlif 
mission  stocks.  See  also  narrative  in  Sncramndo  liecord,  Nov.  18,  1800.  from 
»SV((  Clara  Nm:*.  I  have  also  noticed  a  newspaper  item  to  the  effect  that  Siilvii- 
dor,  lumged  for  murder  at  San  Rafael  in  1870,  was  a  grandson  of  Poniponiu. 
A  stream  in  San  Mateo  County  bears  Pomponio's  name. 

•"*  Vaihjo,  Hixt.  Cal..  MS.,  i.  146-9.  hi  St.  Pap.  Sac,  MS.,  xi.  C.  A 
northern  campaign  which  lusted  4.')  days  is  mentioned,  and  may  be  the  oui' 
referred  to  by  Vallejo.  Mention  of  miscellaneous  minor  hostilities  during  tin; 
year,  chiefly  on  the  Lower  California  frontier.  Dept,  Rec,  MS.,  i.  163-4,  lliT, 
223;  Gmrra,  Doc.  hint.  Cal.,  MS.,  vi.  124. 


CHAPTEB  XXIV. 

LOCAL  ANXALS-SAN  DiEGO  DISTRICT. 

1821-1830. 

Sax  Diego  Presidio — Ruiz  and  EsTri)TLT.o — 'Riographioal  Sketche.s — 
DmcERS,  Military  Force,  and  Popi'lation  -Presidial  Finance — 
The  Port — Rancho  del  Rey,  or  Rancho  Xacional — Town  and  its 
r.rn.DiNGs — Private  Ranchos — Visits  of  Morrell,  DuiiArT-Cii-Lv, 
AND  Pattie — A  School — Criminal  Record— Indian  Affairs — Rksi- 
HKNCE  of  the  Governor — Chronologic  Record  of  Local  Happen- 
ings—Floods, Politics,  and  Foreign  Visitors — Mission  San  Diego — 
Ministers — Statistics — Chapel  at  Santa  Isabel — Xames  of  Ranciie- 
rias  and  Mission  Ranchos— San  Luis  Rey — Events  and  Statistics- 
Branch  AT  Pala — Lands — San  Juan  Capistrano — A  Period  of  De- 
cline. 

It  has  not  been  found  practicable,  without  too  great 
sacrifice  of  convenience  in  other  respects,  to  make  an 
exact  chronoloofical  division  of  all  volumes  after  the 
first.  Thus,  having  given  the  regular  history  of  the 
province  down  to  the  end  of  1824,  I  now  proceed 
M'itli  local  and  institutionary  annals  not  only  to  that 
voar  but  to  1830.  This  plan,  thoui>h  involving  a 
slight  apparent  lack  of  symmetrical  arrangement,  will 
not,  I  believe,  be  regarded  as  a  real  defect,  and  is 
ill  overy  way  preferable  to  breaking  the  record  of  a 
(k'cade. 


-  f 


('111 


LiL'utenant  Jose  Maria  Estudillo,  of  the  Monterey 
coiii|uiny,  remained  in  temjioraiy  command  at  San 
Diogo  nearly  a  year,^  when,  not  having  been  more 
siuiossful  than  his  predecessor  in  maintaining  harmony 

'  Stc  chap.  xvi.  of  this  volume  for  local  auuals  of  the  south  in  1810-20. 
Sec  cliai).  vi.  for  map  of  S.  Diego  district. 

(689) 


i 


I 


i'' 


^' 


lil'il 


i'  i:l 


mun  M' 


540 


LOCAL  AXXALS— SAN  DIEGO  DISTRICT. 


l)etwcen  the  officers  of  the  presidial  and  Mazatlan  CDin- 
|)anies,  he  returned  to  Monterey,  while  Fran(  isco 
Maria  Ruiz,  promoted  to  be  captain  and  soniewliat 
restored  in  liealth,  resumed  the  command  in  SepteiDlur 
1821,  and  Captain  Portilla  was  a])[)arently  sent  \'nv  n 
short  time  to  Santa  Barbara.-  Iluiz  retained  ((uu- 
mand  of  the  company,  and  so  far  as  the  records  show, 
of  the  post  as  well,  until  1827,  when  he  n-as  retirt'd 
at  the  au'o  of  seventy-three.  He  had  owned  a  ranclio 
for  several  years,  and  he  built  one  of  the  first  houses 
at  what  is  now  old  San  Diego,  outside  the  presidio 
walls.  Though  the  old  captain  lived  until  18:51).  lie 
liad  little  or  nothing  more  to  do  with  public  life,  anil 
a  biographical  notice  may  be  presented  appropriately 
hore.^ 

^  Foi-  some  not  very  complete  details  of  the  troubles  among  the  officer.ssoe 
Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  '293-4;  LI,  JJcii.  Mil.,  xlvi.  U,  I5-l's,  •24-5;  awn-a, 
Dor.  f/i.<t.  Cai,  MS.,  v.  l!),")-!);  vi.  GO.  (luena  was  sent  by  Sola  to  invest iL:;ito 
the  tronbles  at  S.  I-)iej,'o  in  October  1821.  /</.,  iv.  03-5.  It  seems  tliut  one 
Capt.  Patricio  Anje  lunl  sought  tlie  commauil,  luiilerstantling  tliat  there  \\  ;is  to 
be  a  vacancy;  but  Sola  tells  him  on  March  27,  1S21,  that  Iluiz  will  retain  tlio 
place.  .S7.  Pai..  Sac,  ^NIS.,  vi.  .'{5. 

' Fiancisco  Maria  Ituiz  was  born  at  Loreto about  1754,  his  parents,  accovd- 
ing  to  the  statement  of  his  grandniece,  Bitrtoii's  Bioij.  Skitch  of  litii'.,  .MS., 
being  .Jnan  Maria  Iluiz  and  Isabel  Carrillo,  both  <lescendant.s  from  families 
somewhat  distinguished  in  Spain.  Ilia  father  was  killed  by  a  lion  w  liilo 
Francisco  was  being  educated  by  a  Jesuit  missionary.  Francisco's  bicthcr 
Jose  Manuel  became  governor  of  Lower  California;  and  descendants  of  his 
three  sisters  were  connecteil  with  several  leading  families  of  California,  iio 
enlisted  at  Loreto  in  1780,  Pniz,  Ilojade  Scrricio»,  1S17,  MS.;  soon  came  to 
California,  where  in  1705  he  became  sergeant  of  the  Santa  Barbara  eomiiany. 
Not  a  month  after  his  appointment  he  was  arrested  for  otl'ensive  langaai:!'  to 
a  private.  In  ISOl  he  was  made  alfcrez  of  the  same  company.  Prov.  St.  /'"/'., 
MS.,  xviii.  90-1.  At  the  end  of  1805  he  was  promoted  to  lieutenant,  and  in 
ISOli  became  acting  comandante  of  San  Diego,  where  he  soon  had  a  .si.i  ioiw 
quarrel  with  his  relative  Guerra  y  Noriega,  whom  he  knocked  down.  See 
chap.  vii.  of  this  volume.  In  1800  he  indulged  in  certain  Ijickerings  witii  Alt'. 
Ignacio  Martiucz.  Giicrra,  JJoc.  Hl^t.  Ca'.,  MS.,  iii.  209.  In  181.3  he  m  i '  iil 
as  jMcIriuo  at  the  consecration  of  the  new  jnission  church.  S.  Difif.  I.'i'k 
Jlisioii,  MS.,  14.  In  1810  Ruiz  was  reconmiended  to  Gov.  Sola  by  J'li'in 
Negrete  of  S.  Rlas  as  follows:  'This  is  an  old  American,  one  of  tiie  ft  w  true 
men  met  with  in  America  or  the  world.  He  may  luive  some  faults  as  all  iiuii 
have,  but  all  are  outweighed  in  the  balance  by  his  natural  honesty;  bv  the 
justice  that  in  the  midst  of  his  great  ]iopularity  with  his  soldiers  he  dcaN  niit 
so  as  to  make  himself  respected  liy  all;  and  l)y  his  unbounded  love  fur  I'ti- 
iiando  yil.  ourmonarcli,  in  whose  hontjr  he  often  assembles  his  soldiers,  (.idci- 
iug  them  to  play,  dance,  drink,  and  shout  Viva  SpainI  Viva  I'crnando  \  II.l 
Long  live  the  tlovernor!  Viva!  \'ival  Viva-a-a-al'  Proi\  SI.  Pup.,  MS..  \x. 
12S.  And  he  was  in  later  years  as  I'nthusiastically  loyal,  in  words  at  l  .ist, 
to  the  empire  and  rcpuldic  in  succession.  In  bsl7,  with  a  report  of  lii--  ^'l) 
years,  10  months,  and  '20  days  of  service,  noting  that  ho  had  been  in  sc\t ml 


CAPTAINS  RUIZ  AND  ESTUDILLO, 


S41 


The  lloutcnanc}'  of  the  company  had  romaiiu'd 
vacant  from  1821  to  1825,  when  Ej«tudillo  Avas  trans- 
fi'iied  permanently  to  the  Sau  Diego  company,  of 
wliii'h  he  became  comandante  on  the  j-etiroment  of 
Kuiz  in  1827.  At  the  end  of  that  year  Estiidillo  was 
made  captain,  Santiago  Argiiello  becoming  heutenant 
at  the  same  time.  For  a  time  in  1828-9  E^tudilh) 
was  noted  on  tlie  company  rolls  as  'retired'  or  'absent,' 
1  icing  doubtless  under  temporary  suspension,  like 
(lUcrra,  in  consequence  of  the  IMexican  laws  requiring 
the  expulsion  of  Spaniards,  It  is  not  (juite  clea:'  that 
]ic  ever  resumed  the  active  command  before  his  death, 
wliich  occurred  at  San  Diego  the  8th  of  April  18:30. 
lie  was  buried  next  day  in  the  presidio  chapel.  Don 
Jose  jMaria's  character  requires  but  brief  notice,  eulo- 
gistic or  otherv;ise.  He  was  not  an  able  man,  Init 
was  an  honest  and  faithful  othcer  so  far  as  routine 
duties  were  concerned;  a  skilful  penman  and  a  fair 
accountant.  His  greatest  fault  was  an  overweening 
vanity  which  made  liim  unpopular,  especially  with 
other  officers,  who  failed  to  recognize  in  him  any  ex- 


'N 


CMiii|i:iigns,  including  one  to  the  Coloni'lo  River,  Gov.  Sola  rccnnimcndoil 
Jtui/.  in  tiie  tliird  place,  for  jironiotion  to  a  captaincy.  In  INIS  lie  wu;i  rtc- 
(iiiiiihiided  again,  Prnv.  6V.  I'Oii.,  lien.  Mil.,  ^IS.,  xl'i.  10,  and  his  conmiis- 
timi  was  issued  in  Mcxicu  on  -luly  12,  1S2(),  and  received  )>y  him  in  January, 
IS'Jl.  Id.,  21.  The  cliarj^'cs  of  druidicnnes.s  and  other  irregularities  made 
airiiiiist  him  in  IS'20,  and  Ins  conseipient  temporary  siispension  from  command 
have  been  noticed  in  chapter  xvi.  this  volume.  Ruiz  (■arne;^tly  denie  '  liio 
cliMigcs,  which  he  attrihuted  to  tiie  perscmal  enmity  of  I'ortilla;  and  (iov. 
Snla.  while  satisfied  that  his  conduct  had  been  imprudent,  evidently  felt  nuich 
cstrcin  for  the  old  man  and  was  glad  to  restore  his  command.  June  Ki,  IS'22, 
lluiz  writes  tiiat  l.e  lias  entirely  regained  his  healtli.  Gin  rni,  Dor.  Ui»t.  Cnl., 
Ms.,  vi,  (JO.  It  was  in  1S'J;{  that  he  obtained  from  (Jov.  Argiiello  the  ranclio 
',il  I'efiasquitos  as;ainst  the  jirotost  of  the  padres.  Anh.  Ai-.oli.,  MS.,  iv.  pt. 
ii.  7');  ihiijci'  Eiti'uj.  Xofi.i,  4!t'J;  C(d.  Land.  Com.,  Xo,  4.">'J.  It  has  been 
stated  by  old  Californians  to  Hayes  anil  oti'Cis  tliat  Capt.  Ruiz  came  down 
frniii  Presidio  Kill  and  built  his  Ik. use  in  IS'24,  or  even  earlier,  and  this  is 
l"i>.-ibly  true;  still  it  se<  ins  uidikely  tiuit  it  ^^•as  lielorc  liis  retiri'ment  from 
tlir  connuand.  This  was  early  in  bS'J7,  wlien  liis  name  Mas  ilro[iped  fi'om  the 
ii'iiipany  rolls,  though  Kcheaiidia's  formal  and  tinal  document  seems  to  liavu 


lilt  him  on  .Ian.  Ii,  bS-JS.    /).>,>.  llic,  MS,, 


KiS;  V.  -^  W.     In  Juno 


i '>.'!!  ('apt.  Ruiz  liad  reciivcd  no  pay  as  an  invalid  for  a  long  time,  and  asivcd 
tni'  ,-•■_'()(),  lie  was  told  tliere  were  no  fiends;  but  if  lie  would  jirove  his  claim 
he  \ioiild  be  rcnienibercd.  Dcjit.  St.  I'd)'.,  Jim.  Covi.  and  Trm.i.,  MS,,  iii. 
'It  '<.  Aug.,  '2'-',  1.S3!),  Alf,  Salazar  announces  to  (Jen.  \'allejo  the  deatli  of 
l'a]it.  Ruiz  on  Aug.  14th.  VulUjo,  JJuc.  lliM.  C(d.,  MS.,  viii.  .VJ.  He  had 
iie\ cr  been  married. 


d; 


^vv>r 


S42 


LOCAL  ANNALS— Sx\X  DIEGO  DISTRICT. 


traordiimry  qualities,  and  one  after  another  becamo, 
with  tew  exceptions,  the  objects  of  his  serious  dis- 
pleasure. His  descendants  have  been  in  later  yt'uis 
among  the  most  respected  of  the  native  Californiau 
fauiilies;  and  several  of  the  name  have  reached  lioii- 
orable  prominence  in  public  life.* 

Lieutenant  Santiaofo  Argiiello  took  the  command 
at  Estudillo's  death,  having  been  indeed  actinu'  co- 


♦Josi'^  ^Liri'a  Estudillo  was  born  in  Spain,  I  think  in  Andalucfa,  in  1 77-, 
\w  father  being  an  oflicer,  ami  came  to  America  at  the  age  of  lifteen  yciiis  in 
17S7.  Coming  to  Lower  California  in  \'i'.)o,  he  enlisted  July  2.'?,  17'.)l),  at  Lo- 
reto,  where  he  served  as  noldndo  dUlinnitido  until  August  179(»,  and  tliLii  aa 
cadet  till  March  1S0(J.  He  was  now  made  alferez  and  transferred  to  Monterey, 
where,  on  the  reeonnnenuation  of  Gov.  Arrillaga,  lie  was  promoted  to  In'  lieu- 
tenant lu'fore  the  end  of  tiie  year.  He  kept  the  lieutenancy  of  the  Mojitony 
company  for  more  than  '10  years,  being  mucii  of  the  time  comandante  of  tli.it 
]>residio,  and  was  promoted  to  be  captr.in  of  San  Diego  in  December  1S'_'7. 
T(j  Jus  .S3  years  of  actual  military  service  were  added  II  years  of  extra  tiim; 
diiing  the  war  of  independence  in  accordance  with  tlie  Mexican  decree  of  Minxli 
182'2.  K^tudlllo,  lloja.i  de  Sm-irio,  1SJ7',  i.S'..',S',  IS.lU,  MS.  In  1810  Estudilhi  was 
complimented  for  the  abilic\  with  which  he  had  defended  three  Indians  accused 
of  murder,  by  the  auditor  do  guerra  in  Mexico.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  Ban.  MiK, 
MS.,  xl.  10.  In  1S17  he  waa  rccoiamcnded  by  (lov.  Sola  for  promotion,  and 
accrediled  with  having  commanded  a  Jiarty  of  13  men  who  prevented  seven 
Kussian  lisldng  canoes  from  ell'ecting  a  landing  at  Monterey,  killing  one  ci  tho 
occupants,  capturing  one,  wounding  scvci-al,  and  driving  the  rest  away.  In 
ISi !)  he  commanded  an  expedition  against  the  Indians  of  the  Tulares,  wliiili  iiu- 
complishcd  nothing,  see  chap.  xv. ;  and  in  1823  he  was  at  tlic  head  of  a  comimiiy 
widch  was  sent  to  escort  Capt.  lloniero  from  8.  Gabriel  to  the  Coloradn,  hut 
which  lost  its  way  and  liad  to  return,  chap.  xxii.  Estudillo  was  accu.scd  Ijy 
Santiago  Argiicllo  of  neglect  and  cruelty  towanl  the  jiresidial  company  «  hilo 
at  S.  Diego.  In  June  1S22  he  was  ordered  to  take  command  at  Sta  Barliani, 
and  may  have  done  so  for  a  short  time.  On  April  0,  1822,  he  swore  X'<  ilie 
national  independence.  April  22,  1827,  the  governor  sent  the  Mexican  i;itili- 
catiiin  of  Estudillo'.s  appointment  as  connnandant,  and  Dec.  Slst  notified  liiui 
of  his  promotion  to  be  captain.  lki>t.  I'cc,  MS.,  v.  39,  121-2.  In  182s  t!iu 
governor  reported  to  the  supreme  governmeiit  that,  though  a  Spaniard,  llstu- 
dillo,  by  his  activity,  intelligence,  and  services,  was  entitled  to  be  considncd 
useful  to  tlie  republic,  being  a  friend  to  tho  system  which  ho  had  sworn  to 
support.  /'/.,  vi.  34,  38-!).  His  death  and  burial  on  April  8th  and  Otii.  's.'iO, 
are  recorded  in  S.  JJki/o,  Lib.  Miskii,  MS.,  97;  Carrillo  (J.),  Doc.  Ilisl.  Cnl., 
MS.,  21;  Jh/,/.  Ufc,  MS.,  viii.  94. 

(.'apt.  Estudill()"s  wife  was  (iertrudis  Horcasitas,  a  lady  of  ^Mexican  livtli, 
wit'  whom  he  did  not  always  live  harmoniously.  ]>y  her  he  had  0  chiMii  ii; 
and  in  1828  12  of  his  grandchildren  were  living.  He  left  no  estate,  thniiLjli 
Ills  son  and  daughter,  Dona  Maria  Magdalena,  a  fiimoua  beauty  and  iinied 
also  for  her  charms  of  character,  as  Alvarado  tells  us.  Hist.  Ccd.,  MS.,  i, 
170,  received  each  a  land-grant  of  one  league  at  Otay  in  1829.  His  son,  Ddu 
Josi'  Antonio,  was  a  prominent  man  at  San  Diego,  ami  the  founder  of  tho 
southern  branch  of  the  family,  a  member  of  wliich,  Don  Josti  Guadalupe,  sor, 
of  Jose'-  Antonio,  once  held  tlie  othco  of  state  treasurer.  Another  of  tlic  c:ip- 
tain's  sons,  Don  .io.se  .b)aquin,  also  lignrcd  .soniewiiat  prominently  in  pr.Mio 
all'airs  liefore  1848,  and  was  the  founder  of  the  northern,  or  Alameda  county 
branch  of  the  family. 


OFFICERS. 


843 


mandantc  for  some  tiino  before.  He  obtained  his 
captain's  commission  at  the  end  of  the  year  or  early 
in  1831.  This  officer  had  served  as  alferez  of  the 
c(iiii])any,  though  belonging  to  that  of  San  Francisco, 
till  his  promotion  to  a  lieutenancy  in  1827,  his  brother 
ficivasio,  the  regular  alferez,  being  still  absent  in 
(Juadalajara,  Don  Santiago  had  also  acted  as  habili- 
tado  until  1825;  and  Domingo  Carrillo  held  the  place 
from  1825  to  1829,  as  cadet  in  1825-7,  and  as  alferez  of 
tlu'  Santa  Barbara  company  in  1827-9.  Juan  Salazar 
.secius  to  have  acted  as  habilitado  in  1830,  though 
not  conmiissioned  as  alferez  until  the  next  year.  Jose 
Maria  Pico  and  Cristobal  Dominguez  were  retired 
sometime  before  1825,  and  succeeded  as  company 
sergeants  by  Jose  G6ngora  and  Pedro  Lobo.  In 
]8'J8  Jose  Antonio  Pico  was  the  sergeant,  the  other 
j)lace  being  vacant.''' 

There  were  several  other  officials  at  San  Dieijo 
during  this  decade  who  require  mention  here.  Josd 
!Maria  Echeandia,  gefe  politico  and  comandante  gen- 
eral of  the  Californias,  made  this  presidio  his  residence 
from  1825,  accompanied  by  his  secretary,  Alferez 
Agustin  V.  Zamorano.  Captain  Pablo  de  Portilla 
of  the  'Mazatecos,'  and  Lieutenant  Juan  M.  Ibarra 
of  tlie  same  company  were  stationed  here.  Domingo 
Carrillo  as  habilitado  was  coiaisarlo  suhaltcmo,  or 
revi'iiue  collector,  in  1825-8,  when  Juan  Bandini  was 
appointed  to  fill  the  position  by  the  governor.  Jose 
Antonio  Estudillo  was  a  kind  of  associate  collector 
with  Bandini,  and  at  the  same  time  treasui-er  of 
liiunicipal  funds,  Ignacio  Lopc-c  was  the  first  jiartido 
elector  for  the  San  Diego  disti'ict  in  1822;  but  when 
the  electors  chose  themselves  as  members  of  the 
provincial  diputacion,  the  name  of  Carlos  Castro  was 

'  I'attie,  the  trapper,  was  very  l-.indly  treated  l)y  Sergt.  Pico,  or  Teaks,  as 
111'  r.ills  liiin,  in  IH'JH  as  claewliei'c  related.  Among  the  invididos  during  thesie 
viais  wa.  Juai!  ^I.irine  y  Salvat.  a  sohlier  n  tired  as  lieutenant  (/<-  /in  niio  for 
I'liiL'  service.  He  lived  at  S.  (iabi  iel  and  \t  is  the  second  husband  of  ludalia 
I'lVc/  the  centenarian.  He  was  aCalahin,  (iU  years  old  in  1>S'2S,  and  had  been 
:>:i  \(:us  in  California.  Jkj>t.  Ihc,  MS.,  v.  .'W;  vi.  41;  6,  Div<jo,  Lib.  da  Mk- 
i'Jii,  Ms.,  5j;  Pcnz,  Ikcucrdoi  de  uii  c  I'iija,  MS. 


?: 


M',jif 


:  1 


til 


^ 


r 


i 


544 


LOCAL  AXXALS-SAN  DIEGO  DISTRICT. 


substituted  for  that  of  Lopez.  Zauiorano  Avas  clioscn 
as  elector  iu  1827-8;  and  Juan  Maria  Osuna  in  IS.io. 
Last  and  not  least  must  be  mentioned  Padre  Antuhio 
Mt'nendez,  a  Dominiean  Avlio  came  up  from  tlu' 
jteninsula  with  Echeandia  in  1825,  and  ministered 
s[)iritually  to  troops  and  citizens  as  chaplain  and  cura 
until  1821),  at  an  irregular  salary  of  fifteen  dollars  a 
month. 

The  presidial  company  of  San  Diego  failed  to  k((  p 
its  I'anks  quite  full,  and  by  1830  had  decreased  to  sixty 
men  and  fifteen  invalids;  there  were  seven  artillery- 
men; Portilla's  Mazatlan  company  dwindled  from  5") 
to  ?)5  men;  and  the  total  force  with  two  or  tliiTc 
mechanics  was  thus  120  men.  A  detachment  of  in- 
fantr}'  came  with  Echeandia  in  1825,  but  there  i> 
nothing  to  indicate  whether  or  not  any  part  of  that 
bodv  remained  at  San  Dietio.  The  mission  escoltas 
rc(|uirt'd  about  half  the  pi'esidial  com[)any;  at  least 
half  of  the  invalidos  lived  at  the  pueblo;  and  the 
actual  force  at  the  presidio  was  about  100  men.  The 
total  population  derazon  in  the  district,  which  I  ]ia\c 
given  as  450  in  1820,  I  put  down  at  520  in  1830.'^ 
The  increase  of  70  seems  small,  but  the  error,  if  tlu  lo 
is  one,  is  more  likely  to  be  in  the  earlier  than  tlu'  later 

''Seu  chapter  xvi.  this  volume  for  population  in  1820.  There  are  reports 
making'  the  population  iu  18'21,  (i.')O;  and  in  18.'50,  4H9;  and  one,  Sf.  I'ay. 
J\lis!<.,  MS.,  V.  .S7,  making  the  total,  inchidiug  S.  Gabriel,  5.")7  in  1S,30;  hut  the 
estimate  nuist  he  founded  chiefly  on  reports  which  arc  extant  for  1S27-S.  la 
Banditti,  JJoc.  Hist.  Cut.,  MS.,  0,  is  an  oilicial  report  of  tlie  governor  for 
IS'JT,  cited  also  in  J/ayfn'  Eitti;/.  A'otcs,  477,  in  which  the  population  nt  S. 
Diego  is  given  as  70!),  or  273  men,  '240  women,  and  2.")0  children;  but  tlii.--  in- 
chides  Indians  whose  number  varied  in  tliese  years  from  130  to  "JOO.  nml 
deducting  IGO  say  from  700,  we  have  GOO  as  the  white  poptdadou,  or  47ii  if 
130  be  d(i(hieted  for  .S.  Gabriel.  Again  a  similar  official  table  for  1>S'_'S  was 
publislied  in  Wilkci'  Xur.,  U.  S.  L'.rpl.  L'xptd.,  v.  5."m,  making  the  iiuiiiln'r 
OOS  of  gente  de  razon,  or  478  after  tiie  deduction  for  S.  (iabriel.  Th;it  tliise 
reports  inihide  in  the  presidio  population  all  the  whites  at  the  missinus  is 
proved  liy  tlie  fact  that  their  totals  for  the  missions  agree  with  tlio  uiniil)ur 
of  neophytes  derived  from  otlu-r  sources.  Finally  a  rtport  for  18'JS,  in  rrm: 
.SV.  Piiji.  /'/Ts.,  MS.,  i.  !»7 -8,  in  which  8.  (iabriel  ia  not  included,  giv(  ;  llie 
|iii]iulatiiin  de  razon  as  477.  Thus  tlie  agreementof  these,  thi'ce  reports  leaves 
but  little  doubt  rcspe<ting  tlie  figuies  for  1828,  though  a  report  for  IS-JS  in 
N'.  Pi'/t.  J//.V.S.,  MS.,  V.  8,  makes  the  numlier  at  least  ,")4()  in  tiiat  year.  In 
L'Mtiinilo.  Dor.  //isl.  Cal..  MS.,  i.  170,  41  of  (i'.t  men  iu  tlie  presidial  cdinpaiiy 
arc  said  to  have  had  families  in  182!.  In  /'/. ,  ii.  KiO,  the  distribution  of  kuii;i 
few  years  later  was  ,'!.")  men  to  the  presidio;  ,j  at  the  mission;  0  at  S.  .Juan;  S 


POPULATIOX  AND  STATISTICS. 


645 


fi<4iires.  Tlie  pojmlation,  ahvnj's  cxcludlin;  San  Oa- 
Inirl,  was  475  in  \H'2H  and  the  only  element  of  uncer- 
tainty is  respecting  the  increase  (»t"  the  last  two  years. 
The  population  at  the  presidio  proj)er  was  about  400 
white  }iersons  and  150  Indians.  Only  two  or  three 
fdieigners  lived  in  the  district.  The  neophyte  ])opu- 
lation  i-einained  at  5,200,  San  Luis  having  gained  and 
San  Juan  having  lost  over  a  hundred. 

There  are  no  other  presidial  statistics  extant  excej)t 
the  usual  fragnientar}'  items  of  finance,"  from  which 
it  is  impossible  to  draw  any  general  conclusions  of  any 
value.  The  pay-roll  of  the  military  force  was  nomi- 
luillv  over  ,$20,000  a  year;  the  men  reallv  received  at 
least  what  they  ate  and  wore,  contributed  by  the  mis- 
sions and  obtained  from  vessels  as  duties  on  imports. 
Tlie  reader  may  find  in  the  general  lists  for  each  year 
in  other  chapters  the  names  of  vessels  wliich  touched 
at  San  Diego,  though  the  record  in  this  respect  is  fur 
fi'iini  being  complete.  The  port  was  practically  open 
in  foreign  trade  throughout  the  decade,  and  legally 
sii  during  a  large  part  of  the  time,  as  there  was  a 
di'cree  of  1822  formally  opening  it;**  the  orders  of 
ls2(j  to  close  it  were  not  carried  out;  and  in  1828-D 
it  was  officially  deemed  to  be  open  pro^•isionally  even 

at  -^.  Luis;  ami  11  at  S.  Gabriel.  In  1S2S  the  distribution  of  population  vas 
4:1 1  at  tilt'  presidio;  10  in  ranchos;  I'J  at  the  mission;  ITatS.  .Juan;  and  S.") 
at  •^,  l.iiis.  The  foreign  residents  •were  .).  B.  Mutrol,  James  Tlionii)Son,  and 
■laiins  Mc'Ferion. 

■  Items  of  habilitado's  accounts:  182.3,  S.  Diego  indebted  to  Monterey, 
?1..")44.  IS'i."),  treasury  owed  officers  and  soldiers  of  tlie  company  .S4'2,700; 
Liiizens  and  former  soldiers,  $32,700.  Pay-roll  for  live  months,  .SO, 728. 
I"^'.'!!,  due  conip.any  on  pay-roll  to  August,  !?!t,  1.S7;  .Tune  to  l)ceend>er,  .S4,!).SI. 
Supplies  to  the  Mazatlan  company  in  1820-7,  80,080.  Cotuitaiiv's  pay  in 
Iv.'T,  SI, ,300  per  month.  Estimate  for  expenses  of  1828,  Sl!>,.-)7'4.  I'ay  of 
Mazatlan  company  per  month  in  1828,  8024.  Pay-roll  of  18.30,  SU.O.SO, 'and 
.S'-',.Vj."i  for  invalidos.  Not  yield  of  postal  revenue  about  8.30  per  year.  Mtmi- 
ei|ial  funds  in  1828:  receipts,  8424;  expenditures,  8;}.30.  1820,  receipts,  ^3."iS; 
expenditures,  8.311.  Tax  on  cattle,  1828,  .827.  Tithes,  1821  .*>,  81.2.30. 
Li'liKirdues,  1820.  .820.")  net;  1827,  8144;  1828,  8100.  Sixty-five  otter-^^kiiis 
t-'M  in  1820,  8091.  Revenue  from  customs  in  18.30,  net,  810,340  (''|.  Couii- 
■sniii  IJandini's  account  for  Aug.  1820:  lialance  Aug.  1st,  .82."),.302;  supplies 
fiiiiiMiiissions,  .8443;  import  duties,  8820;  paid  out,  8.3,370;  balance  Sept.  1st, 

'  I'ecree  of  soberana  junta  provisional  gubemativa  of  Jan.  14,  1822,  open- 
iu:  S.  Diego  to  foreign  vessels.  Mexico,  Mt-.m.  Hacienda,  1838,  pt.  i.  0.     See 
aU'i  chapter  v.  of  this  volume. 
Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  II.    3.> 


lit: 


li:.; 


:■«■ 


646 


LOCAL  ANNALS— SAX  Dll'.dO  DISXrJCT. 


Avluii  San  Francisco  and  Santa  Ijarbara  wen-  clox  1. 
Yet  ^Monterey,  and  not  San  I3ic<jfo  as  lias  sonictiiiK-; 
bccMi  claimed,  was  always  the  cliiel'  })ort  o{'  entry  .iikI 
site  oC  the  territorial  custom-house. 

The  I'ancho  del  I'ey,  now  l^nown  as  the  ratidio 
nacional,  was  still  kept  up  in  a  manner,  and  {'urnislicd 
meat  and  horses  for  the  troops:  l»ut  we  have  im  sta- 
tistics and  no  inl'orniation  save  an  occasional  coniplaint 
that  the  cattle  are  almost  exhausted  .'md  shouM  li.' 
replenished  from  the  missions.  All  tithes  of  cattlt' 
Were  added  to  this  rancho."  As  before  there  is  w> 
definite  record  of  agricultural  or  pastoral  industiv 
except  in  the  missions;  hut  there  are  inchcatioiis, 
chietly  fi'om  the  recollections  of  old  (*alifornians,  iliat 
both  soldiers  and  invalids  now  cultivated  to  a  consi,',- 
erable  extent  fertile  spots  in  the  \icinity  of  the  piv- 
sidio;  that  several  i-etired  soldiers  and  olficei's  caiiH' 
down  from  Presidio  Hill  belbre  1830  to  live  in  adnhr 
houses  standing  about  the  site  of  what  is  in  modern 
times  old  San  Diego;  and  tliere  is  proof  that  several 
lanchos  had  been  granted  to  })rivate  individuals  hy 
whom  some  of  thenj  were  occupied.^" 

*J/v/(.  Ar:oh..  MS.,  iv.  pt.  i.  7S;  Pnn:  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  2!ll:  OiKmi, 
T)o<\  llixl.  Ca/.,  MS.,  vi.  00;  Jhpt.  ,Sf.  Pa/,.,  B,ii.  Ml/.,  MS.,  liii.  S'.l;  liv.  S; 
iNiii.  i;!;  I)(i,l.  St.  Pap.,  Bin.  Cuiii.  iiiii/  TruK.,  .MS.,  i.  40. 

'"  Soloiliid  ViiUey  was  the  tract  uhielly  ciiltivati'il  liy  the  military  fainios, 
Ilomcvo,  Miuiortut,  MS.,  4;  A;iiii/(n;  in  J/ni/is'  Kmi'j.  Xutcx,  ~,0'2-'?i\  ll(iii"<' 
j\Ii-<ccl/ai(i/,  7S;  JiinicrqlV.f  Prr.-ioiKtt  0/«. ,  S.")-(i.  (Jf  tlie  earliest  houses  ;it  tlie 
foot  of  the  hill  (iuiiii  gives  an  aceouiit  from  the  recollections  of  oKl  rcsi(l(iit.<, 
in  tile  S.  ])k<jo  Viilon  of  July  '20,  ISTO.  He  .says  there  were  .">  Imusis  in 
1821,  the  '  I'itcli  house,'  and  tlioso  of  Capt.  Ruiz,  Maria  Reyes  Ibafiez,  ll.;f- 
aola  Serrano,  and  Juan  Maria  .Marron.  Romero,  Memorial,  ^IS.,  1-2,  imn- 
tioni.  the  same  houses  a.s  existing  in  182.'),  except  the  Fitch  house  not  nnijiiil. 
(iunn  says  the  (itli  house  was  built  by  a  I'ico  in  1824;  and  that  by  bS.'iO  there 
h;,d  been  added  7  more,  including  those  of  .Juan  Rodriguez,  Jose  Antonio  Ks- 
tuilillo,  Juau  liandini,  Tomasa  Alvarado,  Pvosario  Aguilar,  the  'Fnucli 
bakery,'  and  jiartof  the  'Seely  house,'  Judge  Hayes'  MemoratiilUi  and  other 
(scra\)-books  contiun  much  detailed  information  respecting  these  earliest  in. uses, 
lields,  and  gardens;  and  photographs  of  many  of  them  are  given  in  his  A';/(- 
finint  Xott.-i.  Naturally  I  have  no  space  for  these  voluminous  details,  w  liieli 
though  interesting  are  for  the  most  part  rather  vaguely  founded.  Tluri'  is  a 
decided  tendency  to  antedate  the  building  of  the  older  houses,  and  I  h.ivc  no 
f;uth  in  the  exactness  of  the  dates  given.  'J'here  were  probably  no  hoiixson 
the  bench  in  1S21,  and  few  in  182,");  but  there  is  no  reason  to  doubt  that  ainst 
of  the  dozen  named  in  this  note,  if  not  many  more,  had  been  built  by  l^'fO. 
Capt.  Ruiz  }U'obably  did  not  come  down  from  the  liill  to  live  before  his  n  tiro- 
mcnt  iu  1^27.     J.  A.  Lstudillo  and  Juan  Randini  were  granted  houscduts,  ijT 


'■)  ij ' 

!,       • 

am 

|: 

11 

ML 

liL'ILDINCS. 


047 


111  1820  a,  coinniissioii  coiiijiosi'd  of  Captain  P(»r- 
tilli,  IJoiuiiij^'o  Carrillo,  and  li'u'utcnant  Jloniiialilo 
J'iic!i('cn  ivpoi'ted  tlic  presidio  l)iiiI(linos  as  in  a  "dc- 
pliiii.hly  ruinous  condition,"  and  re(|uirinLj  at  least 
.>:^4(),(K)0  lor  i'c|)airs.  The  fort  at  ]*oint  (kiijarros  was 
li;ii(lly  in  ii  hetter  state,  hut  nii;;lit  Ix^  repaired  at  a 
cost  of  s  10,000.  We  do  not  learn  that  any  such  sums 
wcic  iorthcouiinn"  I'roni  tt'ri'itoi'ial  or  national  ti'easury; 
hut  in  May  IcS'JM  tlu'  governor  asked  the  jtadres  lor 
ten  men,  with  tools  and  food,  to  he  set  to  work  on  the 
Imiti'i'v,  which  a  tew  months  later  was  at  least  in  con- 


(lUKi 


n  to  discJiarufo  several  hroadsides  into  Hradshai 


vessel."     The   Imrcd   jthinii,  or   llatd)oat,  which    had 
lu'cn  wont  to  [)ly  hetweeli  the   presidio  and  the  jtort, 


\\\i.- 


wrecked  at  Ijos  Adohes  late  in  IH'J7,  and  a,  ye; 


ir 


liiti  1'  the  Lifovei'nor  dii'ectcd  that  a  small  whai't"  should 
he  l)uilt  of  the  timhers.-''-^  Three  forei^'n  visitors, 
Avhose  narratives  were  printed,  have  s(jniething'  to  say 


}'l 


201;  (Sii'i-r-i, 
liii.  SI);  liv.  s; 


a  li't  100  viiras  .square  iit  c 


r)llll)l(ill,  111 


lS-_'7.  S.  Dhyo,  A )•<■!,.,  MS.,  s.     As  to 


tlu'  ]11 


itu  raiR'lios,  ill  a  report  of  iS'iS  tlieioaie  iiaiiu'il,  lu'siik's  J^a  I'm  isir 


«v  i.iiiiho  iiacioiia 


1,  Vlli 


iLie  tliu  iiii'siillo  liai 


■J.'iO  (.attlu  anil  "J.")  liorscs,  San  Aii- 


t'liiid  Al)a(l  with  .'{()()  cattle,  iSO  horses,  anil  '2')  mules,  jiroiliuiiiL,'  also  14.!  fane- 
gas  of  grain;  Sta  Mari.i  (ile  reiJa.si|uito.s),  with  oO  eattle,  "JO  iioises,  ami  8 


i;i  i; 


osario,  or  IJarracas,  a  nitio,  with  'J.l  lieail  eaeli  of  eattle,  ii 


llUlll" 

iuiij  iiuiles,  jiroilueiiiii  1"J.")  fan.  of  grain;  ami  San  Isiilro,  also  ;i  .■<itii>,  I'lach  of 
lliise  was  inhaliiteil  l)y  "2  or  ',i  men.  I'ror.  St.  J'<ij>.,  J'ns.,  MS.,  i.  ',)' -S.  'i'iio 
iiaiaes  of  owners  are  not  given;  liut  we  know  that  l'enasi|uitos  hail  lieen 
;.'i:iiiteil  to  ('ajit.  Jvuiz  and  I.''i'aiiciseo  .M.  Alvarado  on  June  !.'>,  1S'2,'{,  against 
till' |iiiitc'st  of  tJK^  jiailres.  An/i.  Aizob.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  ii.  7');  llini<s  Kninj, 
A'riAs  4!fJ;  t'al.  Lund  Cum.,  No.  4.V_'.  In  an  ollicial  report  of  l.vW),  .S7.  /'ap. 
.'/'<■'.,  MS.,  V.  .')7,  the  .same  four  ranehos  are  naineil  ami  no  more;  yet  wo 
know  th;it  in  .Jan.  or  March  l.Sl2!)  I'.cheamlia  hail  granted  one  league  at  Ot.ay 
t.j.lusi'  ^Viitoiuo  Jvstudillo;  another  league  at  Otay  (.lalial'/)  to  Maria  .Magila- 
k;i;i  llstnilillo;  anil  'J'ia.luaiia.  across  the  line  of  Lowei'  California.  J><]il.  Iti  c, 
vii.  (I'J;  lltijl-'lir  of  J>i(iiiil.<,  4:i-4;  lliijii-^'  Einhj.  X,:t<.i,  4".l-_';  ('(iL  L'iihI  Com., 
Nil.  ;!.')lt.  It  is  also  .stated  hy  tlui  ]iailre.s  in  IS'JS  that  the  raiieho  of  Teiiu'i^cal 
latuii'ii  S.  liUis  Key  and  S.  .Inan  (.'apistrano  had  lieeii  occupied  hy  J^eandio 
SLMr.iiio,  majordomo  at  S.  .Fuan.   IldjiaUr  of  Bramh,  M.S.,  41. 

"  Kepoit  to  rortilki,  etc.  /V/,<.'  SI.  l\(i>.,  .MS.,  i.  ISS-O.  Demand  for 
liihiirers  J)<iit.  lice,  MS.,  vi.  'JO-J.  Arinanieiit  of  S.  Diego  in  IS.'iO:  i;t  can- 
nons, S    .  brass,  and  .">  of  iron;  W  eight-pounders,  7  of  ti  Ihs. ,  .'ind  W  of  4  1I)S. 


]!ffl.  SI.  J 


■ai 


/I 


J/;/.,MS.,lxii. -24.    I! 


J/*/, 


MS. 


/A 


".'/■ 


Enii'j.  X(il<^,  404,  describes  tiie  foit  and  ])owder  magazines  as  of  stone,  and 


liu' 


larracKs  o 


brick,  .situated  close  under  tiie  liigii  hill  on  what  is 


r.a_i- 

eamlu), 

f  stone  and  mortar  in  a  cauada 

iKii'  the  fort.     The  water  later  broke  the  dam,  but  the  ruins  were  yet  visilile 


liist  I'oint.  Maehado,  Tiim//os  Pa.iadn.'i  ih'  C(d.,  MS.,  •2'_',  says  th.'it  J'aIi 
iiiiiilc  the  troops  construct  ad 


im  or  reservoir  o 


h 


'■Dipt.  Pac,  MS.,  vi.  141;  Dcpl.  St.  Pop.,  Ben.  Mil,  MS.,  l.xvii.  9. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


f  lis    1 2.2 
^    li£    IIIIIM 


1.8 


A 


1.25 

1.4 

1.6 

M 

6"     — 

► 

V] 


% 


m 


0% 


-^V-^' 


s 


w^w 


^, 


Hiotographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


<V 


"^^^ 


A 


i\ 


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L 


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o 


M8 


LOCAL  ANNALS— SAN  DIEGO  DISTRICT. 


Elji 


of  San  Diego  in  this  decade.  The  first  was  Moircll 
in  1825,  and  his  absurdly  inaccurate  description  of 
the  presidio  is  quoted  elsewhere."  Duhaut-Cill}' 
came  in  1827.  He  devotes  more  attention  to  a  de- 
scription of  the  port,  which  he  pronounces  "  without 
doubt  the  best  in  all  California,'  safer  even  than  San 
Francisco,  and  its  natural  surroundings  than  to  artifi- 
cial improvements;  but  he  says,  "a  sad  place  is  the 
presidio  of  San  Diego,  the  saddest  of  all  that  we  liad 
visited  in  California  except  San  Pedro.  It  is  built 
on  the  slope  of  an  arid  hill  and  has  no  regular  form. 
It  is  a  shapeless  mass  of  houses,  all  the  more  gloomy 
because  of  the  dark  color  of  the  bricks  of  which  they 
are  rudely  constructed.  Under  the  presidio  on  a 
sandy  plain  are  seen  thirty  or  forty  scattered  houses 
of  poor  appearance,  and  a  few  gardens  badly  culti- 
vated."" Finally  the  American  trapper,  Pattie,  was 
confined  here  during  the  greater  part  of  1828.  He 
describes  nothing  but  his  prison,  situated  just  across 
the  square  from  the  governor's  house,  of  which  lie 
says:  '*My  prison  was  a  cell  cijjhf  or  ten  feet  square, 
with  walls  and  floor  of  stone.  door  with  iron  bars 

an  inch  square  like  the  bars  oi  .\  indow  sashes,  and  it 
grated  on  its  iron  hinges  as  it  opened  to  receive  mo. 
Over  the  external  front  of  this  prison  was  inscribed 
in  capital  letters  Destinacion  de  la  Cattivo"!^^ 

There  was  a  primary  school  at  the  presidio  during 
the  last  half  of  the  decade  if  not  before;  it  had 
eighteen  scholars  in  1829;  Padre  Mcnendez  was  for 
a  time  the  teacher;  and  he  received  from  fifteen  to 
twenty  dollars  a  month  from  the  municipal  funds.'* 
Justice  was  administered  in  a  primitive  and  irregular 
way  by  the  military  authorities;"   but  the  criminal 

"  See  chapter  i.  of  volume  iii.  MorreWa  Narrative,  20L 

'*  Duhaut-C'dhj,  Viagijio,  ii.  14-25. 

*'"  Pttllie's  Narrative,  170. 

»«.S7.  Pap.,  JiJi^s.,  MS.,  vi.  1,  2;  Leg.  liec,  MS.,  i.  146;  Dept.  St.  Pnp., 
MS.,  ii.  114;  Id.,  Ben.  Mil,  Ixvi.  01. 

"  In  1821  several  caaoa  of  adultery  and  dissolute  life  are  reported.  In  one 
the  niiui  was  sentcneed  to  iniprisonnicnt  for  two  months  and  transfer  to 
auotlicr  prcRidio;  while  the  woman  had  to  stand  with  sluiven  head  iu  church 


m 

Btitiaiir; 


INDIAN  AFFAIRa 


849 


annals  of  San  Diego  at  this  period  include  no  cmtsas 
a-lcbres.  Hostile  gentiles  caused  less  trouble  on  the 
soiitliern  frontier  in  this  decade  than  in  most  others, 
Lieutenant  Ibarra's  fight  at  Santa  Isabel  on  April  o, 
ISL'O,  being  the  only  exciting  event  of  Indian  war- 
laiv.  Ibarra  lost  three  men  of  his  Mazatlan  s«jua(l- 
roii,  but  he  killed  twenty-eight  of  the  foe  and  sent  in 
twtiity  pairs  of  cars.  One  of  the  gentiles  was  ea[)- 
tiuvd  and  publicly  shot  at  San  Diego  the  23d  of 
April.  In  a  battle  between  the  Indians  of  San 
Felipe  Valley  and  gentiles  from  more  distant  I'an- 
clK'rias,  eighteen  of  the  latter  were  killed  and  lost 
their  ears.** 


vhc'ie  nil  could  see  her,  and  was  shut  up  for  six  months  in  the  mission  mon- 
j.nu.  Proi:  St.  Pap.,  M.S.,  xx.  28G,  i.'94;  Id.,  Ben.  Mil.,  xlvi.  2:j;  Hi.  11. 
In  Ajiril  1826  the  soldier  Victor  Linares  killed  the  vicino  Juan  (Jcrman. 
Ar;.'iii  llo  was  prosecutor;  Pio  Pico,  clerk;  and  Zamorano  defended  the  ac- 
cused. The  court-martial,  composed  of  Echeaudia,  lloclia,  Valle,  Ibari-a,  I'or- 
tilla,  I'ucheco,  and  Mata,  each  of  whom  gave  a  separate  vote  in  writing, 
ac(|uitted  Linares,  who  had  merely  performed  his  duty  as  a  sentry.  /(/..  lix. 
")-7.  In  December  a  neophyte  was  tried  for  killing  anothei-.  The  fiscal  aKkcd 
foi-  only  one  year's  imprisonment  and  hard  work,  in  consideration  of  tlie  man 
liiiiig  a  new  convert.  As  usual  the  final  decision  is  not  known.  Id.,  Ixiii.  .">. 
Ill  October  1828  five  soldiers,  in  the  name  of  all,  complained  to  Lieut.  Argiie- 
lloiif  hunger  and  nakedness,  asking  for  something  on  account  of  Ixick  pay. 
Ai'<riii'lio  became  angi-y  and  began  to  put  them  in  irons,  desisting  at  the 
(li'iiiiiiid  of  the  troops.  Tlic  five  ap]N!aled  to  the  general  and  were  j)roniiscd 
jiistici';  but  seem  to  have  been  scattered  in  other  presidios  as  a  puni.>ihiuent 
for  tlair  insubordination.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  lien.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixvu  G4-8.  In 
I\li.  1)S2I  an  Indian  was  condemned  to  two  j'ears  of  public  work  for  having 
kilk'il  his  neophyte  wife.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.,  MS.,  i.  81.  In  April  a  house  of  ill- 
fume  is  mentioned.  Dept.  liec,  MS.,  vii.  134;  and  a  soldier  was  lilieratcd 
nftiT  2 1  months'  confinement  for  stealing  three  cattle  from  the  raucho  nacional. 
Difi.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil..  MS.,  Ixiv.  13.  In  July  a  soldier  was  tried  for 
jiiijury,  a  crime  punishable  by  death,  but  was  released  after  a  few  months 
ill  jiiil  as  the  subject  of  the  perjury  was  of  little  conscriuence.  Id.  Ixx.  1.  In 
May  KS.'IO  a  civilian  cut  a  soldier  with  a  knife,  escaped  from  prison,  and  took 
ri't'ii).'!'  in  the  mission  church.  An  interesting  trial  followed  on  the  question 
nf  liiM  right  of  church  asylum.  He  was  sentenced  to  eight  years  in  the  cluiin- 
gaii^'.  /(/.,  Ixxi.  35-58.  In  Septendjer  a  soldier  lost  a  despatch,  for  which  ho 
striiis  to  have  received  25  blows  and  a  month  of  extra  sentry  duty.  Id.  Ixix. 
4.  Ill  Xovemljcr  there  M'ei-e  12  prisoners  in  custwly.  Iil.  Ixxii.  6.  This  year 
the  iiiajordomo,  Hilario  (larcia,  was  tried  for  excessive  cnielty  in  having 
flii}.')j;e(l  a  party  of  gentile  and  neophyte  captive  cattle-thieves,  one  of  whom 
was  ]iiilled  al>out  by  the  Imir  until  he  died.  At  the  first  trial  the  fiscal,  Cadet 
l;.'ii:iLi(i  del  Valle,  insisted  on  10  years  in  the  chain-gang.  Later  .Tuan  ISan- 
iliiii  (Icfeniled  Oarcia,  pronouncing  the  charges  only  lies  of  Indians.  The 
tt.i'.ii.r  liilled  for  five  years  in  the  chain-gang,  and  Gov.  Victoria  thus  onlered 
in  April  1831.  Id.,  Ixii.  11-15. 

'"  Iliiirra  in  his  report,  I)ept.  St,  Pap.,  Pref.  y  Juzfj.,  MS.,  iii.  81-3,  says  ho 
lost  lino  pagan  and  had  14  neophytes  and  ono  soldier  wounded,  so  that  tiie  three 
soltiitis  kUIed  on  or  about  the  same  day,  S.  Dkgo,  Lib.  Muion,  MS.,  Uti, 


i*l 


1 1 

■ill'  ^■' 


■  1 

i'.. 

K 

1' 

1"  ' 

ik' 

it 

i 

k 

080 


LOCAL  ANNALS— SAN  DIEGO  DISTRICT. 


Sail  Diego  was  not  at  this  time  in  any  proper  f;oiiso 
tlio  capital  of  California,  as  is  sometimes  claimed  l)v 
tliose  who  have  interested  themselves  in  the  local 
annals  of  the  south.  Monterey  was  officially  recoH-- 
nized  as  the  capital,  but  San  Diego  was  the  residence 
of  Governor  Echeandia,  who  preferred  its  climate, 
and,  as  it  is  more  than  hinted,  its  ladies;  and  who 
had  a  plausible  excuse  for  remaining  there  in  his  lack 
of  health  and  in  the  fact  that  the  peninsula  was  also 
within  the  jurisdiction.  The  presence  of  the  o(.fe 
politico  naturally  did  something  toward  enlivening  the 
normal  dulness  of  life  at  this  presidio;  and  it  tended 
to  make  San  Diego  more  prominent  than  before  in 
territorial  history  as  recorded  in  chapters  of  the  next 
volume.  I  have  no  space  to  repeat  here  so  much  of 
that  general  history  as  relates  particularly  to  San 
Diego;  but  I  have  deemed  it  well  to  append  a  ehrono- 
logieal  statement  on  the  subject,  in  which  I  intro(hiec 
some  minor  events,  with  details  of  others,  not  else- 
where recorded.*'' 

wore  peihapa  of  nnotlicr  party.  Report  of  the  fight  between  Indians  in  ]iiit, 
St.  I'll/).,  i.  13(5-7.  1S'21,  Indians  in  prison  for  having  killed  the  buliiiir 
Lernia  and  a  neophyte.  I'lvr.  St.  Pap.,  lien.  Mil.,  SIS.,  xlvi.  'I'l-X  Ma- 
chado,  Thinpon  Pancu/ox,  MS.,  'J-3,  mentions  an  expedition  made  liy  lui- 
father  al)out  1823  a^^'ainst  horse-thieves,  in  whicli  corporal  Machado  iuul  a 
liand-tu-hund  fight  with  and  killed  the  chief  Agustin. 

"1821.  In  the  autumn,  .according  to  the  statement  of  Bias  Agiiilaf, 
Ihijirs  Kni'Kj.  Niitea,  TiOl-'J;  lil.,  Meiiioraliilia,  133;  S.  iJkijo  Union,  .liui.  I's, 
1870;  Stii  liarhuni  Pir.-'H,  Feb.  1!),  1878,  a  Hood  came  sweeping  (lowii  tLn 
valley,  the  result  of  a  cloud-bur.it  in  the  mountains,  probably,  as  tliii-c  w.i.s 
no  rain.  It  banked  up  the  sand  .so  as  to  turn  the  river  into  False  15iiy.  'Jin- 
stream,  according  to  Aguilar,  had  previously  entered  the  bay  by  a  cliniiiil 
farther  west  than  that  of  modern  times,  and  a  small  stream  still  contiiuu'<i  to 
How  into  the  port,  though  the  greater  part  of  the  water  found  its  \v;iy  into 
False  I'ay.  Such  an  event  as  Aguilar  describes  may  likely  enough  li.ivr  i,'. 
currcd,  though  little  reliance  can  be  placed  on  the  exact  date.  1  mi|i|iu>o 
tlu're  may  have  been  several  changes  in  tiie  channel  since  17(i!l;  but  ii  is 
not  likely  we  shall  ever  know  the  dates.  Juan  liandini  said  the  liwiwas 
turned  from  False  Biiy  into  the  port  in  18'2.").  lldijin'  Emiij.  A'otr.t,  '2(J8-!l;  ;;ii.l 
it  is  true  there  was  a  great  freshet  that  year.  (Invrrn,  l)<ir.  Hist.,  CuK.  Ms., 
V.  200-1.  IMo  I'ico  thought  the  change  took  place  in  1828,  and  his  stiitriiic  nt 
i.i  supported  to  a  certain  extent,  .as  against  that  of  ]3andini,  by  the  fact  that 
l)iiiiaut-Cilly  found  the  river  flowing  into  False  Bay  in  Apiil  1827.  \"<(cj'/.n. 
ii.  1!).  The  stream  is  said  to  liave  been  artiticially  turned  into  False  IS; ;.  liy 
Lieut.  Derby  in  1853,  the  dam  standing  the  freshet  of  18r>4,  but  yiehliiiL:  to 
that  of  18."."). 

1822.  On  April  20th,  the  oath  of  independence  and  alle;.;iance  to  the  imiio- 
rial  rejiency  was  tjiken;  and  in  December  the  eaiioiiigo  1m  iiiiimh  z,  iiii|i.  liiil 
conunissioner,  came  to  show  the  San  Dii'^nns  what  he  knev,-  ;..bi,ut  eiuiiliiiiu'. 


mSSION  SAX  DIEGO. 


661 


opcr  sense 
?laiiiK'(l  l)y 
the  local 
ally  n.H'oj;-- 
3  resiik'Utx' 
ts  clinuitc, 
;   and  who 
in  his  lack 
la  was  also 
f  the  n'cl'o 
vcniny;  tlie 
I  it  tended 
I  bc^fore  in 
of  the  next 
so  niueli  of 
rly  to  San 
kI  a  chrono- 
I  introduce 

■S,    not    else- 


Indians  'u\])iji. 
lied  the  bdl.iicr 
hi.  '2-2-X  Mil- 
III  nia<li;  t>y  liir 
Macliado  liiiil  a 

|f  Bias  Aguiliir, 

I'liioii,  .Ian.  ■J'^, 

p|)ing  down  the 

ily,  as  tliiTf  \v:is 

l-'alsc  15jiy.    'I  lio 

ly  by  a  cliaiiiid 

;ill  continui'i  Id 

ind  its  \v:iy  iiitD 

■nougli  liiivr  I"'- 

lute.     1  Mipjinse 

ITdi);   liul  It  is 

ll  the  riM T  «:is 

,/r.t,  '2(iS-!);  "ii.l 

'i.st.,  ('(tl..  MS., 

|d  his  statiMiriit 

ly  tlie  fact  that 

IS'JT.    r'":/|/''". 

;()  False  Vny  liv 

[but  yiehliii;.'  to 

Ice  to  the  iiii] .0- 
lanilez,  iiii|i>ii;il 
[1)1  ,ut  [^iinil.iiiiL;. 


Padres  Fernando  ^Martin  and  Pascual  Oliva  eon- 
tiiiued  to  rule  the  destinies  of  San  Diego  mission  dur- 
iiiL;'  this  decade.  The  former  was  one  of  the  few  who 
liiially  took  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  rejiuhlic; 
w  liile  the  latter,  like  mo.st  of  his  companions,  ])ersiste«l 
ill  his  refusal.  In  1823  the  friars  had  occasion  to 
jnotest  against  the  granting  of  the  Penasquitos  ran- 

'liap.  xxi.  of  this  volume.  A  tendency  on  the  pait  of  Captain  Portilla'a 
ioiii|)any  to  desert  this  year  and  the  next,  is  noted.  iJijit.  Jt<c.,  MS.,  i.  lUT-40; 
\  'Jiif,  Iiiriiealon,  MS.,  .'{. 

IS'_'4.  The  padres  of  the  missions  refused  to  furnish  supplies  for  the  jire- 
s-i^liiis.  chap,  xxiii.  this  volume.  On  Oct.  3f)th  an  Indian  was  publicly  exe- 
( iitid  in  the  presence  of  a  great  crowd;  cause  not  stated.  S.  Jiifi/n,  Lib.  Mixioii, 
MS.,  !>,-.. 

ISi'o.  In  February  a  pestilence  which  had  been  raging  in  Lower  California 
liinkrout  here,  and  in '24  hours  carried  oil' — the  wife  of  u  soldier  I  (liicnti,  Jloc. 
Ili^l.  Cdl.,  Ms.,  V.  iJOl.  Capt.  Benjamin  Morrell  of  tlie  Torlur  was  at  S. 
IM(l:()  i\\m\  1  lth-'J3d,  and  he  had  some  exciting,  but  purely  ima>;inary,  adven- 
tun.s  with  Indians  of  the  interior.  J/o^-yv //',<  ynrrntire,  'M)-i\.  On  or 
;,  1 II lut  April  30th  the  federal  constitution  of  Mexico  was  ratitied  byolliecrs, 
s'ilclii'is,  and  citizens.  At  the  end  of  October  liov.  Kclieamlia  arrived,  and 
n  rtived  the  oilicc  formally  from  Arguello  in  November,  chap.  i.  of  vol.  iii. 
In  neccnd)er  Jedediah  Smith,  the  American  trajiper,  came  down  from  S. 
( ialiiiel  to  explain  the  motives  of  his  arrival  and  togetecrtilicatesfrom  Amcri- 
tan  sea  captains,  chap.  vi.  of  vol.  iii. 

18'J7.  In  January  a  wild  bull  made  an  excitement  by  nearly  killing  a  man, 
till  muting  the  church  and  throwing  tiles  in  all  directions.  So  writes  dale 
to  Cooper.  VuVejo,  JJoc.  IliM.  Cat.,  MS.,  xxix.  104.  Duhaut-Cilly,  \  'H'jii'io, 
ii.  ."M-(i.  tells  the  same  story.  It  was  one  of  his  men  that  was  in  danger  of 
liing  killed — l)ut  it  must  bo  added  that  this  author  represent.!  the  incident 
i.>  liaving  occurred  at  S.  Luis  Key  in  June.  A  territorial  election  fordijiu- 
tarion  and  member  of  congress  was  held  on  Feb.  IStli  and  IDtli.  Kcheandia 
.-taitL'd  north  in  March  and  was  absent  a  year.  Secret  proceedings  against 
.'lis.'  Maria  Ilerrera  were  begun  in  April,  chap,  ii.,  iii.  of  vol.  iii.  The  visit 
I  f  tlie  French  captain,  Duhaut-Cilly,  and  the  Italian  scientist,  Botta,  was  on 
.\liiil  bSth-IJOth,  and  they  spent  much  of  their  time  hunting  on  the  peninsula 
V hue  game  was  very  abutidant.    Viamilo,  ii.  14-'J'). 

IS'JS.  James  O.  Battle's  captivity  with  that  of  his  company  of  trappers 
la^tiil  throughout  this  jear  from  March,  chap.  vi.  of  vol.  iii.  The  smuggling 
!  i'i\cnturesof  Capt.  Biadshaw  in  the /■>«»/'//«, of  Capt.  Lawlorin  tiie  Karimuko, 
Mill  of  Charles  Lang,  belong  also  to  the  annals  of  this  year.  chap.  v.  of  vol. 
i:i.  A  second  territorial  election  was  held  at  S.  Diego  on  Oct.  (>tii;  and  iu 
1  'iccniber  Kcheandia  started  on  a  second  visit  to  the  north,  chaj).  ii.  of  vol.  iii. 
i  must  not  omit  to  mention  the  celebration  of  .July  4th  by  the  burning  of  nuicli 
I  'uder  on  board  the  American  vessels  in  port.  I'nlhjo,  Doc.  Hint.  Cat.,  MS., 
x\ix.  2.V2. 

JS'JO.  The  Solis  revolt  gained  no  foothoM  at  S.  Diego,  chap.  iii.  of  vol.  iii. 
.\  party  of  hidc-salters  from  the  Brooklyn  raised  the  U.  S.  flag  over  their  sta- 
tic II  oil  LaPlaj'a.  chap.  v.  of  vol.  iii.  Jan.  Ist,  the  diputacion  ossembled  here 
only  to  be  dismissed,  chap.  ii.  of  vol.  iii.  In  April  occurred  Capt.  Fitch's 
iliilninent.  chap.  v.  of  vol.  iii. 

IS.'M).  On  Aug.  2*2(1  u  prinuiry  election  is  recorded,  at  which  13  electors 
^  lie  chosen  to  select  an  elector  de  rartido  to  go  to  Monterey  and  vote  for  a  ir.ein- 
l«  I-  of  congieys.  .S'.  /./>.';0,  Arch..  MS.,  1(>-I7.  In  December  the  new  govenior 
^  ii  'i;ria  prolwbly  anivcd  by  land  from  Loreto. 


»    1 


tf 


652 


LOCAL  ANXALS-SAN  DIEGO  DISTRICT. 


i  I 


mi 


cho  to  Captain  Ruiz;  in  1827  thoy  rofusetl  to  funii>li 
more  supplies  for  the  presidial  company,  drawing  out 
from  the  governor  an  order  that  the  provisions  Itc 
taken  by  force;  and  in  1829  they  had  to  call  upon  the 
governor  to  settle  a  dispute  on  boundaries  with  the 
padres  of  San  Luis  Rey.  Materially  this  was  ore  of 
the  most  prosperous  missions.  Neophyte  population 
was  about  the  same  in  1830  as  in  1820,  but  had  reached 
its  nniximum  of  1,820  souls  in  1824.  San  Diego  hud 
now  |)assed  San  Gabriel  and  stood  third  on  the  list. 
Baptisms  still  slightly  exceeded  deaths.  There  was  a 
small  falling-off  in  herds,  but  a  gain  in  flocks;  though 
San  Luis  Rey  had  now  passed  its  neighbor  and  taken 
the  first  place.  The  average  of  agricultural  products, 
6,900  bushels  per  year,  was  a  little  less  than  that  of 
1810-20;  but  the'crop  of  1821,  21,000  bushels,  was 
not  only  the  largest  ever  raised  here,  but  with  a  sin- 
gle exception  the  largest  ever  raised  at  any  mission. 
The  statement  in  a  report  of  1822  that  there  were  no 
facilities  for  irrigation  brings  up  yet  once  more  the 
old  doubt  respecting  the  date  at  which  the  elaborate 
irrigating  works  now  in  ruins  were  built  and  used,  but 
throws  no  liglit  upon  the  puzzle.  By  1822  a  chap<l 
had  been  built  at  Santa  Isabel,  and  there  were  also 
several  houses,  a  granary,  and  a  graveyard,  with  ft>ur 
hundred  and  fifty  neophytes  living  at  this  branch  es- 
tablishment, which  proved  a  great  aid  in  keeping  tliu 
gentiles  quiet.  There  is  extant  for  this  period  con- 
siderable information  respecting  the  limits  and  ranchos 
of  the  mission,  which  I  append  in  a  note  with  some 
references  and  details  of  matters  treated  in  this  para- 
graph.'" 

'"  In  adrlition  to  padres  Martin  and  Oliva,  there  may  be  mentioned  W 
Menoiidez  wlio  served  r.s  chaplain  after  1825,  and  P.  Tomds Mancilla  who  wan 
at  S.  Die^o  in  18*20-30,  both  Iteing  Dominicans  from  the  south.  On  tiiu  mat 
terof  taking  the  oath  see  ehan.  iv.  of  vol.  iii. ;  Dvpt.  llec,  MS.,  v.  27.  Tli« 
boundary  dispute  was  settletl  by  Echeandia  dividing  the  Caflada  dc  Biumiu- 
vistu  half  and  linlf  between  S.  Diego  and  S.  Luis.  Id.,  vii.  90,  258.  ChniM  1, 
etc.,  at  Sta  Isabel.  Arch.  Sta  B.,  MS,,  iii.  228-9;  S,  Diego,  Lib.  Ml.ih;i, 
MS.,  97. 

Statistics  of  the  deca«le:  Decrease  of  population,  1,507  to  1,544;  highrst 
number,  1,820  in  1824.    Baptisms,  1,094;  largest  number,  180  in  1823;  small- 


llH! 


■  'i    M' 


SAN  LUIS  REY. 


553 


San  Luis  Rey  was  still  undor  the  care  of  its  von- 
orablc  and  energetic  tbunder,  Father  Antonio  Peyri. 
Jiiinie  Escude  remained  as  associate  until  the  end  of 
IM'  1 ;  Jose  Joaquin  Jinieno,  a  new-comer,  servetl  from 
1SJ7  to  1830;  and  Josc^  Barona  also  lived  here  in  re- 
tiiiiiient  in  the  infirmity  of  old  age  after  1827.  Peyri 
was,  unlike  most  of  the  friars,  an  enthusiastic  friend 
(if  the  republic,  after  he  knew  it  to  be  inevitable,  and 
took  the  oath  of  allegiance;  but  was  so  offended  at 
tilt'  expulsion  law  of  1829  that  he  tried  unsuccessfully 

est,  .'):$  in  1830,  Deaths,  1,030;  largest  nunilwr,  17!)  in  1825;  smallest,  03  in 
|s;iO.  Decrease  in  largo  stock,  Si,  102  to  8,822;  horses  and  mules,  1,042  to 
l.l'.l'.';  increase  in  sheep,  14,008  to  lU,U<il.  Largest  crop,  20,880  bushels  in 
IsJ I;  smallest,  2,700  in  1823;  average,  G,l>48  bushels,  of  which  3,840  wheiit, 
\  it  111  H  fold;  2,173,  barley,  7  fold;  810,  corn,  50  fold.  The  greatest  number 
lit  Imnied  cattle  M'as  0,245  in  1822;  of  sheep,  10,450  in  the  same  year. 

l''i)r  some  local  names  of  rancherias  between  S.  Diego  and  S.  1  iabriel  in 
is-Jl  H'M  expedition  of  P.  Sanchez  in  chap.  xx.  In  the  mission  report  of  1822 
the  IuikI  in  the  south  is  said  to  lie  occupied  by  the  presidio  cattle;  eastward 
the  mission  lands  stretch  17  1.  to  Sta  Isulnil  and  the  summit  of  the  siena; 
iioitiiwiird  for  7  1.  to  Cana<la  de  San  liernordo;  and  N.  w.  only  1  1.  liecauso 
cf  presidio  and  settlers.  Land  sterile,  only  producing  grain  when  rain  is 
iiliiiiiiiiiut.  No  irrigation.  Arch.  SdiJJ., 'MS.,  i'li.  201-2.  llomero,  i1/f.'wor«».s 
MS.,  5,  says  in  1825  the  mission  lands  extended  down  the  valley  tr)  Canada 
di'  ( t.suna ;  but  later  El  Pozo  was  the  bountlnry.  In  1 827,  Hayes,  L'liiiij.  Nuten, 
477.  found  in  a  report  the  names  of  the  ranchos  Sta  Monica,  Sta  Isabel,  S. 
Just''  del  V'alle,  S.  Bernardo,  S.  Dieguito,  and  Paguay.  A  report  by  Santiago 
.■Xrgiiello  in  1825  names  only  Sta  Monica,  Sta  Isalx-d,  and  S.  IJeniardo.  J'nir, 
Si.  I'll II.  Pres.,  MS,,  i.  08.  In  the  Ite'jister  of  BramU,  MS.,  37-8,  tiie  lK)unda 
ail'  liescrilied  with  some  minuteness  on  the  authority  of  P.  Martin  in  1828: 
Liiids  occupied  westward,  down  the  valley,  1.5  1.  to  Caflada  de  Osuna,  ncigli- 
\m-»  '  los  vccinos  del  puerto;'  southward  2.5  I  to  rancheria  of  San  Jorge,  land 
used  for  sheep  in  winter,  neighltors  the  gentiles  of  S.  Jorge;  ca.stward  2  1.  to 
S.  .Iiiiine  de  la  Marca  and  S.  Juan  Capistrano  do  Matamo  used  for  jiasturage, 
.")  1,  to  Sta  Monica,  or  El  Cajon,  where  grain  is  raised,  and  0 1,  to  Sta  Isabel; 
from  Sta  Isabel  northward  to  Valle  dc  S.  Jost5  1  1.  used  for  cultivation  an<l 
glazing;  to  Laguna  dc  Agiia  Caliente,  2  1.  on  the  boundary  of  S.  Luis  Rey; 
tiieiK'e  7 1.  l^ast  Bosque  de  Panii')  to  Rancho  dc  S.  Bernardo;  thence  northward 
'2  1.  to  S.  Luis  Rey;  and  by  way  of  S.  Dieguito  the  mission  lands  extend  3  1. 
tu  Li  Joya  M-here  cattle  arc  kept.  Between  S.  Bernardo  and  the  mission  is  a 
raiK'iieria  and  a^Kor/e  called  Paguay.  In  March  1S2{I,  Kchunndfa  allows  the 
pailres  to  occupy  provisionally  the  rancho  of  Jamul.  7>/>^  lire,  MS.,  vii,  04. 
Ill  it  report  of  1830  by  Argttello  the  names  of  Sta  Mi'mica,  or  Cajon.  Sta  Isa- 
licl,  and  S.  Bernardo  only  are  given  as  in  1827.  St.  Fa/i.  MUi.,  MS.,  v.  37. 
See  also  many  items  on  mission  lands  and  those  ad.joining  in  U.  S.  vn.  Suulknjo 
.Irijiiillu,  ClnimanCH  BrU'f  on  Kxrrptioiia  to  Final  Siirreii.  liijore  U.  S.  Surr. 
<!'ii.  for  Vol.,  with  map.  (Haye.it'  Le<]al  Jlixt.  S.  LUdjo,  i.  45.)  Brfgido 
Muriilo  was  majordomo  at  the  mission  in  1828-30,  and  testifies  on  lands,  live- 
stock, etc.  Id.,  8,  9,  .59-00.  Aiwlinaria  Lorenzana,  'La  Ikata,'  lived  here 
iliiring  this  decacle,  teaching  the  women  to  sew,  distributing  clothing  and 
rations,  caring  for  the  sick,  and  making  herself  generally  useful  to  neophytes 
ami  padre.  She  used  to  go  with  the  sick  to  the  Agua  Caliente  in  the  moun- 
tains for  baths.  Lorenzana,  Memoricu,  MS.,  11-12,  48.  She  subsequently 
received  a  land-grant. 


C54 


LOCAL  ANNALS-SAN  DIEGO  DISTRICT. 


-'!■  I 


m 


to  ol)tain  a  passport.  In  ovory  clemciit  of  iiiatciial 
jjrospt'iity  San  Luis  was  now  far  in  advance  of  jiny 
other  mission.  Tliero  is  no  record  that  a  new  cIuik  h 
was  built  as  had  been  proposed  in  1811,  but  the  clnnt  h 
and  other  buildini,'s,  the  same  now  standin*^  in  luin, 
were  the  larj^est  and  in  some  respects  the  lincst  in 
California.  San  Luis  alone  of  the  old  missions,  cxc*  pt 
San  Juan  Bautista,  gained  in  population,  baptisms 
outnumbering  deaths;  but  it  had  reached  its  maxiiiiuiu 
of  2,809  neophytes  in  1820,  and  had  started  on  its 
decline.  Herds  and  flocks  had  doubled  in  ten  yeais. 
Sheei>  had  reached  the  highest  limit  of  28,900  in'  1 SJ8, 
and  cattle  were  still  increasini;;  thoui^h  the  fi-nin  s 
have  been  grossly  exaggerated  in  current  ne\vs|)ii|)(  r 
reports.  The  average  crop  of  grain,  12,GG0  buslu  1  s 
was  nowhere  surpassed,  though  both  San  Diego  and 
San  Gabriel  produced  larger  single  crops.  The  \>i 
of  January  1821,  after  a  period  of  excessive  cold,  a 
somewhat  violent  shock  of  earthquake  is  recorded. 
An  ex-neophyte  pueblo  at  San  Luis  was  a  feature  ef 
Echeandia's  secularization  ex[)eriment  of  182G,  but  v  o 
have  no  information  about  results,  if  the  experiment 
was  tried,  which  is  very  doubtful.  The  branch  estal)- 
lishment  at  Pala  was  yet  in  a  flourishing  condition; 
and  several  ranchos,  .sitios,  and  estanclas,  were  oceii- 
pied  for  cultivation  or  grazing  at  some  distance  lrt)ni 
the  mi.ssion.'*^ 

"  Duliaut-Cilly,  Viar/fjio,  ii.  40-0,  viaitcfl  the  mission  in  1827  and  pivrs  a 
good  description  of  tlie  buildings  and  surroundings,  also  jircscntini;  a  \irw  "f 
the  front,  which,  though  less  elaborate  than  that  made  l)y  Diiilot  dc  Mot'iiis 
in  1S41,  is  in  several  respects  more  accurate.  This  author  speaks  of  two  laii^u 
gardens,  two  reservoirs,  the  Indian  village  of  straw  huts  just  north  of  tlio 
mission,  and  says  each  of  tlie  ranchos  hail  its  eliapel.  Robinson,  Li/c  in  <  "/., 
24-0,  dcscrilKis  San  Luis  as  it  appeared  in  1829-30  at  the  time  of  IiIh  ai  i  ivul. 

Statistics  of  the  decade:  Increase  of  population,  2,00.1  to  2,77<>;  lii!.'lH.--t 
number,  2,80!)  in  1820.  Baptisms,  1,4.10;  highest  numlwr,  234  in  1823:  1(i\m  '. 
88  in  1S27.  Deaths,  1,200;  highest  number,  272  in  182.");  lowest,  00  in  ls:iO. 
Increase  ill  largo  stot'k,  ll.S.Vi  to  27,078;  horfies  and  nmlcs,  l,.V)2  to  •J,4tiS; 
sheep,  13,041  to  20,058.  Crops:  largest,  17,700  bushels  in  1821;  siiiaili -t. 
8,02t>  in  1823;  average,  12,000  bushels,  of  which  3,220  wheat,  yield  0..")  toM; 
S.KMilNirhy,  15  fold;  5,070  com,  247  foltl;  .V)fl  Iwans,  30  fold.  In  tli<'  r,,!. 
JiiniKi;  I'Y'b.  15,  1801,  Taylor  speaks  of  80,000  head  of  cattle,  4.000  iioiscs 
and  70.(MK)  sheep!  There  are  many  similar  exaggerations.  The  white  ]iii]ni- 
lation  in  1828  was  .35.  Nathaniel  IVyor,  an  American,  lived  here  from  I'l.H. 
Only  u  lew  gentiles  in  the  eastern  sierra  in  1822,  generally  related  to  tlic  iii-O- 


SAN  JUAX  CAriSTRANO, 


655 


Patlre  Jose  Baroiia  wast  minister  at  San  Juan  Ca- 
]iistrano  throughout  the  decade,  thouj^h  spendini^ 
iiiiu-li  of  his  time  at  San  Luis  after  1827;  but  Padre 
.lose  Maria  Zalvidea  came  in  182G  to  take  tlie  phice 
of  Boscana.  This  cstahHshmcnt,  uidikc  tlie  other 
southern  missions,  was  no  longer  prosperous.  Popti- 
latiou  decreased,  and  so  did  tlie  nunil>er  of  cattle 
slightly,  though  in  this  respect  San  Juan  still  stood  in 
the  fifth  place;  while  sheep  showed  a  decrease  of  over 
50  per  cent;  and  the  average  crop  was  less  than  half 
that  of  the  preceding  decade.  Many  vessels  touched 
at  the  mission  anchorage  during  these  ten  years, 
though  much  of  the  time  it  required  a  special  i)erniis- 
sion  from  the  governor,  and  in  one  or  two  of  the  years 
this  enibarcadero  was  closed  to  foreign  vessels.  The 
m'o}»hytes,  while  not  engaging  in  open  revolt,  were 
disposed  to  be  insolent  and  unmanagealde;  and  there 
was  also  at  times  a  spirit  of  hostility  between  padres 
iiiid  the  escolta.  In  January  1823  the  soldiers  went 
so  far  as  to  use  violence  toward  Padre  Barona,  sonie- 
thiiirj  that  had  never  before  occurred  in  California.-^ 

pliytes  and  friendly.  Arch.  Sta  li.,  MS.,  iii.  2,31,  205.  Great  droiif;ht  in  1820, 
J>i]if.  Her.,  MS.,  vii.  204.  lleeclicy,  Voyage,  ii.  3(»,  incorrectly  reports  the 
iininlerof  a  jMidre  near  S.  Luis  in  182.1.  Eartlniuako  of  1821,  mentioned  iu 
(tinrra,  Doc.  JItat.  Cat.,  MS.,  ii.  11(1,  On  the  cx-neopliyte  puelilo  see  cliap, 
iv.  of  vol.  iii.  Trouble  in  1827  with  a  neophyte  who  'pronounced'  on  hia 
jiviii  individual  account  against  the  Mexican  government,  calling  the  governor 
'iin  ingl(5s'  and  applying  opprohrious  epitliets  to  all  the  whites,  hcjit.  St. 
l'(il>.,  lifH.  Mil.,  Ms.,  Iviii.  2.  In  the  report  of  1822  the  mission  lands  uro 
saiil  to  extend  111.  n,  and  s.,  an<l  1.')  1.  e.  and  w.,  besides  a  rancho  l.> 
1.  i>tr  ill  the  N.  K.  Lands  rather  sterile,  jinil  all  utilizcil  at  one  time  or  an- 
other. Squirrels,  locusts,  and  crows  very  troublesome.  Arch.  Sta  J].,  MS., 
iii.  2<i:}-4;  vi.  190-7.  In  1828  the  rancho  of  Tcmecula,  esUincias  of  S.  Antn- 
iiiii  il('  I'ala  and  S.  I'edro  (F.is  Floros)  and  sitios  of  Sta  Margarita,  l.ias  I'ulgas, 
S.  .Tacinto,  S.  Juan,  and  Agua  ( 'alien te  are  named.  Proc.  St.  Pa/)..  /'/■(.<., 
MS.,  i.  98.  Same  in  1830.  .S7.  Pap.  3Iisx.,  MS.,  v.  .'18.  In  the  Itc<,iUt<r  <>/ 
Jli-'imln.  MS.,  .18-40,  the  mission  lands  are  deseriljcd  on  the  authority  <'f 
l'e\  ri.  West  3  1.  a  stock-farm  not  named;  x.  e.  7  1.  S.  Antonio  de  I'ala;  s.  k. 
!)  1.  Itancho  of  Temecula  n.seil  for  whcjit  and  ])asturage;  n.  !..'»  1.  .Sta  Mar- 
f'aiita  with  house,  garden,  vinoyurd,  and  land  lit  for  all  crops;  3  1.  farther  N. 
KiiiK'ho  de  S.  Pedro,  or  Las  Flores,  with  chapel,  houses,  and  granarie.'s;  a 
stuck  rancho  1  1.  (from  S.  Pedro?);  12  1.  n.  e.  in  mountains,  stock  rancho  of 
San  Jacinto,  with  a  house;  goo<l  timber  2  1.  east  of  Pala  and  9  1.  from  the 
mission. 

■'-  This  affair  is  mentioned  in  chap.  xxii.  this  volume.  Boscana  reported 
it  a^  'el  caso  mas  escandaloso  que  se  habia  visto  en  <'alifornia.'  Anh.  .\i-zoli., 
.Ms.,  iv.  pt,  ii.  G-7.     Josti  Catledo  and  two  other  soldiers  were  implicated; 


H 


!i  a 


C50 


LOCAL  ANNALS-SAN  DIEGO  DLSTRICT. 


1  r 


?,  I' 


they  were  excommunicated  by  the  jiadrcB,  and  a  military  trial  wan  lieM. 
J)tl4.  Iti'<:,  M.S.,  i.  30,  3U.  Finally  in  Dec.  1N*24  tiiu  Buprcmo  trilmiial  in 
Mexico  decided  that  Caftedo  had  merely  carried  out  the  orders  of  liiH  diii  f, 
und  in  view  of  his  two  years'  imprisonninnt  in  shackles  he  was  to  be  mt  ti  i  o 
and  made  a  corporal.  Soon  after  ho  wasabsolved  from  the  excummuniiiitiou. 
Tlie  others  had  been  absolved  in  182.1,  and  ho  had  been  otfcred  the  sumi^gnicu 
if  he  would  rei>cnt.  Arch.  Sta  B.,  MS.,  xii.  13A-43.  Puttie,  Xnrr(Uiv<,'2\i, 
ciuiins  to  liavo  vaccinated  000  neophytes  here  in  1828.  Ho  says  the  \w\n; 
was  in  the  habit  of  indulging  freely  in  wine  and  liquors  so  as  to  be  <ift>  ii 
intoxicated.  There  is  some  slight  evidence  that  lioscana  had  been  reiiiovrcl 
in  cousc()uencc  of  irregularities  with  women.  Record  of  slight  troid>h'8  \N'itli 
Indians  in  182G-7.  Depl.  Si.  Pup.,  MS.,  i.  1.14-5;  ii.  12.  On  one  occasinii 
the  neophytes  wished  the  padre  put  in  the  stocks.  On  San  Juan  as  u  p<iit 
see  chup.  v.  of  vol.  iii. 

.Stati8tic8:  Decrease  in  population,  1,004  to  020;  baptisms,  454;  largest 
iiuml>cr,  57  in  1821;  smallest,  40  in  1823  and  1830.  Deaths,  502;  laigtHt 
numl>er,  137  in  1827;  smallest,  37  in  1820.  Decrease  in  large  stock,  1I,4S0 
to  10,078;  horses  ond  mules,  480  to  178;  sheep,  14,108  to  5,010.  Avcnigo 
crop,  2,043  busiiels,  of  which  1,200  wheat,  yield  12  fold;  84  liarley,  14  fol.l; 
1,530  corn,  00  fold;  largest  crop,  0,837  in  1825;  smallest,  781  in  1820.  Tlio 
wlicat  crop  of  1824  was  spoiled  in  the  field  by  rains.  Anh.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  iv. 
pt.  ii.  122.  The  white  population  was  17  in  1828.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  Pniilil., 
AIS.,  i.  08.  1823.  Mission  lent  J.  A.  Carrillo  ^2,000  for  a  year.  Dfjii.  Si. 
Pa,:.,  MS.,  iii.   13. 

Li  1822  the  lands  were  described  a»  extending  12-13  1.  N.  and  s. ;  .3-4  1.  k. 
and  w.  Some  of  the  fields  irri(<;ated,  und  they  funushed  grain  enougli  to 
feed  the  Indians  with  the  aid  of  lish  and  meat.  Arch.  Sfa  Ii.,  MS.,  iii.  'IXi, 
2(>0.  In  1828-30  the  mission  ranchos  are  named  as  Sta  Ana,  S.  Joaquin,  Tia- 
buco,  ami  S.  Mateo.  Pror.  St.  Pap.,  Pre»iil.,  MS.,  i.  08;  St.  Pap.,  M'im., 
MS.,  V.  .38.  In  1828  the  lands  are  described  by  the  jiadres  as  extending  10 
1.  from  N.  w.  to  8.  w.  (?),  and  from  .5  to  4  1.  wide.  Much  of  the  land  uwU'sh 
on  account  of  the  mustard  which  it  is  impossible  to  destroy;  and  tiie  vatir 
lM)th  of  the  sea  and  of  the  arroyos  of  Trabuco  and  Mision  Vicja  docs  more  haini 
than  the  mustard.  In  dry  seasons  the  streams  have  no  water;  in  winter  tlicy 
arc  torrents,  frequently  changing  their  channels  and  spoiling  much  laml. 
The  mission  will  perhaps  have  to  be  moved  for  want  of  land  and  wood.  'I'liu 
live  stock  is  pastured  near  Sta  Ana  River.  South-east  3  1.  is  the  rancho  of 
S.  Mateo,  within  a  half  league  of  which  S.  Luis  has  estiiblished  that  <it  S. 
Onofre  on  land  said  to  belong  to  S.  Juan.  2  1.  N.  (of  S.  Onofre?)  is  tliu 
Trubuco  hill,  near  which  S.  Luis  has  occupied  S.  Jacinto,  and  its  majordimio 
has  occupied  El  Temuscal.  On  the  s.  half  a  league  to  the  sea  the  land  is 
alkaline.  The  pastures  of  Sta  Ana  are  0  1.  N.  w.  across  the  river,  ami 
bounded  by  the  lands  of  the  Yorbas,  the  Nietos,  and  S.  Gabriel.  Heckler  of 
BraniU,  MS.,  40-2. 


.iM^I 


CHAPTER  XXV. 


LOCAL  ANNALS— SANTA  BARBAKA  DISTRICT. 

1821-1830. 

PrEBLO  OF  Los  Angeles— PoprLATioN—ATTNTAMiENTo,  and  MrxtcrPAi, 
Affairs — Chapel — Inundation— Port  of  San  Pedro— I*rivatk  Ra.v 
ciios  AND  Land  Grants— Mission  San  Gabriel— Padke  Xi'ez — 
Lands— San  Fernando— Statistics — Mission   Ranciioh— Ulib\uri — 

GlTERRA     VERSUS     IbARRA  — SaNTA     BARBARA     PkESIDIO  —  LiEI.'TENANT 

Gabriel  Moraoa — Officers- Company  Statistics — Criminal  Rec- 
ord— Local  Events— Santa  Barbara  Mission — Fathehs  Jaime  and 
RiroLL — San  Bcenaventcra — Items  of  Decadence — Altimiiia — 
PuRisiMA  Mission — Death  of  Rodriguez — Santa  Ines. 


Los  Angeles^  with  the  ranches  within  its  jurisdic- 
tion had  1,000  inhabitants  in  1830,  a  gain  from  G15  in 
1S20.  There  were  besides  from  150  to  350  Indians 
ill  the  last  j'ears,  statistics  on  this  point  being  irregular 
and  unreliable.  In  the  pueblo  proper  were  770  inhab- 
itants de  razon,  and  on  the  ranches,  230.  If  we  add 
;  00  for  the  adjoining  missions  of  San  Gabriel  and  San 
Fernando,  the  total  for  what  I  have  from  the  first 
treated  as  a  kind  of  a  district  is  1,1  GO,  a  gain  from 
750  during  the  decade.  There  was  a  foreign  popula- 
tion, not  including  Spaniards — who  were  in  these 
times  always  spoken  of  as  foreigners — Portuguese,  or 
negroes,  of  at  least  sixteen  men,  several  of  whom 
Mere  married  to  Californian  wives.  Four  or  five  of 
them  lived  at  San  Gabriel  and  the  rest  in  town.  On 
other  topics  than  that  of  population  figures  are  for 
the  most  part  wanting;  but  it  would  seem  that,  under 
the  increased  demand  for  hides  and  tallow,  the  cattle 


h    *•■ 


?si 


'  For  map  of  Los  Angeles  district  see  chap.  xvi. 


(657) 


mil 


III:. 


Ml 


SANTA  liAllDAKA  DISTIJICT. 


owiH'd   l)y  citizens  and   lancluTo.s   luul   incTcased   to 
10,000  in'  lyj.'J,  and  in  IM.'U)  to  over  10,000.- 

TIiiTu  are  more  items  of  interest  extant  respeetinLf 
iMnni(i[)al  alfairs  in  Los  Anj^eles  for  this  tiian  fur 
earlier  periods,  tlioUL,di  tliey  are  still  rraj^nient;irv. 
Not  even  a  complete  list  of  pueMo  officials  can  he 
lormed.  While  tho  chanjjfc  in  national  system  hnd 
practically  no  efl'ect  on  that  of  municipal  j,M)vernmi  ut. 
yet  the  growth  of  what  wert;  supposed  to  he  repnl)!!- 
can  ideas  did  not  maki;  of  Jjos  Anj^eles  .1  hetter  uov- 
enied  and  more  orderly  connnunity  than  hefore,  hiit 
had  rather  the  o[»jK)Hite  tendency.  Besides  the  oidi- 
iiarv  difficulties  of  enforcin"'  i)olice  rej^ulations  .ind 
restraininn"  the  unruly  element  of  town  ))opulati<iii, 
tliere  were  fre(iuent  trouhles  at  elections,  dissensidiis 
between  officials,  conflicts  between  civil  and  militaiv 

'■'  All  is  not  clear,  liowovcu",  in  statistics  of  population.  An  ofiicial  n|niit 
in  iSV.  J'liji.,  M!,tn.,  MS.,  v.  ;ii>,  which  1  liave  followed,  gives  the  popiiiitiiii 
of  tliu  piu'l)lo  ])r(ipcr  as  '2'tH  men,  *J(i4  women,  unil  •24'J  children;  total,  Tiil; 
r:mchos, 'J.'{7;  Indiann,  1!KS;  total  de  raziii,  l,()Ol.  There  is  a  report  f  it  IvJl 
ill  iStd  l'!(irii,  /'(irritfjiiia,  M.S.,  i^T-S,  which  makes  the  totol  8;i7,  wliii  li, 
though  the  contrary  id  implied,  niiiy  iiicliKle  Indians  and  thus  agree  well 
fiioiigh  with  my  figures  for  liS30.  There  are,  however,  three  report^'i  lur 
l.S'27-S,  which  jiresent  diflicnlties.  One  pailroii  of  IS'JS.  in  .SV.  I'ap.,  .)//-v., 
Al.S.,  V.  l!7,  precisely  similar  to  that  of  liS;!0,  makes  tho  population  ot  tlic 
puelilo,  exclusive  of  Indians,  881,  and  tho  totn'.  including  the  ranchos.  l.(Hi7. 
So  far  the  ilitiicidty  is  removed  by  the  prohah:  y  that  San  Gabriel  is  iiu  hull  '1 
with  tiic  jiuehlo,  as  it  is  not  included  in  a  repi,  t  for  San  Diego  the  sjinie  >(;ir, 
in  /'(•(«•.  St.  I'll])..  I'nKiil,  MS.,  i.  \)H.  The  original  official  report  for  \S2'.  in 
Jlniiiliii'i,  Dor.  Hint.  L'til.,  MS.,  0,  makes  tiie  tc»tal  1,170,  probably  inchuhii^' 
3r>0  Indians,  but  not  tlie  population  of  San  (Jubriel.  I  suppose  the  S'iO  ile 
razon  to  include  70()  for  the  pueblo  and  120  f(n*  the  ranchos,  and  thu.s  hnth 
these  authorities  fall  into  line  after  a  fashion.  IJut  tiio  report  for  iS'JSin 
Wilketi'  Km:  f.  S.  K.'plor.  ExptiL,  v.  boo,  gives  a  total  of  1,388  inhabitant!) 
do  razon,  and  I  am  obliged  to  suppose  there  ia  an  error  in  the  figures,  as 
indeed  is  not  unlikely. 

Robinson,  J/ifr  in  Cal.,  30,  says  Lea  Angeles  had  about  1,300  inhabitants 
in  IS'3).  Pattie,  Xnrratire,  '21'},  says  he  vaccinated  2,500  ])er8ona  In-re  in 
18*28.  Duhaut-Cilly  estimated  the  popidation  at  about  1,000  in  I8"i7,  incUni- 
ing  '200  Indians.  Viwirfio,  ii.  98.  In  Dec.  1824  President  .Sarria  speaks  if 
Los  Angeles  as  having  nearly  1,000  gente  de  razon,  w'ith  the  IhjsI  land.s  in  tlii.' 
province  and  large  private  ranchos;  yet  this  region  does  nothing  for  tiic 
troops  and  the  missions  are  impoverisiied  by  excessive  exactions.  Arch.  A  r.'Ji., 
MS.,  iv.  pt.  ii.  123.  The  foreijiners  resident  at  Augclca  and  San  (jiabriel  vii.; 
Jose  Chapman,  W.  A.  Kichardson,  Jos.  V.  Lawrence,  Isaac  Galbraith,  W  in. 
Welch,  Joaquin  Bowman,  J.  R  Lcandry,  John  Temple,  Geo.  Rice,  W  in. 
Fisher,  Jesse  Ferguson,  John  Haley,  John  Davis,  Richard  Laughlin,  Fnl. 
Roland,  and  Louis  IJanclict.  See  Hisf.  Cal.,  chap.  vi.  vol.  iii.  this  series.  l.iM- 
stock  in  1823:  10,023  cattle,  3,1.10  liorises  anil  nniles  and  asses,  408  sliiip. 
(Uiirra,  Dor.  Him/.  Caf.,  MS.,  (i.)  122;  in  18,30,  42,003  cattle,  3,057  lior.->cs 
and  ntulea,  2,40U  sheep.  Hi.  I'uji.  JJim).,  MS.,  v.  (207). 


LOS  AN'OKLES. 


SoO 


jnitlioritios,  f'oin|)lfiiiits  aii<l  jK-titioiis  ((fcitizciiH,  n|>jK';ils 
\n  M-ovi-nior,  (li|)Utiui<»ii,  and  coiiinuiiulant,  uri'i'sts  and 
;  !;s|i('nsi(tns  IVoni  oflicc,  all  tciidinj^  to  u  never  endinj^ 
(•  Miiliislon.  Tlu'  people  ju'c'nerally  had  an  untavoral)le 
<i  iiiion  of*  their  loeal  iiileis,  and  the  hitter  of  each 
»i;!i(  r,  and  tliere  are  indieations  tliat  these  opinions 
\V(  le  for  the  most  part  \v«ll  loinuled.  Soniethinj^  of 
('(tail  tor  this  paraiijraph  and  the  next  I  ap[>end  in  a 
i,(.te.» 

'  IS'iO.  rrcfcc't  Tnyeras  nmrj-'ost'i  tlmt  if  tlip  citizens  would  pivc  tlu'ir  nttcn- 
ti'iii  til  (itlirr  itnidnctti  of  iiiiliisiiy  tliiui  wine  iiml  liraiiily,  it  woiilil  lit-  l>otti-r 
f.  ;  linili  |)roviiK'c  mid  luidilo.   .IcV/.  Ai-.fih,,  MS.,  iv.  jit.  i.  'M. 

ISJI.  < 'oinisioiiado,  AniiHtiiHiiil 'arriUo;  alcalde,  AiiUMtiiiio  Avilii;  rc;,'id  c<i, 
Aiiimiio  l^'iiucio  Avila  aixl  .lose  Maiia  A;;uiiar.  I'io  I'ioo.  /III.  ''"'.  'IS., 
I.Vi.  rclatcn  that  on  coming'  to  town  froni  San  l>ie).'o  on  a  visit  lie  w;im  onUTcd 
l.y  .Mcalde  Avila,  an  ij,'noi-int  fellow  wlio  ruled  '  li  fuerzji  d<;  iiiaclictc,'  to  iin 
tu  unili  with  the  citi'  •!  the  new  aijUeduct;  liut  lic'iig  on  Imischack  aiil 

aniicd  with  a  musket  ho  eHcapt'il  the  t;i.sk  and  went  home.  Two  women  lor 
siiiiiilalouscoiiiluet  were  Kentenced  tosi.v  montliM  in  the  '  nun""jrv  '  after  expo.i- 
i;c  with  hIi.i  II  heads  at  the  chnreh  door.  St.  I'lip.,  S'lr.,  MS.,  vi.  41)  1; 
J'n.r.  fit.  I'll}).,  MS.,  XX.  '.ICJ. 

jvj'j.  Coniisionudo,  A.  Carrillo,  till  XovomlMT;  nlcnlde,  Manuel  Outicrrez. 
.Ins(''  I'ldouiarea  wan  elector  for  this  district,  including;  tenijiorariiy  San  <  In- 
hiirl  and  San  Fernando,  in  May,  and  he  liecame  n  niemher  of  tlic  diput^icioii 
i;i  Nov.  cliaj).  xxi.  this  vol.  In  Xovemlii'r  the  ayuntamieiito  was  cstalilishcd 
I  y  elder  of  thediiuitacion;  hut  the  incunilieut  oHicers  seem  to  lia\c  continued 
ia  their  jilnces,  ami  the  only  clian;,'e  was  t\w  addition  <if  n  sfudio  ami  secre- 
t,  ry,  wliose  names,  as  incleed  those  of  the  regidon^s,  are  not  known.  J'ric. 
!!■'•.,  MS.,  xi.  80;  Arrli.  Ml.sloii(.i,'MS.,  i.  '2ft'2.  In  January  Vii'cutc  Sanchc/, 
•".  iivominent  citizen,  was  «ent  hy  the  comisionado  in  irons  to  Sta  lii'irhara,  tlio 
I  li(  lice  not  hcinj^  speeilied.   (I'mmi,  J><ii-.  //inl.  ('a/.,  MS.,  vi.  ill. 

I.S'J.'l.  Alcalde,  Manuel  (Jutierrez;  rei,'idor,  Juan  Halleateros;  secretary  cf 
ryiiiitaiiiiento,  Francisco  Morales.  The  salary  of  the  latter  was  i>\'>  per 
i::oiith.  J'l/it.  St.  J'(i}>.,  I'xii.  Mil.,  MS.,  liv.  I.'i.  (Juillenno  ( "ota  apiiointcd 
ly  (liierr.a  as  a  kind  of  comisionado  in  FVliruary.  Letters  of  Lieut.  Moi'aga 
!n;il  Alcalde  (iutierrcz  on  the  refusal  to  recognize  his  anthority.  ]><iit.  /,'<<■., 
>'S.,  i.  l:!!;  C'ltin-.i,  Doe.  lii.-'t.  fnl.,  :MS.,  \\  TVt,  'JS.Vrt.  Yet  acci.i-dinj;'  t'> 
//..  V.  l-}()-()r>,  Carrillo  seeir.s  to  have  lieeii  cfinii.sionado  until  Fil>.  I.VJ."). 
At;,',  '.'d,  (lov.  AreiicUo  repiimands  (li'.tieinz  for  disrespect  and  iiiterfcience 
wiih  UMJitary  ntlairs.     Calls  him  ].itial>ly  iirnorant  and  stu|iid.   Jil..  iv.  l,J(i  7. 

IS'JL  Cota,  comisionado;  alcalde,  Fliicaiiiacioii  I'rguides,  thoueji  some 
MIC  olijeetcd  to  Carrillo  in  IN'JIJ  on  the  ground  that  he  had  held  the  oliice 
V. iti.in  two  years;  re,t,'idor,  ]>jillesteros.  Comisionado  C<ita  wrote  totiuerni 
tli.il  the  town  Mas  tilled  with  va.trrants,  from  which  class  he  has  aj,'reed  with 
the  alcalde  to  take  the  (juota  of  military  recruits,  "J,")  men.  Guirni,  Jhjc.  lll-t. 
('"'.,  .MS.,  iii.  23;  vi.  144;  v.  n;4-.-». 

IS'J.").  Cota,  comisionado;  alcahlc,  Josd  Maria  Avila  until  October;  regi- 
(I'lrcs,  Francisco  Sepiilveda  and  Jose  Maria  Aguilar.  Avila  "s  said  to  have 
licin  susjicndcd  from  otKce  hy  the  people.  .SV.  I'ri/i.  Snr.,  M.'.,  xii.  \'2.  A 
c 'iiipliiint  of  Jose  Joaquin  Sanchez  is  found  in  i'arrillo  (J.),  jMjr.  Hint.  Cnl., 
Ms..  17-20,  to  the  eflcct  that  Alcalde  Avila  had  put  liiin  in  irons  for  hauiig 
refused  to  copy  some  public  documents  without  pay.  Avila  elaimcil  that  aa 
11"  ellicial  clerk  was  provided  it  was  the  duty  of  any  citizen  to  jierform  such 
ilutica.     Sei)iiivcda  uctcd  as  alcalde  after  October,  aiid  on  Oct.  2oUi  he  com- 


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060 


SAXTA  BARBARA  DISTRICT. 


In  1822  an  ayuntamiento  was  established  in  acccord- 
ance  with  an  act  of  the  diputacion  at  Monterey;  but 
the  only  change  was  in  the  name  and  the  addition  of 
a  treasurer  and  secretary  to  the  old  officers.  By  this 
act  the  civil  authority  was  supposed  to  be  fully  or<^an- 
ized,  and  the  military  office  of  comisionado  to  luivo 
no  lonirer  anv  raison  d'etre.    But  the  invalids  and  uiili- 


plaiiicd  that  Aguilar  declined  to  attend  to  his  duties  as  regidor.  Guerrn,  Dor. 
J I  int.  Cal.,  MS.,  vi.  153.  Alcalde's  complaints  that  several  citizens  had  re- 
fused to  pay  their  taxes.  Doc.  Jfitit.  Cal.,  MS.,  iv.  755-C.  Comisionado  Cota, 
eends  a  militiaman  to  Sta  Barbara  in  irons  for  illicit  relations  with  a  man  icd 
uoman.  (iiicrra,  Doc.  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  vi.  144.  Correspondence  between 
Avilaand  (iuerra  on  obedience  to  the  comisionado.  Doc.  Hint.  Cal.,  MS.,  iv, 
G'20-30,  7-1,  7-5-8,  743-4.  It  appears  that  in  April  the  citizens  publicly 
declared  that  they  would  not  recognize  any  military  authority,  (iov.  Ar- 
giiello  leaves  the  matter  for  the  decision  of  his  successor  July  '23d.  Dijit.  St. 
Pap.,  Be.  Mil.,  MS.,  liv.  9. 

1820.  Alcalde,  Claudio  Lopez;  regidoros,  Desiderio  Ibarra  and  JosC-  Maria 
Aguihir;  Hindico,  Jos6  Palomarcs;  secretary,  Narciso  Botcllo,  and  later  Fran- 
cisco Morales.  Jose  Antonio  Carrillo  had  been  elected  alcalde  for  this  yi'iir; 
but !)  citizens  protested  that  his  election  was  illegal,  as  he  as  elector  had  vdIciI 
for  binisflf,  and  as  he  could  not  hold  the  oflico  twice  within  two  years.  Jli'iit, 
St.  Puj).  Pnf.  y  Jiizg.,  MS.,  iii.  94-5.  A  new  election  was  ordered  fur  Jan. 
1st.  Dcpt.  l{cc.,  MS.,  ii.  20.  There  are  several  indications  that  Vicente  San- 
chez acted  as  alcalde  for  a  time  in  1820-7,  under  what  circumstances  I  know 
not.  Nov.  8th,  Regidor  Aguilar  to  bo  set  at  liberty.  Dipt.  Pic.,  MS.,  iv.  12. 
April  13th,  Echcandia  declares  San  Gabriel  and  San  Fernando  to  be  witlii.i 
the  jurisdiction  of  Los  Angeles.  I>1.,  iv.  .SO.  November,  a  man  prosecuted  for 
'  habitual'  rape.  Dejit.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  Iviii.  5,  (!. 

1827.  Alcalde,  (Juillenno  Cota;  regidores,  Vicente  Villa  and  Desiderio 
Ibarra;  secretary,  Francisco  Morales.  The  last  named  oHicial  on  petition  if 
5  persons  was  removed  from  ollice  in  September  for  incompetency,  levealiii;,' 
confidential  business,  losing  papers,  etc.  Laj.  Ike,  MS.,  i.  80-1;  Ihpt.  St. 
Pap.,  MS.,  iii.  17;  Id.,  Ben.  Mil.,  Ixi.  i.  Vicente  Sanchez  was  elector  do 
partido  for  the  February  election.  On  May  25th  the  ilustrc  ayuntamiento 
issued  a  scries  of  resolutions  on  police  regulations  for  the  preservation  of 
morality  and  good  order.  All  olFenders  against  the  Roman  apostolic  religion 
were  to  be  punished  with  the  utmost  severity.  Failing  to  enter  church,  enter- 
ing disrespectfully,  lounging  at  the  church  door,  standing  at  the  corners  oi' 
remaining  on  hoi'seback  when  processions  were  out,  were  all  to  be  puiiislied, 
fuvst  with  fines,  and  then  with  imprisonment.  Purchasing  articles  of  ser- 
vants, idleness  and  vagrancy,  swindling,  gambling,  prostitution,  scandalous 
asseniblages,  obscenity,  and  blasphemy,  also  riding  at  speed  in  the  streets  at 
unusual  liours  or  without  lawful  cause,  were  among  the  evils  whieii  it  was 
proposed  to  exterminate.  Los  Augdea,  lieijlamcnto  de  Policia  J'ormudo  pm-  d 
Ayuntamiiiito,  ISL'7,  MS. 

1828.  Alcalde,  Jos(5  Antonio  Carrillo;  regidor,  Desiderio  IlwiiTa;  secretnrv, 
Jost5  Palomares.  Manuel  Domniguez  was  elector  de  partido  for  the  Se])trni- 
ber  election.  March  30th,  Echcandia  says  that  for  the  coming  year  two 
more  regidores  are  to  be  chosen.  J)ept.  liec,  MS.,  vi.  197.  Alcalde  (.'ariillo 
accused  of  having  opened  letters  of  Pre8i<lent  Sanchez  with  a  view  to  inipli- 
cate  him  in  smuggling.  He  was  ordered  by  the  governor  to  explain.  Ihpt. 
lice,  MS.,  vi.  79-80.  Five  dollars  per  month  adtled  to  the  salary  of  the  sec- 
retary. Iil..\'\.  130.  Municiiml  receipts  for  the  year,  !?859;  expenditures,  .'?7ti3. 
Dept.  SI.  Pt^p.,  MS.,  ii.  70.     Body  of  Bermudes  found  at  Sta  Gertrudis.  7/., 


MUNICIPAL  AFFAIRS. 


661 


tiaincn  of  the  pueblo  cluntif  to  ihc'w  fiirro  milifar,  and 
Cnptain  de  la  Guerra,  with  the  i^overnor's  ajiproval, 
jipiminted  Ser<(eant  (jruillenno  Cota  to  have  jurisdie- 
tinii  over  those  })ersoiis  iu  criminal  matters  only,  iu 
fact  with  very  much  the  same  authority  as  the  old 
(omisionados.  The  alcalde  and  ayuntamiento  declined 
to  reco<xnize  Cota's  authoritv  or  anv  militarv  authority 
w  liatever  over  the  citizens  of  the  free  town  of  Angels; 
liiit  a  sharp  reprimand  from  the  governor  would  seem 
to  have  calmed  for  a  time  the  alcalde's  repuhlican  zeal. 
In  1825,  however,  under  another  alcalde,  the  dispute 
( ,ime  up  again,  when  the  commandant  at  Santa  J3ar- 
liara  rcajtpointed  Ct)ta,  or  [)erhaps  Anastasio  Carrillo. 
Again  the  citizens  protested  against  having  any  mili- 
tary authority  in  their  midst;  and  Guerra  defended 
the  fiicro  mi/ifar.  The  last  we  hear  of  tlus  matter, 
Aigiiello  decided  in  July  to  leave  all  questions  ])er- 
taining  to  the  civil  administration  of  the  puehlo  to  his 
successor  then  daily  expected.  Perhaps  the  subsequent 
choice  of  Cota  as  alcalde  was  a  kind  of  com})romisc. 
The  puel)lo  church  was  at  last  finished,  })erha})s  in 
1S-J2  or  182M,  but  certainly  not  in  1821  as  has  been 
ividesented.*  In  the  autumn  of  1821  work  had  been 
tnr  some  time  suspended.     The  missions  had  coutrib- 

/'/■';/■.  //  Jkzij.,  i.  45.  Man  fined  $."»  for  atteiiipt  to  stah  a  vagrant.  Dcpf.  I'ir., 
MS.,  vi.  188.  Adultery  case.  Jil.,  vi.  5,");  jjejit.  67.  I'aji.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS., 
Iwii.  1. 

IS-J!>.  Alcalde,  Onillernio  Cota;  rej;idor,  Doininguez;  sindico,  Francisco 
Mindi's;  secretary,  Josi'^  Taloniares.  Aug.  7tli,  S.  (ialiriel  ami  S.  Fernando 
ii'.':iin  joined  to  Angeles  for  the  election  of  a  diputado.  Jh'jtt.  Iti'<\,  MS.,  vii. 
-i:i.  .lune,  Josi-  Antonio  (,'avrill>)  lined  .?.">  for  returning  from  San  Diego  witii- 
iiut  having  his  jja.ssport  jirojierly  signed.  Curitii) I,  Dor.  ll'iKt.  Cu/.,  M.S.,  7-S. 
1''  lit  of  ayuntiuniento,  I)ec.  ;{lst,  -*4!i;  tax  on  wine  and  lirandy  retaih'd,  .S.'I.'MI; 
liii'  s,  .S1,"),S;  expenditures,  .'?(i42.  The  simlico  olitained  tin'ee  per  cent  on  tlic 
li'lUDr  tax.  Dc/it.  Sf.  Pii/i.,  /><■;,  J/i/.,  MS.,  Ixix.  '27.  At  an  election  lield 
iu  i>ecenil)er,  Vicente  .Sanchez  und  Kegidor  Sancliez  called  each  otiiei'  h.aid 
i;:iiius  and  nuide  threatening  gestures.  Sancliez  was  put  in  prison.  Id.,  Ixxii. 
•Jt  :>;  Dijif.  Sf.  Pap.,  lieu.,  NiS.,  v.  4(M).S. 

I.S.'{().  Alcalde,  Tihurcio  Tapia ;  regidor,  Juan  1$.  Alvarado;  secretary,  .Tos6 
l':cloinarcs.  .Tos(?  A.  Carrillo  was  elector  de  partido  fur  tlie  October  election. 
.\ws.  Kith,  Vicente  Sanchez  to  Echcandfa  declares  the  h  st  election  void,  the 
o.uiilidates  V.eing  vagabonds,  drnnkarda,  and  worse.  Dcj.t.  Sf.  Pop.,  MS.,  iii. 
17  IS.  liccord  of  election  for  diputado.  !.,(>.■<  A ihjvIik,  Ayiiuf.  ]l<'ror<l,  MS,, 
ti.  l^eceipts  by  the  treasurer  for  the  year,  3o3'J;  expenses,  .^4'J9.  Dept.  St. 
]'■'/'-.  n<'ii.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxii.  8-9. 

*LoK  Aii'itlcn  Hint,   y,  40. 

Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  11.    36 


u 


.!', 


\m- 


:i  r.iii 


562 


SANTA  BARBARA  DISTRICT. 


uted  brandy,  which  the  citizens,  besides  furnisliiiio' 
timber,  had  promptly  converted  into  money,  some  nf 
them  dr:  iking  immense  quantities  in  their  zeal  for  the 
spiritual  welfare  of  the  town.  Now  the  funds  weiu 
exhausted,  and  $2,000  were  needed.  In  this  emergency 
I^ydre  Payeras  made  a  new  and  most  earnest  appi;il 
to  the  different  missions  to  contribute  cattle,  laboreis, 
anything,  for  the  completion  of  the  edifice  as  a  monu- 
ment of  missionary  zeal  in  the  cause  of  God  and  St 
Francis.  His  plan  was  to  have  work  begun  imme- 
diately and  to  have  both  church  and  a  priest's  house 
completed  in  about  a  year,' the  ^es^a  of  Our  Lady  of 
the  Angels  being  postponed  so  as  to  coincide  with 
the  dedication,  an  occasion  which  was  to  be  celebrated 
with,  extraordinary  ceremony.  The  friars  seem  to 
have  responded  liberally.  Governor  Sola  contributed 
his  mite,  and  even  the  citizens  of  Los  Angeles  seem 
to  lijjve  taken  a  little  interest  in  the  matter,  so  that 
the  church  was  completed  as  planned,  and  was  formally 
dedicated  December  8,  1822."  It  elsewhere  appears 
that  Captain  Fitch  in  1830  was  condemned  as  a  penaneo 
to  furnish  the  church  with  a  bell. 

^  His  appeal  is  dated  Nov.  5th,  and  he  proposes  that  Ramirez  with  a  fi  \v 
neophytes  begin  to  prepare  timber,  etc.,  'next  November,'  while  in  tlio 
'coming  April  or  May'  enough  Indians  will  come  to  finish  the  work  by  Scp- 
taniber.  I  have  no  doubt,  however,  that  the  'next  November'  is  a  slip  of  tlie 
pen  for  December.     The  priest's  house  was  already  far  advanced. 

June  22,  1821,  Josd  Antonio  Carrillo  petitioned  the  comisionado  fora  hoiisr- 
lot,  'near  the  new  temple  which  is  being  built  for  the  benefit  of  our  Unly 
Religion.'  The  lot,  40  x  GO  varas,  was  granted  next  <lay.  Los  Anti<lc<,  Ao-li., 
MS.,  i.  1.  Judge  Hayes  in  a  note  adds  that  this  is  the  only  grant  of  a  l"t 
extiint  between  1781  and  183G,  and  that  the  lot  was  that  on  which  the  I'i  'i 
House  now  stands. 

* Payrniif,  Mfmorial  d  Ion  PP.  sobre  Nueva  hjlema  en  el  Pueblo  dc  l.<< 
Av<j<'lcs\  1S21,  MS.  S.  Miguel  ofTered  TiOO  cattle;  S.  Luis  Obispo,  200  catth; 
Sta  Biirbara,  1  bbl.  brandy;  S.  Diego,  2  bbls.  white  wine;  Purisinm,  (i  imili  h 
and  200  cattle;  S.  Fernando,  1  bid.  l)randy;  S.  Gabriel,  2  bbls.  brandy;  S. 
Buenaventura  would  try  to  make  up  deficits,  or  supply  church  furnitmv,  itc 
I  have  an  original  record  of  the  dedication  on  Dec.  8th;  but  have  lost  tin.' 
reference.  Guerra  was  chosen  by  the  ayuntamicnto  as  padrlno.  Dec.  <ltli, 
Gov.  Sola  oflfers  to  give  something.  Arch.  Sta  B.,  xi.  4.'19.  In  April,  K^-.'l, 
which  indicates  that  the  work  had  been  done  partly  on  credit,  tiic  alcaMo 
called  on  (iuerra  for  aid  to  drive  in  the  cattle  contributed  by  the  dillL'tint 
missions.  Oncrra,  Doc.  Hint.  Cal.,  MS.,  vi.  1.57-8. 

In  the  beginning  of  1821  the  municipal  authorities  sent  a  petition  to  tlio 

1)r('f'.'ct  that  I'.  Luis  Oil  de  Taboada  be  sent  as  pastor  to  Los  Angeles;  liit 
'iiyeras  replied  that  the  ill  health  of  Gil  wouhl  render  it  impossible.  Ai''h. 
Arzob,,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  i.  37-40;  Prov,  liec,  MS.,  xi.  01. 


LOS  ANGELES. 


563 


furnisliiii!;' 
!y,  some  nt" 
zeal  for  tlsc 
funds  weio 
emcriJicncv 
lest  apiH-al 
[e,  laborers, 
as  a  iiioim- 
Srod  and  St 
iffun  imnic- 
iest's  house 
ur  Ladv  of 
)incidc  with 
e  celebrati'd 
rs  sccni   to 
contributrd 
ngelcs  SCO  111 
iter,  so  that 
kvas  formally 
lerc  appears 
as  a  pcnaiKo 


mirez  with  a  ft  w 
r,'  while  in  tli'-' 
he  work  liy  Sip- 
!r'  is  a  slip  of  tlie 

iced. 

nado  fora  hoiisi - 

efit  of  our  Ihily 
^Amjile^,  Af'-li., 

y  grant  of  a  l"t 
which  the  I'iro 

Vl  Ptiehlo  (Ic  L'■^ 
tispo,  2(K>  cattk'; 
lurisinm,  (>  niuK's 
Ibbls.  hranily;  S. 
Ih  furniture,  itc. 
U  have  h)st  the 
IrifiO.  I'ec.  (itli. 
In  April,  hvJH, 
Icdit,  the  ah'aMe 
Iby  the  dilVeniit 

petition  to  the 

08  Angeles;  hut 

lipossible.  Airli. 


On  April  30,  1815,  the  citizens  of  Los  Anj^eles 
through  their  local  authorities  ratilied  the  federal 
constitution  of  the  Mexican  Republic."  It  was  prob- 
ahly  in  the  same  month  that  occurred  the  great  ilot)d 
which  turned  the  Los  Angeles  River  into  a  new  chan- 
nel— its  present  one  so  far  as  the  vicinity  of  the  city 
is  concerned — eastward  of  its  original  course.  Con- 
siderable damage  was  also  done  to  gardens  and  farms, 
and  cattle  are  said  to  have  peri.shed  in  large  numbers.^ 
Ill  the  autumn  of  1827  Duhaut-Cilly  visited  the  pue- 
blo, which  from  its  inland  situation  was  but  rarely 
seen  by  foreign  visitors  in  the  early  times.  He  found 
ci'ditv-two  houses,  with  well  cultivated  gardens  on 
the  alluvial  lands,  and  noted  the  inability  of  the 
alcalde  to  preserve  order  or  protect  individual  rights 
in  jnoperty.  There  was  an  earthquake  on  or  al)out 
the  2od  of  September."    It  was  also  in  1827  that  Juan 

'  ."^ee  Ifixf.  CnL,  chap.  i.  vol.  iii.  this  series. 

*  'In  18'Jo  the  rivcra  of  this  county  were  so  swollen  that  their  beds,  their 
l);uiks,  and  the  adjoining  lands  wore  greatly  changed.  At  the  date  of  the 
si'ttlenient  of  Los  Angeles  city,  a  large  portion  of  the  country,  from  the  een- 
tial  part  of  the  city  to  the  tide-water  of  the  sea,  througii  and  over  which  the 
Liis  Angeles  River  now  finds  its  way  to  the  ocean,  was  largely  covered  with 
a  fiirest,  interspersed  with  tracts  of  marsh.  l''ron»  that  time  till  182.")  it  was 
sil(lo)i),  if  in  any  year,  that  the  river  discharged  its  waters  into  the  sea,  even 
(lining  the  rainy  season.  Instead  of  having  a  river-way  to  tiie  sea,  the  waters 
spivad  over  the  country,  forming  lakes,  ponds,  and  marshes.  No  channel 
existed  till  the  flood  of  1S2.">,  which  by  cutting  a  river-way  to  tide-water 
chained  the  nuii'sh  land  and  caused  the  forest  to  disajipear.  From  1S2.">  to 
Jiumary  18(>7  the  San  Uabriel  and  Los  Angeles  lUver  united  at  a  point  north- 
irly  from  the  dwelling-house  on  the  Cerritos  raneho.  and  flowing  past  tlie 
liiiuse  on  the  west,  emptied  into  the  8.  Pedro  estuary  south-west  of  that 
iiuusf.'  The  fl(X)d  of  IS.'W  changed  the  drainage  in  the  S.  I'edro  region,  caus- 
iii;.'  some  lakes  to  disappear;  and  tiie  S.  Gabriel  IJiver  cut  a  new  channel  in 
l^iiT.  Lo.i  Aii;iel('s  llUtorii,  10.  Luis  Vignes  told  Hayes  in  I8r)0  that  he  by 
the  use  of  brush-wood,  etc.,  ha<l  turned  tiie  river  still  fartlur  cast  than  tiie 
lliinil  of  1825  had  left  it,  and  thus  reclaimed  the  land  on  Mliieli  his  willow 
piive  stood.  Haijifi'  Eini;/.  A'o/o',  MS.,  4().  See  LunAniick's  7v j'/z/v .sx,  Mai'ch 
H.  l'>72.  .Io8(5  del  Carmen  Lugo,  I'iila  ih>  Ihiurhiro,  MS.,  9-12,  describes 
tliu  tliiod  of  1825,  which  came  in  the  night,  and  forced  all  the  people  in  town 
til  take  refuge  on  the  hill.  He  says  the  river  cut  its  way  through  iiis  father's 
mill  liii  of  S.  Antonio,  carrying  away  house,  vineyard,  corral,  and  K]K)ilingall 
till'  tiilds.  He  tells  us  also  that  the  Hood  introduced  nmstard  which  had  not 
been  troublesome  in  that  region  before. 

•  'It  was  8  o'clock  in  the  evening,  when  we  were  taking  tea  with  Don 
Josi'  Cun-illo,  our  host,  and  his  family,  the  earth  suddenly  shook.  Tiieir  lirst 
iiiiivemcnt  was  to  rush  into  the  court,  and  I  with  them.  IJut  all  at  once  it 
(ii'iuiiecl  to  me  that  the  son  of  Carrillo,  8  years  old,  was  asleep  in  the  room 
"111  I  ran  to  get  him.  I  had  carried  him  to  his  parents  before  they  had 
tliuujj'ht  of  their  neglect.'    'The  chief  crops  are  cornaud  grapes.    Vines  Hour- 


i   ItiVI 


i-ai 


!  ■    I 


664 


SANTA  BARBARA  DISTRICT. 


Bandini  introduced  in  the  diputacion  his  proposition 
to  make  the  pueblo  a  city  and  capital  of  Alta  Cahtur- 
nia  under  the  name"  of  Vilhi  Victoria  de  la  Rcina  de 
los  Angeles.  He  seems  even  to  have  obtained  the 
api)roval  of  the  legislators  and  govenKjr,  for  the  projto- 
sition  is  said  to  have  been  submitted  to  the  national 
gcjvernment;  but  that  was  the  end  of  the  scheme  ibr  a 
long  time.^" 

San  Pedro  was  the  port  of  Los  Angeles  in  early  as 
in  later  times,  though  the  commercial  connection  was 
more  important  with  San  Gabriel.  This  port  was 
considered  as  of  more  importance  than  the  otlur 
minor  embarcaderos,  and  was  kept  open  to  foreign 
trade  when  they  were  closed."  Few  trading  vossils 
came  to  the  coast  without  touching  at  San  Pedro. 
There  were  no  buildings  at  the  landing,  or  at  least 
nobody  lived  nearer  than  the  Domingucz  ranclio, 
several  leagues  on  the  way  to  the  pueblo.'"  Tiit; 
smuggling  adventures  of  Briones  and  other  citizens 
of  the  town  with  an  American  schooner  in  1821  are 
elsewhere  noticed,  as  also  the  chari>es  ajjainst  Pacho 
Sanchez  of  smuggling  operations  in  connection  with 
Captain  Lawlor  in  1828.  In  1830  the  Danuhe  was 
wrecked  at  San  Pedro. 


ish  very  well,  lint  the  wine  and  brandy  are  very  inferior  to  the  exquisite  flavor 
of  the  griipe,  and  I  uni  of  the  opinion  tliut  this  inferiority  is  to  be  attiilmtnl 
rather  to  tlie  manner  of  making  the  wine  than  to  the  quality  of  the  soil.'  ilo 
mentions  an  almost  contii'uoua  forest  of  mustard  higher  than  the  Iiorsis' 
heads  on  the  w.ay  from  S.  I'edro.  JJ(ifi(nit-(.'U(i/,  ViiKja'to,  ii.  9G-107.  l'iittit^'".s 
statement  about  Angeles  should  by  no  means  be  omitted.  'The  houses  li:ive 
Jlat  roofs  covered  with  bituminous  pitch,  brought  from  a  place  within  4  iiiilcs 
of  the  town,  where  this  article  boils  up  from  the  earth.  As  the  liquid  ri-is, 
hollow  l)ubble3  like  a  shell  of  a  large  size  are  formed.  When  they  burst  the 
noise  is  heard  distinctly  in  the  town.  The  largo  pieces  thus  separatcil  me 
laid  on  the  roof,  previously  covered  with  earth  through  which  the  pitili  can 
not  penetrate  when  it  is  rendered  liquid  again  by  the  heat  of  the  sun' !  Xurrii- 
tii-e,  214-15. 

'"Sec  J/ixt.  Cttl.,  chap.  ii.  vol.  iii.  this  series;  Lpg.  Rcc,  MS.,  i.  54-.");  />/ '. 
St.  Pop.,  MS.,  ii.  44.  In  18'J3  a  school-master  was  to  l)o  appointeil  by  ;li- 
ayuntiuniento  at  a  suitable  salary.  Dtpt.  St.  P(i]>.,  S.  Josi',  MS.,  iv.  ."i-ii. 
Luciano  Valdes  held  the  position  in  1828;  and  had  .Joaquin  15otiller  as  an  as- 
sociate in  1830.  Di'jit.  St.  J'ap.,  lieu.  Mil.,  MS.,  l.wii.  3;  lx.\ii.  10. 

''See  Hist,  ('a!.,  chap.  v.  of  vol.  iii.  this  series. 

^''JJuhaul-Cilly.  Viw/'/io,  i.  288-!)0;  ii.  10. 


RAXCHOS. 


505 


I  have  found  no  definite  contemporary  record  of 
any  increase  in  the  number  of  private  ranchos  in  this 
district  during  the  decade,  but  it  appears  that  a  grant 
of  La  Brea  was  made  in  1828  to  Josd  Antonio 
liocha/^  and  also  that  of  San  Antonio  to  Antonio 
]\laria  Lugo."  There  is  also  a  record  that  Las 
C'icnegas  was  granted  to  Francisco  Avila  in  1828." 

A  report  of  1830  names  the  following  five  as  within 
the  jurisdiction  of  Los  Angeles:  San  Pedro,  Santa 
(urtrudis,  Santa  Ana,  San  liafael,  and  San  Jose  tie 
Oracia  y  Simi;^"  and  we  have  seen  that  these  ranclios 
liiul  a  population  de  razon  of  two  hundred  and  forty 
souls.  San  Pedro  was  in  1822  declared  by  Sola  to 
belong  to  Sergeant  Cristobal  Dominguez  as  heir  of 
tlic  original  grantee,  and  Dolores  Sepiilveda  was 
ohliged  to  remove  his  cattle.^"  Santa  Gertrudis,  or 
Los  Nietos,  was  the  residence  of  several  men  wlio 
with  their  families  and  servants  formed  quite  a  little 
settlement  ruled  by  an  alcalde  auxiliar.  There  was 
s(»iue  trouljle  with  intruders  in  1828,  which  caused  tes- 
timony to  be  taken  respecting  the  grant  and  its  limits. 
A  part  of  the  rancho  was  occupied  at  this  time  by 
the  mission  with  the  consent  of  the  owners.^^  An- 
tonio Yorba  was  alcalde  of  his  own  rancho  of  Santa 
Ana.  It  was  on  the  river  of  the  same  name,  and  the 
adjoining  land  farther  dow^n  the  stream  was  occu[)ied 


•Ml 


11^ 


:  M 


"Jim.  0,  1S2S,  according  to  Cnf.  Lnml  Com.,  Xo.  477;  April  Stii,  ac- 
coidiiij,' to /•'•■V/'s,  Jlocha  vk.  Ihitimck  (ik>.  oD.'Jl).  By  the  tjible  in  JlnjI'iiKin'.-i 
7.''//^-•.,  the  '  was  I'cjccteil  liy  the  comiuissiiin  niul  by  the  tlistrict  cmut; 

)mt  iiccordiiij;  to  (J.  S.  t^np.  Court  llfpU.,  !)  Wall.  (JIU),  it  was  linully  lon- 
liiiiu'il. 

^>L'r;ii8tcrofBraml,%  MS., 4.3;  Liif/o,  I7(/rt,  MS.,9-12,  79;  Cal.  LandCum., 
Xi).  .'K)S.  It  was  clainn'il  that  the  grant  was  made  in  1810  by  Jose  ArgiicUo 
aiiil  lonllrnied  April  1,  IS'J.'l  by  Luis  Arguello. 

'''('(il.  /.((ml  Com.,  No.  .H7-.  An  Micheltoroiia's  name  is  mentioned  with 
that  of  (tueiTa,  y  Noriega,  there  may  be  a  misprint  of  18'23  for  1S4;J. 

"■'.S7.  PajK,  J/;.M.,  MS.,  V.  SO. 

^'  lii'i/ifiter  of  limiulx,  AIS.,  3.").  S.  Pedro  is  descrilwd  as  61.  from  S.  Oa- 
hriil.  Id.,  43.  The  grant  to  Domuiguez  in  IS'ii  in  Cat.  Land  Com.,  No.  39o, 
4S(i. 

'^  Drpt.  St.  Pap.,  Pre/,  y  Jnxg.,  MS.,  vi.  24-8,  54;  Giterra,  Dor.  J/i-t. 
C'll.,  MS.,  iii.  27;  D'pl.  Pec,  M>\,  vii.  113;  Peijistcr  of  Uramh,  MS.,  43. 
Jiicc  Nieto.  Hernardo  Higuera,  and  Juan  I'crcz  are  named  in  connection  with 
Sti  L.ertiudis. 


S66 


SANTA  BARBARA  DISTRICT. 


mb  |i' 


1 

11 

M 

lllh 

.,     ■     ''u 

'  i  '.  !( 

8  Ifi^Ni'^ 

!    .    i     ii 

1  sM  ^ 

n\v' 

:||i| 

,:•. .  ii, 

linffl 

1    il'^ 

■iHiH 

K& "'  iP' 

1 

n 

|f 

by  tho  mission  San  Juan  Capistrano.^"  San  Rafail, 
or  tlie  Verdugo  rancho,  is  merely  mentioned  as  lieiiig 
a  league  and  a  half  from  San  Gabriel  and  a  boundary 
of  San  Fernando.^"  In  1821  Sola  seems  in  a  mauiier 
to  have  confirmed  the  grant  of  Siml  to  Patricio, 
Javier,  and  Miguel  Pico;  but  in  1829  other  persons 
desired  to  occupy  a  part  of  the  lands  which  it  was 
claimed  Rafael  Pico  could  not  make  use  of,  and 
Echeandfa  ordered  Pico  to  appear  and  make  a  report. 
In  1828  the  rancho  had  250  cattle,  80  horses,  24 
goats,  a  house,  and  1,500  vines.''^ 

According  to  a  mission  report  of  1828  there  were 
two  ranchos  down  the  river  between  San  Gabriel  and 
San  Pedro;  one  occupied  by  the  widow  Sotelo,  and 
the  other  that  of  Antonio  Maria  Lugo  already  men- 
tioned. The  tract  called  Sauzal  Redondo  was  tem- 
porarily granted  by  the  commandant  of  Santa  Btlrbara 
in  1822  to  Antonio  Ignacio  Avila,  the  land  apparently 
belonging  to  the  pueblo.'*'  In  1821-2  Guerra  tried 
to  obtain  for  himself  the  ranchos  of  Piru  and  Sespc, 
but  unsuccessfully,  by  reason  of  protests  from  tlie 
j)adres  of  San  Fernando  and  San  Buenaventura.* 
Accordingly  the  captain  in  October  1822  asked  for 
and  obtained  that  part  of  the  Conejo  rancho,  now 
dijjnified  with  the  name  Nuestra  Senora  de  AltaLira- 
cia,  which  had  been  granted  in  Arrillaga's  time  t<> 
Jose  Polanco,  but  which  had  been  abandoned.  Tho 
rest  of  the  rancho  belonged  to  the  heirs  of  Ignacio 
Rodriguez.** 

^*Reijhttr  of  Brands,  MS.,  41-2?  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Pre/,  y  Juzij.,  MS.  vi. 
54. 

="  Register  of  Brandt,  29,  43.  San  Vicente  and  Maligd  are  named  as 
bounds  of  S.  Fernando  mission  lands. 

^^Dcpt.  Bee,  MS.,  vii.  159;  Dept., St.  Pap.,  Pre/,  y  Juzg.,  MS.,  i.  1;  Reg- 
ister of  Brands,  MS.,  33. 

■'■  Register  of  Bra  nds,  MS. ,  35. 

^Arvh.  Ai-zab.,  MS.,  iv.  gt.i.  61-2;  Prov.  Rec,  MS.,  xi.  70-1.  He  also 
tried  to  get  Secpe. 

'i^  Register  of  Brands,  MS.,  30-1;  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  ii.  49,  with  a 
jVscrintion  in  1827.  It  extended  from  Agua  Amarga  on  the  east  to  the  Cuesta 
de  \a  ilojonera  on  the  west;  and  from.Simi  Pass  on  the  sonth  to  Maligo  Hill 
on  the  north.  Sta  M<inica  is  mci.^ionod'  as  a  rancho  adjoining  Conejo.  In 
Reijisler  tf  Brands,  MS.,  31-2,  is  a  description  of  Antonio  Maria  Ortega's 


SAN  GABRIEL. 


6G7 


At  San  Gabriel  Padro  Jose  ^lan'a  Zalvidca  sci'vod 
till  March  182G,  when,  very  niueh  against  his  wishes, 
lie  was  transferred  to  San  Juan  Capistrano  and  Gero- 
iiiiiio  ]^oscana  came  to  take  his  place.  Joaquin  Pas- 
oual  Nuez,  Zalvidea's  associate,  died  on  December  ;30, 
1821,''^  and  was  succeeded  by  Jose  Sanchez,  who  l»e- 
came  president  of  the  Calitornia  missions  in  1827,  but 
who  continued  to  reside  here.  The  mission  reaehc>l 
its  largest  population  since  1817  with  1,G44  neo- 
pliytes  in  1824,  but  for  the  whole  decade  there  was  a 
j'alling-off  of  about  300,  and  a  change  to  fourth  rank 
ill  the  list  of  missions.  In  large  live-stock  San  Ga- 
luiel  stood  second  in  the  list,  having  reached  the  max- 
iiiium  of  over  28,000  in  1829;  in  sheep  it  stood  third, 
l>iit  had  gained  largely  in  both  classes.  Its  average  of 
aL^ricultural  products  was  exceeded  by  that  of  San 
Luis  Rey  and  was  considerably  less  than  for  the  pre- 
ceding decade;  but  its  crop  of  1821  was  the  largest 
c\cr  raised  by  any  mission.'^ 

raiiclio  of  Refugio.  It  extended  N.  and  s.  from  Cailada  del  Cojo  0  1.  to  Cerro 
(U'  la  N'igia,  between  the  summit  of  the  sierra  and  the  sea. 

"Joaquin  Pascnal  Xuez  was  born  Feb.  20,  ITS'j  at  Lnco,  Vale  of  Daroca, 
Spain;  took  the  habit  of  St  Francis  in  the  convent  at  Calatayud,  Sept.  '2-i, 
]N()();  sailed  from  C'ddiz  ALarch  '20,  1810;  arrive<l  at  the  college  of  San  Fer- 
iKiiulo  June  20th;  and  was  ordered  to  California  July  1, 1811.  His  journey  was 
impeded  by  the  insurrection  and  he  was  detained  several  months  at  Acajmlco 
ly  a  ]i('stilence;  but  arrived  in  Lower  California  in  April,  and  at  his  destina- 
timi  in  July  1812.  He  served  at  San  Fernando  from  August  of  that  j'ear 
until  March  1814,  and  at  San  Gabriel  during  the  rest  of  his  life.  In  person 
Nile/,  was  tall,  slender,  and  fair-skinned.  He  was  a  good  man,  loved  by  all; 
fiiiil  though  young  he  was  regarded  by  his  prelate  as  a  missionary  of  more 
tliun  (jrdinary  ability  and  promise.  His  activitj'  w.is  notable  in  his  frequent 
]  iistoral  visits  to  the  pueblo  and  ranches.  In  his  last  5-ear8  his  piety  verged 
iipciii  asceticism,  and  he  e.\])ressed  a  strong  desire  to  pass  tlie  rest  of  his  days 
a-  a  recluse.  His  illness  lasted  24  days;  he  received  all  the  siicranients;  and 
va.H  buried  in  the  mission  church  on  Dec.  SI,  1821.  Certificate  of  Oliva, 
ill  S.  Ciahrid,  Lib.  Jlisioii,  MS.,  .S7-8;  Sarrla,  Iii/orme,  1S17,  sohre  Frn'iks, 
Ms..  44-r»,  125;  St.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  ,\viii.  i;  Arch.  Mivones,  MS.,  i.  404, 
4M!:  Arrh.  Stn  Jl,  M.S.,  x.  4.11;  1,'uirrn,  Dor.  Ilixt.  Cal.,  MS.,  i.  242-.3; 
I'lfcz,  HcnicrdoK,  MS.,  2*>;  autograph  in  S.  Antonio,  Pajulcs  Snrttoi',  MS.,  58, 
02,  (l(>-7.     Sefian  in  one  record  gives  the  date  of  his  death  as  ])ec.  2(ith. 

^^  Statistics  of  S.  Gabriel  1821-30:  Decrease  in  population,  1, <).'!(>  to  1,3.V2; 
liiirlicst  number,  1,G44  in  1824.  Raptisms,  800;  largest  number,  Ui2  in  1823; 
miiillest,  ,38  in  1827.  Deaths,  1,027;  largest  number,  1()5  in  1827;  smalhst, 
r>l  ill  1830.  Increase  in  large  stock,  15,981  to  25,725;  horses  and  mules,  OSl 
t.»  2,225;  sheep,  12.448  to  14,650.  Largest  crop,  29,400  bushels  in  1821; 
Miiidlcst,  2,250  in  1820;  average,  8,125,  of  which  4,252  wheat,  yield  !>  fold; 
Imi  ley,  39,  8  fold;  corn,  3,108,  200  fold;  and  beans,  567,  ♦56  fold.  The  whito 
IK^pulation  has  been  set  down  in  my  general  estimate  as  140,  as  derived  from 


(il 


Vp't'm 


4 


1  > 

1    1 

1 

( 

H 

.'ij    1 

5G8 


SANTA  BARBARA  DISTRICT. 


':i:  J 


ll|:M 


Rospectini^  the  mission  buikliiigs  we  have  nothiiiir 
definite  fortius  period  but  the  statement  of  a  Ficnch 
visitor  in  1827,  that  the  edifices  were  nmcli  inferior 
tt)  those  of  San  Luis  Re}^;  that  "the  church  had  hna 
ruined  two  years  before  by  an  earthquake,  and  tlit  v 
Mere  at  work  buikling  anotlier."  Very  strangely  tbtic 
is  no  other  record  either  of  the  earthquake  of  18 -J,"). 
or  of  a  new  church  at  this  mission;  we  have  seen, 
however,  that  some  damage  had  been  done  to  tli" 
buikhng  in  1812.-'  Events  at  San  Gabriel,  recorded 
in  other  chapters,  are  the  arrival  and  arrest  of  one 
hundred  and  fifty  Indians  who  came  under  an  Opata 
chief  in  1822  and  were  sent  back  to  the  Colorado,  tin • 
arrival  of  Captain  Romero  from  Sonora  in  182o  and 

(lifTereiit  official  reports.  In  1822  there  were  G4  wliitc  persons  connectid 
■with  tlie  mission,  Itesides  the  troops  iin<l  tlieir  families,  or  111  in  all.  Mi-i- 
oiifK,  Ciinderiio  ile  Entnilus,  ISZ.',  MS.,  2.%.  liandini,  //int.  L'uL,  MS.,  77, 
talks  of  80,000  cattle;  Rohin.son,  Statiment,  MS.,  7,  of  120,000.  It  has  1..  ■  :i 
the  custom  in  current  newspaper  articles  to  grossly  exaggerate  the  wtiili'i 
and  prosperity  of  this  mi.ssion,  though  doubtless  under  the  care  of  Zalvi<Uii  it 
was  most  prosperous  and  most  sy.stematically  managed.  Clandio  Loik'/  is 
named  as  majordonio,  and  Zalvidea's  most  effective  and  famous  assistant. 
Taylor,  in  Cal.  Farmer,  Feb.  1,  18(31.  In  1824  the  crop  of  grain  was  spoiltij 
in  the  fields  after  harvest  by  rains.  Arrh.  Arzoh.,l,\ii.,iy/.  pt.  ii.   122. 

For  local  nanics  of  rancheri'as,  etc.,  see  Sanchez'  expedition  of  1821.  Soiiif 
10  or  12  1.  east  of  S.  Bernardino  were  the  Capullas  Indians,  then  the  To]!.! 
muAa,  then  the  Artidanes  near  the  Colorado.  The  mission  lands  exteml, 
1822,  south,  .3  1.  to  Sta  Gertrndis;  south-west,  G  1.  to  S.  Pedro;  west,  l.r>  I  , 
including  Los  Coyotes  and  Canada  Verde  granted  in  1810;  north,  2  1.  tn 
Sierra  de  San  Gabriel  de  Verdugo  separating  it  from  S.  Fernando;  eastwiiiii, 
7  to  y  1.  to  Guapaor  indefinitely  into  the  mountains  and  toward  the  Coloiail", 
including  the  pagan  settlement  of  S.  Bernardino,  1.5  1.  n.  k.  Misioiics,  I'n'i- 
demode  Eslado»,  1S22,  MS.,  2."}5,  207-70,  1823.  Complaints  that  Argiit  llo 
Lad  granted  mission  lands  to  individuals.  Drpt.  liec,  MS.,  i.  36-8.  In  :'. 
report  of  1828  there  are  named  as  mission  ranchos,  La  Puente,  Sta  Ana  ( .  . 
Jurupa,  S.  Bernardino,  S.  Timoteo,  S.  Gorgonio,  4  sitios on  the  Rio  S.  (ialnii  1, 
and  also  lands  between  the  pueblo  and  S.  Rafael.  Pror.  St.  Pap.,  Pri.-<i'l.. 
MS.,  i.  97.  In  the  report  of  1828  in  Iteijister  of  Brands,  MS.,  42-3,  the  pailio 
complains  that  Lugo's  rancho  had  been  granted  without  consulting  the  mis- 
sion, and  states  that  all  the  banks  of  the  Rio  S.  Gabriel,  Caiiada  Verde,  nii'l 
Los  Coyotes  was  granted  to  the  mission  in  1815.  It  says  further  that  tliv 
mission  occupies  by  permission  of  the  owner  Los  Cerritos  and  Las  Bolsii.s  .t 
the  Rancho  Sta  Gertrr.dis,  and  tliat  the  lands  extend  some  20  leagues  by  the 
caflon  towiirds  the  Colorado,  past  La  Puente  4  1.,  .Sta  Ana,  10  1.,  Jortiint 
(.Jurupa),  15  1.,  S.  Bernardino,  20  1.,  and  S.  Gorgonio,  27  1.  Locality  ui  ^. 
Gabriel  called  Guachana  by  the  Lulians.  Ilayes^  Mincellaiii/,  MS.,  133. 

'"  Diihaut-Cilli/,  ViaiMio,  ii.  204.  Sept.  25,  1821,  governor  orders  th;;t 
the  'pilot  prisoner'  (Jose  Chapman)  be  sent  to  build  a  mill  at  S.  Gabriel  lik-' 
that  he  iiad  built  at  Sta  Ln's.  Prov.  Pec,  M.S.,  xi.  67.  The  same  year  tluio 
was  a  proposition  to  build  a  wall  round  the  mission  as  a  defence  against 
Indians.  Id.,  xi.  01. 


nothini^f 
a  Frciii'li 
1  infciinr 
had  Int  11 
an<l  tilt  V 
jely  tbtiv 

of  IH-J.'). 
avu  sc'fii, 

10    to    till' 

,  rt'coi'tlcd 

!St    of   Ollf 

ail  Ujmtii 

orado,tlit' 

182:3  and 

ons  coiincctcil 
1  in  all.  .l/'i- 
C'a/.,  MS.,  77, 

).       It  llllH  1'"'!' 

ite  till!  weahli 
eof  Ziilvickii  it 
tinilio  Lopt'/  is 
lous  assistant. 
tin  was  spoili'l 

\'2± 
of  IS-JI.  Sumo 
hen  the  Tuim- 
lands  fxtt'iiil. 
wist,  1..')  1., 
north,  "2  1.  to 
do;  eastwani. 
the  Colons  1 II, 
Misiont's,  Cii'i- 
that  Argiiilio 
S6-8.     Ill  :'- 
Sta  Ana  ('.  , 
iioS.  (ial)ii.l, 
'«/).,  Pn-<i'l-< 
2-3,  the  padre 
Iting  the  niis- 
,a  Vcrdc.  iiii'l 
thcr  that  th'' 
Las  IJolsas  'f 
iagues  by  the 
0  I.,  Joruiiit 
(cality  ol  S. 
,  133. 

orders  tlu;t 

Gabriel  liko 

ne  year  tlnri' 

fence  against 


SAN  FERNANDO. 


600 


liis  efforts  durinpf  several  years  to  return,  Jodediah 
Smith's  visit  with  liis  trappers  in  182G-7,  an  accusa- 
tion of  snuiggHng  made  against  Father  Sanchez  in 
1S28,  and  the  interesting  imprisonment  and  ecclesias- 
tical trial  of  Captain  Fitch  aid  -wife  in  ISSO.'^* 

At  San  Fernando,  companion  mission  of  San  Ga- 
Iniel,  and  like  the  latter  belonging  in  a  sense  legally  to 
the  jurisdiction  of  Los  Angeles  during  this  decade, 
Francisco  Gonzalez  de  Ibarra  still  served  as  minister, 
and  alone  it  would  seem  from  1821,  in  which  year 
leather  Ulibarri  died.^  Ibarra  was  somewhat  inde- 
IKMulent  in  his  ideas,  and  a  caustic  correspondence 
between  him  and  the  presidial  authorities  of  Santa 
Ixiibara  is  the  most  prominent  element  In  the  meagre 
annals  of  the  mission  for  the  period.  Captain  de  la 
(Juerra  in  1821  applied  to  Sola  for. a  grant  of  the 
Piii'i  Rancho,  which  Padre  Ibarra  also  desired  and  in 
fact  was  already  using  to  .some  extent  for  the  mission 
lierds.  The  earnest  efforts  of  the  friar  and  of  Padre 
Scnan  seem  to  have  kept  the  rancho  from  Guerra, 
but  did  not  secure  it  for  San  Fernando,  and  a  some- 
wliat  bitter  feeling  survived  on  both  sides.  The  padre 
complained  that  the  soldiers  of  his  escolta  behaved 
badly,  selling  liquor  and  lending  horses  to  the  Indians. 
Jn  1825  he  declared  that  the  presidio  was  a  curse 
rnthcr  than  a  help  to  the  mission,  sheltering  fugitive 
neophytes,  and  that  the  soldiers  should  go  to  work 

'^"See  chap.  xxi.  xxii.  this  vol.,  and  iv.  v.  vi.  of  vol.  iii. 

'■'•Francisco  Roman  Fern.andez  de  Ulibarri  was  born  Feb.  28,  1773,  at  AH, 
noar  Vitoria,  Spain.  He  became  a  Franciscan  in  1794  at  Vitoria,  sailed 
fiuiii  Cadiz .Jnne  '20,  1803,  and  arrived  at  the  college  of  San  Fernando  on  Sept. 
ilili.  Here  he  worked  irregularly  on  account  of  broken  health  for  some  hve 
yi:irs,  when  he  volunteered  for  the  Califoniia  .service,  arriving  at  Monterey 
.lime  ±1,  1809.  His  health  was  l)etter  in  his  new  field,  and  he  served  at  S. 
.liiaii  liantista  till  1815,  at  Stalm'^s  till  1819,  being,  however,  at  Purisinia  teni- 
]i(ii;irily  in  1818-19,  and  at  S.  Fernando  till  1821.  His  disease  was  hienior- 
rhago  of  the  lungs,  of  which  he  came  near  dying  in  Feb.  1821,  being  urged  to 
).'c)  to  S.  Gabriel,  but  refusing.  He  changed  his  mind  later,  for  he  died  and 
Was  liuried  at  S.  Gabriel  on  June  IGth.  He  had  been  held  of  only  ordinary 
merit.  iS.  Gabriel,  Lih.  Misiou,  MS.,  .SG;  Gitfrra,  Doc.  Hint.  Val.,  MS.,  i. 
•2U-2;  Arch.  3lixionc8,  MS.,  i.  401-2,  48.');  Arch.  Stn.  B.,  MS.,  x.  444;  Sarrla, 
Jiifurme  sobre  Fraiks,  1S17,  MS.,  52-3,  125;  Autobioj.  Aut6<j,,  MS. 


Hi 


-si  • 


\     V      !i 


■'I    II 


lit 


1 1  li 


m 


870 


SANTA  BARBARA  DISTRICT. 


and  raise  grain,  and  not  live  on  the  toil  of  the  Indians, 
whom  they  robhcd  and  deceived  with  talk  of  libi  rty 
while  in  reality  treating  them  us  slaves.  This  hrounlit 
out  a  sharp  reply  from  Guerra,  who  advised  the  pa(hu 
to  modify  his  tone,  or  he  might  suffer  from  it.'*"  Tlio 
mission  was  no  longer  pros[)erous  in  any  respect,  show- 
ing a  radical  decline  in  population,  live-stock,  and 
agriculture."'  There  is  some  descriptive  matter  extant 
respecting  the  mission  lands,  but  nothing  whatevtr 
about  the  buildings  at  this  time;  and  the  items  of 
events  are  verj'-  few  and  slight."'^  The  amount  of 
supplies  furnished  by  this  mission  to  the  presidio 
from  1822  to  April  1827  was  $21,203. 

Jose  Antonio  de  la  Guerra  y  Noriega  continued  to 
be  captain  of  the  Santa  ]^arbara  company,  but  lio 
acted  as  commandant  in  reality  only  until  the  end  of 
1827.  Early  in  1828  he  went  to  Mexico  as  a  mcmhtr 
of  congress,  and  after  his  return  in  1829  was  sus- 
pended from  his  position  on  account  of  being  a  Spaii- 

^"Gufi-ra,  Doc.  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  iv.  89,  96;  vii.  f)2-7;  Prov.  lice,  MS.,  xi. 
70-1;  Ardi.  Anob.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  i.  Gl-2;  JJoc.  Hint.  CuL,  MS.,  iv.  7;{1  :i. 
San  Buenaventura  also  claimed  the  ranclio  of  PM. 

"  Guillernio Cota  commanded  tlio  guard  in  182'i,  and  Juan  Salazar  in  IS-j;!. 
Statistics:  decrease  in  population,  1,028  to  827.  Baptisms,  302;  largest  niiin- 
her,  42  in  1823;  smallest,  17  in  18.30.  Deaths,  550;  largest  number,  ;U  in 
1827;  smallest,  21  in  1830.  Decrease  in  large  stock,  12,509  to  G,5G0;  horses 
and  mules,  509  to  5G0;  sheep,  7,G50  to  3,1G0.  Crops:  largest,  0,000  busliu* 
in  1821;  smallest,  1,.305  in  1829;  average,  2,95G,  of  which  2.227  wheat,  yicM 
13  fold;  105  barley  (only  raised  in  1821);  480  com,  44  fold.  I  have  in  my 
collection  an  alphabetical  list  of  the  neophytes  of  San  Fernando,  the  original 
record  of  the  mission,  and  the  only  one  of  the  mission  books  the  whereabnuts 
of  which  is  at  present  known.  S.  Fernando,  LUta  A!fabitka  de  Ned/itoK,  MS, 

''■Mission  lands  extend  101.  E.  tow.  from  Tajunga  Mts.  to  Ataguama 
Mts. ;  and  N.  to  s.  5  leagues  from  ranchos  S.  Francisco  de  la  Mision  and  Siiiii 
toward  S.  Gabriel  and  Sanja.  Good  soil,  but  no  irrigation.  Misioncn,  Cut- 
demo  de  Estados,  1S22,  MS.,  237,  272-3.  Camulos  rancho  occupied  by  tlie 
mis.sion  sheep  in  1824.  chap,  xxiii.  1828,  from  s.  to  w.  (?),  10 1.  from  Cahuciii,',i 
to  Ti'iunfo,  including  Caliuenga,  las  Calabazas,  Las  Virgenes,  Agua  Amai'ga, 
and  Triunfo;  from  w.  to  n.  (?),  Camulos,  S.  Francisco  Javier,  5  1.  from  Eiiciiu) 
to  the  Sierra.  liegkter  of  Jirandu,  MS.,  29-30.  In  1821,  a  neophyte  stablnd 
another  in  a  gambling  quarrel,  and  took  sanctuary  in  the  church.  He  va.s 
Bent  to  Monterey  for  two  years.  Guerra,  Doc.  Hint.  Cat.,  MS.,  i.  203-11. 
April  13,  1S2G,  Echeandia  declares  S.  Fernando  to  be  in  tlie  jurisdiction  of 
Loa  Angiles.  Dept.  liec,  MS.,  iv.  30.  Proposed  ex-neophyte  pueblo  at  S. 
Fernando  I82G.  llUt.  Cal.,  chap,  i v.  of  vol.  iii.  this  series.  Dec.  1,  1830,  mil- 
itary aid  Kent  from  town  on  account  of  the  arrival  of  a  suspicious  party  uf 
gentiles.  Dcjit.  St.  Pap.  Anijel'-»,  !MS.,  i.  95. 


SAXTA  BARBARA. 


071 


iard.  Meanwhile,  Lieutenant  Maitorona  was  acting 
foiiiandante  in  1828,  and  Lieutenant  Roniuaklo  Pa- 
cliL'co  in  1829-30.  Tl<e  lieutenancy  was  held  by 
(lalii'iel  Moraga  until  his  death  in  1823.**  It  was 
vacant  until  1827,  when  Alferez  Jose  Joaquin  Maito- 

'^  ( Jahriel  Moraga  was  a  son  of  Lieut.  ,1os6  Joaquin  Moraca,  the  first  co- 
iii.iii(!;mte  of  San  I'raneisco,  and  of  Uia  wife  Doniv  Marfa  del  I'ilar  do  Leon  y 
iLiicclc'i,  Imrn  some  years  before  Ids  parents  carno  to  California.  He  enlisted 
ii  I7S4,  and  July  10th  of  tiiat  year  was  married  at  S.  Francisco  to  Ana 
.Mai  ill  IJernal.  I'adro  I'alou  orticiated,  and  ('apt.  Xicohls  Soler  wiw  present. 
.V.  Fniiirigro,  Lib.  Minion,  MS.,  57.  In  17f*8  he  became  corporal  in  the 
Miiiitirey  company,  and  for  12  years  commanded  various  mission  escoltas. 
I  nun  1800  to  1806  ho  was  sergeant  of  tiio  same  company;  and  was  then 
tiaii.oferred  to  S.  Francisco  as  alferez.  In  181 1  lie  was  made  brevet  lieutenant 
f  >!'  Ills  gallantrv  in  a  battle  with  the  Indians  on  tlio  strait  of  Carquines,  and 
in  .\iiril  1818  he  received  his  commission  as  lieutenant  of  the  Stt  Biirlwra 
riiiiiiiany  by  a  mistako  made  in  Mexico  or  Spain,  with  which  on  account  of 
liis  li(iilth  he  was  well  pleased.  Prov.  St.  I'ap.,  lien.  Mil.,  MS.,  li.  4;  Ixix. 
\\-l\  I'rue.  lice.,  MS.,  ix.  196;  Prov.  Si.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  194;  I'allijo,  Dor. 
11(^1.  ('(t/.,  MS.,  xvi.  48.  In  1800  ho  commanded  a  small  party  sent  against 
tliu  Indians  from  Monterey,  and  he  becamo  one  of  the  most  famous  Indian 
ti;,'liters  in  California.  Before  1806  he  had  visited  and  named  the  San  Joatiuin 
livir,  wiiero  his  father  hod  been  long  before.  His  later  recorded  expeditions 
iiirliule  tliat  made  to  tho  broad  region  beyond  the  Tulares  in  Sept.  and  Oct. 
lS(Mi;  to  the  S.  Joaquin  in  1807;  two  visits  to  the  S.  Joaquin  in  search  of 
mission  sites,  a  trip  to  Bodega,  the  fan:  is  fight  at  Carquines  Strait  in  Mny« 
mid  II  campaign  in  tiio  region  of  San  Gabriel — all  in  1810;  three  visits  to  Ross 
ill  1H12-1.3-14;  and  an  expedition  toward  tho  Colorado  in  1819:  see  chap.  iii. 
xiv,  and  xv.  this  volume.  According  to  his  hojn  de  xerviclon  of  1820  ho 
liuil  Ijcen  connected  with  46  expeditions  against  In<lianB  and  taken  part  in  10 
battles.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  li.  4. 

I'rom  about  1818  Lieut.  Moraga  tried  frequently  to  obtain  retirement  on 
oiionnt  of  chronic  rheumatism  and  other  inhrmities  resulting  from  old  ago 
ami  past  exposure.  With  this  object  of  retirement  in  view  he  obtained  (;er- 
titiiatos  from  Gov.  Sola,  Capt.  Joa6  D.  Argiiello,  Capt.  Francisco  Ruiz,  Sui- 
gcon  Quijano,  and  padres  Seilan  and  Payeras,  all  of  whom  spoke  in  terms  of 
till'  highest  praise  respecting  his  character  and  the  value  of  his  pa«t  services. 
Hmrrn,  Doc.  Hist.  Co/.,  MS.,  vi.  180-204,  No  attention  was  paid  to  his 
(iLiiianils  so  far  as  the  records  show;  nor  to  his  appeal  of  Oct.  29,  1822,  to 
Ituihide,  in  which  ho  pleaded  earnestly  at  some  Icngtii  for  retirement  and  full 
]iay  as  the  only  means  to  protect  his  family  from  poverty  and  sufTering.  /(/., 
vii.  117-22.  Of  the  remaining  8  months  of  his  life  we  know  nothing;  and  of 
iiis  death  only  that  he  was  buried  in  the  cemetery  of  Sta  lidrbara  mi.ssion  on 
June  \'i,  1823.  Sta  Bdrhara,  Lih.  Mision,  MS.,  3.">.  Tliough  an  illiterate  man, 
Moiaga  was  honest,  moral,  kind-hearted,  popular,  and  a  very  energetic  and 
successful  officer. 

Moraga's  wife  and  also  a  son  died  on  Feb.  11,  1802.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS,, 
xviii.  197.  Ho  subsequently  married  Marfa  .Ti.'aquina  Alvarado.  Two  of  his 
sons,  Jos(!  Guadalupe  and  Domingo,  were  mliladoM  iliKliiiiiuidot  in  the  San  Fran- 
I'isci)  company  in  1818.  S.  Francisco,  Cuentan,  MS.,  i.  iii.  The  former  became 
it  lailet  in  tho  San  Diego  comimny.  Another  son,  Vicente,  born  at  Sun 
Antonio  Jan.  23,  1790,  S.  Antonio,  Lih.  Mision,  MS.,  7,  was  in  183.1-.')a  school- 
iimstei-  at  Angeles  and  olso  secretary  and  sfndieo  of  the  ayuntamiento.  Lou 
Aii'jih's,  Ayunt.  Pec,  MS.,  1;  Bo(fllo,An.al<s  del  Siir,  MS.,  10.  176.  But  the 
fame  of  the  family  expired  with  Don  Gabriel,  whom  Inoccnte  Garcia  describea 
ns  a  tall,  well  built  mi'i\  of  dark  complexion,  brave,  gentlemanly,  and  the  best 
Califoniian  soldier  of  liij  ;ime. 


h\^i 


I  1, 


^p 

n 


072 


SANTA  nARDARA  DISTRICT. 


rcna  was  proniotod  to  l)o  lioutoimiit,  and  Cadet  J)o. 
iirmi;<)  Carrillt)  to  lu;  alturoz,  thou<di  the  latter  was 
sorvin<^  at  Sau  l)ie«,'o  durinj^  IHi'H-D,  and  A  licit/, 
K(Khi<'o  del  IMiejjfo  served  at  Santa  Bilrbara  in  liis 
place  most  of  the  time.  The  altercz  was  usually 
hahilitado,  thouj^h  Cilrlos  Carrillo  held  the  place  lur 
a  time  in  1H22-.'J,  and  Anastasio  Carrillo  in  IS'_'7  and 
18*J1).  Maitorena  was  sent  to  Mexico  as  a  niemhir  >>[' 
con<jjress  for  1829-30,  and  died  prohahly  in  ISMO.  A 
notice  of  his  lifo  is  <;iven  in  another  place.''*  Paclitco 
thouj,di  acting  conumdante  of  the  ])ost  was  not  an 
officer  of  the  company.  Jose  Antonio  de  la  (incira 
vas  a  cadet  in  IH'Jl,  Francisco  Tapia  in  IH'Jo-d,  and 
ly^nacio  del  Yalle  in  1828-9.  Serjjeant  Anastasio 
Carrillo  served  throiijjfhout  the  decade.  Cota  was 
replaced  by  Diimaso  Rodriguez  in  1821;  Carlos  Car- 
rillo retired  in  1824  or  earlier,  and  his  place  was  lillnl 
in  1827  h}'  Juan  Salazar  who  in  18;J0  was  sent  to  Sau 
Diego  temporarily  as  habilitado.  Maitorena  was  post- 
nmster  in  the  earlier  years,  and  Sergeant  Carrillo  in 
the  later.  In  these  republican  times  there  was  als(» 
a  form  of  civil  government,  and  an  ayuntamientt) 
elected  for  the  first  time  in  December  182G  by  onkr 
of  Eclieandia,  though  the  list  of  t)fficials  as  recorckil 
is  very  imperfect.*^ 

The  presidiai  company  of  Santa  Bdrbara  did  not 
vary  materially  from  sixty-six  men  and  twenty-si\ 
invalids  from  1821  to  1829,  but  according  to  the  rolls 
for  1830  was  fi  'ty  men  and  twenty-two  invalids. 
About  twenty  of  he  Mazatlan  company  under  Fabic- 


'♦//w<.  CaL,  chap.  ii.  I.  iii.  this  series.  March  1,  18.30,  there  was  ;iii 
order  in  Mexico  for  Capi  Tos6  Ramirez  to  proceed  to  California  and  tiike 
command  of  Sta  Barbara;  it  he  never  came.  Sup.  Oovt.  St,  Pap.,  MS.,  vi, 
4-5. 

«  Dec.  15,  1826,  Echen  Ua's  order  for  an  election.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS., 
i.  189-90.  Vicente  Valei)>;ia  sindico  in  1827.  /(/. ,  xiv.  1.  Jacinto  (ionzalc; 
sindico  for  1828  and  arrested  by  the  alcalde  for  refusing  to  render  account-). 
Dept.  liec,  MS.,  vi.  206.  Martin  Ortega,  alcalde;  Rafael  (ionzalez,  ref.'itlor; 
and  Jos6  Antonio  de  la  Guerra  (Jr.)  sfndico  in  1829.  Dept.  JRw.,  MS.,  vii.  tiT; 
Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xiv.  1;  St.  Pap.,  Ben.,  MS.,  i.  94.  Electores  df  lai- 
tido;  Francisco  Ortega,  1822;  Carlos  Carrillo,  1827;  Francisco  Atanasio  Cuta, 
1823;  Domingo  Carrillo,  1830. 


POPLT.ATION. 


C73 


pit  nnd  Dclj^ado  niny  l)o  .supposed  to  Imvo  still  ro- 
iiiiiini'd  jierc  in  the  absi'iicc  ot'  any  cvidcMiro  to  tiio 
contrary,  thoujjfh  most  of  tlio  miinl)or  got  no  pay  or 
nitions  and  were  earning  their  living  as  best  they 
(ould;  and  in  the  last  years  of  the  deeado  there  are 
iii(iitione<l  seven  or  eigiit  artillerynien  and  twelve  or 
thirteen  infantry.  Thus  in  IR.'JO,  if  we  deduct  twenty 
nil  II  for  eseolta  duty  and  half  the  invalids,  the  total 
fiiict;  at  the  i)residio  n>av  he  considered  aseiirhtv  men. 
Tlir  population  de  razon  at  the  invsidio  proper  was 
alu)ut  500,  only  a  slight  gain  if  any  during  ten  years, 
or  G;iO  including  the  missions  of  the  jurisdiction  except 
S.iii  Fernando."®  There  were  at  least  ten  resident 
foifigners  in  the  district.  With  Han  Fernando  and 
Siiii  Gabriel  the  total  was  790  against  740  in  1820; 
Of  for  "the  whole  presidial  district,  including  Los 
Angeles  an<l  its  ranchos,  1790,  a  gain  of  435  for  the 
(Ic'iule,  The  ni'ophyte  |)opulation  of  the  same  district 
jiiid  decreased  in  the  same  period  from  0,400  to  4,400. 
If  we  take  the  two  districtti  of  Santa  Bdrbaraand  San 
]  Ywj'o  together  we  find  that  during  this  decade  South- 
vvn  (California  had  gained  in  white  population  from 
I.SOO  to  2,310,  and  declined  in  neophyte  jiopulation 
from  11, GOO  to  9,000.^' 

"•The  pnilroncs  in  St.  Pap.  M'lu-i.,  M.S.,  iv.  48;  v.  20,  .^3,  give .Sta  Bdilmra 
villi  its  5  missions,  (i04  souls  in  l.S-21,  (J0«  in  18-28,  and  04.)  in  18.30.  Tlio 
report  in  lI'Mrt' jVcc,  If.  S.  Kxjilor.  Erpi-tl.,  v.  ").">."),  gives  01.3  for  18'JS, 
(lu'rcuing  iiractically  with  tho  other.  Tliat  in  Ikindini,  Dor.  Hist.  Cnl.,  MS., 
ti,  nijikt's  tlie  nunilier  7S'2  in  1.S27.  douhtlcss  including  Indians.  Tluit  in  Sla 
Cliii-'i.  Parroi/nitt,  MS.,  ilT-S,  makes  tliu  popidation  r)8'2  in  18*24.  Tiie  foreign 
residents  were  .Jnnies  W.  llurke,  Koliert  J.  Klwell,  Daniel  A.  Hill,  Tlionina 
M.  lioljbins,  William  (!.  l>ana,  AVilliam  D.  Foxen,  .James  Scott,  Michael 
A\'liite,  John  Wilson,  and  .James  Hreek. 

^' Items  of  finance  for  the  decaile:  company  p.ay-roll,  from  81,4.')0  to 
?1, 7(10  per  month.  Dept.  to  .S.  lM..ncisco  at  end  of  182-2,  ?l,li)8.  .Snpplics 
recniired  for  18-2.3,  1,100  fan.  corn.  '270  Leans,  700  urrohait  lard,  ,<il,.300  worth 
of  soap!  Paid  the  company  in  18-2.'),  .S.3. 3-24;  due  S">,  109  more.  Sometime  in 
iN-li  the  company  is  said  to  have  received  .*!10,(X)0  on  account  of  back  pay. 
l>iie  eomiMiny  at  end  of  18-20,  .SO.Oll.  Snpplies  to  Mazatlan  comjiany  in 
ls-.'7,  .«!45().  Oct.  18-20,  due  from  the  treasury,  ?7.'>,0.30.  In  April  1827  the 
liiiliilitado  signed  drafts  on  Mexico  for  ^85,578,  the  amount  of  supplies  fur- 
nished by  0  ndssions  since  18-22.  Duties  from  vessels,  18'20toOct.  182*2,  810,- 
.Sl!i,  of  which  sum  §1.3,377  for  lS-2-2.  For  18-2.'),  .<!l,*2-20;  18*20,  87,2*23;  18*27, 
iihmit  §0,000.  Postal  revenue,  18-25,  $*2.").50;  lS-20,  §13.3.  No  tithes,  18*2:J-0. 
Tithes  in  1820,  $-2,040.  Municipal  revenue,  18*27-8,  8408;  expenditures,  880. 
iteceipts  in  1829,  $503;  expenditures,  §405.     For  company  rolls,  accounts, 


fwifra 


n\ 


m 


'!"  ■  ! 


■aM 


574 


SANTA  BARBARA  DISTRICT. 


As  a  port  Santa  Bilbara  was  visited  frequently  liy 
foreign  traders,  as  narrated  in  another  chapter  devoted 
to  commercial  annals,  though  at  certain  times  this 
port,  like  San  Francisco,  was  legally  closed  and  coulvl 
only  be  visited  with  a  special  license  from  the  gov- 
ernor. Statistics  are  altogether  insufficient  to  show 
the  comparative  extent  of  Santa  Bdrbara  trade.'^^  Of 
the  girls'  school  of  1817  nothing  appears  in  the  rec- 
ords; but  a  school  was  maintained  in  the  last  years 
of  the  decade,  when  Diego  Fernandez  received  fifteen 
dollars  per  month  for  teaching.  In  1828  Echeandia 
declared  this  a  useless  expense  since  not  a  si  nolo 
scholar  attended  the  school  with  all  the  alcalde's 
eff(  ;s.  The  comandante  was  ordered  to  compel 
parents  to  send  their  children.^^  The  company's  ranelio 
of  San  Julian  was  a  prosperons  institution  down  to 
1826  at  least.  It  not  only  kept  the  troops  sup})lie(l 
with  meat  and  paid  its  expenses,  but  furnished  sGoO 
to  buy  an  organ  for  the  chapel,  and  left  a  cash  balance 
of  $940,  besides  2,221  head  of  cattle.'*"  The  presidio 
buildings  were  somewhat  damaged  by  repeated  shocks 
of  earthquake  in  January;  but  we  hear  nothing  nioie 
of  extensive  repairs  or  of  removal.  In  the  s})iing 
of  1827,"  when  Duhaut-Cilly  was  here,  Guerra  was 

etc.,  see  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Dm.  Mil.,  MS.,  Iv.-lxxvi.,  passim;  Drpt.  St.  Pap., 
MS.,  i.  !);  ii.  7G;  Id.,  Ben.  Ciist.  11.,  i.  27,  80;  Id.  Presid.,  i.  21);  /(/.,  Jim. 
Com.  and  Tnun.,  i.  C.V7,  81;  Prov.  llec.  MS.,  vii.  47,  IGO;  xi.  80-1:  J)ri>i. 
Hi'c,  V.  3S-9;  .«.  Pap.  Sac,  MS.,  xi.  LI;  xii.  4;  xiv.  31;  xiii.  ll-ls;  Si. 
Pap.,  Ucn.,  MS.,  i.  82,  93-4;  Arch.  Arzob.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  ii.  4;  Vullcjo.  JJo'-. 
Hht.Cal.,  MS.,  X vii.  120. 

'*See  Hid.  CaL,  chap.  v.  of  vol.  iii.  and  passim,  this  series*.  Ord,  Orm-- 
rrncia'i,  MS.,  19,  describes  the  obtaining  of  water  for  vessels  at  .Smitii 
IJarbara  as  a  very  tedious  process.  Guerra  in  1827  says  that  the  inhaMtuiits 
of  tlie  jurisdiction  maintain  themselves  as  a  rule  by  tlie  production  of  l:i!lnn- 
and  hides,  raising  also  some  grain  and  vegotabks.  A  few  engage  in  trade.  Imt 
they  will  probably  have  to  abandon  it  to  foreigners,  with  whom  it  is  inijinssi- 
Lie  to  compete.  At  the  missions  some  coarse  woollen  clothing  and  liaisinv 
niaile.  The  production  of  wine  and  brandy  nught  be  made  prolitalilf  if 
foreign  liquors  could  be  excluded  or  heavily  taxed.  Guerra,  Doc,  Iliit.  (  c/., 
MS.,  i.  2-4. 

^'*  Ih-pt.  lice,  MS.,  vi.  105;  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xiv.  1-2. 

'"llabilitado's  report  on  the  rancho  from  1817  to  1826.  Guerra,  Doc.  IH"'. 
Cal,  MS.,  iii,  .V2-.3. 

*^  l)i<haul-CiUy,  Vinr/gio,  i.  271-2.  This  writer  says:  'The  presidio  of 
St;i  IVu  .lara  is,  like  tliat  of  Monterey,  a  closed  square  surrounded  •witli  limisi  s 
of  a  single  story.     Near  the  north-west  corner  rises  an  cdilicc  u  little  nioro 


IJ  J 


CRIMINAL  RECORD. 


576 


)quently  l^v 
iter  dov(iU'(l 

times  this 
d  and  ci)ulil 
m  the  gov- 
Bnt  to  show 
trade.^^  Of 
5  in  the  roc- 
3  last  years 
3ived  fif'teou 
]  Echeanih'a 
ot  a  sin![>'le 
he  alcalde's 

to  compel 
any's  raiicho 
ion  down  ti) 
Dps  siipi»lio(l 
■nished  8350 
cash  balance 
[The  presidio 

sated  shocks 

lothing  more 

the  spriii*,' 

Guerra  was 

I;  D'pt.  St.  /'rip., 

,  i.  2t»;  Id.,  Bm. 

xi.  80-1;  JJcpt. 

xiii.  11-1.^;  St. 

4;    Vallcjo,  Du'-. 

ries*,  Oril,  ()<-iii-- 
s^essfls  at  Simta 
the  iiilia'.iitaiits 
Jluctioii  of  tiilliiw 
cage  in  tradf.  Imt 
loin  it  is  inii")ssi- 
ling  and  luits  nie 
|nlo  profitalili'  if 
,  Doc.  JIM.  Oil., 

tfierra,  Doc.  IH"'- 

[The  presidio  of 
Idcd  witli  liimsi » 
lice  a  little  uiuio 


al)out  to  finish  a  house  for  himself  outside  the  presidio 
walls,  where  there  were  already  from  sixty  to  eighty 
houses,  each  v/ith  its  little  garden. 

Ill  a  note  I  append  a  few  items  from  the  criminal 
record  of  the  decade,*"  though  that  record  was  by  no 
means  an  unusually  exciting  one.  In  another  note  I 
close  the  record  of  Santa  Barbara  presidio  with  a 
chronological  statement  of  local  events,  most  of  which 
are  presented  more  or  less  fully  in  other  chapters  of 
this  volume." 

)iioniinent  than  any  other  and  ornamented  with  a  balcony.  It  is  the  resi- 
iliiico  of  the  com.nulante.  At  the  opposite  corner  protecting  the  way  to  the 
flioif,  it  was  evidently  the  intention  of  the  Californian  engineers  to  build  a 
luistion;  but  to  believe  that  tiiey  had  succeeded  would  be  great  good -nature.' 
Karthquakcs  in  Jan.  1821.  Guerra,  Doc.  Il'ixt.  <'al.,  MS.,  iv.  "1.  April  1S'21, 
the  governor  is  on  the  lookout  for  a  man  to  build  a  mill  witli  a  view  to  utilize 
tlie  water  of  the  reservoir  to  be  constructed.  Vrov.  lice,  MS.,  xi.  (i;j.  Rob- 
inson, Life  ill  Cal.,  44-8,  briefly  describes  Sta  ]5;irbara  and  vicinity  as  they 
api)eare(l  in  1829.  He  says  that  there  were  three  or  four  largo  Iniildings  at 
Ortega's  rancho,  but  this  establishment  had  never  regained  its  prosperity  since 
liniichard's  visit  of  1818.  The  armament  at  Sta  Biirbara  in  1830  was  seven 
guns,  live  iron  and  two  brass,  one  of  3-pound  calibre,  live  O-poundcrs,  and 
one  :<-pounder.  Dcpt.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixii.  24. 

'-In  1821,  a  soldier  having  publicly  asserted  that  he  had  been  criminally 
intimate  with  a  young  lady,  she  was  subjected  to  an  examination  by  order  of  the 
governor  and  declared  to  be  a  virgin.  Dc])t.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  Iv  7-8.  A  sol- 
dier condemned  to  two  years'  work  in  shackles  for  rape  of  a  child.  JiL,  lii.  (K 
1  yJ'J,  some  proceedings  against  soldiers  of  the  Mazatlan  company  for  tlesertion. 
I'enaltics  from  four  to  six  years  in  chain-gang.  /</.,  liv.  1 1,  20-1.  1825,  a  sol- 
dier sentenced  to  three  months  in  shackles  for  raising  his  bayonet  against 
Sergt.  Tobar;  and  Tobar  reprimanded  for  use  of  abusive  language  and  l;ein^ 
(hunk  when  on  duty.  St.  Pap.  Sac,  MS.,  xi.  21.  An  alcalde  complained 
tliat  a  private  and  innocent  game  of  moiile  at  his  house  had  been  Jiroken  up 
by  tlio  military.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Pi(f.  y  JiiZ'j.,  MS.,  vi.  34-,").  1827,  soldier 
(Sentenced  to  seven  years' o*  hard  work  for  rape  and  desertion.  Dipt.  lice, 
MS.,  V.  38.  Duhaut-Cilly,  Ha;/<iio,  ii.  10-13,  tells  the  story  of  Valcrio,  who' 
escaped  from  the  mission  and  livctl  in  a  cave,  coming  at  niglit  for  fcjod,  etc. 
Aceording  to  this  author  v'alerio  was  hunted  down  and  killed  some  months 
licforc  April  1827;  but  cflforts  to  capture  tiie  '  famoso  ladron  '  are  recorded  in 
Feb.  1828.  Drpt.  Ilec,  MS.,  vi.  180;  .SV.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  x.  100.  In  April 
l.s.'iO  a  negro  soldier  wounded  an  English  sailor,  and  declared  at  bis  examina- 
tion that  ho  would  kill  a  (iichuinii  foreigner  whenever  he  liad  a  chance;  'ami 
this  proof  of  patriotism  was  so  favorable  to  liim  that  Sr  I'aclicco  ac(|uitted  and 
released  him — I  do  not  know  if  with  thanks;'  says  (lucrra.  Carrillo  (J. ),  Doc. 
tlist.  Citl.,  MS.,  23.  In  May  a  neophyte  convicteil  of  killing  another  in  n 
gandiling  (luarrel,  10  years  of  hard  labor  at  S.  Diego,  fil.,  23-4;  Drjif.  .St.  Pap., 
i'l./.  J/(7. ,  MS.,  Ixxii.  7.     Sixteen  jirisoners  in  Dceend)er.  7'/.,  Ixxii.  1. 

"In  1821  there  were  charges  of  connivance  in  smuggling  against  Lieut. 
Faliregat  of  the  Mazatecas,  who  sold  some  otter-skins  to  an  American  schooner 
ealied'thc  ,S7///oc.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  >JS.,  xx.  204;  Id.,  Jim,  Mil.,  xlvi.  2.'); 
I'l-iic.  I!ec,  MS.,  xi.  07.  An  epidemic  fever  killed  many  Indians  from  .Funo 
to  August,  as  is  stated  by  tiuerra  in  a  detailed  diary  of  changes  in  the  weather 
fioni  Feb.  8th  to  Dec.  18th.  Doc  Uixt.  Cal.,  MS.,  iv.  4!»."»-,">01. 

1822.    In  April  an  oath  (>f  allegiance  to  the  imperial  regency  was  taken  by 


I 


1  S    1, 


'     tl 


■i  nvm 


mi 


'4: 


: 


;i 


I 


if 

III: 


'1!r 


w 


fi76 


SANTA  BARBARA  DISTRICT. 


Changes  in  missionaries  at  Santa  Barbara  ]\Iission 
during  this  period  were  as  foHows:  Antonio  Jiiiiiie 
came  in  1821;  Francisco  Suner  left  the  mission  in  1  Sl'.!; 
Juan  INIorcno  came  in  1827;  Antonio  Ripoll  fled  at 
the  beginning  of  1828 ;  in  1829  Moreno  was  succeeded 
by  Antonio  Jimeno,  and  Jaime  died.**     Under  tliu 

the  authorities,  citizens,  padres,  and  neophytes,  chap.  xxi.  In  June  Alf. 
ilaitoreiia  was  appointed  to  examine  witnesses,  and  in  conjunction  with  coci- 
niissioners  named  bj-  the  padres,  to  lix  definite  bounds  between  the  picsiilio 
and  mission.  Doc.  Hint.  CaL,  MS.,  iv.  SGO-Tl.  In  September  the  Aiiicricau 
schooner  Ewjh:  attempted  to  seize  the  Mexican  briy  S(in  rrmicisco  dv  I'mila, 
Ijut  was  instead  seized  by  the  officers  of  the  brig,  run  on  a  sand-bank,  and  .sdll 
at  auction,  chap.  xxi. 

In  182.3  tlie  leading  event  was  the  employment  by  Guerra  of  William  I'm- 
roughs  to  furnish  medical  treatment  to  the  troops  for  4  years  at  a  .sulaiy  (<i 
$240.  Dr  B.  by  the  terms  of  his  contract  was  to  make  two  visits  daily  at  'J 
A.  M.  and  5  r.  m.  to  the  sick  at  the  presidio;  but  might  also  visit  the  n]is^il)^.s 
M'ith  a  permit.  After  this  year  nothing  more  is  heard  of  Burroughs,  or  i'loiis 
as  he  is  called.  Guerra,  Doc.  Hist.  Cat.,  MS.,  ii.  l'J7-S;  Doc.  Hist.  CaL,  MS., 
iv.  (i.-)l. 

In  1824  there  occurred  the  exciting  episode  of  the  great  Indian  revnlt. 
chap,  xxiii.  In  May  1825  the  Spauisli  sliip  A'lidks  visited  tliis  port,  greatly 
til  the  scandal  of  Sta  Barbara  .society.  Hist.  Cat.,  cliap.  j.  vol.  iii.,  this  series. 
For  the  next  two  years  tlicre  is  nothing  to  be  noticed. 

1828.  Padre  llipoU  ran  away  in  January;  and  Gov.  Echeandia  honored  Sta 
Barbara  with  his  presence  both  in  spring  and  autumn.  Hist.  Cat.,  chi\\t.  i\. 
and  iv.  of  vol.  iii.,  this  series.  A  Mexican  newspaper  of  Nov.  1828  contaiiiwl 
a  connuunication  from  Capt.  Miguel  Gonzalez,  in  wliicli  it  was  narrated  that 
three  cadets,  Jose  Antonio  de  la  Guerra  and  Kaimundo  and  .loaquin  Carrillo, 
had  dressed  themselves  as  Spanish  officers  one  day  in  June,  pretended  to  Jiave 
just  landed  from  a  Spanish  ship,  rung  the  bell,  and  had  been  saluted  liy 
various  sentries — in  fact  had  been  very  near  capturing  the  whole  presidio  for 
Spain,  much  to  the  terror  of  a  few  true  Mexicans  in  the  garrison,  who  hast- 
ened to  load  the  cannon,  when  the  cadets  declared  it  all  a  joke.  This  matter 
>\as  investigated  next  year,  wtis  found  to  bo  somewhat  exaggerated,  and  the 
three  culprits  bj'  reason  of  their  youth  were  pardoned — or  at  least  the  lis.al 
recommended  that  the  charge  be  dismissed.  Dijd.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  ]\ls,, 
l\x.  .3-0. 

1820.  Padre  Luis  Martinez  was  impijsoned  and  tried  here  in  Febniaiy. 
7/(V.  6V//.,  chap.iv.  of  vol.  iii.,  tliis  series.  The  first  vessel  built  in  Califmnia, 
except  at  Ross,  was  built  here  this  year  and  probably  gave  a  name  to  La  I  ioleta. 
chap.  v.  of  vol.  iii.  In  the  autumn  took  place  the  exciting  events  of  the 
Solis  revolt  with  its  bloodless  battle  near  this  presidio.  Hist.  CaL,  chap.  iii. 
of  vol.  iii.,  this  series. 

18:{0.  In  January  the  diputacion  met  hero  though  only  to  adjourn;  ami  iii 
March  a  colony  of  convicts  arrived,  to  be  sent  over  to  Sta  Cruz  Islaml.  //'>'. 
i'liL,  Avd\>.  ii.  of  vol.  iii.,  this  series.  The  celebration  of  the  national  aiini- 
vensary  on  Sept.  Kith  is  said  to  have  been  ratlicr  a  noisy  occasion.  Ilie 
convicts  and  a  l>and  of  Acapulco  soldiers  guarding  them  shouting  in  the  e\- 
nlierance  of  their  patriotism,  'Long  live  Pacheco!  Death  to  the  Gaehuiiiiiis 
and  foreigners!'  Carril/o  (J.).  Hoc.  Hist.  C<iL,  MS.,  29.  A  man  named  (lal- 
legos  was  drowned  in  the  creek  late  this  year.   Id.,  32. 

■"Antonio  Jaime,  or  Antonio  Mariano  Francisco  Miguel  Caspar  .Taynie  de 
Scguras,  was  born  at  Palma  in  the  island  of  Mallorca  in  17.">7.  In  a  letter 
written  by  liim  in  ]8l(i  he  gives  many  details  of  his  school  days  and  espeeiii'.'.y 
of  Ilia  association  with  Juan  B.  Bestard,  who,  induced  by  Jaime's  ex;iiiii>le, 


•a  Mission 
nio  JainiL' 
mill  IS 2:1; 
:)11  flod  at 
succecck'il 
Jnder  the 

In  June  Alf. 
ition  witli  com- 
len  the  iircsiilio 
r  the  AuK'i  ie;iu 

IC(..SC0  (/('  /'"»/•', 

.-bank,  Hilda  ilil 

)f  William  liur- 
fs  at  a  s;il:u  y  nf 
visits  daily  at  'J 
sit  the  lni.s^ions 
roughs,  or  I 'mi  is 
i/(««.  t'«/.,MS., 

t  Indian  rcvdlt. 
lis  port,  gi'inily 
,  iii. ,  this  sc'iius. 

ul  (a  honored  Sta 

t.  CixK,  chap.  ii. 

1828  contaiiud 

s  narrated  tluit 

oaquin  Carrillo, 

etcudcd  to  have 

con  saluted  hy 

lole  piesidio  tor 

ison,  who  liast- 

c.     This  matter 

lerated,  and  the 

least  tlie  lisral 

^kn.  Jill.,  M^.. 

J-e  in  February. 
lit  in  Calit'ovnia. 
\ic  toLa  (ioleta. 
[r  events  of  the 
Cat,  chap.  iii. 

adjourn;  niid  'a 
Hz  Island.  //'■>(. 
national  aiiiii- 
occasion,  tlie 
Hng  in  the  e\- 
the  Ciaelmpin'"^ 
Lin  nanu'd  *  l.d- 

Lspav  .Taviiie  do 
{;.     Ill  a  K'ttrr 

and  espeeiii'.'.y 
tnie's  exiiiiii'le, 


MISSION  SANTA  BARBARA. 


577 


su])orintend(jnco  of  the  padres  named  the  mission  de- 
clined rapidly  in  nearly  every  element  of  jirosperity, 
e.specially  after  the  Indian  troubles  of  1824.  The 
mission  buildings  were  in  excellent  condition,  and 
manufacturing  industries  under  Ripoll  had  been  more 


Santa  BArdara  District,  1830. 

successful  here  than   in  most  other  establishments; 
liiit  in  population,  live-stock,  and  agricultural  product- 


the  figures  were  far  from  encouraging. 


:\i 


inor 


lo'.al 


tiiok  the  habit,  and  later  became  coinisario  general  of  his  order  ir.  Spain, 
•luime  took  the  habit  in  1774  at  the  convent  of  Jesus  ix/ra  mnroe  at  Paliiia, 
M  lierc  he  was  for  some  time  a  teacher.  At  liis  own  request  lie  was  a  (signed  to 
Mexico,  but  at  Barcelona  on  his  way  w'ivs  detained  by  an  appoiiitnieut  as  ec!  lector 
of  alma  for  San  Fernando  college.  He  finally  sailetl  with  the  ali.is  collected 
ill  June  1794,  arriving  at  the  college  in  August.  Appointed  to  California  in 
1  ell,  17!>r>,  he  landed  at  Monterey  August  '2.Jth.  He  served  at  San  Carlos  till 
I'eliruary  17!)(),  and  at  Solcdad  for  25  years  until  Oetolier  1821,  when  he  was 
transferred  as  invalid  to  Sta  Barbara.  He  was  a  kiiid-liearted,  indulgent  man, 
beloved  for  that  reason  l)y  tiie  neophytes;  and  the  reader  will  remember  how 
Hist,  Cal.,  Vol.  II.    37 


kl 


'       I'' 


i!   •?^« 


■  0^ 


678 


SANTA  BARBARA  DISTRICT. 


events,  of  wliicb  few  arc  recorded,  liave  naturally  not 
been  separated  from  the  presidio  annals/^ 

At  San  Buenaventura  Jose  Senan,  president  of 
tlie  missions,  died  in  August  1823,  and  his  plar-e  as 
minister   Avas   taken    by    Francisco    Sufier.     Vitoi-ia 


^'i:|i 


! 


Veil  tlicy  treated  liim  at  the  revolt  of  1824  when  tlie  insurgents  had  possession 
oi  Sta  liiirhani  Mission,  lie  was.  moreover,  a  very  earnest  missionary  in  the 
earlier  times,  thou^di  regarded  by  his  superiors  as  one  of  somewhat  medioere 
fshilities.  His  name  is  in^-eparablj'  connected  with  the  mission  of  Soleilad. 
In  hiter  years  he  was  contined  to  his  room  l>y  the  torments  of  rheumatisiii, 
.SCI  king  alleviation  in  smiif  and  eigais,  and  in  <lreanis  of  revisiting  his  mitivc 
i:^l;ind  and  meeting  again  his  old  friend  IJestard,  dreams  never  to  he  realized, 
for  he  died  Dee.  "J,  IS-!),  and  his  remains  were  deposited  in  the  vault  of  the 
Sta  r.;irl);ira  ehnreli.  Arr/i.  Sta  li.,  :MS.,  iii.  ()l-'2,  1.13;  Prm:  St.  Pap.,  Ms., 
XX.  '277-iS;  Arc/i.  Jfi.i/(iiir.<,  M.S.,i.  ;5!)0;  St<i  Jiarhnni,  Lib,  Mhion,^\t<.,X)-V,; 
So/ci/dil,  Lih.  Mhion,  MS.;  (.'aiitna,  in  Tai/lor\s  JJisrov.  ami  Found.,  ii.  "JT. 

I'adre  Antonio  Riiioll  was,  like  .Taime,  a  native  of  I'alma  in  Mallorca, 
where  ho  was  l)orn  in  ITS."),  heeoniing  a  Franciscan  in  ITCO.  Ho  sailed  from 
(Aidiz  in  March  ISlO,  ami  arrived  at  the  college  of  San  I'emando  Juno '-'Otli. 
,V  year  hiter  he  was  assigned  to  (California,  hut  on  account  of  revolutionniy 
troubles  did  not  reach  l^ower  California  till  April  1812,  coming  u])  to  San  l)irgii 
iu  .July.  He  was  minister  at  I'urisima  until  May  181."),  and  at  Santa  ]);ii  li:ii:i 
till  Jan.  1828,  when  he  fled  secretly  in  an  American  vessel  under  ciicunistanns 
tiiat  aie  fully  related  in  chap.  iv.  of  vol.  iii.  of  this  histoiy.  I'adie  Icijiull 
v,:is  noted  for  his  enthusiasm  in  any  cause  to  which  he  gave  his  attenti(ii. 
jiarticularly  in  the  improvement  of  manufacturing  industries  and  of  niistsii'U 
Iraildings,  in  which  he  was  very  successful.  At  the  time  of  the  liouclianl 
iit'.aek  his  enthusiasm  took  a  military  form  and  he  organized  a  neophyte  force 
of  180  men,  a  '(,'ompaijiia  tie  Urhanos  Realistas  de  Santa  Jlarliara,'  in  the 
patriotism  and  lighting  (]ua]ities  of  which  body  of  men  the  ])adre  had  unliniitiil 
faith.  In  the  revolt  of  1824  RipoU  could  see  nothing  but  the  act  of  Iudi;iiis 
in  respecting  church  propc^rty  and  the  padres.  All  dangers  sank  into  insigiiili- 
canee  Ijcforc  that  act,  and  the  subsecjuent  killing  of  neophytes  was,  in  his  eyes, 
murder.  From  that  time  he  was  discontented  and  had  no  patience  to  endure  the 
later  troubles  to  which  the  padres  were  subjected  as  Spaniards  and  royalists. 
lie  determined  to  leave  the  country,  and  to  go  secretly  that  he  might  escape 
detention  and  annoyance.  He  i)robably  took  with  him  such  money  as  w;is 
v.ithin  his  reach,  but  not  more  than  a  few  thousand  dollars,  the  taking  of 
Y.hich  under  the  circumstances  was  not  a  very  discreditable  act.  In  IS.'VJ  lie 
was  residing  in  good  health  at  his  native  town.  Arch.  Si/ixloiicK,  MS.,  i.  4(i2- 
,S;  Arr/i.  StaJi.,x.  4',i':  Snrria,  lui'uniifi  xohrt'  Fi-atliM,  1S17,  MS.,  ;")!,  12.s-lt; 
Prm\  Ji'rr.,  MS.,  xi.  'Xr,  AnJi.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  i.  17-18;  Ord.  Oriirv  una-; 
MS.,  10-11.  Autograph,  in  S.  Aiitcno,  Jhr.  Siicllo.'^.  MS.,  '17-100;  Dnhuit- 
Cillii,  V'laiiii'io,  i.  27."i;  ii.  14;i-4;  Aii/dliia;/.  yliitiii/.,  MS. 

■*'  Statistics  of  Sta,  Biirbara  mission:  Decrease  in  jiopulation,  1,132  to  7!  I. 
I'japtisms,  ;52l ;  largest  number,  r)0  in  182(1;  smallest,  22  in  182.").  Deaths, 
74;{;  largest  nundjer,  10.1  in  1S28;  smallest,  47  in  182().  Decrease  in  hir^e 
stock,  4.020  to  .1,2.')!);  horses  and  mules,  1.120  to  7")!);  sheep,  8,.100  to  ;!.4MI. 
Largest  cro]),  10,(it»8  bushels  in  1821;  smallest,  048  in  1820;  average,  ,1.7!)2.<if 
which  2.8{)()  wheat,  yield  10  fold;  .')7()  barley,  9  fold;  2(12  corn,  .18  fold.  Ill 
1.S27  liipoll  had  200  Indians  employed  in  his  woollen  factory.  J)ifha!(l-('iliii, 
Vkvi'i'io,  \.  278-80.  April  10,  1827,  sight  diaft  of  Habilitado  Maitorena  cm 
the  habilitado  general  in  favor  of  padres  of  Sta  I'arbara  for  provisions  fur- 
nished; amount,. '?8, 72.").  Atrh.  J/(Vw/((.s', MS.,ii.  177-8;  J)(jtf.Iii(..'MS.,v.  .18-9. 
Tithes  of  182(),  .S724;  besides  8804  supplied  to  troops.  Arch.  Arzo'i.,  'MS.,  v. 
pt.  ii.  107.     In  1822  there  were  still  some  pagans  on  Sta  Catalina  Island,  iiiid 


lilt: 


SAN  BUENAVENTURA. 


570 


urally  not 


csiflcnt 
s  place 


»f 


as 
Yitoria 


1  had  posscssidii 
issioiiary  in  tlie 
•what  iiit'dii'crc 
lun  of  Solcilail. 
rif  rheiiiiiati>iii, 
itiug  hirt  native 
•  to  be  realizi  il, 
.he  vault  of  the 
St.  Pa  I..,  \1S., 
sioii,  MS.,  '.\'}-i'>; 
hiiiid.,  ii.  -7. 
111.  in  ^hlll'lr(■;^, 
He  sailfil  fvciii 
aiuh)  June  llOth. 
)f  revohiti(iui\iy 
u])  to  San  l)ii';.:i) 
t  Santa  liailiiii'a 
ur  circiunstanc  I"* 
.     I'aibe  l;i|"ill 
■e  his  attcntii  n. 
I  and  of  niisi-icn 
if  the  I'.miehanl 
;i  neophyte^  fi'lci' 
Jaihara,'  in  tlio 
•ehail  unliniitdl 
e  act  of  Indians 
,ikintoinsi;inili- 
Iwas,  in  hia  ey<'s, 
ce  to  endure  t  hi- 
s  anil  royali-ts. 
le  might  csea|ie 
I  nioney  as  was 
,  the  taUiii.L'  "f 
let.     In  1S:V.'  lio 
,9,  MS.,  i.  Mi-2- 
IS.,.-)!,  l-2^-li; 
V,  Ornrri  II'  '■'■', 
-100;  Diih"ii'- 

Ji,  1,132  to  711. 
llS'J.').  Deatl.s 
lerease  in  lain' 
,:?00  to  :). ■!>'»• 
eiage,  :?.7!l'-;.  "f 
\\,  ;W  fold,  la 
I)iihaut-<'il'".i. 
Maitorena  ■  u 
Ijirovisions  Im- 
.MS.,v.  :!S  !'. 
i\i-Mh.,  MS.,v. 
Ina  Island,  and 


It'ft  the  mission  in  1824  and  Josd  Altlnnra  came  in 
1S2G.  The  latter  ran  away  from  Calitbrnia  in  18"J8; 
hut  Francisco  Javier  Uri'a  had  come  in  1827;  so  that 
Sufier  and  Uria  were  left  as  associate  ministers  at  the 
(.11(1  of  the  decade.'*"  The  decline  of  San  Buenaven- 
tina  was  even  more  marked  and  rapid  in  some  respects 
than  that  of  Santa  Barbara.  In  the  numl)er  of  its 
cuttle  it  dropped  from  the  head  of  tlie  mission  list  to 
tli(,'  fifteenth  place;  and  in  its  crops  there  was  a  great 
falling-ofF.  As  early  as  1822  the  padres  presented  a 
(liseonraging  report  respecting  tlie  mission  lands  and 
the  agricultural  and  stock-raitsing  prospcets.  The 
Iiiilians,  however,  had  a  number  of  gardens  along  the 

it  was  the  opinion  of  the  friars  that  the  islands  ought  to  ho  settled  by  the 
iiiiinants  of  their  original  people.  MUiourK,  < 'iiaderiio  (If  Eslndof,  1SJ..\  MS., 
■J70.  We  have  seen  that  the  new  church  was  dedicated  in  1S20,  but  con- 
siderable improvements  were  made  in  ditl'erent  mission  buildings  dnriui;  the 
liisthalf  of  this  decade,  especially  in  the  reservoir  and  fountain.  ]>ulumt- 
(  illy,  I'lnijiiio,  i.  271-80,  givesagood  description  of  the  ndssionasit  iiii]H'ared 
in  ls27,  including  the  fountain  with  its  stone  bear  sponting  water,  and  a 
water-mill  to  which  llipoll  was  at  the  time  giving  his  whole  attention,  though 
it  was  not  yet  in  running  order.  In  a  scrap  in  Jiai/ix'  L'liii;/.  Xi.ffx,  'M',\,  it  is 
stated  that  about  1.S24  the  ])adre.s  laid  the  ccirner-stone  and  prepared  adobes 
fur  a  church  at  San  Kniilio,  but  the  work  was  abandoneil  on  account  of  the 
reMilt.  I  find  no  other  record  on  this  .subject.  ]>escri])tion  of  elnirch  in  /</., 
■ITIi.  with  mention  of  a  road  over  Mt  S.  Marcos  by  which  timber  was  brought. 
Ill  1822  the  mission  lands  arc  described  as  extending  7-S  I.  i;.  to  w. ,  and  .'J-4 
1.  N.  to  s.  Pasturage  insullicient.  Soil  good,  but  no  irrigation.  Locusts 
tiinililcsomc.  Grain  sullicient  to  feed  the  neophytes  with  the  aid  of  meat, 
li-ili.  and  fruits.  Mi.iioiict^,  ('iiniliriio  tlr  I-J.-^fd'hs,  !S..'..',  M.S.,  240,  278-0;  ,l/-r/(. 
til  I  Jj.,  MS.,  ix.  130-2.  In  1S2S  four  ranclios  are  mentioned,  thi-ee  used  for 
s<i\ving  and  one  for  .stock.  They  were  San  Jose,  4  1.  away;  CaiUKla  de  las 
Annas,  4  1.;  Los  Pueblos,  G  1.,  and  S.  Marcos,  8  1.  Pico,  Pcfpdes  di;  Misioii, 
-MS..  1-2. 

''■  For  biographical  sketch  of  Sefiun  see  chap,  xxii.,  this  vol.  Padre  .bisi^ 
Altiinira  was  a  native  of  Barcelona,  where  he  also  entered  the  Franciscan 
Older;  and  he  was  32  years  of  age  when  iji  ISIO  he  came  to  the  Mexican  col- 
lege. He  arrived  at  Monterey  Aug.  IS,  1S20.  He  served  at  San  I'ranciseo  in 
l>>'.'0-4;  at  S.  Francisco  Solano  in  IS24-(i:  and  at  S.  liueiiavt'utura  in  ISJ()  7. 
This  padre  brought  from  Spain  ami  Mexico  a  good  re])Utation  for  talent  and 
ajiplieation,  a  reputation  m  Inch  he  sustained  during  his  short  stay  in  (,'alifor- 
iiia;  but  he  showed  also  a  s]iirit  of  indejiendenee  wliieh  led  to  nnuh  ehating 
under  the  restraint  of  su]ierior  orders,  and  he  made  enemies  even  among  the 
liiars.  His  fame  in  California  rests  upon  his  foundation  of  S.  r'ranciseo 
Sulano  in  1823,  at  which  time  he  iiad  a  bitter  <(iiitroveis\-  witli  Ids  superiors 
and  associates;  aiid  on  his  flight  in  conipany  \\  ith  UipoU  in  .lanuary  1S28  - 
I'litli  of  which  topics  arc  fully  recorded  elsewhere.  Si'e  chap.  xxii.  of  this 
viij.  ;ind  iv.  of  vol.  iii.  On  account  of  his  liricf  service  in  the  country,  his 
iiidepeiu'.ence  of  eliaraeter,  and  the  resulting  controversies,  his  (light  wjis  le.ss 
til  lie  wondered  at  than  that  of  Ilipoll.  As  late  as  1800  he  is  said  to  have 
bee  II  living  at  Teneritle.  On  his  early  life  fiml  coming  to  (,'alifoniia,  see  Pay- 
eras'  repoi-t  of  1820,  in  Aixh.  Sta  Ii.,  MS.,  iii.  140;  Attlobiog.  Aiildj.,  M.S. 


4 


680 


SANTA  BARBARA  DISTRICT. 


banks  of  tho  river,  whora  they  successfully  raised 
vegetables  for  sale;  and  the  gardciis  of  the  mission 
were  nuich  more  thriving  than  the  grain-fields.  Sonic 
local  happenings  in  chronologic  order  I  append  with 
statistics  in  a  note.*^ 

At  Purisima  Padre  Sanchez  was  succeeded  hv 
Antonio  Rodriguez  in  1821;  and  tho  latter,  dying,  liy 
^Marcos  Antonio  Vitoria  in  1824.  Vitoria  seems  to 
have  served  alone,  for  Prefect  Payeras,  as  we  have 
seen,  had  died  in  April  1823.*^    The  great  event  of  the 

^' A  severe  shock  of  earthquake  .Jan.  1,  1821.  Extreme  cold,  snow,  jind 
frost,  ill  February.  Gui^rm,  Doc.  Hist.  Cat.,  MS.,  v.  So.  May  IG,  ISJJ. 
I'adrcs  and  neophytes  take  the  oatli  to  the  imperial  I'egency.  chiip.  xxi.  tliis 
vol.  Fahian,  a  neophyte,  honored  by  being  buried  in  Franciscan  robes  liy 
Scnan,  March  l(i,  18'2'2.  S.  Buenaventura,  Lib.  Mhion,  MS.,i.  C.j.  In  lutttis 
of  Joaquin  de  la  Torre,  the  governor's  secretary,  tho  (juarrel  botv-.^n  Guuiiii 
and  PI'.  Scflan  and  Ibarra,  Padre  Calma  and  Padre  Napoleon,  about  t!iu 
ranchos  of  Pini  and  Sespe.  Sola  is  said  to  have  been  very  angry  with  Seniiii, 
wl.  1  wrote  an  insulting  and  threatening  letter.  Giierra,  JJoc.  J/M.  Cat.,  MS., 
vi.  102-O.  The  exact  result  of  this  quarrel  is  nowhere  recorded.  Oct.  ."itli, 
Scnan  complains  of  outrages  of  the  escolta  on  tJie  neophytes.  /(/.,  v.  DO-J. 
In  June  IH'2'2,  apparently  the  eventful  year  of  the  decade  at  this  niis.sion,  a 
neophyte  killed  his  wife  for  adultery.  As  lie  had  Iwen  a  Christian  'only  kcwu 
years,'  and  was  yet  ignorant  in  matters  of  domestic  discipline,  tho  fiscal  only 
asked  on  the  trial  for  a  penalty  of  five  years  hi  the  chain-gang  with  banisli- 
ment.  De])t.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  liii.  G4-7.  In  1827  George  Colciiiiui 
was  llavcro  of  the  mission,  chap.  vi.  vol.  iii.  this  iiist^  y.  In  1827-8  tl^i.' 
measles  earned  off  many  Indians.  Arch.  Obispiulo,  MS.,  48.  Statistics:  I)t:- 
crease  in  population,  1,127  to  726;  baptisms,  258;  largtfst  innnber  38  in  18j;i: 
smallest,  10  in  1827.  Deaths,  CG2;  largest  number,  144  in  1822;  sinalk'st,  "..'i 
in  1827.  Decrease  in  large  stock,  18,741  to  4,800;  horses  and  mules,  3,4.')l  to 
300;  sheep,  10,730  to  3,350.  Largest  crop,  8,472  bushels  in  1821;  smalkst, 
1,230  in  1827;  average,  5,991,  of  which  2,370  wheat,  yield  10  fold;  985 bark y, 
15  fohl;  954  corn,  104  fold.  Report  on  mission  lands  in  1822.  Mimionen,  Cmi- 
dcrno  de  Edados,  1S22,  MS.,  274-6.  Lands  extend  5  1.  N.,  used  for  sheep,  Init 
exposed  to  bears  and  lions;  9-101.  E.  Little  rain,  strong  winds,  abuniliijit 
grasshoppers,  sandj'  soil.  Forty  head  of  cattle  per  week  killed  for  I'oud. 
lioliinson,  L'ife  in  Cal.,  49-50,  mentions  a  small  chapel  near  the  beach  besides 
the  church;  also  a  fine  fountain  in  the  garden,  in  1829.  This  mission  stq)- 
jilied  .«!20,155  to  tho  presidio  in  1822-7.  Dcpt.  Ilec,  MS.,  v.  38-9. 

'"For  biographical  sketch  of  Payeras  see  chap.  xxii.  this  vol.  Antonio 
Catarino  Rodriguez  was  one  of  the  few  Mexican  friars  in  California  Ijcforo 
1830,  having  been  born  at  San  Luis  Potosi  in  1777  on  Jan.  1st.  He  took  the 
lui1)it  of  St  Francis  at  the  convent  in  his  native  city,  where  he  served  as  tun- 
vent  preacher,  vicar,  master  of  novices,  and  professor  of  moral  philosophy. 
He  became  a  member  of  the  college  of  San  Fernando  in  August  1808,  and 
arrived  at  Monterey  June  22,  1809.  His  missionary  service  was  at  vSta  Crii/. 
till  IM  I,  at  S.  Luis  Obispo  till  1821,  and  at  Purisima  till  his  death  in  bSil4. 
He  died,  however,  at  San  Luis  Obispo  on  Nov.  24th  and  was  buried  in  tlie 
church  of  that  mission.  As  a  missionary  Ro<lriguez  was  rated  according  to 
the  Franciscan  standard,  not  always  idontical  with  tlmt  of  coniiiion  sense,  as 
of  but  moderate  talent;  but  he  excelled  greatly  as  a  preacher  to  gentc  du 
razon.     Ilia  virtues  and  kindness  of  disposition  caused  him  to  be  well  liked 


fully  raised 
the  missiitu 
^Ids.  SoiiK} 
ppend  Avitli 

ccoedcd  1  )y 
r,  dying,  liy 
ia  seems  to 
as  we  liavo 
iveiit  of  the 


cold,  snow,  jiiiil 

May   10,   iSi-'J. 

.  chap.  xxi.  this 

aci»can  robes  l>y 

i.  05.    In  k'tti'is 

betw-wii  Guon:i 

ileoH,  about  tho 

ngry  with  Senaii, 

J/M.CaL,  MS,, 

)rdeil.     Oct.  ."itli, 

;es.  III.,  V.  1)0-.'. 

it  this  mission ,  ^i 

istian  'only  f;(!\i.u 

e,  tho  fiscal  only 

mg  with  baiii.sli- 

George  Colciiuiii 

III  18-27-8  V..V 

Statistics:  I)o- 

mbcr  38  in  IS'J,'!: 

smallest,  ;!.'> 

1  mules,  3,4.")l  tn 

1821;  Binalli'st, 

fold;  985bailty, 

ilisiones,  Cmi- 

d  for  sheep,  but 

vinds,  abuiulaiit 

killed  for  fouil. 

ic  beach  besii'u  s 

lis  mission  t^up- 

8-9. 

is  vol.  Antoiiiii 
lalifornia  licl'nic 
He  took  tho 
e  served  as  tun- 
)ral  philosophy, 
igust  1808,  aiid 
,vas  at  Sta  Vv»/. 
death  in  ISJ-t. 
8  buried  in  the 
;d  according  to 
miiioii  sense,  ;i>i 
icr  to  gente  lii; 
;o  be  well  liked 


SANTA  INES. 


581 


decade  at  this  mission  was  the  Indian  revolt  of  1824 
and  the  battle  by  which  the  place  was  retaken  after 
liavinj^  been  for  some  time  in  possession  of  the  rebels; 
l»nt  this  affair  has  been  fully  described  in  another 
chapter.*^  In  the  revolt  the  buildings  were  much 
daiuaged,  and  it  would  seem  that  the  church,  though 
a  new  structure,  had  to  be  rebuilt;  at  least  a  new 
eliurch  was  dedicated  on  October  4,  1825.^  Purisima 
showed  a  gain  in  cattle  for  this  decade,  and  in  this 
respect  was  in  1830  excelled  by  only  San  Luis  and 
San  Gabriel;  but  in  other  resj)ects  this  mission  was 
advancing  toward  ruin  as  rajjidly  as  any  of  its  neigh- 
burs." 

At  Santa  In es  Padre  Rodriguez  served  till  1821; 
Vvia  until  1824;  and  Bias  Ordaz  from  1823,  being 
therefore  alone  in  his  ministry  for  the  last  half  of  the 
decade.  In  the  revolt  of  1824,  which  first  broke  out 
at  this  mission,  a  large  part  of  the  buildings  are  said 
ti)  liave  been  destro3'ed;  but  I  find  no  record  of  re- 
});drs  or  rebuilding.^"     Like  its  neighbor  Santa  Ines 

by  tlio  Indians.  In  person  ho  was  very  corpulent,  with  prominent  eyes  and 
heavy  face.  Early  in  the  year  of  his  death,  already  ill  and  infirm,  h'j  was 
taken  Ijy  the  rebel  neophytes  and  kept  for  some  weeks  a  prisoner;  but  was 
ti(':itfd  with  great  respect,  and  worked  faithfully  for  the  interests  of  his  flock 
iit  tlie  time  of  their  surrender.  He  went  to  fcian  Luis  soon  after  his  iolea.se. 
S.  Ijiiin  Obisjio,  IJIi.  Mis'ion,  MS.;  Arch.  Mimoiicf,  MS.,  i.  400-1;  Arch.  Sla 
J!.,  M.S.,  X.  437;  Sarria,  luforme  sobre  Frailcs,  1S17,  MS.,  50-7, 131;  Gni  rra, 
l>ii'\  Jli4.  CuL,  MS.,  i.  240;  Valde.i,  Mi'inonas,  MS.,  14;  Vallcjo,  Doc.  Ukt. 
<-'iil..  MS.,  xxviii.  07,  where  the  death  is  dated  Nov.  25th. 

^"Sce  chap,  xxiii.  this  vol.  Some  trouble  with  Indians  also  in  1830.  Dcjit. 
St.  P(tp.,  Beit.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxxviii.  4. 

■'"One rra.  Dor.  II ht.  (Jul.,  MS.,  iii.  29. 

"'Statistics:  Decrease  in  population,  840  to  413.  Bapti-sms,  107;  largest 
number,  28  in  1821;  smallest,  9  in  1820.  iJeatlis,  484;  largest  number,  S5  in 
lN'J4;  smallest,  13  in  1830.  Increase  in  large  stock,  11.001  to  13,4.30;  deciea-so 
ill  horses  and  mules  1,543  to4.30;  sheep,  12,710  to  0,070.  Largest  crop.  7,902 
liuslicls  ill  1821 ;  smaKest,  1 ,353  in  1829;  average,  3, 1.35,  of  which  2,2.')4  wlu  at, 
yiild  12  fold;  93  barley;  540  corn,  75  fold.  Excessive  cold  in  1821.  Arch. 
Ar.ol>.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  i.  89.  In  1825  a  freshet  destroye<l  much  wlieat  already 
.'Sprouted.  Robinson,  Li/c  hi  Cal.,  49,  says  tliat  in  1829  tho  mission  had  been 
nnicli  neglected  and  the  Indians  were  ill-clotlied  and  a])])areiitly  in  a  most 
iibject  condition.  Mission  lands  in  1822  extend  x.  and  ,s.  14  1.;  k.  and  w.  4- 
li  1.  Soil  good;  irrigation  necessary,  but  cannot  bo  exteiuled.  Frosts,  grass- 
liiippers,  S(|uirrels,  troublesome.  An  anchorage  1.5  1.  below  Pt  Concepcion. 
No  mines,  but  plenty  of  tibnloii  and  other  shells.  Misioius,  ViKuh'riio  ilc  I.'nla- 
(/u-i,  ISJJ],  MS.,  284-5;  Arch.  S/a  li.,  MS.,  ix.  115-19.  Purisima  furnished 
to  tlie  presidio  612,921  of  supplies  in  1822-7.  Dqit.  liec,  v.  38-9. 

^'  See  chap,  xxiii.  this  vol. 


^L  £t| 


I  u 


582 


SANTA  BARBARA  DISTRICT. 


gained  in  its  licrds  of  cattle.  It  very  nearly  also  hold 
its  own  in  agriculture;  and  its  percentage  of  loss  in 
population  was  less  than  at  Purisinia.  There  is  noth- 
ing to  be  noticed  in  the  matter  of  local  events.'^ 

'^  statistics:  Decrease  in  population,  C35  to  408.  Baptisms,  17G;  largest 
imnibcr,  28  in  18'23;  smallest,  10  iti  1828.  Deaths,  3G7;  largest  iiumliei-,  I'l'.', 
ill  1S24;  smallest,  20  ill  18.30.  Loss  in  large  stock,  7,720  to  7,5!)0;  loss  in 
liorscs  and  mules,  720  to  390;  sheep,  5,100  to  2,100,  Largest  crop,  >S,|I17 
bushels  in  1821;  smallest,  1,734  in  I82'J;  average,  3,.')G2,  of  which  2,lSl  wlicit, 
yielil  18  fold;  19.')  barley,  30  fold;  9.")1  corn,  i;!0  fold,  Robinson,  J/i/i'  in  Cn/., 
48-9,  describes  the  buildings  in  1829  as  similar  to  those  at  Sta.  Bdrbara.  Ii\ 
front  was  a  large  brick  enclosure  used  for  bathing  and  washing;  to  the  ri^'lit, 
gardens  and  orchards;  totlie  left,  Indian  hutsaiul  tiled  houses.  Mission  himis, 
1822,  between  two  branch  ranges  of  the  sierra,  Buclion  0  1,  N,  and  I'imIc;  . 
nales  f  1.  s.  joining  12  1.  K.  Lando  extend  7-9  1.  N.  and  s. ;  r>-13  1,  E.  and  w. 
(iood  pastures  in  aoiitli;  rocky  with  oak  timber  in  north.  Only  small  extent 
of  tillable  land  on  the  stream,  refjuiiing  irrigation,  and  nearly  exhaustc  1. 
Miifionex,  C'liiid.  de  Enladu^,  MS.,  241,  281-3,  Karnes  of  sonic  localities,  IhJI. 
chap,  xxiii,  this  vol,,  1827.  Padre  Ordaz  refuses  to  sell  saddles  except  tnv 
cash  to  S.  Francisco.  J)i/it.  S/.  Pup.,  lien.  Com.  and  Trcan.,  MS.,  i.  78,  Finm 
1822  to  1827  Sta  Iiies  furnished  810,707  of  supplies  to  Sta  Barbara  presiilin. 
Dcjit.  Ili't:.,  MS.,  V,  ,38-9.  Francisco  tionzalez  in  command  of  the  escolta  in 
1824;  Manuel  Cota  in  1828.  D<i)t.  St.  Pap.,  Dai.  JUL,  MS,,  Ivii,  27;  Ixvi,  o'J, 


CHAPTER  XXYI. 


LOCAL  ANNALS— SAX  FRANCISCO  DISTRICT. 

1821-1830. 

San"  ruAXCisco  Pkesidio— Okficeus — rEtiuo  Amadok  and  itis  Son  Jose 

MaKIA — MiLlTAHY  FoUCE  AND  I'OrCLATION  —  iiril.DINtlS  AM)  Sl'lf- 
KOr.NinXG.S— ClIAUT  OF  THE  IUY— YeUISA  BlENA  AnC'IIOI!A<;E— FoUElllV 

A'isiTOKs— CunoNoLOiiio  Slmmaiiy  of  Kvents — PiiivATE  Rancuos  of 

THE     DiSTHR'T  —  MlSSI0\    SaN     FRANCISCO  —  MINISTERS  —  STATISTICS  — 

Lanijs  —  lU'iLuiNOs —  Sax  Rafael — AiioiaciiN al  Names  — Pkoi-osei) 
SriTKEssioN' — Maki.v  and  Quintin  —  The  Tamales — Mission  San 
Josfi — Statistics  of  I'kookess — Petty  Events — Santa  Clara  — 
Mai:in  Catala— New  Ciiritcii— Piteblo  of  San  Jose— (Jain  in  Poi-r- 

LATION— UeSCKIFTIoNS     I!Y     \'lSIT01lS  —  SciIOOL  —  Ml'MCII'AL     GoVEltN- 

jiknt  anu  Criminal  Record — Attached  to  San  Francesco. 

]^uis  Antonio  Argukllo  \vas  captain  of  tlio  Sail 
l^aiK'isco  c<)in[)aiiy  until  his  doatli,  which  ()cq,ui'ivcl 
March  27,  1830.^  Diirinsjf  Ai'!>uell(/s  absence  in  Mon- 
tciov  as  actino-  ij^overnoi'  in  IH22-5,  till  his  return  in 
[H'lT,  and  after  his  suspension  in  February  182H, 
Lieutenant  Ignacio  ^lartinez  was  coinanclante,  San- 
UivH}  Arguello,  though  absent  at  Han  Diej^o,  Avas 
cDinpany  alferez  until  1827,  when  Mariano  Guada- 
lupe Vallejo  was  promoted  from  cadet  in  the  Mou- 

'  For  biographical  sketcli  of  Gov.  Argiicllo,  sec  cliap.  i.  of  vol.  iii.,  tlii.s 
liistdi'v.  How  imicli  of  till!  time  he  was  actiuilly  in  coiiiinand  at  S;iii  Fran- 
tiMO  after  giving  up  the  governorship  I  am  uiialile  tu  say  cxaetly.  He  eoiilil 
ii'it  have  retuineil  from  the  south  iiiueh  before  tlie  end  of  1827,  and  early  in 
IS'JS  he  was  suspended  from  the  connnand.  There  is  no  evidence  tiiat  lie  was 
(  VLr  reinstated,  and  of  liini  in  IS'iS-.'W  nothing  is  iinown  excei)t  tliat  he  had 
.-iiiio  business  (juarrels  with  Capt.  Cooper.  He  proliably  sp^'nt  niiieh  of  the 
tiaie  at  his  ranciio  of  Las  Pulgas.  Lieut.  Martinez,  whurse  Liter  conduct  at 
tlie  time  of  tli(!  Solis  revolt  in  1820  wa.-  not  very  creditable,  Mas  iKjt  jiopular 
w  ith  his  men,  who  in  1822  petitioned  for  his  removal.  An  investigation  was 
oKJured,  as  appears  from  a  letter  of  Acting  Gov.  Aigiielloof  Due.  31st;  but  of 


t!ic  result  nothing  appears.   Valhjo,  Doc.  Hi"!.  Cal.,  MS.,  i. 


In  till 


year  there  was  an  order  of  C!ov.  Sola  to  repriiiuiiid  Lieut.  Antonio  del  Vallc 
fur  disrespect  to  Martinez.  Id.,  i.  48. 

(  583  ) 


•  ■  ;   ■■■■<« 
r  i  1    ■  U| 

n  \.  \  f  1 


.1-  •• 


1 

084 


SAN  FRANCISCO  DISTRICT. 


tercy  company  to  fill  the  place.  Vallcjo,  however, 
did  not  come  to  San  Francisco  till  1830.  Josu  San- 
<-hoz  was  brevet  alterez  throughout  the  decade.  Lui,>f 
Peralta  was  company  sergeant  until  182G,  when  he 
left  the  service  to  becomo  a  ranchero,  and  was  siic- 
coeded  by  Francisco  Soto  in  1827.  Soto  was  brevet 
!i!(erez  in  1829,  and  in  1800  Jose  Berre^'esa  succeeded 
him  as  sergeant.  Jose  Joaquin  Estudillo  was  cadet 
in  this  company  till  1822,  and  Raimundo  Estrada 
irom  1823.  The  accounts  were  kept  successively  by 
Argiiello,  Martinez,  Estrada,  and  Vallejo  as  habili- 
tados.'^ 

So  far  as  I  can  determine  from  nuraerous  but  con- 
tradictory rosters  and  accounts,  the  prcsidial  company 
of  San  Francisco  had  dwindled  to  fifty  men  orperhajis 
less  in  1830.  There  were  also  seven  invalids,''  most 
if  not  all  of  whom  lived  at  San  Jose,  and  seven  artil- 

-  The  liabilitado  was  also  postmaster  nncl  in  the  last  years  also  comisario 
Bubiilterno  in  charge  of  the  revenues.  There  was  no  ayiintamiento  ut  .^1111 
Francisco.  The  elcctorej  <le  partido  were  Francisco  Castro  in  18*22,  Francisco 
(Ic  Uaro  in  18"J7,  and  Jos6  I'efia  in  1830. 

^  Among  the  invdlidos  in  the  early  years  of  the  decade  was  the  old  cx-al- 
fi'rcz  of  tiio  company,  Ramon  Lasso  de  la  Vega,  who  had  disappeared  lium 
oliicial  life  hcforc  1 71.10,  who  died  at  San  Jos6  in  1821,  and  whose  biography 
may  bo  found  in  vol.  i.  chap.  xxii.  of  this  history. 

Another  was  tlic  veneral)le  Hergciint  Pedro  Amador,  brevetted  alfcrcz  in 
retirement,  who  died  at  S.  Jos6  April  10,  1824.  Amador  was  a  native  ui 
(.'ocula,  in  what  is  now  Jalisco,  and  was  not  a  Spaniard  as  has  sometimos 
been  stated.  He  enlisted  in  April  1704  (or  in  Aug.  1705  more  likely)  iind 
roso  to  be  a  sergeant  in  the  Loreto  company.  Certilicate  of  Lieut.  Sal,  1701, 
in  Pror.  St.  Pitji.,  MS.,  x.  80.  He  was  in  the  first  expedition  to  Alta  Califor- 
nia in  1709,  receiving  on  May  27,  1771,  a  certilicate  of  faithful  and  cheerful  str- 
vicc  from  Cajit,  Rivera  y  Moncada.  St.  Pap.,  Miss,  ami  Colon.,  MS.,  i.  i)--'.i. 
His  name  appears  as  that  of  a  sergeant  of  the  garrison  at  San  Diego  in  1771, 
S.  Dicfjo,  Lib.  Mision,  MS.,  9;  but  he  returned  to  Loreto,  where  in  Deccnili(.r 
1 773,  having  to  visit  his  wife  at  Cocula  under  circumstances  not  very  clearly  ex- 
plained, but  reflecting  no  discredit  on  him,  he  was  dismissed  from  the  service, 
receiving  from  Gov.  IJarri  a  certificate  of  good  conduct  with  a  pass  to  travel 
w  here  he  pleased,  but  forfeiting  his  rank  as  sergeant  and  his  eight  years  of  sei- 
vice.  In  October  of  the  same  year  ho  is  mentioned  as  having  been  in  comnuaiJ 
on  the  frontier.  Palou,  Kotician,  i.  180, 183.  In  1774  after  eight  months'  abscnco 
he"  returned,  probably  M'ith  his  wife,  and  re-cnlisted  as  a  private  in  the  LurctD 
company.  Ten  years  later,  in  1 784,  he  returned  to  California  by  changing  places 
with  a  soldier  of  the  Sta  IJiirbara  company,  in  which  he  was  soon  made  cor- 
jioral.  lu  1787  he  was  transferred  to  S.  Francisco  as  sergeant,  and  in  17D1  he 
petitioned  successfully  that  the  eight  years  and  four  months  of  his  first  term  (>f 
service  be  added  to  his  record.  ^1  mmloi;  Efpedivnte  de  Servicioi^,  1 7Go-01,  MS. ; 
/(/.,  Bca.  Mil.,  ix.  17;  xv.  4;  xxi.  5;  Si.  Pap.  Sac,  MS.,  i.  4,  5.');  Proc.  St. 
P'tp.,  MS.,  xxii.  24.  At  various  times  between  1791  and  1800  Sergt.  AmuiUn' 
\\ii.i  proposed  in  second  or  third  place  for  promotion,  and  once  is  said  to  hii\  0 


|l'  ';' 


m 


SERGEANT  AMADOR. 


085 


hose  biography 


liiynicn.  Tho  infantry  (Ictaclnucnt  of  ilio  San  Tllas 
(•iiini)any  numbered  32  in  1821-2,  and  was  only  14  in 
ls2o;  but  tbere  are  no  later  reeords,  though  as  small 
Miins  were  paid  to  aceount  of  the  detachment  down 
ill  least  to  1828,  I  suppose  there  were  ten  or  twelve 
iiil'antrymen  left  in  18;J0  under  the  connnand  of  Alfe- 
]rz  Haro.     Thus  the  elFectivo  military  force  was  not 

litiii  ofTercd  tho  place  of  alfi'rcz  at  Lorcti).  In  all  reports  he  was  accredited 
vitli  CDiiuigo,  application,  good  conduct,  and  average  capacity.  <SV.  l'<ip., 
,S(.  ..MS.,  V.  7(i-7;  i.  r>«;  Pr<n\  live,  MS.,  v.  11:^14;  6\  Joyr  ,'LUi.  Misidii, 
MS.,i. ;  J'fov.  jSV.  /'up.,  Bill.  Mil.,  ^IS.,  xxi.  5;  Amador,  Mcnidrktu,  MS. 
Tlu!  nature  of  lii.s  military  services  during  this  period  is  indicated  liy  the  titles 
ct  ilocunienta  from  his  pen  in  my  list  of  original  authorities.  lie  failed  to 
^i  t  his  i)roniotion  in  active  service,  but  iu  1802  wo  find  him  on  tiie  list  of 
iM\  :ilidos  as  brevet  alferez  witii  §200  a  year.  For  the  last  10  or  I'J  years  of 
liii  life  lie  was  nearly  blind,  failed  to  get  his  pension,  and  was  supported  at 
S.  .losii  by  his  son.  lie  died  Ajjril  10,  1824,  at  tho  age  of  82  years,  and  was 
hiiiicd  by  1'.  Viader  next  day  in  the  cemetery  at  Sta  Clara.  I'lOi:  St.  J'ap., 
Jlr,!.  Mil.,  MS.,  xxxi.;  Vallijn,  Doc.  IJist.  CuL,  MS.,  xxiii.  28;  St.  I'ctji.  Sac, 
M'v,  i.  53;  Anmdnr,  Mtmoridn,  MS.  Tho  old  sergeant  was  one  of  the  most 
unrthy  of  California's  earliest  settlers,  and  it  is  well  that  one  of  her  counties 
bears  his  name,  or  rather  that  of  his  son.  Amador  was  twice  married,  first 
to  .Maria  do  la  Luz,  by  whom  he  had  a  son  and  a  daughter,  the  former  of 
V.  Imui  once  in  later  years  came  to  Monterey  as  a  courier;  and  next  to  a  widow 
]\l:iria  liamona  Noriega,  a  woinan  of  some  attainments  for  her  circumstances, 
w  lio  could  teach  her  children — of  whom  four  were  born  in  Lower  Califonua, 
iiiiil  seven  in  California — to  read  and  write.  She  died  in  1801.  None  of  tho 
descendants  acquired  any  special  prominence,  and  but  little  is  known  beyond 
tl.cir  names.  One  of  the  daughters  was  tiie  mother  of  IJafael  Pinto.  .S'.  Fmn- 
fi.-^rn,  Lib.  Mi4o)i,  MS.,  24-.'J,  28,  ',\'l,  "lO-OO;  St'i  Jiurharn,  Lib.  Minion,  MS., 
"i;  Aimnlor,  Mfmorin",  MS.,  1-G;  I'into,  Apuittaciontf,  ^IS.,  1;  Feiez,  J'crii- 
(i-i/d.idc  Una  Vlcja,  MS.,  7. 

One  of  Amador's  sons,  Jose  Mari'a,  who,  like  two  of  his  brothers,  became 
!•  -I'ldier,  was  living  in  I8SU,  aged  80  years,  as  he  was  born  at  S.  I'rancisco 
c:i  l!cc.  18,  1704.  )S'.  Frauci-ico,  JAh.  Mi.-ihii,  MS.,  28.  He  served  as  a  private 
K'lilicrin  the  S.  Francisco  company  from  about  1810  to  1827,  <S'.  Fnuicisro, 
CiK iila.^,  MS.,  being  for  the  last  three  years  in  the  cscoltaof  the  Sonoma  mis- 
sion, lie  is  proud  of  his  experience  as  an  Indian  lighter,  boasts  of  many  acts 
(if  barbarous  cruelty,  shows  the  scars  of  many  wounds,  and  declares  he  I'c- 
ctivcd  for  his  service  nothing  but  scanty  rations  and  an  occasional  garment, 
lie  iiccomjiauicd  ('apt.  ArgiicUo  in  his  famous  campaign  'to  the  Cohunbia,' 
ail' I  went  to  Bodega  and  Koss  with  (Sabriel  Moraga.  After  his  discliarge  iu 
1^-7,  he  became  majordomo  of  San  Jose  Mission.  In  1SIJ4  he  obtained  tiio 
i:!:k1io  of  San  llamon,  in  the  valley  that  bears  his  name,  in  what  is  nov.'  Coii- 
tia  (,'osta  county,  where  ho  lived  most  of  tho  time  until  after  1850.  lie  went 
to  the  mines  at  the  time  of  the  gold  excitement,  and  added  to  his  wealth, 
V.  liieh  in  his  case,  as  in  that  of  so  'v.uny  others,  rapidly  disappeared  iu  later  ye;irs. 
lie  was  friendly  to  the  Americans  in  the  troubles  of  184(i.  His  first  wife  was 
a  iluughter  of  Francisco  Alviso;  and  his  second,  Jose  fa  Ortega,  of  Sta  IJiir- 
liiia,  whom  ho  married  in  1828.  I  know  nothing  of  the  reasons  why  his 
name  was  given  to  Amador  county  beyond  IlittcU's  statement,  Iiisoiircct  of 
<'"!.,  425,  that  in  1848  he  went  with  a  number  of  Indians  to  mine  in  that 
region.  It  is  more  agreeable,  if  less  exact,  to  be  reminded  of  his  father  by 
the  name.  Jose  JIaria  is  also  credited  l>y  the  nc^wspjipers  with  having  named 
Mt  Diablo  iu  1814,  Oakland  Daily  Xitv.'i,  June  19,  1874,  but  this  is  very 


I- 


C80 


SAN  FRANCISCO  DISTRICT. 


i!fl 


i3 


Mi:  !, 


;  \- 


i  ::■    '■ 


ilii. 


over  70  men,  of  wlioiii  23  were  absent  from  tlic  jm  n- 
insula  (III  c'scolla  duty.  T\h'  total  |K)[)uliitioii  (K;  i;i/.i>ii 
of  (he  [tivsitlio  jukI  mission  in  IH;!!)  was  at  uujst  'Joo, 
and  of  till!  whole  jurisdiction,  includin;^  five  missions, 
l)ut  excludini,^  Santa  Cruz,  not  more  than  300,  a  di'dlnu 
from  -t;)()  during  the;  dirade,*  ^vdding  the  [jopul.itinn 
of  San  Jose  we  have  lor  the;  ])residial  district  of  Saii 
l"'rancisco  a  total  of  S40,  a  gain  from  (»70  ten  ytnis 
before.  Very  many  soldiers  had  left  the  service  ami 
gone  to  live  at  the  |)Uel)lo.  During  the  same  j)eiin(l 
the  neoj)hyte  population  had  increased  slightly  iVdiu 
4,'](50  to  4,9l*0.  'I'here  wei'e  no  foreigners  known  to 
liave  been  residing  on  the  peninsula  at  the  end  oftlic 
decade,  though  there  were  half  a  dozen  at  Sau  JoslV^ 

doubtful.  Tlio  current  newspaper  storioH  to  the  efTect  that  he  is  a  centon!iri;ni, 
11  SpiMiish  otlieer,  living  witli  his  liftli  wife,  the  lirst  wiiite  child  born  ;it  S. 
Framisco,  the  foiindir  of  Sonoma,  etc.,  are  witiiout  foundation  in  fact,  la 
1S77,  I'oor,  crippled  with  paralysis,  residing  with  his  youngest  daughti  r  ;:t 
8.  Andres — Whiskey  llill,  or  Liberty — near  \Vatsouville,  ho  dictated  to  .Mf 
Savage,  for  my  use,  'J'J!)  pages  of  his  recollections  of  early  times,  the  Aiiiwi"!-, 
MvinorldK  aiihrc  la  J/is/oria  </e  Culifoniid,  a  niauiiscript  often  cifcd  in  my 
work.  The  author's  memory  was  still  unimpaired  and  lie  has  contribiitcil  a 
most  valuable  and  interesting  fund  of  anecdotes  about  e\  cuts  and  men  of  tint 

East,  though  as  might  naturally  be  expected  the  old  st)ldier  'draws  the  li'ii^' 
(jw'  in  relating  ailvciiturca  of  Indian  warfare,  and  is  very  inaccurate  in  Ms 
dates. 

*  There  are  no  official  figures  except  for  18'J7-S,  which  vary  from  'J'Js  to 
2S0.  lintidini,  Dw.  J  J  int.  Cat.,  MS.,  (i;  .SV.  iV(//.  J/;.«.,  MS.,  v.  passim;  1-'/- 
Icjo,  Doc.  nUl.  Cut.,  MS.,  xiv.  'J(i<J;  ir/Z/.Ts'  Nar.,  U.  S.  Extdnr.  Exi.al..  w 
ij."),"),  and  one  for  IS.'JO  in  .S7.  I'up.  Mixs.,  MS.,  v.  34,  which  makes  tlic  total 
22!),  so  that  IWO  may  be  too  large  a  figure.  See  a  later  note  for  the  figures  of 
S.  Jose,  wliicli  are  yet  Ic^s  satisfactory. 

*  For  the  oliiciul  list  and  statements  of  the  pn.'sidial  force  from  l!S"JI-:!i>, 
the  best  autiiority  is  tlie  S.  Frtnii:ltco,  (  iniilu.i  iltl  HuhUitudo,  ilS.,  torn  \.  - 
xxiii.,  containing  coniplete  lists  of  men  iuiii  cliic<;rs  each  year.  For  similar 
information  in  com]iany  rosters,  etc.,  as  loi  v  irious  financial  and  otlicr  stati.-- 
tics  for  the  period,  I  have  consulted  chi(liy  tlie  original  records  of  the  coiu- 
pany  in  my  possession,  Valdjn,  JJur.  I!.-'  ■  'ul.,  MS.,  i.  xvii-xx.,  xxix.-x.w.; 
but  also  J)i'iit.  St.  Pup.,  licit.  Mil.,  Ms  ,  liii.-lxxii.  passim;  St.  Pap.  Sn'\, 
MS.,  iii.  15:  x.  G-7,  >S7;  xi.  1.V18,  71;  xiv.  'A:>,  41;  xviii.  23-4;  St.  Pap.,  7;- -. 
('o)a.  nml  Trcna.,  MS.,  ii.  1;  J.-ept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Cuxt.  11,,  MS.,  i.-iii.  iia>- 
bim;  Dcpt.  St.  Pap.  Mont.,  MS.,  iv.  88;  Depl.  Bee.,  MS.,  i.  G8,  291;  vii.  |n7. 
The  habilitado's  accounts  of  revenues,  or  duties  coUectcal  on  imports  on  ioi- 
eign  goods,  with  names  of  vessels  and  amounts  jiaid  by  each  arc  very  toui- 

i)lcto  in  comparison  witli  those  of  other  presidios,  in  Vatlcjo,  Doc.  Hint,  t'li'., 
^IS.,  i.  xvii.  XX.  passim;  but  the  statistics  have  been  utilized  as  far  as  is  prac- 
ticable in  the  chapters  devoted  to  connnercial  and  maritime  affairs.  A  U-w 
items  on  financial  affairs,  gathered  from  records  that  are  sufHciently  voluiui- 
nous  but  not  equally  satisfactory,  are  as  follows:  Pav-roll  of  the  company, 
$ir),000  to  .SlS.OOO  per  year;  annual  debt  to  company,  from  ?4,000  to.SlO,<ioO: 
total  debt  increased  from  §19,000  in  1821  to  §50,000  in  1829.     An  invoice  of 


PRESIDIO. 


587 


Til  1821  Governor  Sola  rallt;<l  upon  the  padres 
tlii'oiigli  l*reteet  I'ayeras  to  send  a  l)oat  witli  tiiuher 
;iiul  laborers  to  execute  certain  repaiis  of  ^vlli(•Il  the 
(juarters  and  defences  at  San  Francisco  were  sadly  in 
IK  I'd.  The  resjjonse  was  prompt  from  the  five  mis- 
sions." Kotzehue  on  entering  the  port  in  1824  found 
"St  Joachim  on  his  rockv  tiu'one,  truly  a  verv  peace- 
alile  and  well-disposed  saint;  no  one  of  his  cannon 
ill  condition  to  tire  a  siui^le  shot."  Acconliu'''  to  his 
.statement  ho  had  to  lend  powder  with  which  to  fire  a 
.salute  in  his  honor;  Init  there  is  a  record  in  the  ar- 
chives that  40  Ivt^gs  of  jiowder  had  I)een  received  at 
the  fort  two  months  before.''  Kotzebue  f(»und  thi'  [)re- 
sidio  "in  the  same  state  in  which  1  found  it  ciuht  yeais 
licforc;  and,  o.\cept  the  re[)ublican  ilay,  no  trace  of  the 
important  changt-s  which  had  taken  place  was  percep- 
tible. Evervtliin!^  was  u^oing  on  in  the  old,  easy,  cai-e- 
liss  way."  The  Itus.sian  voyager  predicted  a  brilliant 
future  fo»'  San  Francisco;  and  in  connection  with  his 
tri[is  to  Santa  Clara,  San  liafael,  and  up  the  Sacra- 
mento, he  gave  in  his  book  much  interesting  infer- 
mation  on  the  whole  rei^ion  round  about  the  bay.** 


vii 


f-.'i.OI  1  received  in  ISi.").  Inventories  of  goods  on  hand  in  IS'27  an<l  IS'JO,  f?,'!  12 
■iiicl  i>^0'2.  .Supplies  to  infantry  dctacluncnt  very  irregular,  from  .?')(>  to 
."^l.'JdO  \)cv  year.  Supplies  to  artillery  detaelnnentin  IS.'Mt,  $(i,.")4S.  Keceivcil 
fiHiM  Nlonterey  in  lS2t,  $,'},()74.  lieccived  from  other  presidios,  iSJ.S-IiO, 
j^'i,'^-';!.  Average  net  postal  revenue  §10.  Xct  proceeds  of  tohacei)  sales, 
IsJT,  S(i90;  18'JS,  to  March,  6100;  April  IS'JS  to  Nov.  lS'2t),  Sr,S-;  r>0  ll.s. 
Wire  hurned  as  rotten  this  j'car.  Li(iuor  tax  collected,  18'2I-4,  §174;  1S"J!)-I>1), 
?J4.  Average  yeaily  expense  of  tlie  presidial  harge,  or  lightei',  over  and 
;il)iive  its  earnings,  .^130.  Stamped  paper  sent  to  S.  Francisco  in  IS'JO,  ?S74; 
ill  t!ie  oflice  1830,  §109.  Mission  supplies  were  as  follows:  S  Francisi'o, 
I •^•J I -30 (except  1S'_'7),  §(!,2SS;  Sta  Clara,  §14,008;  S.  .Jos('s  §1. "),!•-'.");  Sta  Crt./, 
.*.",(1!)0;  Solano,  1828-30,  .S.^S;  S.  Itafael,  1822-0,  182S-30,  §1,311. 

".l/v/i.  Ar~ol).,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  i.  .")9-00.  Two  carpenters,  12  axemen,  and 
2  li'iats  loaded  with  material  were  sent  in  May. 

".S7.  Pap.  Sac,  MS.,  xiv.  12  (72?). 

"  Kotzcfnic'H  Ncv  Vvi/iiije,  ii.  "J'y-XoO.  See  also  chap,  xxiii.  this  vol. 
fur  an  account  of  this  visitor's  ohsen'atioiis  in  general.  I'adre  Amon'is  in  a, 
I'-tter  of  1823,  speaking  of  a  Jtussian  visit  to  the  port,  says:  'I'uede  (juo  S. 
IVuncisco  cobre  fama  entre  muchas  naciones,  y  asi  visitas  no  faltar.in.'  An-/i. 
Ar.iih.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  ii.  83.  F'^ieondia  on  his  first  visit  to  8.  Francisco  is  .said 
til  liave  exclaimed,  after  gazing  on  the  bay  from  the  summit  of  Telegraph 
Hill,  'Esto  es  muy  porientoso.  Mejico  no  sabe,  no,  lo  que  tienc!'  IFc  sjient 
i-'me  days  in  making  plans  for  fortilications — castles  in  the  air.  Valhjo,  Hist, 
(.:'.!.,  MS.,  ii.  GO. 


588 


SAX  FRAXCISCO  DISTRICT, 


fcl'H^I 


'iiW':' 


Captain  Morrcll  was  here  in  1825.  He  describes  the 
presidio  as  "built  in  the  same  manner  as  Monterey;" 
that  is,  "surrounded  by  a  wall  of  ten  feet  in  height, 
built  of  freestone,  but  much  smaller,  comprising  oiilv 
about  120  houses  and  a  church.  The  fort  mounts  10 
guns,  which  would  be  sufficient  to  command  the  pas- 
sage were  the  works  kept  in  any  kind  of  order."  This 
American  captain  was  very  enthusiastic  in  his  admira- 
tion of  the  bay  region." 

In  1826  occurred  the  visit  of  the  English  navierator, 
Beeche3\  Of  the  buildings  he  says:  "The  governor's 
abode  was  in  a  corner  of  the  presidio,  and  formed  one 
end  of  a  row  of  which  the  other  was  occupied  by  a 
chapel;  the  opposite  side  was  broken  down  and  little 
better  than  a  heap  of  rubbish  and  bones,  on  whicli 
jackals,  dogs,  and  vultures  were  constantly  preying; 
the  other  two  sides  of  the  quadrangle  contained  store- 
houses, artificers'  shops,  and  the  gaol,  all  built  in  tlic 
humblest  style,  with  badly  burned  bricks,  and  roofed 
with  tiles.  The  chapel  and  the  governor's  house  were 
distinguished  by  being  whitewashed."  Beechey  made 
a  careful  survey  of  the  bay,  discovered  and  naiiu^d 
Blossom  rock,  and  in  one  of  the  books  resulting  from 
his  visit  there  appeared  a  chart  which  I  reproduce.^'' 

•  'It  presenta  a  broad  sheet  of  water  of  sufficient  extent  to  float  all  the 
British  navy  without  crowding;  the  circling  grassy  shores,  indented  witii  cdu- 
venient  coves,  and  tlio  whole  surrounded  by  a  verdant,  blooming  ooimtiy, 
pleasingly  diversified  with  cultured  fields  and  waving  forests;  meailnws 
clothed  with  the  richest  verdure  in  the  gift  of  bounteous  May,  etc.  Miiii, 
enlightened,  civilized  man,  alone  is  wanting  to  complete  the  picture  uml  give 
a  soul,  a  divinity  to  the  whole.  Were  these  beautiful  regions  which  have 
been  so  much  libelled,  and  are  so  little  known,  the  property  of  the  United 
States,  our  government  would  never  permit  tliem  to  remain  thus  negkctcil. 
Tlio  eastern  and  middle  states  would  pour  out  their  tliousands  of  cnuL'iants 
until  magnificent  cities  would  rise  on  the  shores  of  cvcryMnlct  along  the  eoast 
of  New  California,  while  the  wihlemess  of  the  interior  would  bo  niadr  to 
blossom  like  the  rose.'  Morreli'n  Xarrative,  210-12.  Morrcll  had  evidently 
read  Beechey  before  his  book  was  published. 

^^ Ikfchcifs  Voyaijc,  ii.  1-05.  See  also  chap.  v.  of  vol.  iii.,  this  history,  fur 
a  general  account  of  IJeechcy's  visit.  The  chart  intciuled  to  illustrate  ciiiclly 
the  geological  features  of  the  region  round  the  bay,  but  which  I  use  fi'i" 
geographical  purposes  only,  is  taken  from  /fichardsoii's  Zo()lo<jy  of  Bft'cltiii'^ 
\'oi/ni/r,  p.  174.  It  will  be  noticed  that  the  chart  contains  several  names  lie- 
sides  that  of  Blossom  rock,  which  now  appear  for  the  iii-st  time  in  print. 
Such  arc  Sauzalito,  11.  San  Antonio,  Pt  San  Quentin,  Mohito  IhI.,  Needle 
Iiock,  Pt  Diablo,  Tiburones,  and  Pt  Boneta.  There  is  a  view  of  Needle  Uixl, 
not  copied. 


scribes  the 
[ontercy;" 
in  height, 
ising  only 
mounts  10 
d  the  pas- 
ler."  This 
lis  achnini- 

navigator, 
governor's 
■ormed  one 
iipied  l)y  a 
1  and  httlcj 
,  on  \vhieh 
y  preying; 
,ined  storc- 
luilt  in  the 
and  rooied 
house  were 
ichoy  made 
nd  named 
Itinir  IVoiu 

10 


3prod 


uce 


to  float  all  the 
tntcd  with  ooii- 
^ming  oouiitiy, 
ists;    mcailiiws 

ly,  etc.  Man, 
Icturc  ami  give 
Ins  wliicli  have 
lof  the  Uiiitnl 
|hua  ncgkctcil. 
of  cuiij-'i'.iiits 

ilong  the  ciiiist 
id  bo  niailr  to 
Ihad  evidently 

liis  history,  fur 
lustrate  cliiclly 
liich  I  nse  fi'r 
\y  of  Bw^i"l'^ 
pral  luinies  be- 
lime  in  iiiint. 
M.,  ^senile 
I  Needle  liuck, 


Finally  the  Frenchman,  Duhaut-Cilly,  anchored  in 
the  port  in  January  1827;  but  in  his  narrative  he 


added  noth'n-^  of  a  descriptive  nature  to  what  had 
I)ieeeded.^' 
All  the  navigators  named  moored  off  Ycrba  Buena 

^^Duhaut-Cilly,  Viarmin,  i.  224-47.  On  March  11,  1828,  the  padre  of  Sta 
Clara  is  asked  to  send  laborers  to  work  on  the  presidio  biiildintjs.  l\'r>.  Iii<\, 
MS.,  vi.  189-90.  In  December  1830  the  nrniament  of  Han  Francisco  ^-is  14 
k'uns:  G  of  braR.<>  and  8  of  iron;  3  of  24  lbs.  calibre,  2  of  12  lbs.,  8  of  8  lbs., 
un,i  I  of  "1  lbs.  The  esplanade  is  said  to  have'been  Migood  condition,  Dvjtt, 
m.  l\.^,.,  Lm.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixii.  24. 


^ ■- ■ 


590 


SAX  FRANCISCO  DISTRICT. 


in  preference  to  tlio  presidio  anchorage.  It  is  not 
quite  certain  from  tlie  narrative  that  any  of  them 
anchored  within  what  is  now  North  Point;  yet  I 
suppose  that  the  Frenchman  at  least  did  so,  and  that 
the  name  Yerba  Buena  was  apphed  after  1827  rather 
to  the  recfion  between  North  Point  and  Rincon  Point 
than  to  that  between  the  former  and  Point  San  Josu 
as  in  earlier  years. ^'-  While  there  is  some  uncertainty 
about  the  date,  it  is  certain  that  the  change  in  com- 
mon usajT^e  was  made  either  at  the  end  of  this  or  early 
in  the  following  decade.  It  would  seem  that,  the 
eastern  anchora<jfe  was  not  deemed  altoij^ether  desira- 
ble  from  a  revenue  collector's  point  of  view;  but  in 
November  1827  the  governor  gave  orders  for  the 
construction  of  a  guard- house  on  the  beach,  to  he 
occupied  by  a  corporal  and  three  soldiers,  after  which 
precaution  the  comandante  might  allow  vessels  to 
anchor  at  Yerba  Buena.  This  guard-house,  if  it  was 
built,  was  probably  the  first  structure  on  the  site  of 
the  city  of  later  years,  though  Duhaut-Cilly  erected 
a  tent  and  built  some  boats  on  the  shore  of  Yerl)a 
Buena  earlier  in  the  year.  Nothing  is  recorded  iu 
these  years  respecting  the  battery  of  179 


7'^ 


^'^  Sec  cbap.  xxxi.  of  vol.  i.,  this  history,  for  the  earlier  location  of  Yerba 
BiK'im  iiiiil  the  battery  of  ITitT.  Kotzebue  says  he  sailed  '  some  milea  fartlar 
eastward  into  a  little  bay  siiiroinided  by  a  romantic  landscape,  where  Vmi- 
coiivcr  formerly  lay' — thus  he  did  not  go  beyond  Xorth  I'oint,  or  else  was  iu 
error  about  Vancouver's  anchorage — 'and  tvhich  is  perfectly  safe  at  till 
seasons;  the  Spaniards  have  named  this  bay  Herba  Buena,  after  a  sweet- 
smelling  herb  which  grows  on  its  shores.'  Xem  Vot/roic,  ii.  130.  Momll 
writes:  'The  l}et.t  anchorage  is  on  the  west  side  of  the  bay,  in  from  ten  to 
four  fathoms,  near  the  shore,  and  nearly  .abreast  of  the  missi(m,  which  is  iu 
full  view' (impossible).  Xarraltvc,  210.  Beechcy  'anchored  otF  a  small  buy 
named  \'erba  Buena,  from  the  luxuriance  of  its  vegetation,  about  a  league 
distant  from  both  the  presidio  and  the  mission.'  Voyaiir,  ii.  ">.  ]{atliir 
strangely  the  location  of  Yei'ba  Buena  is  not  indicated  on  Beechey's  cliait. 
Duhaut-Cilly  was  piloted  by  Richardson  'to  Hierba  Buena,  situated  in  a  bay 
farther  inland  behmd  a  big  point,  •which  M'as  seen  a  league  eastward,'  To 
reach  it  he  'advanced  first  „wo  miles  k,,  keeping  near  the  shore;  then  oiio 
mile  E.  1.")°  s.,  when  we  arrived  at  the  r/omifo  (elbow— panit  or  cove?)  of  tl.o 
Verl)a  Buena,  where  we  cast  anchor  in  five  fathoms  of  water,  the  northern 
point  of  the  ijomito  covering  entirely  the  entrance  of  the  port  (dSoldcn  (!ate).' 
Jhihaut-Cilhj,  l'ia;/;iio,  i.  2'20,  228-0.  This  description  applies  nearly  as 
well  to  the  anchorage  west  as  south  of  Telegi'aph  hill. 

"  Nov.  14,  1827,  Echeand(a's  order  to  comandante;  Nov.  ir)th,  call  on  'SW-^- 
sion  S.  .losi'-  for  building  material  and  men.  Drpl.  ller.,  MS.,  v.  107-8.  Alfril 
Robinson  and  Charles  Brown  state  that  when  they  came  to  Califc-uiii  i.i  Ib-^ 


AFFAIRS  AT  SAN  FRANCISCO. 


591 


i.  It  is  not 
my  of  them 
!*oint;  yet  I 
so,  and  that 
•1827  rather 
ilincon  Point 
Int  San  Jose 
i  uncertainty 
mofc  in  com- 
'  this  or  carly 
?m  that,  the 
^cther  clesira- 
viow;  but  in 
■ders  for  tlie 
beach,  to  he 
;,  after  which 
w  vessels  to 
use,  if  it  was 
1  the  site  of 
Cilly  erected 
)rc  of  Yerha 
recorded  in 


'7.^3 


1  location  of  Verba 
some  milea  farthir 
icnpc,  where  Vim- 
lilt,  or  else  was  in 
Fectly  safe  at  ;ill 
|ia,  after  a  swect- 

ii.  VMS.  Morrill 
|y,  ill  from  ten  to 
[ssion,  which  is  in 
(1  off  a  stnall  buy 

I,  about  a  lenuiiu 
I/'',  ii.  r>.     ]{atinr 

Ik-echcy's  cliart. 

situatetl  in  a  Imy 
\q  eastwanl.'  To 
shore;  then  oiio 
or  cove?)  of  tl.o 
Iter,  tlie  iiortlieiu 

•t  ((jolilen  (late).' 

ipplics  nearly  :ia 

ll.'ith,  call  on  Mi«- 
,v.  107-8.  Alfr.l 
Juliffuiu  ia  1!>-'J 


There  arc  the  usual  vague  and  fragmentary  records 
tliat  a  school  of  some  kind  was  kept  up  during  this 
period,  as  at  the  other  presidios."  The  company's 
^tock-farra,  or  rancho  de  la  nacion  at  Buri-buri,  con- 
tinued to  furnish  meat  for  the  soldiers,  but  declined 
rajtidly  in  usefulness ;'°  until  in  1827  it  seems  to  have 
l)een  granted  provisionally  to  Jose  Sanchez,  Events 
of  the  decade  at  San  Francisco,  of  minor  importance 
except  such  as  are  presented  elsewhere,  I  append  in 
line  print  for  economy  of  space,  including  also  in 
'bronologic  order  some  items  connected  with  the  ad- 
'  \istration  of  justice  in  this  presidial  district,  one  of 
,50  items,  that  of  the  Rubio  murder  case,  having 
,,oine  historical  importance  in  connection  with  the 
annals  of  the  following  decade.^" 

t'u're  was  not  a  building  at  Verba  Buena,  nothing  but  the  natural  chaparrnl; 
;.iiilit  was  not  until  later  that  vessels  were  allowed  to  anchor  there.  Rnhh,- 
(.'i/i'.s  Statement,  MS.,  14-15;  BrowirH  Sfatcmeiif,  MS.,  3-4.  IJeechcy  in  lS"2(j 
s:i\v  seven  whalers  anchor  at  Sauzalito.  Jose  Ramon  Sanchez,  Xotan,  M.S., 
17  IS,  thinks  the  anchorage  of  Verba  Buena  was  lirst  mentioned  when  in 
jsi"!  (iov.  Argiiello  allowed  the  ships  of  Hartnell  &  Co.  to  anchor  there. 

"  Jose  Pena,  an  artillcrviiiiin,  was  teacher  in  ]S'2'2.  S.  rrunrincu,  Vueiitan, 
MS.,  vi.  i)2.  55.  Sergt.  Jesc  Berreyesa  was  paid  in  IS.'JO  at  the  rate  of  §10 
pi  r  month  for  services  as  teacher  in  1823.  VaUijo,  JJo'-.  Hint.  Col.,  MS.,  xx. 
■JJI.  School-master's  salary  ordered  paid  by  Eeheandia  in  IS'J!).  Vcpt.  lice, 
.MS.,  vii.  142. 

'^  'Jattle  at  -^ud  of  1821,  749  head;  1822,  711  head;  proceeds  of  sales— that 
is  moat  furni  ).f.(f.  ♦.u  --oldiers— .$1,039;  1823,  330  head;  p\'oceeds,  .'r!l,3<M;  KS24, 
•J.">l)  head;  pi'v.ocja,  c!4.'J!);  1825,  158  head;  proceeds,  .^034;  182(),  85  head;  pro- 


)8:''7,  ,>roc3eds,  §235. 


VnUi'Jo,  Doc.   Hist,  r'n^.,  MS.,  xvii.  113, 
""     ""        "  I  BhuU 


i;4,  i>i,  :325;  Dcpt.  St.  Pop.,  lien.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixiv.  8. 
T  1  '  t'i-.'.i)    liaptc^  of  private  rauchos  round  the  bay 


icL  is,  ^Si'i, 
'2:A;  xvii 
speak  lai 

"•IS^l.  E.iC'dive  cold  in  Jniuary,  water  freezing  in  the  ditches.  Two 
llnssian  fn^j.-'tea  u  ]v^t,  since  I>eci;niber,  the  oflicers  spending  their  money 
laily.  A  soldiei  ',\  is  t:cntcnccd  to  public  works  at  S.  Bias  for  crim.  con., 
tl'c  woman,  his  sister-in-law,  being  sentenced  to  exposure  with  shaven  IunkI 
in  the  plaza.  In  the  course  of  the  proceedings  the  man  accused  one  or  t\\  o 
lit'  tlie  friars  of  illicit  relations  with  his  wife.  J'lov.  St.  Paji.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS., 
lii.  ,5-0;  St.  Pap.,  Snc.,  MS.,  xiv.  33-4;  Oiierra,  JJoc.  Jlisl.  <!al.,  MS.,  v. 
'JJ>7-9.  In  October  Capt.  Arguello  with  a  part  of  tiio  presidial  company 
blurted  on  his  famous  expedition  '  to  the  Columbia.'  chap,  xx.,  this  vol. 

1S22.  The  oatli  to  iiulependeni  e — the  imperial  regency — was  taken  in 
Apiil;  Wm.  A.  Richardson,  who  may  be  regarded  as  the  first  foreign  resi- 
<li'nt  of  ,'11  Francisco,  landed  from  a  whaler;  the  eanonigo  Fernandez  lion- 
<iicd  tl  .  •osidio  with  a  visit  in  October,  going  on  to  visit  Ross  with  (.'apt. 
Ar^jii^;  ,•  .ii"i  Prefect  Payeras;  and  in  November  the  comandante  left  his  post 
t')i'  Monir,  1 1  become  governor.  In  January  4  Indian  boys  aged  from  9  to 
1 1  years,  t;.,  loyed  as  j)ajare''0.<i  to  scare  birds  away  from  the  mission  tields, 
ill  liberatelj  itilled  a  young  companion  by  strangling,  striking  with  stones, 
,i  imping  on  his  stomach,  and  tilling  his  mouth  with  earth.  Tliey  buried  the 
bully  but  it  was  dug  up  by  v  ild  beasts.     They  were  sorry  for  the  act,  and 


ti92 


SAN  FRANCISCO  DISTRICT. 


EMM 


There  were  now  several  ranclios  occupied  by  privato 
individuals  in  the  San  Francisco  district.  On  the 
peninsula  was  that  of  Las  Pulgas,  or  San  Li^is,  wliidi 
had  been  granted  to  Don  liuis  Argiiello  before  18J4. 
Also  perhaps  Buri-buri  granted  to  Jose  Sanchez  in 

the  penalty  is  not  recorded.  Dej^t.  St.  Pap.,  Ben,  Mil.,  MS.,  liii.  72— t.  In 
May  live  adult  neophytes  were  tried  for  the  murder  of  three  others;  result  ikjI 
given.  /(/.,  liii.  75-6.  In  December  two  soldiers  were  sentenced  to  two  yaiis 
of  hard  work  at  Monterey  for  robbery.  Vallejo,  Doc.  Hist.  Cut.,  MS.,  i.  47. 
18"J3.  The  empire  was  formally  proclaimed  and  the  oath  of  allegiance  taken 
on  March  27th.  chap,  xxii.,  this  vol.  The  Russians  hunted  otter  in  tlio  liay 
from  October  undor  contract  with  Argiiello;  and  the  presence  of  two  Russiun 
frigates  which  ■%;eTfd  in  tlie  port  caused  some  fear  of  hostile  intentinns. 
'i'he  current  topi    c  ;8t  at  tlie  mission  was  the  proposed  transfer  of  tlie 

establishment  to  So  The  change  was  not  entirely  cairied  out,  but  uxxr 

300  neophytes  were  I'.i.  the  foundation  of  S.  Francisco  Solano,  chap,  xxii., 
this  vol.  In  May  an  iniantryman  sentenced  to  two  years'  labor  on  the  lighter 
for  theft.  JJe/it.  iit.  Pu}->.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  liv.  12.  In  June  an  infantryman 
killeil  another  and  was  condemned  by  court-martial  to  0  years  in  the  chain- 
gang.  /(/.,  liv.   18;  St.  Pap.  Sac,  MS.,  x.  19. 

1824.  Kotzebue's  visit  was  from  October  to  December,  chap,  xxiii.  Dur- 
ing his  stay  a  terrific  storm  on  Oct.  20th  uprooted  trees,  unroofed  buildings, 
and  injured  things  in  general.  Kotzc.hue'a  New  Voywje,  ii.  134-5. 

1825.  The  federal  constitution  of  Mexico  was  ratified  on  April  24th.  cliap. 
i.  of  vol.  iii.,  this  history.  Benjamin  Morrell  in  the  Tartar  was  lieio  i:i 
May.  Wm.  A.  Richardson  this  year  married  the  acting  comandautca 
daughter. 

1S2G.  April  30th  was  a  day  of  celebration,  on  which,  being  Sunday,  do- 
spatches  were  read  announcing  the  surrender  of  San  Juan  de  Uliia  and  tiiu 
pope's  recognition  of  Mexican  independence.  Salutes  were  fired  and  vivaa 
shouted;  but  the  festivities  were  much  marred  by  the  refusal  of  the  padio 
missionary  to  take  part  in  them,  and  by  the  failure  to  obtain  §400  from  tiio 
treasury  for  distribution  among  the  troops.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  yi^., 
Ivii.  10-11,  13-14.  Becchey's  visit  was  in  Nov.-Dec.  of  this  year.  chap.  v. 
of  vol.  iii. 

1827.  On  Jan.  1st,  a  popular  election  took  place  for  the  choice  of  12  nunii- 
cipal  electors.  The  following  citizens  were  chosen:  J.  J.  Estudillo,  FraiKisn) 
Castro,  Francisco  Sanchez,  I'edro  del  Castillo,  Francisco  Higuera,  Iguacii) 
I'cralta,  Josi^  Aguila,  Ignacio  Alviso,  Francisco  Soto,  Fr.mcisco  Haro,  and 
Pctronilo  Rios;  Jan.  4th,  the  12  met,  organized,  produced  credentials,  and 
adjourned;  Jan.  7th,  at  a  new  meeting  the  acts  of  tlie  preceding  were  ap- 
proved; and  finally  on  Jan.  8th,  at  the  2d  ballot  they  elected  Francisco  llaio 
as  elector  de  partido  to  vote  for  congressman.  Comandante  Martinez  \>ix- 
sided  at  every  meeting.  Vallejo,  Doc.  J  list.  Cal.,Mi^. ,  i.  99-102.  InMaivlior 
on  April  22d,  or  perhaps  on  both  dates,  there  was  an  earthquake,  throwin,' 
down  statues  at  the  mission,  and  damaging  the  presidio  somewhat.  Bi'trli'ifs 
\'oi/(ujc,  ii.  S2l;  Duhnut-Cill I/,  I'imjf/io,  i.  24G;  neither  writer  being  jnv.siiit 

at  the  time.  The  French  voyager's  first  visit  was  in  January.  At  tin;  oiid 
of  the  year  Gov.  Echeandia  is  said  to  have  made  liifi  urst  visit  to  S.  Franci.'^i-d. 
chap.  ii.  of  vol.  iii.;  though  there  are  some  indications  that  it  was  in  Is.'iO, 
J'ilch,  Proceno,  MS.  In  September  a  neophyte  was  tried  for  sodomy.  J ''jit. 
St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixviii.  5-6. 

1828.  In  August  the  little  daughter  and  infant  of  a  soldier,  aged  5  and  1 
years  respectively,  were  found  by  their  parents  returning  from  a  fim(laii!.'(i, 
dead  in  their  bed.  The  little  girl  had  been  outraged,  and  both  brutally  imir- 
dered.  Francisco  Rubio.  a  sohlier  in  the  same  company,  was  accused  uf  the 
murder,  aud  in  the  proceedings  at  the  time  the  circumstoutiul  evidence  ot  liiii 


MAP  OF  THE  BAY  DISTRICT. 


593 


Sa\  Fkancisco  District  i.\  1S30. 
IIisi.  Cu...  Vol.  II.    Ud 


:,! 


^''il! 


If 


r  I  >' 


i|.| 


•■("'■ 


lil{ 


594 


SAX  FRANCISCO  DISTRICT. 


1827."  Across  the  bay  Sergeant  Luis  Peralta  had  in 
1820  obtained  San  Antonio,  including  the  i^rcscnt 
sites  of  Oakland  and  Alameda,  and  had  had  aquanrl 
the  same  year  with  the  padres  of  San  Francisco  wlio 
tried  to  encroach  on  his  northern  boundary;  but  ho 
could  not  have  resided  on  his  rancho  until  1826  wlioii 
he  left  active  military  service.  Francisco  Castro 
secured  the  San  Pablo  rancho,  adjoining  Peralta's 
grant  on  the  north,  in  1823  from  the  diputacion,  and 
was  living  there  as  early  as  182G.  El  Pinole,  still 
farther  north,  was  liekl  by  Don  Ignacio  Martinez  in 
1829,  and  perhaps  earlier.  In  the  region  of  San  Josu 
farther  south  the  only  private  ranchos  clearly  men- 
tioned in  the  annals  of  this  decade  are  those  of  San 
Isidro,  owned  by  Ignacio  Ortega,  and  Las  Animas, 
or  the  uJvl  La  Brea,  owned  by  Mariano  Castro.  A 
rancho  of  San  lunacio,  three  leaijues  north  of  San 
J(>se,  is  also  mentioned  in  1828;  but  I  do  not  under- 
stand what  tract  is  meant.  Also  Los  Tularcitos  was 
granted  to  Jose  Higuera  in  1821.^^ 

pnilt  ■\vcrp.  strong  if  not  conclusive,  though  he  protested  his  innocence.  The 
testimony  is  given  i"  full  iii  JJcj't.  <SV.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixvi.  2-(il. 
Kuljio  was  kept  in  prison  for  three  years  and  then  shot,  as  wc  shall  see  in  a 
Inter  chapter,  this  case  having  become  somewhat  famous  in  connection  \\ith 
the  opposition  to  Gov.  Victoria  iu  1831.  Another  soldier  was  convicted  of 
rajio  on  a  little  girl  in  1828,  and  was  by  some  suspected  of  having  been  tlic 
guilty  party  instead  of  Rubio.  /(/. ,  Ixvi.  82-9. 

1829.  Tiio  Soils  revolt,  and  the  surrender  of  the  presidio  to  the  rclxls, 
was  the  leading  event  of  this  yeai\  chap.  iii.  of  vol.  iii.,  this  history.  A 
neophyte  was  accused  of  having  killed  an  American  by  dragging  him  from 
his  saddle  with  the  reata.  Dept.  J'ec,  MS.,  vii.  79. 

1830.  Capt.  LuisArgiiello  died  in  March.  Late  in  the  year  a  whale-boat  was 
capsized  while  crossing  tlio  bay,  and  three  or  four  of  the  crew  were  drow  ncd, 
0:i  was  one  Californian,  Francisco  Higuera.  Carrillo  (J.),  Doc.  Hid.  CaL, 
MS.,  32.  A  neophyte  of  Sta  Clara  was  arrested  iu  September  for  the  murder 
of  another  Indian.  No  evidence  was  found  against  him;  but  the  proccedinirs 
dragged  along,  the  Indian  remaining  iu  prison  until  1833,  when  he  win 
released  by  order  of  Gov.  Figueroa.  J)epf.  St.  Pap.,  JJiii.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxiv. 
1—1.     Only  one  soldier  and  one  Indian  in  prison  Sept.  lutli.   /<?.,  Ixxii.   1. 

"  Cal.  Land  Coin.,  No.  774,  claimed  to  have  been  granted  provisionullv 
Dec.  11,  1827.  and  in  1827-9  Sanchez  is  on  record  as  owning  a  rancho  nut 
named.     See  following  note. 

"r'((/.  Land  Com.,  Nos.  148-9.  It  was  also  claimed  that  the  Llano  dil 
Abi'evadcro  Mas  granted  to  Higuera  in  1822.  Las  Tulgas  paid  $103  in  titlu'* 
fioni  1824  to  1830;  and  in  1S2S  liad  S.IO  cattle  and  90  horses,  producing  al>') 
100  fancgasof  grain.  Vallejo,  Due.  llwt.  Cal.,  MS.,  i,  1G7;  xiv.  209,  xx.  27^- 
Martinez  paid  §132,  the  rancho  not  being  named,  but  in  1829  he  owmd 
I'iuolc.  Dcpt.  Itcc,  MS.,  vii.  78;  the  S.  Antonio  paid  §o3,  had  UO  horses  and 


MISSION  DOLORES. 


503 


At  San  Francisco  ^Mission  Padre  Bias  Ordaz  was 
succeeded  in  October  1821  by  Tonuis  Estenej^a,  who 
stived  alone  after  Jose  Altiniira  went  to  ^ew  San 
l-'rancisco  in  1823.  The  registered  population  lell 
liom  1,252  to  219,  but  after  making  deductions  for 
San  Rafael  and  Solano,  the  real  decline  was  from  340 
ti>  219;  in  fact  there  was  a  slight  apparent  gain  from 
1 823,  when  the  separation  was  effected,  though  caused 
by  the  return  of  old  neophytes  from  Solano.  Largo 
live-stock  increased  slightly;  but  sheep  decreased 
eighty  per  cent,  and  crops  on  an  average  were  about 
one  third  of  those  raised  in  the  preceding  decade.'" 
Of  the  buildings  nothing  new  is  learned.  Duhaut- 
Lilly  noted  that  in   1827  the  quadrangle  had  been 

L'O  imilcs,  and  raised  2S0  fanegaa  of  grain;  Jos6  Sanclicz  had  a  rancho  (Biiri- 
liiiri),  not  named,  paying  ^22;  and  there  was  a  farm  of  S.  Ik'niardo,  wliosc 
owner  is  not  mentioned.  Val/rjo,  y>t(C.,  nt  supra.  Francisco  Ilaro  seems  also 
to  liave  got  a  grant  of  Salsipucdes,  and  wished  in  IS'JO  to  give  it  up  in  ex- 
i  liangc  for  tlio  Isla  de  Los  Angeles.  Dejjt.  L'cc,  MS.,  vii.  78.  There  is  much 
in  the  newspapers  and  in  the  court  records  respecting  8.  Antonio,  S.  I'ahlo, 
and  Pulgas.  In  1828  S.  Francisqnito  creek  is  named  ns  the  boundary  Ijo- 
tween  I'ulgas  and  Mission  Sta  Clara;  and  S.  Leandro  Creek  as  that  between  H. 
Antonio  and  Mission  S.  Jo8(5.  llef]i>iter  of  Brandx.  M8. ,  5,  (i.  Grant  to  Fran- 
■  isco  Castro  April  \'t,  1823.  Id.,  8,  9.  A  report  of  names  in  1828,  with  details 
of  population,  products,  etc.  S.  Pablo,  18  inhabitants,  1(J  1.  n.  of  SanJo.si'; 
S.  Antonio,  12  inhabitants,  12  1.  n.;  S.  Ignacio  31.  >'.  with  !)  inhabitants, 
•2(10  cattle,  etc.;  S.  Isidro,  2G  inhabitiints,  and  Las  Animas,  2-1  inhabitant.n, 
each  141.  s.  Uept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  ii.  72.  In  a  report  of  1830  S.  Pablo,  S. 
Luis,  and  S.  Antonio  arc  mentioned  as  the  S.  Francisco  ranchoa.  St.  Pap. , 
Mis;).,  MS.,  X.  34.  Mention  of  Pulgas  and  Las  Animas,  in  Bvcchet/.'i  \'o;i<i</i', 
ii.  44 -'i,  48;  Pfr/iiler  of  Brainh,  MS.,  14.  References  to  S.  Isidro,  or  Ortega's 
rancho,  in  1822-28.  S.  Joxf,  Anh.,  MS.,  i.  55,  vi.  19;  />/<?.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  i. 
l!t-21.  This  rancho  had  over  COO  head  of  stock  and  GO  inhabitants  in  1823, 
but  only  20  in  1828.  In  1828  Wm.  Willis  tried  unsuccessfully  to  get  tho 
Lagnna  de  los  IJolbones  near  S.  .Jos(?.  IIuWs  llisf.  S.  Josi^,  117. 

''•'  Statistics:  Decrease  in  population,  1,252  (590  at  S.  Rafael  and  322  went 
to  Solano  in  1823)  to  219.  Baptisms,  535  (85  after  1823);  largest  number,  3114 
in  IS21  (11  in  1828  the  largest  after  1823);  .smallest,  7  in  1829.  Deaths,  4:«) 
Ib'i4  after  1823);  largest  ninniier,  148  in  1822  (22  in  1825.  largest  after  1823); 
f^inallest,  8  in  1830.  (lain  in  large  stock,  4,095  to  5, 1.32;  horses  and  nudes, 
S'tO  to  932;  decline  in  sheep,  10,2N0  to  2,0it0.  Largest  crop,  0,190  bushels  in 
IS22;  smallest,  358  in  1829;  average.  2,454,  of  which  1,005  wheat,  yield  !) 
fold;  ,334  barley,  13  fold;  280  corn,  01  fold.  The  tax  on  products  paid  l>y  tho 
missions  was  about  .?3(X)  per  year.  The  most  complete  collection  of  mi.-^siou 
statistics  for  this  period  is  found  in  Vullcjn,  Jjoc.  II iM.  Crtl.,  MS.,  i.  xvii.- 
xix.  In  1821  the  mission  furnished  tho  presidio  31,200  in  soap.  Arch.  Ar-.nlt., 
MS.,  iv.  pt.  i.  77.  According  to  one  set  of  accounts  the  total  of  mission  sup- 
plies to  the  presidio  in  1821-30,  except  1827,  was  .§0,288;  but  other  accounts 
make  the  sum  over  ^8,000  for  1821,  1824,  and  1829. 

In  1822  the  mission  lands  arc  described  as  extending  01.  k.  to  s.  and  31. 
i;.  to  w.,  hilly,  but  sullicient  with  hard  work  to  maintain  half  the  neophytes. 


ill  lIHi' ,     isK 


I- 


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^i 


i  Ti. 


r  '"^VT 


rrr 

ff 

m 

mm  ^ 

1 

i  -'    i 

i   1 

1 

1 

^^^^^H 

1.  :id  [ 

jj 

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1 


696 


SAX  FRANCISCO  DISTRICT. 


completed  and  a  lari^e  church  had  been  built  sinco 
A^aiicouver's  visit;  but  respoeting  the  church  he  has 
iiiisuiiderstood  the  English  voyager,  and  there  is  no 
evidence  that  any  new  church  had  been  built.  jMany 
of  the  buildingH  were  in  a  ruinous  condition;  but  tlio 
Indians'  houses  were  regularly  arranged  in  streets, 
and  a  fine  stream  of  water  (lowed  through  the  ])laza. 
According  to  the  Frenchman's  opinion  the  mission 
ruin  had  been  due  to  the  want  of  capacity  and  energy 
on  the  part  of  the  friars;  and  Estenega,  being  in  ill- 
health,  was  not  likely  to  restore  prosperity.  The 
most  important  event  in  mission  history  of  the  decade 
was  the  proposed  transfer  to  Sonoma,  wliich  was  begun 
in  1823,  but  was  partially  suspended;  so  that  8aii 
Francisco  Solano  became  a  separate  mission  and  took 
only  half  instead  of  all  the  neophytes  from  the  old 
establishment.'^'' 

San  Rafael,  under  the  care  of  Padre  Juan  Amoros, 
was  in  every  respect,  save  in  the  item  of  sheep,  pros- 
perous throughout  the  decade,  though  on  not  a  very 
large  scale.,  Baptisms  outnumbered  deaths  more  than 
two  to  one;  and  population,  notwithstanding  the  *J2 
neophytes  sent  to  Solano,  was  nearly  doubled,  reach- 
ing its  highest  limit  of  1,140  souls  in  1828.  It  appears 
even  that  a  house  was  built  and  a  beijfinning  of  conver- 
sion  made  in  the  far  north,  between  Petaluma  and 
Santa  Rosa  perhaps.^^     In   1821    Captain  Argiiello 

No  irrigation.  Also  a  piece  of  land  .31.  n.  to  .s.  and  hi.  E.  to  w.  across  the 
baj-,  'eu  la  costa  de  un  gran  canal.'  Misioin'i,  Ciiad.  de  E^tados,  MS.,  ."JIS-H. 
In  1 820  the  mission  claimed  the  rancho  of  liuriburi.  Dcft.  I'lr. ,  MS. ,  vi.  .'")3, 08. 

Description  of  the  mission  buildings  in  1827.  Duhaut-CiUy,  Vki<j(jiu,  i. 
^.SO-'i.     Morrell's  visit  in  lS-25.  A'rt/ra^iv,  212. 

^"  On  the  foundation  of  San  Francisco  Solano  sec  chap.  xxii.  Osio.  lIUl. 
Cal.,  MS.,  209-1  <»,  narrates  that  there  was  a  great  lack  of  women  at  the  iniw- 
sion;  and  after  doing  his  best  to  keep  the  domestic  peace  and  restrain  th(! 
wrath  of  hoodwinked  husbands,  Ksti^'nega  was  obliged  to  let  the  single  take 
the  lancha  and  go  across  the  bay  on  a  hunt  for  wives,  furnishing  also  various 
gifts  with  which  to  win  the  pagan  girls.  The  party  succeeded  well  and 
started  back  with  a  boat-load  of  girls;  but  the  padre  of  S.  Rafael,  on  com- 
plaint of  a  pagan  who  had  been  robbed  of  his  sweetheart,  started  in  i>ui'suit, 
overtook  the  San  Francisco  boat  near  Angel  Island,  rescued  the  girls,  and  gave 
the  kidnappers  .")0  lashes  each ! 

■"Statistics:  Increase  in  population,  590 to  970;  1.140  in  1828.  Baptisiiis, 
1,182;  highest  number,  228  in  1824;  loweat,  17  in  1S29.    Deaths,  504;  highest 


SAN  RAFAEL. 


507 


ilt  sinco 

:  lie  has 

;rc  is  no 

]\Iaiiv 

but  tli'c 

streets, 

ic  plaza. 

mission 

.1  ciicriLjy 

MX  ill  ill- 

;y.  The 
ic  decade 
as  bejTun 
hat  San 
and  took 
I  the  old 

Anioros, 
;ep,  pros- 
it a  very 
;ore  than 
the  !)-J 
d,  reach- 
appears 
coiiver- 
Liiiia  and 
irVrgiiello 

across  tlio 
lis.,  313-14. 
|s.,vi.r)3,i!S. 

Vkujijlo,  i. 

Osio,  7/;^'. 
,  at  the  mis- 
restrain  tlie 

single  tiilio 
Jalso  various 
|(1  -well  iiml 
\c\,  on  coin- 

iu  imrsuit, 
|ls,  and  gave 

Baptisms, 
b04;  lug'.iest 


arrived  at  this  mission  from  his  northern  expedition, 
in  which,  as  in  those  of  Padre  Payeras  and  the  canu- 
nii^o  on  their  way  to  Ross  in  1822,  and  of  Altiinira 
on  his  way  to  Solano  in  1823,  quite  extensive  explora- 
tions were  made  in  the  region  about  San  Rafael.  In 
IJeccniber  1822  an  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  national 
congress,  the  only  instance  of  the  kind  recorded  ia 
California,  was  taken  by  padre  and  neophytes. 

In  1823,  in  connection  with  the  foundation  of  San 
I'^rancisco  Solano,  there  was  a  proposal  to  suppress 
tliis  missicm,  which  in  the  end  had  to  contribute  nearly 
a  hundred  neophytes,  but  at  the  same  time  became  an 
independent  establishment  instead  of  a  mere  axistciiciu, 
of  San  Francisco  as  before;  this  is  .shown  by  the 
.stati.stical  reports,  though  there  is  no  direct  record  of 
the  fact.--  In  1824  Kotzebue  visited  the  mission, 
misnaming  it  San  Gabriel,  "which  peeped  from  among 
the  foliage  of  its  ancient  oaks,"  and  was  mo.st  enthu- 
siastic in  praise  of  its  location  and  natural  advantages, 
though  silent  respecting  artilicial  improvements.-^  It 
was  this  same  year  that  the  famous  Indian  bandit 
Pomponio  was  captured  at  the  Canada  de  Novate,-* 

niiiubcr,  70  in  1S2,-);  lowest,  29  in  1830.  Increase  in  large  stock,  504  to  1,548; 
liur.ses  anil  mules,  104  to 448;  decrease  in  sheep,  2,000  to  l,8.-)2.  Largest  crop, 
4.713  Imshels  in  1822;  smallest,  .333  in  1H29;  average,  2,4.14;  of  wliicli  1,105 
wheat,  yield  7  fold;  837  barley,  S  fold;  219  corn,  37  fold.  Supplies  to  pre- 
sidio, 182G-.30,  ^1,311.  Crop  of  1829  a  very  liglit  one,  and  spoiled  hesiiles 
by  rats,  locusts,  etc.  Arrli.  Std  />.,  MS.,  xii.  181.  Description  of  landsi  ia 
1822.  Mlnioi>c.%  CkikI.,  EMddox,  MS.,  31(;-19;  in  1828.  J,'c</Utcr  of  Hi-uikIs, 
MS.,  3-5.  I  give  the  substance  of  the  latter  for  the  sake  of  the  nanies.  Li 
the  west  beyond  the  range  f)f  hills  is  an  cstiro  from  the  port  of  Hodega,  called 
Tamales.  The  range  extends  N.  9  leagues,  then  the  ])lains  of  Livantononu'', 
where  the  gentiles  are  being  reduced,  a  house  having  been  built  and  lands 
iimrked  out  (Sta  Rosa  to  I'ctaluma  I'cgion).  ^Mission  lands  from  the  rauihcn'a 
(if  Annanius,  called  San  Pedro  Alcantiira,  in  tlie  (,'orte  de  Madera,  Jiud  t'lo 
liinconada  del  Tiburon.  The  grain  lands  <lr  tcm/iond  begin  in  the  cafi;ida  of 
Arangues  or  San  Pedro  Regalado.  Li  ve-stouk  feeds  northward  to  the  rnnclieria 
<if  Olonipali,  or  Santi'simo  Posario,  the  chief  Itcing  a  Christian  and  farmer, 
(-'attic  graze  in  the  cauadas  of  Las  (Jallinas,  Arroyo  de  San  .Jost^  Xovato, 
(,'oloniache,  Ecliatamal,  and  Olonipali;  tlie  hor.scs  go  farther  to  Olemochoe,  or 
San  ^Vutonio,  the  stream,  dry  in  summer,  rising  in  the  laguna  of  Ocolom,  or 
Sun  Antonio,  the  lands  of  whicli  join  tliose  of  Novato,  Colomache,  and  l^cha- 
camal,  '  going  round  the  hill.'  Laguna  of  Ocolom  seems  to  belong  to  the  mis"- 
siun,  but  the  natives  are  warlike. 

"  Chap.  XX.  xxi.  xxn.  this  vol.;  Arch.  Sta  B.,  MS.,  xii.  301-2. 

-'  Kofzi'buc'ti  Xcw  Voi/CKjc,  ii.  111-14. 

'•'*  Cliap.  xxiii. 


it  i-;! 

jt  j  1   '  T  It  "g 


i'] 


SAX  FRANCISCO  DISTRICT. 


and  taken  to  Monterey  to  bo  tried  and  shot.  About 
the  same  time  occurred  certain  hostihties  with  Mariu 
and  Quintin,  two  gentile  chieftains  who  were  destintd 
to  give  their  names  to  the  county  and  one  of  its  best 
laiown  points.  I  have  been  unable  to  find  any  con- 
temporary evidence  of  these  events,  or  of  the  existence 
of  any  such  chieftains.  There  is  no  special  reason  foi- 
doubt  respecting  the  names,  though  little  reliance  can 
be  ])laced  on  the  circumstances  under  which  the  chief- 
tains were  captured.'"^^  San  Rafael  was  excepted  from 
the  operation  of  Echeandia's  secularizing  experiments 
of  182G-30.  Duhaut-Cilly  in  1827  did  not  deem  tin's 
poor  establishment  worth  stopping  at  for  purj)oses  of 
trade,  as  he  passed  in  sight  of  it  on  his  way  to  Sonoma. 
Finally  in  1827-8  orders  were  issued  in  Mexico  for 
the  founding  of  a  frontier  fort  in  this  region,  issued 
but  not  carried  out.^'' 


Padre  Buenaventura  Fortuni  left  Mission  San  Jose 

«  VaW'jo,  flint.  Cal.,  MS.,  i.  140-9,  says  that  in  1824  the  chief  .Marin, 
hard  pressed  by  Martinez  and  Sanchez,  took  refuge  on  the  little  island  whicli 
took  Ills  name,  and  successfully  resisted  tlie  Spaniards,  who  then  went  to 
attack  Quintin,  a  sub-chief,  at  another  point.  Quintin  was  captured  at  this 
time  and  kept  a  prisoner  for  two  years,  afterward  l)cconiing  a  boatman  in  tlu' 
service  of  the  padres  and  of  Vallcjo.  Marin  was  taken  later  and  liberattd 
after  a  j'car,  dying  in  1S34.  The  same  version  in  substance  is  given  on  the 
authority  of  Gov.  Alvarado  in  Gift's  Mnrin  Co.,  8 — a  work  whicli  is  full  of 
errors  in  all  that  is  said  of  the  'first  settlement  and  early  history' — where  au 
attack  on  S.  Rafael  is  mentioned,  and  the  bravery  of  Rafael  (Jarcfa  the  cff'/O'/i' 
('•:colt(t,  who  sent  his  wife  and  children  to  S.  Francisco  on  a  balna  with  Padn; 
Amoros.  Some  versions  have  it  that  the  island  of  Marin  was  his  liabitual 
resort  for  years,  during  which  he  continued  his  depredations,  and  not  tiie  site 
of  any  particular  battle.  Sonic  say  that  Marin  was  several  times  captured. 
He  died  all  the  way  from  1834  to  1848,  and  he  was  chief  of  the  Lacatint, 
Cainaniero,  or  Tanialefio  tribes.  Marin  Co.  11  iM.,  passim.  Croiiixe's  Xa'. 
Widllh  of  Cal.,  103-4;  Tai/lor  in  Cal.  Farmer,  March  ti  (or  20,)  1800;  Alt<i 
California,  March  30,  1805;  Hayes'  Scrap-buol:,  Cal.  Xotes,  iii.  25;  S.  Itaful 
Tocsin,  Jan.  17,  1879. 

Tlu!  Californians  are  disposed  to  ridicule  the  Americans  for  '  sanctifyinj; ' 
the  name  of  an  Indian  chief  by  adding  the  'San'  to  the  name  of  the  point. 
The  error,  however,  was  a  very  natural  one,  and  not  Ije  classed  with  '  Santa 
Sonoma,' '  San  Braneiforte,'  or  '  San  Diablo,'  because  Quintin,  though  apjilird 
to  a  chief  by  the  Califonuans,  was  a  Spanish  name,  and  that  of  a  well  known 
saint,  wliose  name  was  often  applie<l  to  localities — instance,  San  Quintin  IJjy 
below  S.  Diego,  and  San  Quintin  Point  in  S,  Francisco  Bay  according  t) 
Bcechcy's  chart  of  1S2G.  The  name,  how'cver,  should  be  written  either  iS;iu 
Quintin  or  St  Quentin,  Quentin  being  the  English  form  of  the  word.  Tin; 
Tamales  Indians  doubtless  furnished  the  origin  of  the  name  Tomales  Bay,  and 
of  the  mountain  Tamal-pais. 

'■""JJist.  Cal.,  cliap.  iv.  of  vol.  iii.  this  aeries;  Duhaut-Cilhj,  Viagfjio,  ii.  79. 


MISSION  SAX  JOSK. 


59!) 


ill  the  autumn  of  1825,  niul  from  tluit  time  Narciso 
Diirau  KOi'ved  alone,  iK'ini^  also  ])rosi(lt'nt  of  all  the 
missions  in  1825-7.  In  population  this  mission  still 
stood  second  in  the  list,  excelled  hy  San  Luis  IJey 
Jill  me,  declining  but  very  slightly  in  these  ten  years, 
and  showing  its  maximum  of  1800  souls  in  1824.  Its 
number  of  baptisms  and  deaths  greatly  exceeded  thr.t 
of  any  other  mission,  a  result  due  perhaps  to  Duran's 
zi  :d  in  forcible  conversions.  There  was  a  large  gain 
ill  cattle  and  sheep,  San  Jose  standing  fourth  on  the 
list  in  this  respect;  and  in  its  average  crop  of  grain 
this  mission  was  surpassed  by  four  only  of  the  south- 
ern establishments,-''  In  1821  a  neophyte  attemi)te(l 
to  chastise  his  wife,  who,  with  the  aid  of  a  neighbor, 
succeeded  in  killing  him.  In  1823  a  woman  was  mur- 
dered, and  another  in  1824.  The  sentence  in  these 
cases  is  not  recorded.-^ 

In  182G  Beechcy  visited  San  Jose,  but  he  gives  no 


"Statistics:  Decrease  in  population,  1,7."4  to  1,74.");  liigliostnuml)cr,  1,!''0G 
in  1S'.'4  (or  1,880  (?)  in  KS.'Jl).  Jiaptisuis,  1,9'Jl';  liiryest  number,  ;};ij  in  Ui- I  • 
sin.illest,  (i,5  in  18"J'J.  Deaths,  1,804;  largest  uunibcr,  -54  in  18:28;  ynialli 
1 10  in  18:50.  Gain  in  largcstock,  0,8.yj  to  i;$,3()0;  horses,  SJD  to  l.-'M);  ulv  <  ,., 
1.'  000  to  i;{,0;iO;  13,000  from  1822-8.  Largest  croj),  11,200  bushels  in  loJl ; 
smallest,  777  in  1 820;  average,  .■),409;  of  which  4,000  wheat,  yield  i:i  folil;  I  i  1 
li:irley,  11  fold;  507  corn,  40  folil.  Complete  statistics  in  Vallvjo,  J)oc.  Hi'. 
I'll.,  MS.,  i.  xvii.-xix.  xxix.-xxx.  this  series.  Supplies  to  S.  Francisco  pi'c- 
i^idlo  in  1821-30,  except  1827,  .?1."),125.  Tithes  and  taxes  in  1824,  .Sl,S4ii;  in 
1.S28,  .sl,l(i7.  The  only  item  about  buildings  is  that  three  adobe  rooms  were 
erected  in  1827,  for  soap-making,  tanning,  and  storing  hides.  /(/.,  i.  113.  In 
Ajiril  1829,  Virmond  ordered  a  bell  of  1,000  lbs.  bearing  the  name  of  S. 
.bisc  mission.  Fif.ch,  Doc.  Hint.  CciL,  MS.,  11,  llobinson,  Lifn  in  I'd/.,  7>V(;, 
mentions  a  large  reservoir  in  the  rear,  pipes  canying  the  water  to  buildings 
iiiid  gardens,  fountain  witii  conveniences  for  bathing  and  washing  in  front, 
lluildings  were  inferior  in  beauty  to  those  in  the  south,  but  durable  and  con- 
\onient.  In  1822  the  lands  extend  9  1.  with  a  width  of  1-3  1.  Towanl  tha 
N.  the  mission  claims  to  the  rivers  1.")  1.  J/Z.-f/'o/fcs,  Ciifiil.  dvEstadns,  MS.,  31 1- 
12.  In  1828,  separated  from  Sta  Clara  and  S.  .'ioaC-  pueblo  lands  by  the  punla 
il' I  Extern  about  2  1.  from  the  mission;  n.  w.  boundary,  S.  Leaiidro  Creek. 
Tlie  centre  of  the  9  1.  of  extent  is  the  ranchoand  stream  of  San  Lorenzo,  .")  1. 
N.  w.  5  1.  N.  of  the  mission  is  the  Valle  de  S.  Jos(j,  with  the  Cafiada  del 
Ingenio  stretching  o  1.  x.  Here  is  the  stock  ranclioof  El  Valle;  and  ia  v.inter 
the  cattle  and  sheep  };o  to  the  lioiilar  de  los  (.'luii)canes  4  1.  fi'om  the  niissioii, 
and  adjoining  Monte  del  Diablo.  ji'(,'//^/o' o/' /j'r  •/'(/■",  MS.,  (1-7.  'J  hi.i  is  the 
earliest  use  of  the  name,  in  writing,  of  Mt  I)iablo  tiiat  I  have  seen.  Salvio 
I'acheco  was  coi-poral  of  tiie  guard  in  1824;  ISernal  was  nuijordomo  in  182vi, 
and  Jose  Maria  Amador  later. 

■^■'*7)(7-^  St.  Pap.,  lien.  JUL,  MS.,  lii.  4-,");  liv.  12;  Ivii.  .39-42.  In  182.-) 
Duran  and  a  neophyte  performed  the  cesarean  operation.  The  cliihl  was 
baptized  though  giving  no  iiigns  of  life.  San  Jone,  Lib.  Jlision,  MS.,  20-7. 


^f:, 


;i: 


GOO 


SAX  rilANCISCO  DISTIIK  T. 


<k'S('i'i|)tiv('  niattcr  rc's|i('ctiii,!^  tin-  mission,  confiiiiiii,' 
his  attention  to  an  expedition  against  tluj  Indians,  as 
C'lsewlioro  related.-"  It  was  in  NTay  1S-J7  tliat  Jedc- 
diali  Smith  a|)[t('ared  in  the  vicinity  and  wrote  Iii> 
I'amous  letter  to  Dnran.  Four  hundred  Indians  ran 
away  ahout  the  same  time,  and  J)uran  unjustly  sus- 
jn'ctt'd  the  Ameriean  hunters  of  havini^  enticed  tlic 
i'uLcitives."'"  In  18"J1)  eiLfht  neoi)hvtes,  ai)sent  with 
leave,  were  killed  hy  the  Oclujannies;  and  the  Indian 
alcalde  of  the  mission  was  condenmod  to  a  year  of 
work  at  Monterey.  The  same  year  the  padre  refused 
to  furnish  sup}»lies  for  Solis  and  his  rehels,  thougii 
everywhere  else  in  the  north  their  authority  was 
acknowledged.'"  In  July  IH'IO  Ewing  Young,  the 
Xew  ^[exican  tra|)[)or,  came  to  the  mission;  and  later 
ill  the  year  a  grand  ^kisco  tiKWifi'iito  on  the  San  .loa- 
(]uin  and  its  hranches  was  i)lannod  to  ex})loro  the 
country  and  inspire  respect  among  the  Indians.''- 

At  Santa  Clara  Padre  Jose  Yiadcr  served  through- 
out the  decade;  hut  !Magin  Catalii,  one  of  the  oldest 
of  the  California  fi'iars,  died  in  November  18.'30  after 
a  ministry   of   thirty- seven  years  at  this  mission.*' 

''Clinp.  iv.  of  vol.  iii.  this  history.  .Tuno  2flth,  Dnran  sends  interpreters 
for  tiiu  ii.su  of  the  iiyuutaniicnto,  ho^iing  tiiey  will  l)e  kimlly  treated.  S.  ./o.-r, 
Arc/i.,  ilS.,  vi.  '22.  Ajiril  _.■>,  IS'27,  Or.ran  to  llartnell,  asking  him  to  tiiank 
Beecliey  for  his  gift  of  lireworks.    \'nll('jo.  Dor.  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  x.\ix.  l.SO. 

^"Chap.  vi.  of  vol.  iii.  this  hi.story.  Anh.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  v.  pt.  i.  '27-l>. 

"Chnp.  iii.  of  vol.  iii.  this  history.  A\  i/o.<(',  Lib.  Misioii,  MS.,  27;  -Ucp'. 
Jiec,  vii.  80. 

^'-Chap.  vi.  of  vol.  iii.  this  history.  S.  Joxr  Arch.,  MS.,  i.  38-0. 

"^  ^lagin  Catalii  was  born  about  17GI  at  Mouthblanch,  Catalonia,  Spain, 
becoming  a  Franeiscan  at  IJareelona  in  1777.  Jfo  sailed  from  Cadiz  for  San 
Fernando  eoUcgc  in  Oetober  17S0.  ][i.' went  to  Xootka  in  one  of  the  king's 
vessels  and  served  there  as  chaplain  foi'  more  tlian  a  year,  subseciuently  re- 
turning to  the  college.  iJeing  assigned  to  California  he  came  up  as  cliaphiiu 
on  the  Ayiiir~nzu,  and  iiaving  lauded  at  ^lonterey  in  July  1704,  refuse<l  to  go 
on  to  Xootka  as  \\  as  desired.  He  was  sent  immediately  to  Santa  Clara,  whei'e 
he  Served  eontinuously  as  long  as  he  lived,  attending  also  to  the  spiritual  care 
of  San  Jose  pueblo.  In  ISOJ  and  1804  Catnla  asked  and  obtained  license  to 
retire  on  .account  of  ill-health.  Arch.  Sta  li.,  MS.,  xi.  0"2-3;  Arch.  Arzoh., 
JI8.,  ii.  40.  At  different  times  his  zeal,  gentleness,  experience,  and  all  the 
desirable  (pialities  of  a  missionary  save  that  of  robust  health,  were  attested 
by  his  superiors.  He  sulVered  from  inflannnatory  rheumatism,  and  for  years 
before  his  death  could  not  mount  his  horse.  Among  the  common  people  I'ach'o 
Magiu  was  believed  to  be  gifted  with  prophetic  powers;  and  there  are  cur- 


m. 


SANTA  CLARA. 


fl;)l 


ndijiiis,  as 
Llint  ilcde- 
wrott'  lii> 
ulians  I'aii 
iistly  sus- 
iitu'L'd  till' 
siMit  with 
tlio  Indian 
a  year  <it' 
Ire  rc'i'usi'  I 
Is,  tliough 
lority  was 
oiinu',  tilt' 
;  and  later 
5  San  f)t»a- 
•iplol'O    the 


lan.s."" 

d  through- 

tlio  oldest 

18:50  after 

mission.'" 


lis  inteqirctevx 
;atc»l.  S.  ./.'-'% 
him  to  tliiinU 
,  xxix.  i:io. 
lit.  i.  -JT-O. 

-9. 

ailonia,  Spain, 

I  Cadiz  for  S:i;i 

of  the  kiiii;'-* 

l)St'(iUently  re- 

lip  as  chaplain 

i-efnsod  to  j."  > 

,  Clara,  whi'ii' 

I  spiritual  caiv 

lied  license  ti> 

Arch.  Ar.o'i., 

and  all  tlio 

Iwere  attested 

^and  for  years 

I  people  I'adro 

Ihcrc  ui'o  cur- 


ludei'  the  care  of  these  missionaries  Santa  Clara 
>li()\ved  a  decline  for  the  decade  in  all  I'esjuc.-ts  sav(! 
tliat  of  cattli'.  The  crops,  notwithstanding;  the  hroad 
and  fei'tile  lands,  were  considerahly  less  than  those  of 
Isl  I  "JO.  In  population  the  maximum  of  1,4(!4  souls 
was  reaclu'd  in  IK"J7,  after  which  date  the  decline 
was  rapid,  deaths  exceeding  bai)tisms  for  the  wholu 
jiciiod.''* 

We  have  seen  that  a  new  mission  church  had  heen 
(•(•iitemplated  in  IHIH.  Hall,  who  knew  ncfthing  of 
that  fact,  tells  us  that  the  old  church  was  so  hadly 
injured  hy  an  eartlKpiake  in  lH-2'2  that  it  was  thought 
hest  to  take  it  down  rather  than  attempt  repairs;  and 
a  new  church,  the  oiie  still  standing,  was  huilt  in 
lS-Ja-(».  As  J  tall  gives  no  cxa.'V  date  for  the  I'arth- 
<|Uake,  and  therefore  apparently  obtained  his  infor- 
mation from  lu)  detinite  document;  as  lie  i\i>rf<  not 
iini»ly  that  a  new  church  was  taken  down;  as  I  Hnd 
no  contemi)orary  record  whatever  t)f  either  destruc- 
tion or  rebuilding;  and  as  visitors  of  the  period  would 

rent  traditions,  traceahle  to  no  definite  source,  that  he  foretold  the  discovery 
of  ^'old  in  immense  (piantities  in  California.  On  one  occasion  lie  paused  in 
III*  siM'inon  and  calli-'(l  upon  the  con),'n';,'ation  to  pray  for  the  soul  of  a  man 
V  liii  had  died;  ere  the  prayer  was  endeil  news  arrived  that  a  soldier  had  heeii 
tliiii«n  from  his  horse  and  killetl.  He  died  Nov.  '22,  IS.'JO,  and  was  hnried 
ill  the  mission  church  hy  Viader  and  1)ui'an,  the  former  of  wlioiii  testilics  to 
till'  excmjilary,  lahorioiis,  ami  edifyinj;  life  which  had  made  his  associate 
hi  loved  of  all  and  his  loss  deeply  dejiloreil  liy  the  community.  S>'i  Clara, 
I, ill.  MixiDii,  MS.;  Aii/olti  III.  Aiifoi/.  ill'  lin  PI'.,  MS.,  ;W7;  Sarria,  liifuriDc 
,s'i/;/'f  I'nt'ili.'i,  MS.,  (IT  S,  liiS;  Arrh.  Sla  II.,  MS.,  xi.  (j-j  :j,  -J'il;  I'rm'.  St. 
I'a/i.,  MS.,  .\ii.  100,  1(14-.");  I'dllijo,  Hisl.  I'al.,  MS.,  i.  'i:~,\). 

•'"statistics:  Decrease  in  population,  1,. '{.17  to  K'J.'id;  highest  numlier,  1-Ki4 
ill  I.S'J7.  IJaptisms,  1,107;  largest  iiniiil per.  I.")!!  in  lS-2'_';  smallest,  ;?()  in  ISaO. 
I'r.iths,  1,17;5;  largest  iiumher,  1S!»  in  IS'JS;  smallest,  (58  in  18.'?0.  Increase  ii» 
cattle,  ."i.O'J^  to  !),7.S>S;  horses  and  mules,  7'-'"-'  to  7.SS;  sheep,  l'_',(Miit  to  S,O.S."». 
Largest  crop,  ~,'7m  bushels  in  l,S'il ;  smallest,  1,,S.-)!),  in  182!(;  aveni;.'e.  4,S,S8; 
if  which 'J,!I,V_' wheat,  yield  VI  fold;  !»()()  harley,  .31  fold;  738  corn,  74  fcdd. 
Taxes  on  mission  jn-oducts  in  18-J4,  ?i!7-l;  in  1828;  .Sl,")(il.  Monthly  sujjplies 
to  cscolta  in  18'2'J-.30,  from  .'?40  to  .Si2.'>  per  month;  generally  ahout  §70. 
SiTgt.  Herreyesa  commanded  the  escolta  in  18'2!)-l?l).  At  times  the  puehlo 
had  to  furnish  citizens  to  till  up  the  guard.  Many  statistics  in  Arrh.  M!.<1- 
o/(f.v,  MS.,  i.  passim.  Vallfjo,  ])ii<'.  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  xvii.-xx.  xx?..  Sup])lies 
to  presidio,  182I-.S0,  .'?14,0(i8.  Description  of  the  mission  lands  in  182'2.  1S27-8, 
in  .MlKioiicii,  Cuad.  dc  k'stiidim,  MS.,  2.j4,  308-0;  St.  Pap.  MIsk.  ami  (Joluii., 
Ms,,  ii.  22;  llcijixti-r  of  lirniul-i,  MS.,  4-.">.  Tiic  lands  exten<led  n.  to  s.  0  1., 
and  v..  to  w.  3  1.  in  the  widest  part.  Soil  good  hut  pasturage  limited,  especially 
utter  the  loss  of  Las  l'ul;j;as.  Irrigation  sufficient  for  2.")  fan.  The  limits  were 
tlie  iiio  Guudalupo,  the  sierra,  and  S.  Francisquito  creek  iu  the  x.  w. 


l!j» 


i!i!- 


602 


SAX  FRANCISCO  DISTRICT. 


be  very  likely  to  notice  such  events,  I  suppose  tliat 
nothing  of  the  kind  occurred.  As  a  mere  conjecture, 
however,  it  may  be  that  after  the  church  was  com- 
pleted,  or  nearly  so,  in  1818,  it  was  damaged  by  au 
earth(|uake,  and  not  fully  repaired  until  1822.^^ 

The  pueblo  of  San  Jos(5,  connected  witli  Santa  Claia 
b}'  the  alameda,  or  tree-shaded  promenade,  wliicli  is 
noticed  by  nearly  all  the  visitors  of  this  periiul,  in- 
creased in  white  population  during  the  years  1821-:!() 
j'roni  240  to  540,  includinij:  five  or  six  foreijifnors.'''' 
Kotzebue  says  of  San  Jose  in  1824:  "  This  pueblo  lies 
in  a  beautiful  spot.  The  houses  are  pleasant,  built  ot' 
stone,  and  stand  in  the  midst  of  orchards  and  hedur-; 
of  vines  bearing  luxuriant  clusters  of  the  richest  giapcs. 
The  inhabitants  came  out  to  meet  us,  and  with  niudi 
courteousness,  blended  v/icli  the  ceremonious,  polite- 
ness of  the  Spaniards,  invited  us  to  enter  their  simple 
but  cleanly  dwellings.  All  their  countenances  bespoke 
health  and  contentment,  and  they  have  good  cause  to 
rejoice  in  their   lot.     Unburdened   by  ta.\es  of  any 

35//«/r.t  Illxt.  S.  Jn.'ff',  114,  4-2.3-4.  A  scrap  in  Lereir.'i  Sn-np  Bool:  wiys 
the  cliuri'li  was  dcstroycil  liyJin  (.'nrth([nake  in  l.SlS  (sec  also  chapter  xvin.) 
iiuil  the  new  one  completed  ii;  IS'JlJ,  l)einj,' tledicated  on  All;,'.  11th.  Kotztln.  ■ 
in  18'24  saya  'the  buildings  of  Santa  C'.'ira,  overshadowecl  by  thick  t;n  vis  ■  t' 
oaks,  and  surrounded  liy  gardens,  etc.,  are  in  the  same  style  as  at  all  tlu 
other  missions.  They  consist  of  a,  huge  stone  church,  a  spacious  d\,ellinu'- 
house  for  the  monks,  <a  larf;e  maga/ine  for  tlie  ]ireservation  of  corn,  and  tin: 
ranchcrfas,  or  liarracks,  for  the  Indians,  dividetl  into  long  rows  of  houisi's. 
or  rather  stalls,  where  each  family  is  allowed  a  .space  scarcely  large  eniiu;:li 
to  enable  them  to  lie  down.'  A''w  I'oi/nir,  ii.  !)4.  licechey  in  182(i  found  tli" 
liuildings  to  'consist  of  a  cliurch,  the  dwdlingdiouse  of  tlio  priests,  and  li\c 
rows  of  buildings  for  the  accommodation  of  1,4(10  Indians,  comparatively  cniii- 
fortable  dwellings. '  Voijaijv,  ii.  4(i.  Dnhr.'.it-Cilly  says  in  IS'JT:  '(Hi  edili/j  i!i 
^;anta  Clara  non  sono  .splendidi  come  quei  di  San  lAiis-lvcy. '  l'iii</<iio,  ii.  M. 
Le  Netrel.  Voi/rtiie,  l.")8,  says:  'L'eglise  de  la  mission  est  asaez  Idea  tcuui'. . . 
Rien  de  jilus  .niseralile  que  la  denieare  des  Indiens  de  la  nussion.'  llepwin!! 
Dixon,  Wliilc  ( 'onquext,  i.  11"2-1(>,  <j.\])atiates  on  the  jiast  glories  of  Sta  ( 'l:ii,i. 

'"I'lipulation  :n  18'J'2,  about  .'iOO.  Misioiic-',  Ciiml.  de  Eitfmloit,  ]\iS.,  •.'')'). 
In  IS'JIJ,  ;i!)l,  and  0(i  at  S.  Isidro  rancho;  total,  4.')7,  but  doubtless  includiii.; 
Indians.  Jkpt.  SI.  J'(ip.,US.,  i.  l!)-'20.  In  18'27,  oTT.  Jiaiidiiii,  JJor.  Ji^'. 
Cat.,  MS.,  (i.  In  IS'J.S,  r)'24.  ir(7iv.s'  Xnrmiivr,  v.  'mo.  According  to  rcp'nts 
in  <SV.  /*('/'.,  Misn.,  MS.,  ii.  v.,  four  hundred  and  seventeen  in  1828;  .")45  i)i 
ISIIO.  According  to  JJcpt.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  ii.  72,  iMM't,  including  the  ranchciv  in 
1828.  About  nOO  inha1)itnnts  in  18'2(i,  according  to  Reechey.  Voiiat/e,  ii.  17  '. 
About  (mO  in  1827.  Dvhiuit-fJiJ'ii,  \' imjijio,  ii.  ~'2,  Foreigners:  John  Ruit  a, 
Tiioma.i  Lester,  and  William  Willis. 


SAN  JOSfi. 


603 


kind,  and  in  possession  of  as  much  land  as  they  choose 
to  cultivate,  they  live  five  from  care  on  the  rich  jn-od- 
uco  of  their  fields  and  herds."^'  Beechey  found  it, 
though  "  the  largest  settlement  of  the  kind  in  Upper 
California,  to  consist  of  nuul-houses  miserably  pro- 
viik'd  in  every  respect.""  Duhaut-Cilly  describes 
it  iis  a  town  of  eighty  houses,  and  not  j)rosperous; 
and  liobinson  speaks  of  a  churcli,  court-house,  jail, 
o'list-mill,  and  about  one  hundred  houses  in  1830.^' 
Tliere  are  no  statistics  of  agriculture  or  of  conniicrce 
tliiit  are  even  tolerably  reliable,  though  the  settlers 
like  the  missionaries  traded  to  some  extent  with  the 
vessels  and  the  presidios.  There  were  at  this  })erii)d 
about  3,000  cattle  and  1,200  horses.  li»'nacio  OrtcLja's 
vanclio  of  San  Isidro  and  j\[ariano  Castro's  Las  Animas 


were,  as  elsewhere  stated,  the  only  ones  in  the  re- 
gion definitely  recorded  to  have  been  in  private  pos- 
session.^" 

The  village  school  seems  to  have  been  taught  by 
Joa(|uin  Buelna  and  his  brother  Antonio  in  1821;  by 
a  one-legged  soldier  named  Labastida  in  1822;  ai\(l 
Ity  Jose  Antonio  Romero  in  1<S23,  and  probably  for 
several  years  later.  The  salary  was  fifteen  dollars  a 
month  from  1823  to  1830."  Tlie  successive  visits  of 
Kotzebue,    Beeche}',    and    B'uhaut-Cilly    have    been 

^'  ICotzehiie's  Xew  Voi/ntje,  ii.  180-1.  This  aiitlior  erroneously  speaks  of 
aiidilicr  puelilo  near  Mission  S.  Joso. 

■'"  llccrhei/'s  Voycuii',  ii.  47. 

■'"  l>t</tnut-Cilli/,  I'lcni'/io,  ii.  71-2;  lioMiison'-i  Life  in  CaL,  7'2-3.  Garcfa, 
y/"7((..«,',  MS.,  2-J,  says  ho  paitl  for  a  lot  of  huul,  1.')  liy  :i()0  feet,  .SlOrt  and  a  jiot 
(if  soap  in  1S'2H.  Boundaries  of  ]niel)lo  lands  not  very  clearly  exiiresscd.  in 
l'':lisiir  of  Bramlii,  19.  The  nmthrrn  limit  seems  to  have  been  J.a  Caleia 
Jiiid  I'unta  de  los  Esteros,  and  the  south-western  tlio  I'utrta  de  los  Cipitaii- 
lilliis.  Above  the  source  of  the  Guadalupe  were  six  suertes  of  land,  and  at 
La,,'iuia  Seen,  4.5  1.  oft',  10  suertes. 

^"  hi  18'2'2  the  governor  granted  the  settlers' petition  to  bo  relieved  froui 
li.iyiiii,'  'X\  per  cent  of  tallow  on  aeeount  of  a  failure  in  i-rops;  though  he  saiil 
till' ]U'oplo  had  squandered  in  \ieo  the  al)un<lanee  of  former  yi.ii's.  ]!(•  had 
iii:i(l(!  ail  arrangement  with  JIartnell  it  Co.  to  take  tluir  tallow  at  .^'J,  thus 
iitrnrdiug  them  a  market.  .SV.  /'a;*.  .Vac,  MS.,  vi.  -I',).  Duties  ou  ])rodiU('  sold 
til.  S<i,h-ni  in  18'-'4,  $143  at  0  per  eent.  .S".  .Aw'  An/i.,  MS.,  v.  :(('..  In  lS-_'7 
tlic  fdruiers  offer  to  pay  grain-tithes  in  money  at  !?ij  per  fanega,  on  account  of 
s.an  ity.  J)fijl.  St.  Pap.,  Prif.  y  .hizif.,  MS.,  vi.  4."). 

^'.SV.  /'«/).,  Snr.,  MS.,  vi.  'iVJ,  4.S;  Dvi>t.  St.  I'ap.,  MS.,  ii.  134;  Jd.,  S. 
Ju.sc,  iv.  5-U;  Dcjit.  7.V.,  MS.,  vii.  151. 


"ill" 


m 


•-:  m 


604 


SAN  FFvANCISCO  DISTRICT. 


'   i 


^il.      i 


im'^i 


sufficiently  referred  to,  since  none  of  these  travullors 
met  with  any  noticeable  adventures  in  this  region,  or 
devoted  more  than  a  few  pages  to  the  pueblo  and  its 
surroundings.  On  May  10,  1825,  the  people  assem- 
bled in  the  })laza  to  take  an  oath  of  obedience  to  the 
federal  constitution  of  Mexico.  The  oath  was  adiuin- 
istered  b ,  Alcalde  Iliguera,  after  an  address  fioiu 
Juan  Miianda;  the  national  code  was  formally  dc|)()s- 
ited  in  the  casa  coiisiston'al,  and  arrangements  were 
made  for  throe  days  of  bull-fighting  and  other  fcsii\  i- 
ties  to  celebrate  so  notable  an  event.*'  San  .Ji^sd 
adopted  the  '  })lan '  of  Joaquin  Solis  in  Novenii)er 
1821),  but  abandoned  his  cause  as  soon  as  it  seemed 
likely  to  fail.  The  pueblo  sent  a  force  to  ]\Ionteiey 
in  January  18;>0  to  aid  in  retaking  the  capital  nml 
restoring  the  legitimate  rulers.'** 

Such  records  as  are  extant  of  local  affairs  at  San 
Jose,  as  at  Los  Angeles,  for  this  decade  are  largely 
connected  with  the  numicipal  government  and  aduiiii- 
istration  of  justice,  and  I  economize  space  by  present- 
ing the  items  iji  fine  print.**     The  list  of  town  ofiieiuU 

*'Dppf.  Sf.  Pap.,  MS.,  i.  110-17:  .9.  J(k^<<,  Arch.,  MS.,  vi.  22. 

*^Sl'o  chap.  iii.  of  vol.  iii.,  this  history. 

**1S21.  Luis  IVviilta,  comisioiiado ;  alcalde,  Agustin  Xarvaez.  Ij^iiacio 
Ortega  ■\vas_/)/«  at  his  rancho  of  8.  Isiilro  coutiiuiously  to  1828  and  jxrliiiiis 
later.  .V.  Josr',  Arr/i.,  MS.,  vi.  1,  It).  I'io  I'ico  put  up  a  hut  of  hides  iiml 
opened  a  dram-shop,  drinks  heing  two  hits.  The  (juantity  taken  at  a  iliiiik 
Beeniing  excessive,  lie  introduced  the  use  of  o.x-horns  with  false  wooden  Imt- 
tonis,  whicli  contained  less  tlian  the  tumhler  but  were  tiiought  by  the  diiiil;- 
crs  to  contain  more.  These  'horns'  had  long  been  used  in  the  south,  but  uiro 
new  in  tlie  north.  J^iro,  IH>:t.  Cat.,  MS.,  179. 

1822.  I'eralta  on  Oct.  22il  gave  up  to  the  alcalde  the  arehivos,  etc.,  ot  liis 
otKce,  and  S.  .lost5  liad  no  longer  a  comisionado.  Dc/it.  St.  Pap.,  li<ii.  Mi'.. 
MS,,lv.  18.  Fi-ancisco  t'astro  was  elected  alcalde;  and  the  regidorcs  wiiv 
Juan  Hernandez  and  l.eandro  (ialindo.  Kkiven  citizens,  however,  conipliiiniil 
to  Caminigo  Fernandez  of  Castro's  illegal  election  and  arbitrary  acts,  iiml  lie 
consented  to  a  new  election,  S.  J<isv,  Arrh.,  MS.,  i.  ij3.  The  diputacion  il-o 
decreed  the  establishment  of  an  aynntaniiento.  chap,  xxi.;  Arrh.  Miaii'im', 
MS.,  i.  2()2.  Of  the  lesult,  we  only  know  tliat  Juan  Alvires  was  alcaliU'  tiniii 
October.  Dcpl.  ,Sf.  Pap.,  li<i>.  Mil.,  MS.,  Iv.  18;  .S'.  Jo.-<c,  Arch.,  IIS.,  i.  111. 
In  May  <iov.  Sola  had  oi'dered  Comisionado  I'eralta  to  prevent  ti.j.  scamiiiloiis 
disorders  said  to  be  jirevalent  at  the  pueblo.  One  third  of  the  taHow  tii'iii 
cattle  and  deer  must  be  devoted  to  the  building  of  a  prison  and  casa  real.  >'. 
I'uji.  Sac.,  MS.,  vi.  4U-7.  In  July  Sola  issued  a  kind  of  sermon  and  rcpniiif 
to  the  alcalde,  on  the  evil  ways  of  the  vecinoa,  their  neglect  of  their  hiiiil!', 
failure  to  clothe  their  wives  auil  children,  their  gandilingand  other  vices.  .Ml 
tliesc!  evils  must  be  rooted  out  and  delincjuents  punished;  and  especially  .niV 
citizen  causing  scuudul  in  cluuch  must  have  25  blows  in  public  uud  a  URinth 


AFFAIRS  AT  THE  PUEBLO. 


005 


ie  travollors 
s  region,  or 
cblo  and  its 
oplc  asscni- 
encc  to  the 

was  aduiiii- 
ddrcss  f'loiii 
inally  dcpos- 
^ments  were 
>thcr  fcslivi- 
Saii  J  use 
.  Novoiiil)ei' 
s  it  Hceincd 
:o  jMonteix'V 

capital  and 

fairs  at  San 
are  lankily 

t  and  admiii- 
by  presrnt- 

owii  officials 


uii'vacz.  lj:ii;icio 
S'JS  and  jiuilmps 
[lut  of  hidus  ;iiiil 
^akon  at  a  drink 
[alsc  wooden  Imt- 
Ldit  by  tlio  diiiil;- 
fe south,  luit  wiio 

pdvos,  etc.,  lit'  Ills 

Pfip.,  Bv)i.  Mil.. 

|e  regidorcs  \m  ii' 

lever,  coiniiliiinril 

Irary  acts,  mid  he 

le  dipiitaoioii  .l-o 

Atr/i.  M'ish;:-. 

|\vaa  alcaldi'  iiniu 

\nh.,  IIS.,  i.  .'SI. 

kt  ti.o  scaiiihil'His 

[the  tallow  ti.'iii 

Ind  casa  iLid,  N'. 

|inon  and  itpiiinf 

I't  of  their  hwh, 

I  other  vices.    All 

|il  especially  .niy 

jlic  uud  a  iiiiiiit!i 


is  not  complete,  though  more  nearly  so  than  that  of 
tl](>  preceding  decade.  There  seems  to  have  been  in 
1822  a  conflict  respecting  tho  fuero  m'dltav  of  soldier 
citizens,  similar  in  its  nature  to  that  noticed  at  Los 
Aiiii'cles.  A  single  document  cfives  us  no  idea  of  the 
result,  but  there  was  no  attempt  to  continue  a  comi- 

in  the  .stocks.  Drpt.  St.  Pap.,  •'>'.  J(ts\  M.'^.,  i.  102-.').  The  immediate  occa- 
sion (if  .Sola's  displeasure  and  also  of  the  petition  against  Castro  was  the  evil 
lUi  ds  (jf  one  Bernardo  Mojica,  who  failed  to  atteiul  mass,  and  stuhbod  tho 
ri'^'idiir  Hernandez  whom  the  alcalde  sent  to  put  him  in  the  guard-house. 
Ill I't.  St.  Pup.,  Ikn.  Mil.,  MS.,  liii.  09-71.  Dec.  (ith,  the  ayuntamiento  com- 
]i!;iiiicd  to  the  diputaciou  that  the  authorities  of  Monterey  liad  claimed  juris- 
(liotidU  over  certain  persons  as  invalidos,  who  were  really  subject  to  tho  civil 
authority  of  the  pueblo  officials.  tS'.  Jose,  Arch.,  MS.,  i.  51. 

1.S_'3.  Juan  Alvires  was  still  alcalde.  On  July  lUth,  Gov.  Argiiello  wrote 
to  the  alcalde  that  Antonio  Sunol  had  introduced  into  the  pueblo  a  ([uantity 
of  riiiii  and  honey  to  sell  at  retail,  concocting  therefrom  a  drink  that  was 
laiisiiig  much  harm.  He  called  for  an  investigation.  JJcjit.  St.  Pup.,  S.  Jonv, 
M.S.,  iv.  8. 

I.S'_'4.  Alcalde,  Ignacio  Pacheeo;  regidor,  liartolo  IJojorgcs;  secretary, 
Mmums  (Juerrero;  sindico,  Tiburcio  Vas(|i.iez.  Trial  of  a  citizen  for  crini.  con. 
Jtij.l.  St.  Pup.,  lien.  Mil.,  MS.,  liv.  18-13. 

l'i".'.'>.  Alcalde,  Joa(£ui;i  Higuera;  Juan  Miranda,  secretaiy;  Bojorges  and 
.To.-(''  .Maria  Flores  apparently  connected  in  some  \\ay  \\itli  the  municipal  gov- 
cnuinnt.  Dec.  Oth,  complaint  against  citizens  for  having  bought  blankets, 
etc..  from  neophytes;  with  orders  fron*  comman<hint  of  ^Jontercy  that  such 
iiliusis  be  corrected;  for  the  Indians,  though  citizens,  could  not  yet  sell  what 
liad  l;ccn  given  them  from  tho  mission  stores.  S.  ,/o.ir,  Arrli.,  MS.,  vi.  •_*4. 

lsj(i.  No  record  of  members  of  tho  ayuntamiento.  Aritonio  Suiiol,  [lost- 
iiiii>tcr.  Postal  revenue  S9.  J)iitt.  St.  P(ij>.,  liin.  Mil.,  MS.,  I\ii.  8; 
bv.w  :i.  58.  Nov.  lUth,  Echeandia  informs  the  commandant  of  Monterey 
thill  Siin  Jos(5  belongs  to  the  military  juris<liction  of  San  Irancisco.  /</.,  Ivii. 
'.'il.  Jicc.  15th,  the  governor  orders  an  election  of  ayuntamiento,  specifying 
tile  method.  S.  Jo.tr,  Arrh,,  MS.,  v.  .'{7. 

1S'_'7.  Alcalde,  Mariano  Castro;  regidorcs,  Agustin  Xarvaez,  and  irernicnc- 
tililo  N'asfiuez;  sindico,  Manuel  ])uartc;  secretiiry,  Jose  Antonio  Uobles,  and 
latci'  Salvio  Pacheeo.  Duarte's  accounts  showed  a  ddicifc  of  iS-Ki,  wliich  hia 
lioiiilsinan  had  to  pay  '?'  I'd/'-,  Pe:i.,  MS.,  i.  78.  A  militia  artillei'ymau 
iitu.-cd  admission  to  the  puel)lo  on  account  of  iunnorality  in  fijrnier  jears. 
.S'.  ./o.M',  Arch.,  MS.,  vi.  '_'(>.  Nov.  24tli,  ciioice  by  the  ayuntamiento  of  nino 
iiniiiicipal  electors,  who  on  Nov.  liOth  elected  tiic  ayuntamiento  of  1828.  St. 
l'<'l'..  Mi.^s.  ,111,1  Colon.,  MS.,  ii,  '22  li. 

1'>-S.  Alcalde,  Salvio  I'achcco;  regidores,  (\)rnelio  I'crnal  and  .lose  An- 
toiiin  Alviso;  sindico,  Carlos  Castro;  secretary,  Francisco  Sanchez.  Miguel 
I lon/;dez  de  Ala va,  elector  de  partido  October.  July,  the  alcalde  sends  to 
till  governor  a  list  of  18  .yiiji/ox  nnjon.  ])i pt.  St.  Pfiji.,  Pnf.  y  Jii'i/.,  MS,,  i. 
■4-.  Wm.  Willis  applied  to  t!ie  governor  lor  a  inautof  land  at  l.aguna  de  los 
Uolli.ines,  and  was  refn.sed;  llien  he  aji])lied  to  tiie  commandant  of  S.  ]''ran- 
ei.-iro  who  granted  the  petition;  whereupon  the  governor  lined  Willis  i}'>0  and 
'leil.inMl  the  couuuandant  had  no  right  to  grant  lauds.  lluU's  IH<I.  S.  .lo:('', 
117.  Municipal  linances:  receipts,  !:<_'!)7;  expenditures,  !?'J1.'{.  J),pt.St.  Pup., 
Ms.,  ii,  7(».  (.'riminal  jirocess  for  adultery,  (iuilty  person  liberated  after  a 
.vein's  inipri.sonmejit.  l>cpt.  St.  Pup.,  lien.  Mil.,  MS,,  Ixvi.  (il   2. 

iS-".l.  Alcalde,  Florentine  Archuleta;  sindico,  Domingo  Pcralta;  secretary, 
.SiiKio  Pacheeo;  postmaster,  Antonio  Suflol.     This  year  the  ayuntamiento 


: 


mwk 


606 


SAN  FRANCISCO  DISTRICT. 


sionado  in  office.  The  citizens,  if  we  may  credit  tlic 
general  tone  of  the  records,  were  distinguished  neither 
ior  their  good  order  nor  for  tlieir  industrial  thrift. 
In  182G  San  Jose  was  declared  to  belong  to  the  mili- 
tary jurisdiction  of  San  Francisco,  as  indeed  I  luivc 
always  regarded  it  in  my  classification  for  motives  of 
convenience. 

sent  a  petition  to  the  supreme  government  in  Mexico  in  behalf  of  the  f>p;iiiisli 
inissionaiics.  chap.  iv.  a-o1.  iii.  this  history.  In  April  three  persons  wciu 
exile(l  from  Monterey  to  San  Josu  for  theft,  vagrancy,  and  failure  to  rinn/Jli- 
con  la  hjle^hi.  S.  Jmf,  Arch.,  MS.,  iii.  10.  Municipal  receipts  for  tlio  viar, 
as  tax  on  brandy,  S-13,  of  which  %>17  was  paid  for  stationery  and  a  padlmk, 
and  tiie  rest  to  tlic  secretaries  of  1827-8  for  salary.     Id.,  vi.  18. 

1880.   .Alcalde,  Maiiuno  (.'astro;  sindico,  Pedro  Chaboya;  elector  do  p;i  it  ido 
for  October  election,  Luis  Peralta,  rejected  for  want  of  proper  credentials. 


ilure  to  rii/niJlr 


CHAPTER  XXVII. 

LOCAL  ANNALS-MONTEREY  DISTRICT. 

18-21-1830. 

Mdntf.rky  Pri'.sidio — Military  Officers — Force  of  the  Garrison — 
I'opuLATioN — Statistics — Buildings — Municipal  Affaius — Official 
1-isT — Petty  Evenis — I'rivate  RvINCiios  of  the  District — San  Carlos 
Mission— Statistical  View — Mission  Ranchos— San  Luis  Obispo— 
I'aure  Luis  Martinez — Bad  Investments — Crops  and  Live-stdck^ 
Lands— San  Miguel— Death  of  Father  Martin — Statistics  op 
Decline — San  Antonio  de  Padua — Juan  Bautista  Sancho — Popu- 
lation AND  Industries — .jOledad  Mission — Changes  in  Ministers— 
A  Neophyte  Election — San  Juan  Bautista — Life  of  Estevan 
Tapis— Santa  Cruz — Retirejient  of  Olbes — Aukicultur.\l  Pros- 
perity— Villa  de  Branciforte. 

The  record  of  officials  and  of  forces  at  ^lontcrey 
for  this  decade,  and  especially  during  the  later  years, 
is  lather  complicated;  but  may  be  unravelled  with 
ai)proximate  accuracy  as  follows:  Governor  Sola  until 
]b'22,  and  Arijiiello  from  that  time  until  October  1825 
resided  at  the  capital  and  held  the  chief  military 
cdunnand.  Echeandia,  as  we  have  seen,  made  only 
occassional  visits  to  the  capital  in  1827-30.  Other 
(itHcials  residing  here,  but  belonging  to  the  province 
and  territory  rather  than  the  presidial  district,  were 
Surgeon  Manuel  Quijano  in  1821-4;  Jose  Maria 
llcrrera,  sub-comisario  de  hacienda,  in  1825-7;  Man- 
uel Jimcno  Casarin  and  Antonio  Maria  Osio  in  charge 
t>t'  the  revenue  department  in  1828-30;  and  finally 
Josu  Maria  Padres,  adjutant  inspector,  and  Jiafael 
(Joniez,  a.sesor  or  legal  adviser,  who  arrived  in  1830. 
.lose  Antonio  Navarrete,  ca})tain  of  the  San  Bias 
infantry  company,  outranked  the  highest  officers  of 

(007) 


1 1t  1 1; 


•J 


ill': 

i 


i  i' 


MOXTEREY  DISTRICT. 

the  prcsiclial  coinparn',  and  was  tlius  comandantc  inil- 
itar  until  his  (loparturo  with  Sola  in  1822;  asjjaiii  Cap- 
tain Miguel  Gonzalez  of  the  artillery  company  wa.s 
comandantc  of  the  post  in  182G-8  until  his  suspension 
by  the  governor;  and  finally  lieutenants  RonuuiMo 
Pacheco  and  Agustin  V.  Zamorano,  coming  U[)  from 
Saiita  Btlrbara  after  the  Solis  revolt,  were  in  coiu- 
inand  for  short  periods  in  1830,^  though  not  belonging 
to  the  company. 

I  come  now  to  the  presidial  company.  Jose  ]Man'a 
Estudillo,  thouu'h  absent  at  San  Diego  in  1.820-1,  and 
perhaps  at  Santa  Barbara  in  1822-3,  was  its  lieuten- 
ant until  1825,  and  remained  from  that  time  to  Octo- 
ber 1820  as  comandantc  of  both  company  and  post. 
Jose  Mariano  Estrada,  alferez,  brevetted  lieutenant  for 
gallantly  at  the  time  of  the  Bouchard  affair  in  18 IS, 
and  made  full  lieutenant  in  1824  for  his  services  in  11k' 
Purisima  revolt, connnanded  the  comjmny  inEstudillo's 
absence,  and  the  post  perhaps  for  a  tin.ie  after  the  sus- 
pension of  Gonzalez  in  1828-9,  in  which  latter  year 
his  name  was  dropped  from  the  rolls  and  I  su[)[)osc 
he  retired  from  the  service.  Rodri<Tfo  del  Plieixo  siic- 
ceded  Estrada  as  alferez  in  1825,  but  was  absent  at 
Santa  Barbara  from  Ausjfust  1827  to  August  1830; 
and  in  his  absence  Mariano  G.  Vallejo,  promoted  from 
cadet  at  the  end  of  1827,  served  as  alferez  in  1828-  i), 
though  belonging  to  the  San  Francisco  company. 
Vallejo  also  acted  as  comandantc  in  1821).  The  com- 
mand in  1830  was  held  by  Plicgo  after  his  return 
from  the  south.  Estrada  was  habilitado  and  post- 
master in  1821-9;  Vallejo  and  Pliego  in   18":9-;0. 

'  Of  Ciipt.  Navarrete  I  know  nothing  heyond  hi.s  arrival  in  1819  in  o.nn- 
niand  of  tlie  San  Bias  company,  and  hi.;  departure  in  Xovcnibcr  182"2  with 
Sola,  expecting  a  lieutenant-coloners  commission  in  Mexico.  For  wliut  i^ 
known  of  Capt.  Gonzalez  sec  Jllst.  (.'til.,  chap.  ii.  vol.  iii.,  this  series.  On 
Argiiello's  departure,  in  November  IS'Jo,  the  olMcers  met  and  chose  Estnilillo 
comandantc  de  annas,  a  position  which  lie  held  until  Oct.  17,  1820,  when  I'V 
the  governor's  order  he  gave  it  up  to  Oonzalez.  Lieut.  Estrada  was  soon  iittir 
put  under  arrest  by  Gonzalez.  L'r/zt.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  i.  108-t);  St.  Pup.,  -b'"., 
AIS.,  .\i\.  ir>-lG;  ['nllvjo.  Doc.  Hint.  Cul.,  MS.,  xxix.  8'2;  Giicrra,  Jjoc.  //'<'• 
i'aK,  MS.,  V.  9i).  Jost5  Fernandez  del  Campo,  lieutenant  of  artillery,  v. ud 
also  acting  comandantc  for  a  time  in  1829. 


COMPANY  AND  POPULATION. 


COO 


ulantc  niil- 
ai^aiu  (  a})- 
upany  was 
suspc'ii^iou 
Romualild 
ig  up  tVoiu. 
!rc  in  coiH- 
t  belonging 

Josd  !Mavia 
1.820-1,  and 

its  licutcii- 
no  to  Dc'to- 
y  and  [>«ist. 
jutenant  loi- 
air  in  1818, 
[•vices  in  IIk' 
nEstudilln's 
fter  the  sus- 

lattcr  yeai- 
:l  I  sup[)nse 

PlicgO  SIR'- 

s  absent  at 

ijrust  18 ;'.(); 

I  1       • 

[moted  li'oui 
in  1828-1), 
company. 
The  coni- 
his  return 
I)  and  post- 
In  IS'^O-:'.*). 

I  ill  1810  in  iMiii- 

ombcr  IS'l'l  witli 

■o.     For  wliiit  is 

Ithis  seiifs.     Ou 

chose  Estudiuo 

[,  1S2G,  wlicu  by 

111  was  soon  iilti'i' 

.  St.  Piip-^  '">"'■' 
\(rrii,  Doc.  //'■^'• 
af  urtiUery,  ^.  -^ 


Tlie  company  sergeants  were:  Ignacio  Vallejo  througli- 
out  the  decade,  though  unfit  I'or  active  duty  in  later 
years;  Jos^  Dolores  Pico,  in  charge  of  the  rancho 
iiacional  until  about  1827,  whe-n  he  probably  died; 
ami  Sebastian  Rodriguez,  in  1828-30.  Of  municipal 
otlieers  more  a  little  later.  I  may  add  that  Fathc^r 
Antonio  Menendez  came  up  from  San  Diego  in  1830 
to  servo  as  chaplain  at  thirty  dollars  a  month.' 

The  presidial  cavalry  company,  with  officers  and 
iiuehanics,  decreased  from  about  ninety  in  1821  to 
seventy-five  in  182G,  after  which,  in  consequence  of 
troubles  at  the  capital,  the  figures  are  very  contra- 
dictory, varying  radically  from  one  month  to  another, 
^[any  men  w^ere  discharged  teinporaiily,  to  get  their 
living  as  best  they  could,  and  to  be  recalled  when 
needed.  The  infantry  detachment,  commanded  by 
Lieutenant  Valle  after  Xavarrete's  departure  in  1822, 
also  declined  rapidly  in  numbers;  but  the  artillery 
iurce  was  considerably  increased  after  182G.  So  far 
as  I  can  determine  from  the  intricate  records  the 
lorce  of  the  Monterey  district  in  1830  was  GO  cavalry 
v/ith  20  invalids,  20  infantry,  and  20  artillery;  or  a 
total  force  of  120,  of  whom  40  or  more  were  scattered 
in  missions,  pueblos,  and  ranchos.'"'  The  white  popu- 
lation of  the  district,  including  Santa  Cruz,  I  ])ut  at 
'.),)0,  a  uain  from  720  durinu:  the  decade.  Nearlv 
lialf  the  number  were  living  at  the  various  ranehos.* 
There  were  about  50  forei<jfners,  half  of  whom  may 
be  regarded  as  permanent  settlers.  If  we  add  tlie 
liopulation  of  Branciforte,  we  have  a  total  t)f  1,100, 

'Lvfj.  Rec,  MS.,  i.  141-5;  Drpf.  Hoc,  M.S.,  viii.  IOC). 

Mn  Dvi>l.  St.  Pap.,  ncii.  Md.,  .MS.,  lix.  II;  Ixvii.  'J;  Ixxxvii.  70.  Iho 
f  111  c  of  the  garrison  is  given  us  1 12,  Vll,  and  I'JS  in  lSJ(i-7-'J.  Some  report-; 
put  the  cavalry  company  as  low  as  .S.")  men  in  lSi2!)-.'}0. 

»  DifTorcnt  statemonts  are:  400  for  1  S-_'4 ;  TOO  tor  lS'J(i-7;  708  for  1828;  8(17 
fill-  1S20;  and  078  for  ISIJO.  In  18'_'0  the  population  of  Monterey  is  given  as 
•"i  I-,  and  of  the  ranchos,  ;{(!.">.  St.  Pap.,  Mii-i.,  MS,,  vi.  (i.  In  lS2;i  there  arc 
i^iiid  to  have  been  J 14  at  Monterey  presidio,  hosides  tlie  military.  Jji pt.  .SV. 
J'"/!-,  MS.,  i.  l.'{l-2.  List  of  44  foreigners  in  the  jiirisdietion  in  Feliruary 
I'JO.  Dcpt.  St.  J'np.,  MS.,  ii.  II.").  Among  the  jiermanent  residiMits  of  the 
tiiwn  were  W.  E.  P.  Ilartnell,  Hiivid  Spence,  T.  J5.  1'.  Cooper,  (leo.  .Mien, 
IM.  Melntosh,  Wni.  (Irayliack,  John  Martis  ,  .^.anes  Wilson,  .John  Littleton, 
Tim.  Murphy,  and  (ico.  Kinlock. 
H18T.  Oal.,  Vol.  II.    39 


'  Ii 


cia 


MONTEREY  DISTRICT. 


with  a  iioopliytc  population  that  luul  decreased  from 
4,500  to  3,500.  For  the  two  districts  of  Moiiteicy 
and  San  Francisco,  or  northern  Cahfornia,  the  total 
is  1,940  white  persons  and  8,400  Indians,  against 
1,4G5  and  8,900  in  1820,  and  against  2,310  and  9, GOO 
in  the  soutli.'^ 

There  were  occasional  references  in  182G-8  to  tlie 
ruinous  condition  of  various  buildings,  and  even  one 
or  two  orders  for  laborers  and  adobes  for  repairs,  willi 
unknown  results.  Morrell  in  1825  found  "the  villai-o 
and  presidio  of  Monterey  situated  upon  a  plain  which 
is  terminated  l)y  a  range  of  wood-crowned  heiglits. 
The  town  is  about  one  mile  from  the  landing;  bein^- 
as  is  usual  with  the  Californian  missions,  surrounded 
by  a  wall  of  ten  feet  in  height,  built  of  frec-stoiif, 
anil  enclosing  about  two  hundred  houses.  There  arc 
also  one  church  and  a  nunnery.  The  residence  of  tlio 
governor,  his  excellenc}'^  Don  Miguel  Gonzalez,  is  a 
very  handsome  edifice"!  Beechey,  from  whom  Mor- 
rell tot)k  such  part  of  his  own  matter  as  is  not  absurdly 
inaccurate,  says  "the  presidio  is  in  better  condition 
than  that  of  San  Francisco;  still  as  a  place  of  defence 
it  is  quite  useless."  ,Duhaut-Cilly,  coming  in  March 
1827,  says:   "Whoever  should  arrive  at  Monterey  ex- 


iiHi!  /■■ 


*  For  company  rolls  and  statistics  of  finance,  etc.,  see  Dcpt.  St.  Pap.,  11  n. 
Mil.,  MS.,  Iv.-lxxii.;  Ixxxviii.;  Valhjo,  Dor.  Hist,  t'al.,  MS.,  i.  103;  xix. 
43;  XX.  175,  187;  xvii.  53;  .S7.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  iv.  10,  19;  vi.  42;  x.  ">,  S; 
xii.  10;  xiii.  6-20;  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  x.  1-3;  xi.  2;  xx.  296;  JJept.  L'<r., 
MS.,  i.  198-9;  vii.  77;  xi.  63,  06;  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  lien.  Com.  and  Trms.. 
MS.,  iii.  44,  83;  Id.,Cmt.  II.,  i.  28-31;  Monterey,  CaentasdelaComp.,  MS., 
•\.  Financial  items:  receipts  from  customs,  1820  to  1823,  §52,867.  See  al.-u 
lists  of  vessels  and  commercial  items  for  each  year  in  other  cliapters.  I'iiy- 
roll  from  $23,000  to  §16,000  per  year.  Amounts  due  to  persons  discharj,'i  il 
or  dead,  §2,800  to  $6,000.  Deducted  from  pay  for  funds  of  Montepio  iiinl 
Invulidos,  §650  to  §450  per  year.  Amount  paid  to  the  revolted  troops  in 
1829,  §2,809.  Specimen  monthly  account — of  which  only  a  few  exi.st— fm- 
November  1827:  kalanco  from  Oct.,  §777.  Anchorage  of  two  vessels,  §20;  tnii 
nnge  on  Andefi,  §430;  duties  from  Franklin,  §299;  internacion  duty  on  buttn , 
§19;  loans,  §954;  cattle  from  rancho  nacional,  §40;  stamped  paper,  maii.^ 
and  tobacco,  §25;  supplies  from  S.  Juan,  §412;  total,  §2,975.  Expenditures, 
§2,(»32;  balance,  §343.  Postal  revenue  about  §6  per  month.  Tobacco,  i;\l 
in  ]SIay,  an<l  ('27  in  July  1827;  no  other  records.  Tithes,  1820-4,  §l.!)(i'i. 
Stamped  paper,  1827,  §3  to  §8  per  month.  Proceeds  of  rancho  nacional,  §  t  iS 
in  1821,  §144  in  July  1827.  At  the  end  of  1827  the  presidio  according  to  ciiu 
I'ccoid  owed  the  seven  niissiona  only  §2,224  for  supplies  since  1820. 


PRESIDIO  AND  TO^VN. 


Gil 


])(.'tting  to  see  a  considerable  town,  would  suppose  he 
iiad  made  a  mistake  about  the  anchorage.  The  first 
buildings  seen  on  rounding  Point  Pinos  are  those  of 
the  presidio  wliich  present  a  quadrangle  of  two  hun- 
(hx'd  yards,  and  which,  being  of  a  single  story, 
lesemblo  lon<x  wareliouses  covered  with  tiles.  On 
the  right  of  the  presidio,  on  a  little  verdant  plani  are 
seen  some  forty  scattered  houses  of  quite  a  pretty 
appearance,  also  covered  with  tiles  and  whitewashed. 
This,  with  a  few  straw  liuts,  is  what  constitutes  the 
capital  city  of  Alta  California."  This  navigator  gives 
us  a  view  of  the  town  as  it  appeared  from  the  water, 
and  notes  that  the  houses  outside  of  the  walls  be- 
longed chiefly  to  foreigners." 

^lunicipal  affairs,  for  IMonterey  was  now  a  town, 
demand  some  attention  at  this  time.  In  1820  there 
seems  to  have  been  issued  an  order  on  the  formation 
of  an  ayuntamiento  for  purposes  largely  experimental ; 
but  save  that  Teodosio  Flores  is  mentioned  as  alcalde 
in  that  year,  Mariano  Soberanes  in  1823,  and  Juan 
Alvires  in  182G,  we  know  nothing  of  the  results.  In 
May  182G  fifteen  citizens  petitioned  the  governor  for 
the  appointment  of  a  judge  to  have  civil  jurisdietiou 
over  the  one  hundred  and  fourteen  citizens  not  con- 
nected with  the  army.  The  governor's  action  is  not 
j'ccorded;  but  in  December  an  election  was  held  and 
a  full  ayuntamiento,  the  names  of  wliosc  members  anj 
known,  served  each  year  from  1827  to  1830.  In 
December  1828  this  body  issued  a  series  of  municipal 
logulations  for  the  preservation  of  good  order  in  the 


^Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil,  MS.,  Ixii.  24;  Iviii.  1;  Dept.  lice,  MS.,  vi. 
•-'04;  St.  Pap.  Sac,  MS.,  xiv.  I'J;  MorrcU's  XarralUv,  207-8;  Brcche:i'.t  l'-//- 
II jc,  ii.  85-G;  Duhaut-CiHi/,  Vkujijio,  i.  2.V2-(>4;  ii.  1)4-5.  The  cut  iloca  not 
show  so  large  <a  miinbei' of  Ijuikliuga  as  the  author  mentions.  The  annanuiit 
in  18.30  was  7  brass  and  1,3  iron  guns  of  4  to  8  pounds  calilire.  Pattio  uas 
liiTC  in  1828-30,  Narrativp,  206,  222,  etc.,  but  gives  no  descriptive  matter. 
Jn  the  inventory  of  naval  property  turned  over  by  Ilerrera  to  Estrada  in  Ov  '^. 
KS27,  V'allejo,  Doc.  Hint.  C'al.,  IILS.,  xix.  4:5-4,  thero  arc  nienti.j;;ed  a  new 
house  near  the  landing  of  timber,  mud,  and  tiles,  with  two  rooms  u.cd  for 
storehouse  and  for  the  guard,  a  wool  and  tule  hut  near  by  for  tlio  sailors,  a 
.'•hcd  to  protect  boats,  and  two  boati  with  oars,  etc.  The  documents  give  also 
a  list  of  miscellaneous  articles  belo.igiug  to  the  postoiHce  and  presidio. 


G12 


MONTEREY  DISTRICT. 


town;  and  in  July  1  830  the  territorial  diputacion  toolc 
up  the  matter  and  jjroceeded  to  designate  the  extent 
and  boundaries  of  the  town  lands.^ 


MnrM 


'May  S,  1820,  petition  for  the  appointment  of  nn  nlciiMe,  The  !.">  ptti- 
tioiuTS  were  Josi!  rilnircio  Castro,  Aliguel  (ionzalez,  Mariano  Soberaiies,  Iim- 
cLMite  (larci'a,  Nicolits  Alvi.so,  Feliciauo  Soljcraiiea,  Josl'  Antonio  llonu  in, 
.hum  Maria  Melif,'en  (Mulligan),  .Tost'  Ignacio  'i'afon'),  Ilainon  Antonio  Xav.r- 
rcte,  Faustino  (Jerinan  \>y  .Inaii  iJuelna,  Raininndo  de  la  Torre,  ,Tosc  Joatjiiin 
do  1(1  Torre,  Juan  Alvires,  alcalde,  in  J)e/if.  St.  Pop.,  M.S.,  i.  131  '1. 

1827.  Ayuntamiento  cleetcd  Dec.  1820,  and  installed  by  Lieut.  E.str.'ubi 
April  11),  1827;  alcalde,  Jos(5  (T.)  Castro;  regidores,  Jos(5  Ignacio  Tiifoio  aihi 
Antonio  Fernandez;  sindico,  Mariano  Sobcranes.  Axhli'ii^'*  l)uctnneiii-<,  MS., 
1-2;  Di'})t.  St.  Pap.,  San  Jaiof,  MS.,  v.  ii.  Account  of  the  sindico,  Maiiai;i) 
Soberanes,  of  dues  on  liquors,  tindier,  and  wood,  collected  by  Sanii:i;;ci 
Moreno,  depositario,  from  .Inly  to  November,  .$737.  Dcp.  St.  J'(i/>.,  Ms,, 
ii.  40-8.  Tax  on  liquors  for  May,  §80.  Dept.  St.  Pap.  lien.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixii 
12. 

1828.  Alcalde,  Juan  ,Tos(5  de  Soria;  rcgidores,  Antonio  Fernandez  rtiid 
Franci.sco  t'iizares;  sindico,  Santiago  Moreno;  Secretiirio,  .Jose  Castro.  Ikr. 
(ith,  Moiilrrc;/,  Onhnniirji.^  Mitn'tcipalcs  cxpcilii/an  ]ior  el  Aiptntamicnto,  MS. 
Art.  1.  Churcli  duties  must  ))e  strictly  performed;  nor  nuist  any  one  lea'  !• 
church  when  the  sermon  begins,  as  is  customary.  Art.  2.  Li(|uor  not  to  bi' 
sold  on  (lianffufivofi  before  mass,  nor  after  the  drum-boat  at  night ;  iine,  !?4,  .'?'i, 
$8,  and  contiscation  of  liquor.  Art.  3.  Every  kind  of  game  of  lia/ard  jir^- 
hibited;  penalty,  imprisonment  at  liard  work;  or  lineof .?.'),  .?I0,  etc.,  for  liaviiii; 
a  game  in  one's  house.  Ai't.  4.  No  offensive  weapons  to  be  carried.  Art.  .'i. 
A  drunken  man  'scandalizing  the  pueblo'  will  have  15  days  of  ohr<i,H  piWu'/s 
the  (irst  time;  30  days  the  second;  and  the  third,  'whatever  the  judge  iii:i,v 
deem  proper.'  Art.  0.  No  per.son  to  be  out  of  liis  house  after  the  hour  of  /" 
qitcila,  except  for  urgent  necessity;  penalty,  eight  days  of  arrest.  Art.  7. 
Fincof  IJO  for  taking  a  horse  without  the  owner's  consent.  Art.  8.  No  per^'in 
can  have  company  in  liia  house  after  la  ^Hf^/re  without  previous  consent  of  tlir 
ayuntamiento.  Art.  9.  Debts  for  liquor  and  gambling  cannot  be  leg;dly  cnl- 
lected.  Art.  10.  Suit  for  money  can  be  instituted  from  8  to  11. .30  .\.  ."m.,!!!!! 
from  3  to  7  r.  m.,  except  on  feast-days.  Art.  11.  Indian  sen-ants  must  bi^ 
c.-dlcd  home  at  la  tjmdu,  and  employers  will  be  responsiljle  for  tlnir  doin^.;>. 
Art.  12.  Entering  taverns  or  houses  on  horseback  strictly  prohibited;  line  df 
.?l,  .^2,  §.'1.  Art.  13.  Discharge  of  firearms  from  evening  prayers  to  tiie  iv 
Acille,  or  within  the  town  at  any  hour,  prohibited;  fine,  $1,  .S2,  §3.  Art.  II. 
Any  person  who  will  not  work  will  be  considered  as  a  vagrant,  and  employe  i 
on  the  public  work.s.  Ai"t.  1").  No  per.son  shall  take  any  article  in  ixiwn, 
'since  it  is  a  way  of  robbing  with  usury.'  These  regulations  fipply  to  ;:ll 
persons  not  engaged  in  actual  military  service.  Municipal  finances  for  18-^-. 
I'cceipts,  .Si, 710;  expenditures,  $537.  Dcpt.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  ii.  70;  Dcpt.  //c  ., 
MS.,  vii.  47. 

1820.  Alcahle,  .Tos(5  Tibureio  Castro;  rcgidores,  Francisco  Soria  and  Fi!i 
ciano  Soberanes;  sindico,  Santiago  Moreno;  secretary,  .Jose  Antonio  fiajinl.i. 
Municipal  (inances;  receipts  on  wood,  .*?17,  on  liquors,  ^1,370;  expenses,  iJCpST 
for  sindico's  3"',  .ind  salaries  of  teacher,  .$1,");  secretary  of  diputacion,  .?2.");  an^l 
socret.ary  of  ayuntamiento,  .S20.  Dcj'l.  St.  Pup.,  lien.  Mil.,  MS.,  v.  307  '■. 
This  year  the  ayuntamiento  sent  a  petition  to  the  supreme  governuieiit  iu 
behalf  of  the  Spanish  friars  in  California.  Sec  chap.  iv.  of  vol.  iii.  this  ln>- 
tory. 

18.30.  Alcalde,  Mariano  Soberanes;  regidores,  .Tos(''  Espinosa  and  Antonio 
Castro;  sindico,  Marcelino  Escobar;  secretary,  Jose  Castro.     Feliciano  SoK 
ranes  was  at  iirst  elected  ist  regidor,  but  claimed  to  be  unable  to  reail  .•  ii'l 
write.    Vall(jo,  Doc.  Hist.  Val.,  MS.,  xxix.  .■>12.     In  the  sessions  of  July  'l.A. 


SCHOOL  AT  THE  CAPITAL. 


C13 


A  school  was  niaiiitnincd  at  JMontorov,  but  here  as 
(Isc'wlu'ro  c'ducatiiJiial  records  are  cxeeedinyly  niea|L(re. 
AVc  know,  liowevei',  that  the  teaclier's  sahay  was 
raised  in  18 2 'J  from  tii'teeii  to  twenty  doUars  a  month; 
that  tlie  alcalde  received  thanks  from  the  governor 
lor  havinLT  tauj^ht  awhile  in  the  absence  of  a  reijfular 
]»',.'(lagogue;  and  that  tlie  school  effects  at  the  end  of 
the  decade  consisted  of  a  table,  one  arithmetic,  an<l 
lour  copy-books.^  Events  at  the  capital  have  for  tlie 
most  part  been  recorded  elsewhere,  having  a  bearing 
upon  territorial  rather  than  purely  local  annals;  but 
I  append  as  for  the  other  pi-esidios  a  chronological 
sunnnary,  into  which  I  introduce  a  few  items  of 
the  criminal  record  and  other  matters  not  elsewhere 
noticed." 

'24tli,  28tli,  20tli,  the  cUputacion  fixed  the  bounds  of  the  ejhlos  or  vacant 
suliiirlis,  coinniona,  and  of  the  pueblo  juri8<liL'tion  as  follows,  the  distances  and 
courses  being  eatiniates  for  want  of  skilled  surveyors:  Kjidos,  from  tiii; 
iiiouth of  the  Ivio  do  Monterey  (Salinas),  up  that  livcr  so\ithwafd  to  Los  I'ihir- 
iit(j8,  (i  leagues;  thenee  westward  to  J^aguna  Sec.a  on  the  main  road  to  tin; 
ini'sidio,  2.5  1.;  thence  along  the  sununit  of  the  sierra  to  Cypress  I'oint,  .">  1.; 
and  along  the  coast,  10  1.  (?)  to  tiie  starting-point.  Jurisdiction,  from  moutii 
of  the  liio  del  IVijaro,  up  th.at  stream,  eastward,  ^i  1.  to  the  sierra;  thence 
southward  along  tlie  sierra,  8  1.,  to  a  point  between  ('liuahir  and  Kncin:;!; 
tlieiico  westward  to  the  house  of  Sanjoncs,  2.5  1.;  tlicnec  north-eastward 
(y.  w.  ?)  2  I.  along  tnc  summit  to  a  point  lialf  a  league  south  of  Corral  do 
Tierra;  thence  in  same  direction,  ."i  1.,  to  Laguna  Scca;  and  to  ( 'ypress  I'oint, 
."il.;  and  thence  following  the  coast  to  the  I'ajaro,  11  1.  Lcj.  lice,  MS.,  i. 
14.')-51.  Munici])al  accounts  in  JJii'f.  St.  !'<(/>.,  MS.,  ii.  KJT-T-l.  ElectortM 
dc  partido:  Josi'j  A''uz,  May,  1822,  and  nienilHr  of  the  diputacion  in  Novem- 
ber; Ksti^'van  Munnis  in  1827;  -lose  T.  Castro  in  1828,  and  Juan  Mahirin 
in  18.'»0.  chap.  xxi.  and  ii.  of  vol.  iii. 

^Bejit.  S/.  Pup.,  n<».,  MS.,  V.  308;  Dipt.  /iVc,  MS.,  vii.  03.  Rafael 
Pinto,  Api(iitavio)ii:.'<,  MS.,  names  Manuel  Crcopo  and  Antonio  liuelna  a;j 
teachers  during  this  period. 

"1821.  Heavy  snow-storm  on  .Tan.  ISth  followed  by  excessive  cold,  the 
like  of  which  the  oldest  iniiabitant  had  never  .«cen.  Holy  waterfrozen  at  tlu' 
mission.  Estrada  toCucii'a,  O'lirrni,  JJar.  Hint.  Caf.,  MS.,  v.  |S.">.  In  April  :;;i 
imprisoned  artillery  scrgc;int  was  so  violent  as  tc  demolish  three  houses  in  wlii(  h 
it  was  attem])ted  to  conline  him.  He  was  lin.iUy  chained  in  the  l)attery.  .s/. 
y'"/).,.S'«c.,^lS.,xi.  (!.1-4.  In.July  Capt.  (of  the?)  Kutusof  vaccinated  ."jl:])er.<o!iH. 
diicrra.  Dor.  Hint,  ('(tl.,  MS.,  v.  lS8-(>.  An  amusing  incident  illustrating,' the 
Spanish  inability  to  distinguish  'b'  from  'v.'  Three  good-for-nothing  soldiers 
went  to  Tio  Arnicnta's  shop  and  sold  four  r(if/it(lri>i,  or  sides  of  sole-leather, 
getting  some  money  and  drinking  large  (|uantities  of  brandy.  Annenta  went 
to  the  bfirracks  for  Ids  leather,  and  was  ollered  by  one  of  the  men  his  htupiftii.-!, 
or  drum-sticks;  and  by  the  others  their  lnviiKlan,  or  ramrods.  A  fight  eu.sued 
.•Hill  all  were  put  in  the  stocks;  in  fact  there  was  almost  a  revolution  until 
i!ov.  Sola  stopped  the  trouble  by  paying  Armenta  the  money  out  of  which  ho 
had  ijeen  tricked.    V(tlhji>,  llht.  CfiL,  MS.,  i.  2()0-72. 

1822.  The  foreign  commercial  firm  of  McCulloch,  Hartnell,  and  Co.  waa 


m 


,1 


(     I 


I  i 


.  in 

fi  III 


:.! 


!.i 


«,H,r:.,l|i 


im 


'in 


i(.  ■■ 


G14 


MONTEREY  DISTRICT. 


Tliei'c  wore  in  1830  twelve  or  fourteen  ranelins 
owned  by  |)rivate  individuals  in  the  oMonterey  distriil, 
v.ith  nearly  four  hundred  inhahitants.  Six  of  tlitsi; 
ranehos  eanie  hefort?  the  l^  S.  land  i'onnnissioiiers  iit 
later  years  partially  on  the  strength  of  grants  niadi' 

f:<t(il)li8liC(l  at  Monterey;  nnd  W.  A.  Oalc  in  the  Surhrni  l)oi»nn  ailircct  tnulo 
iKtuc'iii  IJoHtou  and  tilt'  Califdiiiian  capital,  cliap.  xxi.  April  !)th,  junta  In  li| 
111  acknowlcdgo  the  inipei'ial  ro;,'ency;  oath  taken  on  April  lUli.  .Nlay'Jltli, 
jinta  of  rlcctca's  met  and  chose  Sola  as  (li|)ntado  to  congress,  July  14tli,  lii^t 
i.i'WH  of  Itnrliidc's  enij)ire.  Sept.  'Jtith,  arrival  of  the  cnnonigo  Fernauilc/, 
I'lnd  of  Septenilier,  change  of  Hag.  Oct.  8th,  informcil  junta 'in  the  govern- 
inent.  Nov.  Oth-l  1th  first  territorial  diputacion  met  and  eleoteil  a  governor. 
Nov.  'J'2d,  Gov.  Sola  departed  and  (Jov.  Argiiello  took  command,  chap.  xxi. 
passim.  Vallejo,  //hi.  Cal.,  MS.,  i.  .'}'J4-7,  descrihes  n  foot-raco  lietweeti 
.)( .sc  (Jongora  and  (iabriel  JOspinosa  as  part  of  the  ceremonies  attending  tiiii 
criii'iiiigo's  reception.  Gongora,  the  favoiite,  finding  that  he  could  not  w  in, 
left  flic  track  and  ran  into  a  corral,  insisting  afterward  with  his  friends  tlmt 
tlie  rule  'a  holting  horse  makes  a  dead  heat'  applied  to  a  foot-raco  as  \vel!. 
And  thitj  view  was  sustained  by  the  judges  because  a  majority  had  bet  i  a 
(l('ingo)'a.  This  ruling  made  troidile;  but  the  cdnon  took  advantage  of  tlu; 
opportunity  to  increase'  his  popularity  by  paying  the  losses.  There  was  this 
year  a  trial  for  homicitle,  one  soldier  having  killed  another  in  a  quarrel.  -/'■//'. 
St.  /'ap.,  Jifii.  Mil.,  MS.,  liii.  4-(!;  nnd  al.so  a  vcrj'  complicated  case,  in  wliieh 
a  man  was  accused  of  incest  with  his  daughters.  Id,,  liii.  7-G4. 

182JJ.  In  April  the  diputacion  was  in  session,  r'ul  on  April  '2d  the  cni|iiio 
was  fornuilly  proclaimed.  The  fall  of  Iturbidc  wa  i  announced  in  Noveniliir. 
It  was  in  the  spring  of  this  year  that  C'apt.  Cooper  arrived  from  China  ami 
s(dd  the  schooner  Jtovc.r  to  Capt.  Argiiello.  chap.  xxii.  passim. 

1824.  In  .lanuary  a  junta  general  deliberated  on  the  political  future  of  the 
jirovince;  and  on  Jan.  8th  issued  a  plandogobierno,  or  constitution.  MeCiil- 
loch,  Hartnell,  and  Co.  began  the  business  of  salting  beef  for  Peru.  l'oni]i(i- 
iiio,  a  famous  outlaw,  was  shot  in  Scjitcmber.  chap,  xxiii.  Alvarado,  lli<i. 
('(iL,  MS.,  ii.  40-(l,  tells  us  that  the  young  men  of  the  capital  formed  a  kind 
of  historical  society,  the  aim  being  to  prcscn-o  the  records  of  their  fatlieis' 
achievements.  Only  one  meeting  was  held,  at  which  unfortunately  politiis 
forced  history  to  take  a  back  seat. 

182,').  The  federal  constitution  vraa  received  in  January;  the  diputacion 
mot  to  i-atify  it  March  2(ith,  held  its  last  session  April  7th,  and  was  suspend(  d 
in  -May.  The  Spanish  men-of-war,  At<ia  and  Coiinfaiitc,  surrendered  in  April. 
In  July  came  Sub-Comisario  Herrcra,  Capt.  Gonzales,  and  a  band  of  convicts, 
also  the  news  of  Echeandia's  appointment  as  go\ernor,  Oct.  28tli,  (inv. 
Argiiello  started  south  to  deliver  the  otiice.  chap.  i.  vol  iii.  Capt.  MorrcU 
was  at  Monterey  in  May. 

1 820.  A  quiet  year  politically,  the  governor  remaining  in  the  south.  Tliero 
was,  however,  some  trouble  between  Capt.  Gonzales  and  the  otlieers  of  tlio 
]irosidial  company.  The  most  exi-iting  item  in  the  criminal  i-ecord  was  tln^ 
theft  of  a  barrel  of  brandy,  for  which  both  thief  and  Tia  IJoronda,  the  iccciver, 
had  to  pay  a  tine  of  .?40.  />;;/.  St.  P(i/>.,  Ikn.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixiv.  1.  Inventory 
of  prison  material.  St.  I'np.,  Sac,  MS.,  viii.  18.  In  November  a  party  fruiu 
IJeechey's  ship  at  San  Francisco  came  ,)verland  to  Monterey. 

1827.  Clov.  Echeandia  came  to  the  capitid  for  tiie  lirst  time  in  May.  His 
controversies  with  Capt.  (loazalez  and  with.  Lieut.  Col.  Herrcra.  with  tlio 
sessions  of  the  new  diputacion  from  .June  to  Sejitember,  are  the  leading  topic  s 
of  the  year.  //('.>7.  C'al.,  chaji.  i.-iv.  vol.  iii.  this  series.  The  town  was  iliu- 
niinated  on  the  night  of  June  14th,  after  the  swearing-in  of  the  new  assembly. 
Duluiut-Cilly  anchored  at  ^lontcrey  in  March;  and  Bcecliey  of  the  Blonfoin 


PRIVATK  RANX'IIOS. 


CI.-) 


l»tt\vccn  (820  and  18:30.  Rospoitincr  tlio  owiiorslilp 
(<l  some  of  the  otlu-i's  at  this  tally  porioil  I  know 
iiiithiiiiuf.  Tlio  foiM-tc'eii  ranchos  wwe  Alisal,  Jiufiui- 
\ista,  Llano  do  Biicnavistn,  Kscarpiii,  ^[oio  ('<».}•), 
I'ntrero,  Bolsa  Nucva,  Natividad,  IMjaro,  I'ilaicitns, 
Salinas,  San  Cayotano,  Sauzal,  and  El  Tucho,  th(tUL;h 
Tiicho  and  Salinas  were  probably  mission  ranchos." 


10 


ill  l)('ccmbcr.  .Ioaf|uiii  Solis,  of  Inter  fame,  was  c'linri,'i'(l  with  Hiiiu.!.'j,'Iiii,!,'  two 
li.iU'.s  of  N'irginiu  toliai'co  found  on  u  cart  in  clinrgi!  of  an  Indian.  JJtpi.  St. 
J'^ip.,  Hen.  MIL,  MS.,  Ixiv.  10,  II. 

I.Si'fS.  Tluro  wan  u  revolt  of  tlio  garrison;  luit  tiic  malcontent.^  were  jicr- 

I'.dcd  t(j  return  to  their  ilnty.  chai).  iii.  vol.  iii.  tni8  history.     It  wii.s  inoh- 

i,li!y  in  connection  Willi  thi.s  utliiir  that  two  .soldici'.s,  IJcccira  and  Fi'Iix,  and 

(wocivilians,  Va/(inc/,  and  !•..  ■.iinilla,  were  sentenced  to  HVl  year.sof  work  in 

llic  \'era  (  riiz  navy-yard.   Jhpi.  St.  I'(ij>.,  Jim.  Mil.,  ^IS.,  Ixvi.  ",S-,sl. 

\S-2'.}.  (ireat  A\ant  anion;,'  the  troop.s  in  .May.  .SV.  I'ap.,  S(ir.,  MS.,  x.  80. 
Ill  .liiiie  a  ])lot  of  revolution  was  revealed,  liut  there  wii.-t  no  outlireaU,  and 
\i  ly  little  is  known  of  the  all'air.  In  November  the  Soli.s  revolt  liroke  out, 
i;)id  .Monterey  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  revolted  troop.s.  chap.  iii.  vol.  iii. 
this  hi.story. 

I.S.'iO.  The  capital  was  retaken  and  the  legal  authorities  were  restored  in 
.1:  iiiiiuy;  and  on  May  !lth  the  prisoners  were  despatched  for  San  lila-s.  May 
I  1,  a  meeting  was  held  to  protest  against  the  sending  of  convicts  to  (Aili- 
f  .ii.  From  July  lOth  to  Oct.  7th  the  diputacion  was  in  session,  ('ai)t. 
I'lti'h  ind  his  wife  were  under  arrest  from  August  to  (October.  Sept.  Itith, 
i!  It;  was  a  light  between  (,'alifornians  and  Mexicans  at  the  national  jic-ln. 
.All'.;,  l.'ith,  nine  municipal  electors  were  chosen,  ValUjo,  Doc.  llht.  (.'al.,  MS., 
i.  (I,  and  (Jet.  M  Carlos  <  arrillowas  elected  to  congress.  .See  chap.  ii.  vol.  iii. 
tills  iii.story.  Dec.  l.'itli,  40  persons  in  prison,  including  Ti  Indians.  Jh'jd.  St. 
I'uiK.  JJrii.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxii.  •-'. 

'"  lleports  of  18:30  in  Lv'jixlntive  ll<r.,  MS.,  i.  140;  St.  Pup.,  Minn.,  MS.,  yi. 
i.  7.  Tlic  latter  unites  I'otrero  and  La  Nueva  with  Moro  Cojo;  both  unite 
tlie  two  lUienavistas  in  one;  and  the  former  mentions  also  the  KanchoNacioiial 
!;iid  another  where  the  comiiany  kept  its  hor.ses  as  distinct.  IJuenavista  and 
J.laiio  du  I'lucnavista,  two  .sid/o.s  each  of  2  sq.  1.  forming  one  rancho,  were 
j:i anted  to  Santiago  and  Mariano  Estrada  on  May  '28,  1822,  and  .June  10, 
I'l'JIi.  ('(tl.  Laud  Cnm.,  Nos.  \'>'.\,  ,518;  Hoffmanns  1'i-pl.i  Land  Caaan;  Ihi/tHtcr 
i/Jlrinids,  21.  The  liolsa  del  I'otrero,  2  sq.  1.  was  granted  on  June  22,  1822, 
1  1  .lose  Joaquin  de  la  Torre;  and  the  Bolsa  tlel  Moro  Cojo,  2  sq.  1.,  adjoining 
tin;  I'otrero,  on  Feb.  14,  182.'),  probably  to  Simeon  Casti'o.  Cat.  Lund  Cdiii., 
Xi'.s.  1IJ8,  tiOG.  The  Potrero,  also  called  La  Faniilia  Sagrada,  was  sold  by 
Till  re  to  Capt.  Cooper  in  Oct.  182!),  at  which  time  the  adjoining  ranchos  Moro 
C'ljo  and  IJolsa  Nueva  were  owned  by  Simeon  Castro  and  I'vancisco  .Soto 
n  :.|icctively.  Vallcjo,  Doc.  Hist.  CaL,  MS.,  xxix.  428.  The  rancho  de  la  Vega 
i\<\  I'ajaro  bad  been  granted  to  A.  M.  Castro  in  1820.  Chap.  xvii.  C(d  L<nid 
I  11)11.,  No.  270.  The  Bolsa  de  San  Cayetano,  2  sq.  1.,  is  said  to  have  been 
j;iauted  to  .T.  J.  Vallcjo  on  Oct.  2.">,  1824;  and  a  claim  founded  on  a  grant  to 
luiiacio  Willejo  and  Dolores  I'ico  was  rejected.  Cat.  Land  (Join.,  Nos.  8.").  (JSO; 
llilfmau's  Iicptu  Lund  Ca-'^cs.  I  have  an  original  petition  of  J.  J.  Vallcjo, 
elated  Oct.  27,  1S2(),  in  which  he  asks  for  two  sitios  at  S.  Cayetano,  stating 
that  his  father  had  put  cattle  there  11  years  before,  and  that  four  years  later 
! 'on  Ignacio  and  Dolores  Pico  had  asked  for  the  grant  and  obtained  it;  but 
I'ico  by  failing  to  fullil  the  conditions  imposed  had  forfeited  his  rights,  while 
tlie  petitioner  hiul  use  for  the  whole  ti-act.  Vallcjo,  Doc.  I  list.  Cal.,  MS., 
.wix.  101.     On  Sept.  30,  1830,  the  diputacion  coniirnied  the  grant  to  Ignacio 


hi 


■Iii; 


irm 


CIG 


lMOXTr:REY  DISTRICT. 


At  San  Carlos  ^Mission  Ramon  Abolla  served  as 
minister  througliout  the  decade,  with  Pi-efeet  Sariiu 
as  an  associate  until  1829,  the  latter  being  undci' 
arrest  for  some  years  as  a  recalcitrant  Spaniaid. 
jMorrell,  Duhant-Cilly,  Beechey,  and  Pattie  visited 
the  mission  successivel}^;  hut  none  of  their  narratives 
contain  iidbrmation  of  value  or  interest  respecting  this 
estahlishment,  unless  it  may  be  Beechey 's  mention  of 
crosses  standing  along  the  road  from  the  presidio,  eadi 
with  its  special  history,  not  related,  and  of  the  paint- 
ing of  La  Perouse's  landing,  which  the  Enjiflish  na\  i- 
gator  ti'ied  in  vain  to  obtain  from  the  })adre.  Saii 
Carlos,  though  <leclining  rapidly,  no  longer  stood  at 
the  foot  of  the  list  in  pojiulation,  as  it  had  ten  more 
neophytes  than  San  Francisco.  Its  decline  in  live- 
stock and  agriculture  was  less  marked  than  in  many 
other  missions.^^ 


m 


f    M 


Viillejo,  and,  for  a  smnll  tract,  to  Pico,  in  nccordancc  with  the  regulations  of 
IS'JS.  ./,(';/.  Urr.,  MS.,  i.  1(1!).  In  l.S-2«  the  ranchus  of  Alisal  ami  Sauziil  in  tin; 
Cau^cla  de  Xatividad  are  mentioned  us  bclonginf,'  to  Butron  and  Alviso.  J'<  i- 
i.i(froj'Jinui([<,  MS.,  14:  l)ut  in  /</.,  "J'J,  tlie  Sau/al  i.s  said  to  have  iieen  graniid 
in  1S"J|{  to  Soberanes;  anil  it  appears  to  have  been  re-granted  in  IS.'U  to  .ln-.i' 
T.  Castro.  Cal.  Land  Com.,  Js'o.  ii'u;  wliile  Natividad  was  granted  in  IS.'iT  lo 
liut^rou  and  Alviso.  /</.,  No.  uli.");  and  Alisal  in  1K;)4  to  Uartnell.  /</.,  NH. 
'J()4.  I  suppose  the  name  Alisal,  and  peiha])s  Sau/al  also,  may  have  hcen  ;i|i- 
pliedto  two  diilerent  ti'acts,  which  causes  this  confusion.  l]spinosa's  nuulu) 
in  hSL'8  is  called  San  Miguel.  I'lt/l.-iUr  of  Jjraiid'!,  MS.,  14.  Tius  may  liavo 
been  another  name  for  Kscarpin  or  Salinas,  since  these  ranchos  were  granted 
or  I'e-grantcd  to  an  Espinosa  in  1SI!7  and  IS.Sti  respectively.  <.'a/.  Laml  t'lmi.. 
Xo3.  l->.j"),  .'{70.  The  others  of  the  14,  I'ilarcitos  and  Tucho,  v.ctc  granted,  tint 
former  to  Miramontcs  in  1841,  and  the  latter  in  1841-4  to  Castro,  (loiiicz, 
and  Coal.  //oD'dkih'h  Ji'/il-^  J, mid  Casix.  It  is  also  stated  that  .loaiiuin  Sdlis 
and  J.  A.  I'xjtillcr  got  possession  of  tlie  rancho  de  S.  Autonio  in  18'J!)  from 
Eeheaudia,  having  before  Argiiello's  permit;  D</)t.  Ilcr..  .MS.,  vi,  14(j-7.  -nil 
there  wis  made  in  18'27  an  agreement  between  Wni.  \\'elsh  and  Capt.  (.'oopir 
about  Los  Corralitos,  implying  that  this  rancho  also  had  been  granted.  Val- 
Irjo,  Dor.  Ilixt.  Cal.,  MS.,  xxix.  110.  .Moreover,  Corralitos  was  in  later  jciis 
granted  to  Josi5  Amcsti.  Cal.  Land  (^om..  No.  174;  and  in  1.S"_'8  Amesti's  r;iii- 
eho  was  nieutiouedas  a  i)oundary  of  liraneiforte.  Jici/lxfcr  of  lirundK.  MS.,  •Jii. 
"Statistics:  Decrease  in  population,  381  to  "J'ilt;  baptisjns,  *217;  largi  .--t 
nunibei-,  oO  in  18'J8:  smallest,  1"J  in  18"2'2;  deaths,  ,'JOl;  largest  number,  (i'J  in 
18-28;  smallest.  Hi  in  !8-29.  Loss  ii-  large  stock,  ,S,438  to -.VOCH);  horses  iiiM 
nuiles,  438  to  450;  i'  -ep,  4,0.'{'2  to  3,800.  Largest  crop,  '2,7 '17  bushels  i'l 
1830;  smallest,  705  in  1820;  average,  1.005,  of  which  570  wheat,  yield  5  foli: 
()03  barley,  13  fold;  31  corn,  '28  fold;  '24(i  beans,  22  fold.  A  statement  ins 
been  current  that  S.  Ciirlos  had  in  1825,  87,000  cattle,  1,800  horses,  3(i5  yolu! 
of  oxen,  7,5(K)  sheep,  etc.!  In  1823  the  patlres  received  from  Sta  ]>:irbaia 
.*!1.802  which  had  been  due  since  1804.  Cmrra,  Dor.  //!.•</.  Cal.,  MS.,  iii.  4.i. 
Members  of  the  In<lian  ayuntamieiito  of  lb'23  and  1820.  Arch.  Anob.,  M  •., 


served  as 
jct  Sani'a 
iig  uiidcr 
Sinmiai'd. 
;ie  visiti'd 
nari'ativrs 
3ctiiig  this 
icntion  of 
sidio,  each 
the  paiiit- 
^lisli  iia\  i- 
dre.     Sail 
r  stood  at 
ten  niofc 

10  ill  livc- 

11  ill  many 


regiil.itioiis  I  if 
iil  iSiiuziil  in  llie 
(1  Alviso.  Ji'i  I- 
beuii  iri'Mii'ail 

l!S:{4  t.)  .In-,- 

e<l  in  liS.'fT  to 
tiiell.  1<L,  Mo. 
liive  ht'un  ii]!- 
iiiisii's  raiulio 
lis  may  Imvo 
were  griiiitrd 
/.  Laiiil  ( 'mil.. 
rantt'tl,  tlu^ 
istro,  duiur,', 
Joaquin  iSiilis 
in   l,S-2!)  fnmi 
,  140-7.  ..ii.l 
Capt.  CoiiiMV 
granted.    1'"'- 
iii  latiT  3  cars 
Aniesti's  raii- 
iiids.  MS.,  •JO. 
,  -217;  lal■p^r 
nunilier,  (i-  in 
(;  llorsi'S  in;' I 
.')7  bnsht'ls  i'l 
,yicliir)l.i|.|-. 
tatoniont  ii  is 
[rsL's,  'Ai')')  yiil'ii 

Stil  ]>iitliai:i 

,  .MS.,  iii.  4... 
Afzuh.,  M-.. 


It 


li 


MAP  OF  CENTRAL  REGIOX. 


617 


Mi)NTi:itKY   UisTiacT,   US30. 


1  i  .... 


III!! 


11 


H 


M 


'h  \ 


iM 


i 


< 
,1 


618 


MONTEREY  DISTRICT. 


At  San  Luis  Obispo  Luis  Martinez  served  as  niiii- 
ister,  generally  alone,  until  lie  was  banished  in  tluj 
spring  of  1830,^'-  Padre  Rodriguez  having  left  the 
mission  in  182L  Martinez  was  su(!ceeded  by  Luis 
Gil  y  Taboada,  though  it  is  said  that  Padre  Jinuiio 

iv.  pt.  ii.  (GfiS);  v.  pt.  i.  (2).  In  1822  the  mission  lands  were  2.5  1.  wide  nt 
llie  mouth  of  the  Rio  Carmelo,  gradually  narrowing  as  they  extend  (i  1.  up 
the  river.  As  the  only  good  land  was  in  the  valley  and  in  the  little  traits  cf 
l'"ranci.squito  and  Tularcitos,  the  governor  in  1801  had  given  tiie  misKi(jii  nlso 
a  cattle  rancho  2.\2.25  1.  at  S.  Bernardino,  or  Sanjones,  or  Ensen,  butwrcii 
the  rancho  il  '1  rcy  and  Solcdad.  At  Salinas,  south  of  the  river,  a  slu  cp 
raiK'ho  l.ox.TiJ  1.  had  been  established  in  1708.  MisioneK,  Cuad.  de  Edndux^ 
MS.,  200-301.  According  to  the  report  of  1828,  places  up  the  river  wcii; 
Lanrcles,  Chn]jines,  Tiilarcitos,  and  Corral  dc  Padilla.  The  fields  wciv  in 
front  of  the  mission  extending  to  S.  Francisquito;  the  oxen  and  tamo  cittlc 
on  the  hills  toward  S.  Clemente.  The  rancho  of  S.  Bernardino  was  G  1.  Last, 
lictwcen  the  Solcdad  lands  and  Buenavista.  Sheep  rancho  at  Las  Salina  ., 
called  by  the  natives  Tucho,  l.r)x.7">l.  No  irrigation.  Springs  at  S.  Fran- 
cisquito, but  frost  prevents  cultivation.  Iferjister  of  Bruiid:,,  MS.,  11-1.'?. 

'-Luis  Antonio  Martinez  was  born  on  Jan.  17,  1771,  at  Brielics 'in 
Asturias,  Spain,  became  a  Franciscan  at  Madrid  in  1785,  sailed  from  Cadiz 
for  America  in  May  1705,  and  was  assigned  at  S.  Fernando  to  the  Calil'iiiiiia 
missions,  arriving  at  >'tii  Barbara  May  0,  1708.  He  served  at  San  LuisOliispD 
from  June  1708  until  the  time  of  his  arrest  in  February  1830.  On  his  ancst 
and  banishment  see  cha]i.  iv.  vol.  iii.  this  history.  In  July  1830  he  was  at 
Limu;  and  in  October  had  ai-rived  at  ^Madrid,  where  he  was  still  livin;,'  in 
1833.  ^lartincz  was  always  highly  spoken  of  by  liis  superiors,  but  rather  iLr 
his  zeal  and  skill  as  a  bu.';iness  maimger  than  for  his  excellence  as  amissiunai  v 
proper,  lie  was,  however,  familiar  with  the  language  of  tlio  Sun  Luis  liulian.i 
aufl  ke])t  them  in  order.  He  took  great  pride  in  the  ))ro8perity  of  his  mi.s.si(iii. 
It  was  his  and)ition  that  the  cattle,  horses,  and  especially  the  mules  of  lii.i 
'San  Luisito'  should  bo  nowhoro  excelled,  and  that  no  other  mission  slumld 
set  a  bctt(.'r  table  or  ticat  visitors  with  greater  hospitality.  He  always  wcjio 
the  jilain  habit  of  his  order,  but  in  all  otiier  rcsjiects  was  fond  of  display.  It 
is  related  that  he  took  great  j)leasure  in  entering  Monterey  with  a  loail  uf 
mission  produce  drawn  by  sleek  mules,  with  g'lyly  decked  Indian  diivei", 
himself  m  a  cart  at  the  licad  of  the  procession.  He  was  always  liberal  and 
sometimes  recklessly  so  in  furnishing  supplies  to  the  presidio.  At  the  tiine 
of  the  I'louchard  invasion  he  showed  great  courage  and  zeal  in  preparin;:  i'  v 
defence  and  in  aiding  to  repair  damages;  for  which  services  he  was  thanked 
by  (lov.  Sohi  and  nlso  by  the  viceroy  ir.  the  kings  name.  His  shrewdness  .-s 
a  man  of  business  was  known  tliroughout  the  province,  and  the  belief  w:s 
general  that  ho  was  largely  engagetl  in  smuggling;  but  though  Cov.  Sda 
slunvd  this  belief  and  a  strong  friendship  between  the  two  was  broken  up  by 
a  (|uarrel  on  the  subject,  it  must  be  admitted  that  Martinez  if  not  innocint 
vas  vvry  careful,  since  there  is  no  record  that  his  contraband  operations  w<  re 
(letected  in  any  particular  instance.  Of  Ids  troubles  as  a  Spanish  friar  with 
Cciv.  Eclieandia  enough  is  said  elsewhere.  His  position  was  like  that  of  ino^t 
of  his  associates,  but  he  w;v)  somewhat  less  cautious  than  they  in  the  exim  s- 
sion  of  his  views.  That  he  was  directly  interested  in  the  Solis  revolt,  or  liid 
any.  intention  of  a  revolution  in  the  interest  of  Spai.i,  the  olVence  for  wliirh 
he  wat-  ■  xilcd,  there  i;,  much  reason  to  <lonbt.  In  person  Martinez  was  of 
me.iiuni  heiudit,  but  thick-.set,  with  <lark  complexion,  and  a  very  proniimnt 
nose  which  had  been  permanently  twisteil  to  one  side  by  a  fall  from  a  can  iaL<'. 
He  was  hasty  in  truiper.  and  addicted  to  the  use  of  very  plain  language  w  li'  ri 
otl'cndcd.     A  few  of  the  Californiiius  speak  of  him  as  haughty  and  ail'ectid, 


m 


SAN  LUIS  OBISPO. 


610 


ncc  for  V  liii 


iiinclo  an  effort  to  get  the  place.  San  Luis,  like  tlio 
other  way  ports,  was  open  to  foreign  vessels  during 
a  i)art  of  this  decade,  and  many  tr-'<l'  rs  touched  there 
v\ith  or  without  the  governor's  permit.  Notwith- 
standing the  proverbial  shrewdness  of  Father  Martinez 
in  matters  of  trade,  the  mission  seems  to  have  been 
liadl',  windled  in  two  instances.  As  late  as  1841  an 
(Hbrt  was  being  made  to  ascertain  the  whereabouts 
()('  one  Antonio  Arana  who  had  failed  to  account  for 
u  consignment  of  produce  worth  $12,000  sent  to  him 
t\vcnt3'  years  before,  and  in  183G  no  settlement  had 
been  effected  for  another  cargo  worth  $9,400,  shipped 
to  Sanchez  of  Mazatlan  b}'  the  Santa  Apolonla  in 
182G.^^  Events  at  the  mission  were  neither  numerous 
nor  exciting;  the  buildings  are  described  by  Alfred 
]\()binson  as  having  been  ahead}  in  a  state  of  decay 
with  marks  of  neglect  in  every  direction  in  1830;  and 
the  statistics  show  a  marked  decline  in  every  branch 
(if  mission  industry,  it  being  noticeable  that  the  num- 
l)or  of  baptisms  was  smaller  and  the  death-rate  larger 
here  than  at  any  other  establishment." 

but  there  is  abundant  evidence  to  show  that  he  was  kind  and  benevolent  to 
iiilcriurs.  With  his  intimate  friends,  chief  among  whom  was  Capt.  .Tos^ 
Antonio  dc  la  Gutrra  y  Noriega,  he  adopted  a  jocose  tone.  He  was  more 
lithly  endowed  with  the  qualities  of  a  popular  man  and  jovial  coni])anion 
than  with  those  of  a  Franciscan  friar;  yet  he  never  scandalized  his  oi'ilcr  by 
irregular  or  immoral  conduct.  In  his  letters  from  Spain  to  Capt.  de  la  Gucrra 
lir  showed  a  deep  interest  in  California,  and  no  bitterness  against  those  who 
1:;hI  driven  him  away.  Autohlorj.  Alitor/,  dc  los  PP.,  MS.,  401;  Saniii,  In- 
jurnie  .solirc Fraiks,  1H17.  MS.,  55-0;  Arvh.  Stii  Li.,  MS.,  iii.  130;  Arch.  Arr.o'>., 
.MS.,  i.  47;  iv.  pt.  i.  21-2;  Giierra,  Doc.  Hint.  CaL,  MS.,  iii.  5-lT;  iv.  21; 
Dor.  IHst.  CaL,  MS.,  iv.  502-.1;  Vnllfjo,  Doc.  Hint.  (Jul.,  MS.,  xxxvi.  2S8; 
J'ror.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  01;  Iil.,  Bin.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlix.  lU;  Pror.  Pec,  MS., 
\i,  .■)!;  113-14;  vii.  32;  Oril,  Ocurr<'iici<i,<<,  ^IS.,  31-0;  Pico,  Aconticiinii  ntus, 
-MS.,  10-17;  Torre,  Piniiinscoidan,  MS.,  18.S-!)2. 

'■'On  the  Arana  allair.  Doc.  Hist.  CaL,  MS.,  iv.  1103.  Long  record  with 
iinuli  correspondence  on  the  Sanchez  matter  in  .S'.  A»/,'<  Ohispo,  Ar'h.,  MS., 
i.  17.  Sanc:hez,  who  appears  to  have  been  a  scoundrel,  claimed  that  tiic;  cnrgo, 
V.  iih  l?(),000  in  money,  was  ])art  of  i?.")0,000  sent  out  of  tin;  country  by  Mar- 
line/on  his  own  account.  On  San  Luis  as  a  port  see  comnierci.il  annals  iu 
A\i\\\.  V.  of  vol.  iii.  this  history.  Sept.  1821,  a  foreign  ship  \\as  seen  ap- 
lirniiehing  S.  Luis,  but  seeing  a  Spanis'i  <hi|)  in  the  harbor  was  frightened 
•.•\\:\\.  Pror.  St.  Pdji.,  MS.,  xx.  21)5.  On  the  dangei' of  Lidian  revolt,  Sirgt. 
N^ilkjo's  visit,  and  the  (juarrel  of  the  padre  with  the  soldier  .\vila,  in  KS24, 
Mc  eiiap.  xxiii.  tlii.s  vol.  In  1S30  a  mate  of  tlu'  Miiria  Ester  is  said  to  jmvo 
1  eeii  drowned  in  the  harbor,  which  seems  to  have  borne  the  name  of  riicito 
beai.   Carrillo  (,/.),  Doc.  Hist.  CiiL,  MS.,  32. 

"Statistics:  Decrease  of  population,  504  to  283.     Bapti.sins,  80;  largest 


-n^' 


\       rli 


620 


MONTEREY  DISTRICT. 


At  San  Miguel  Juan  Martin  continued  in  his  loiiff 
ministry  until  liis  death  in  1824,  when  his  place  was 
taken  by  Juan  Cabot.  The  mission  had  but  (uu' 
minister  save  in  1821-2,  when  Tonids  Estenega  and 
at'ter  him  Bias  Ordaz  were  here,  as  was  Uria  18'J4.'' 
fSan  Miguel  was  but  slightly  more  prosperous  than 
its  neighbor  San  Luis;  its  herds  and  flocks  dwindKd 
r:ii)idly,  death  largely  exceeded  baptisms,  soil  was 
ro[)orted  as  poor  and  pasture  limited,  though  vines 
Ihjurished  and  timber  was  abundant.'" 

minil)cr,  2t  in  1823;  smallest,  4  in  snvcral  years.  Deaths,  309;  larf^cst  iium- 
IxT,  43  in  182.");  smallest,  20  in  1828.  Decrease  in  large  stock,  8,071  to  .'l.Ti'O; 
increase  in  horses  and  mules,  1,270  to  1,500;  decrease  in  sheep,  (>,800  to  l.O'JJ. 
Largest  crop,  0,220  bushels  in  1821;  sniallest,  180  in  1820;  average,  2.  l.VJ,  c  i 
vliich  1,002  wheat,  0  barley,  and  103  corn.  The  crop  of  1820,  cxccjit,  wlicit 
and  barley,  was  destroyed  by  raloiici.  Arch.  Aivnih.,  MS.,  v.  pt.  ii.  1U.">.  la 
1821  80  horses,  80  saddles,  and  CO  blankets  were  sent  to  the  troops  as  a  j.'iit. 
Acknowledged  by  (!ov.  Sola.  St.  Pap.  Sac,  ^IS.,  xxiii.  40;  noticed  in  llit; 
li'acdii  dc  ,!/(■.<•.,  xliv.  TiOl-J;  and  thanks  from  guardian  of  8.  Fernando.  Airh. 
»S7a  /.'.,  MS.,  xi.  3-13.  Condition  in  1830.  Ilobiwiou'ii  L'ife  in  Cat.,  y[  '). 
I'adrc  Gil  says  the  mission  has  become  very  poor  since  the  removal  of  .Mur- 
tinez.  C'linra,  Dor.  //ist.  Ccl.,  MS.,  vii.  10.  In  1822  the  mi.ssion  lamls  rn; 
described  as  lying  in  a  cafiada  1  1.  Mide  and  14  1.  long,  bounded  by  riM:  i  s 
of  mts.  on  E.  and  \v.  Two  ranchos,  Sta  Margarita.  4  I.  away  on  the  Mnii- 
tcrey  road,  where  wheat  is  raised ;  and  the  other  for  corn  and  beans  3  1.  awiiy. 
llor.se.s  are  kept  beyond  the  eaiiada.  Locusts  and  squirrels  very  troubIehi);i)i'. 
Jlisioiit's,  Ciiful.  dii  EMado^,  MS.,  244,  280-9. 

'••Juan  Martin  was  born  at  Villastar,  in  Aragon,  Spain,  Jan.  12,  ITTi', 
took  the  Franciscan  robes  at  Zaragoza  Jan.  10,  1787,  studied  theoloL'v  at 
Terui'l,  sailed  from  Cddiz  June  11,  1703,  arriving  at  S.  Fernando  coHcl'c  iu 
ISeptember,  and  he  came  to  California  early  in  1704.  Ifo  served  at  S.  tliilniil 
as  supernumerary  from  March  1704  to  July  1700,  at  I'urisima  until  Au-""  t 
1707,  and  at  S.  Miguel  until  his  death,  whicli  occurred  on  Aug.  2!>,  IN'J4. 
after  a  painful  illness  resulting  from  a  dropsical  disea.'^e  of  the  chest,  lie  \--m 
buried  in  the  church  on  Aug.  20tli,  on  the  gosjiel  side  of  the  main  altar,  by  i\w 
side  of  I'adru  Cipres.  Martin  maybe  rcg;irded  as  the //(//((■''^/•o ./'((»(/'"/"'  if 
8.  Miguel  to  the  advancement  of  whose  interests  he  gave  all  his  energy.  Ho 
acquired  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  native  language,  aiul  was  regarded  1  y 
his  jirelates  always  as  the  right  man  in  the  right  jilace.  lie  has  left  a  diaiV 
of  his  vist  to  the  iji'ui'dcx  Ttdai'vilos  in  1804;  and  in  1818  and  again  in  iM'l  Im^ 
accompanied  the  prefect  as  secretary  on  a  toui  of  inspection  to  the  dillcri  i.t 
n.issions.  Padre  Uria,  who  records  his  death,  eertities  to  his  excnqihny 
devotion  and  conformity  to  the  di\ine  will  in  his  last  days  and  hoiiis.  S. 
Mi'iml,  L>h.  Misioii,  AIS.,  12;  Aiitohioij.  Aidoij.  dc  Ins  I'P.,  MS.,  400;  Siu-nn. 
luj'ormc  Kohre  Fmdes,  1S17,  MS.,  57-8;  Arch.  Sta  Ji.,  MS.,  iii.  131. 

'•^Statistics:  Decrease  in  population,  07."»  to  084.  IJaiitisms,  313;  larifrt 
vinmber,  43  in  1821;  smallest,  18  in  1828.  Deaths,  581;  largest  nund)ei-,  Ii4 
in  1S28;  smallest,  45  in  1820.  Less  in  large  stock,  f),440  to  4,000;  horses  and 
mules,  1,340  to  1,120;  sheep,  14,100  to  7.500.  Largest  croj),  4,027  bn^-luls 
in  1821;  smallest,  300  in  1820;  average,  2,.3.V2;  of  which  1,070  wheat,  viilil 
8  fold;  barley,  304,  7  fold;  corn,  100,  31  fold. 

lJobin;-ion,  Li/c  in  C<d.,  82,  describes  S.  Miguel  as  a  poor  establi.'^hmeiil  in 
1830.  I'he  heat  was  so  great  as  to  be  almost  insufl'er.able  --so  that  it  was  >  liJ 
that  the  ileas  might  be  seen  in  the  heat  of  the  day  gasping  for  breath  on  Iho 


SAN  ANTONIO. 


C'Jl 


At  San  Antonio  do  PiUlna  at  Los  Roblos,  Pedro 
C'iihot  and  Juan  Baiitista  Sanolio  served  together  as 
tli(  y  liad  done  since  1804,  until  tlie  death  of  the  lat- 
ter in  February  1830.^''  We  hear  notliing  of  the  new 
diureh,  which  had  very  likely  been  dedicated  before 
tli»?  beginning  of  the  decade,  except  that  it  was  stand- 
ing in  1830,  built  of  brick  and  with  arched  corridors. 
P()})ulation  decreased  here  as  elsewhere,  as  there  were 
no  more  gentiles  to  be  converted  within  7o  miles. 
Statistics  show  a  gain  in  horses  and  sheep,  and  only 
a  small  decline  in  cattle  and  cro[)s;  while  we  learn 
lioni  Mr  Robinson  that  this  mission  in  1830  had  an  air 


lirick  pavements!  In  1829-30  John  Bones,  an  Irislinmn,  was  liviiin;  here;  and 
Win.  Trevethan  was  inajonlonio  at  the  mission.  Hist.  (Jal.,  chap.  vi.  vol. 
iii.,  this  .scries.  In  IS'JJ  the  niissiion  lands  were  reported  as  extending'  Ml. 
N.  to.'^.,  and  3-l-(i  1.  E.  tow.  Stii  Isabel  and  Asumpeion  were  app  ircntly 
iui.s;-ion  ranchos.  Mis'mni'x,  Cuad.  ile  E.-itado^,  i.sV,.',  .MS.,  2!t0-l.  In  l.SJS  the 
l.iunularios  were  the  talarcs  on  the  K.  ,'J.")1.;  the  sea-shore  on  the  w. ,  Vl- 
]\  1.;  S.  Luis  Obispo  lands  on  the  south,  7  1.;  and  S.  Antonio  lands  on 
tlie  N.,  7  1.  On  the  northern  boundary  was  the  raneho  of  >S.  JJartoloim'',  or 
ricito;  eastward  were  pa.stiires  for  Iiorses;  toward  the  .shore  was  the  raneho 
of  S.  Simeon,  with  an  adolto  house,  where  grain  was  raised  and  800  head  of 
slcick  were  kept;  soutliward  the  sheep  and  soldiers'  home  were  kept;  also  in 
tills  direetit>n  were  the  ranchos,  Sta  Isabel,  with  a  vinoyai'd,  3  1. ;  S.  Antonio, 
uitli  barley-liclds,  .'$  1.;  I'aso  de  liobles,  ,">..")  1.;  and  Asuncion,  0  1.,  with 
Mluat-iields.  North-west  2  1.  is  a  hot  spring  witli  a  vineyard.  In  dry 
asons  the  sheep  are  kept  at  IJio  do  Nacimicnto,  2  1.  away.  Droughts  and 
iiists  troublesome.   ltiijid(  r  of  llramU,  17-18. 

"Juan  ]]autista  Sancho  y  Iditeras  was  a  native  of  Ai'tii,  Island  of  Mallorca, 
where  he  was  born  on  Jan.  1, 1773.  He  took  the  habit  I'Vb.  J),  1701 ,  at  Talma,  and 
iJicr  receiving  holy  oi'ders  was  made  master  of  the  choir,  and  was  employed 
c^  preacher.  Embarking  at  Cadiz  June  20,  1803,  he  reached  S.  Fernando  in 
Scptendjer;  started  for  California  in  February  1804,  and  landed  at  ^Monterey 
I'll  Aug.  4,  1804.  His  only  ministry  was  at  San  Antonio,  where  he  served 
continuously  from  Oct.  1SU4  to  Feb.  1830,  the  d;;te  of  liis  death.  An  il!i!e:-.4 
if  1.S2!)  left  his  blood  in  bad  condition,  and  the  immediate  cause  of  his  death 
v,\;i  blood-poisoning  from  a  tumor  in  tlie  thigli.  Outside  of  liis  own  local  held 
if  labor  I'adrc  Sancho  was  not  much  heard  of,  though  he  Avas  one  of  tlit^  moit 
liiilical  loyalists  and  not  backward  in  expressing  his  opposivion  torepublican- 
iiii;  but  iov  his  managenient  at  San  Antonio  he  received  and  deserved  nmeli 
jraise.  Cabot,  his  veteran  associate,  who  buried  him  in  the  presliytery  if 
the  mission  church  near  tiie  remains  of  Puyol  and  Sitjar,  pays  an  eloi|Hiiit 
tiiliute  to  his  memory  in  tlic  death-register  of  the  mission.  He  says  of  Iiini 
tliat  he  had  a  constitution  of  iron,  and  was  constantly  busy  either  in  work 
lUicld  or  in  attending  to  the  liodily  and  s])iritual  necessities  of  the  sick  .'.inl 
il\iiig.  In  bad  weather  he  prepared  books  of  music  and  eatccliisms  for  the 
iinpliytcs,  with  whose  language  he  was  perfectly  f;i'"iliar.  Ivigiossi^d  in  siuli 
1"  lupations  he  often  forgot  to  cat.  IIi^  was  cvci  a  ftic  to  idleness,  alle;:iiig 
tli:it  those  who  would  cat  nnist  work.  His  liurial  was  on  the  anniversary  of 
hi-  li(!coming  a  Franciscan.  <S'.  Aiifrmiii,  Lif>.  Mhln);,  MS.;  S.  .iiiloii!o,  J)(>r. 
Sriltm,  ISIS.;  Aiilohloii.  Aitfini  ,1c  !„,■<  Pl\,  MS.,  .3f:0:  Arch.  SUi  B.,  MS.,  iii. 
loJ;  X.  439;  iSuriitt,  lujhntie  .ioltir  Fruilc.t,  ISl'l,  MS.,  59. 


if: 


ilti'V 


622 


MONTEREY  DISTRICT. 


t)f  thrift  not  observable  at  many  of  the  others.  Evcrv- 
thing  was  kept  In  perfect  order;  the  buildings  wcif 
in  good  condition ;  the  Indians  clean  and  well  dressed.'' 

There  were  several  changes  in  the  missionaries  of 
La  Soledad.  Padre  Jaime  left  the  mission  in  is^l, 
and  Juan  Cabot  in  1824;  Francisco  Javier  de  Una 
served  in  1824-8;  Pedro  Cabot  in  1828-9;  and  Vw- 
fcct  Sarri'a  came  here  to  live  in  the  middle  of  IS-Jl). 
On  May  5,  1822,  the  padres  and  neophytes  met  to 
take  the  oath  of  independence,  and  on  November  ll», 
1826,  the  Indians  formally  elected  one  of  their  num- 
ber to  go  to  Monterey  and  represent  them  in  an  ehr- 
chn  de  partldo.  The  decline  of  Soledad  was  less 
rapid  than  that  of  other  northern  missions  in  sev(nal 
respects,  and  in  population  it  now  surpassed  four  of 
the  others.'* 

''Statistics:  Decrease  in  population,  878  to  081.  Baptisms,  298;  liir^tst 
luimber,  43  in  1825;  smallest,  22  in  1824.  Deaths,  538;  largest  number  Siiiii 
182G;  smallest,  31  in  1821.  Large  stock,  6,590  to  5,000;  gain  in  horses  isiid 
mules,  790  to  1,000;  sheep,  9,910  to  10,134.  Largest  crop,  5,437  bushels  ii 
1821;  smallest,  547  in  1829;  average,  2,830;  of  which  2,173  wheat,  yieM  l!) 
fold;  l)arley,  246,  8  fokl;  corn,  223,  106  fold.  Supplies  sent  to  Montcnv  in 
Nov.  1829,  $1,162,  including  81  pairs  of  shoos.  Valhjo,  Doc.  Hint.  Cnl.,  MS,, 
xxix.  409.  Mention  of  S.  Antonio,  in  liouinMii'ii Life  in  Cal.,  80-1.  On  Xnv. 
2(5,  1826,  the  mission  ayuntamiento  met  and  chose  the  neophyte  Eugciiio 
Ni.ctrL-  as  elector  do  partido,  or  probably  to  go  to  Monterey  and  vote  for  an 
elector  de  pai'tido.  Padre  Cabot  served  as  secretary  at  the  election  and  sIltik d 
Nactrii's  credentials,  the  alcalde  and  regidorcs  signing  with  a  cross.  'I'liiii 
wore  the  Indians  being  trained  for  the  duties  of  citizenship.  Ilht.  ( 'al. ,  elin  p.  i  i. 
vol.  iii.;  Dipt.  St.  Pop.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  lix.  17-19.  No  school  in  ISJ'.l, 
because  no  teacher  could  be  found,  says  the  padre  to  Echeandia  on  April  'JiM. 
S.  Aulonio,  Doc.  Swlfos,  MS.,  76.  This  collection  of  fragments,  dug  up  from 
the  earth  in  the  old  church,  contains  many  petty  items  of  mission  affairs. 

In  1822  the  mission  lands  were  said  to  extend  13  1.  n.  to  a.,  and  8-9  1.  i:. 
to  w.  Soil,  rocky;  but  pretty  good  crops  were  obtained  by  irrigation.  Frosts, 
sijuirrels,  and  insects  troublesome.  Min'wiics,  Ciiad.  dc  Fffado,'!,  MS.,  29J-:{. 
In  1827  the  padres  reported  that  it  was  very  difficult  to  find  pasturage  for  tlic 
stock.  West  31.  was  the  rancho  of  S.  Miguelito;  another  at  LosOjitnsiu 
the  south;  another  at  S.  Benito  6  1.  E.  on  the  river;  and  one  for  sheep  ;it  V.\ 
Pleito,  or  S.  Bartoloun5,  7  1.  s.  Northwanl  to  the  Sierra  de  Sta  Lucfa,  11  of 
4  1.,  were  pastured  norses;  southward  the  mares,  10.5  1.;  westward,  across  tlie 
river,  5  1.,  broken  horses.  Tlicrc  were  three  ditches  carrying  water  from  the 
Arroyo  do  S.  Antonio  to  a  distance  of  2  1.  s.  of  the  mission;  but  the  w;itir 
lasted  only  until  .Tune  or  July.   I^eijistcr  of  Bramlx,  MS.,  15-17. 

"Statistics:  Decrease  in  jiopulation,  4S5  to  342.  Baptisms,  .302;  lai'.'cst 
number,  1,34  in  1822;  smallest,  5  in  18^7.  Deaths,  .356;  largest  number,  .u 
in  1S20-8;  smallest,  18  in  1820.  Decline  in  large  stock,  6,0.30'to  5.007;  hm  srs 
and  mules,  1,080  to  1,007;  sheep,  9,040  to  5,274.  Largest  crop,  5,467  bu  -h  's 
ia  1825;  smallest,  528  in  1829;  average,  2,829;  of  which  1,429  wheat,  yii.lJ 


SAX  JUAN  BAUTISTA. 


C'23 


At  San  Jnan  Bautista  Felipe  Arroyo  do  la  Cuesta 
ci'iitiiiued  his  ministry;  but  Tapis,  his  associate,  dietl 
in  182;'),  being  succeeded  by  Buenaventura  Fortuni 
in  1825-0,  while  Juan  Moreno  came  here  at  the  end 
of  I80O.-*'    Thi«  mission  reached  its  hiirhest  fiiruro  of 


W  fold;  433  barley,  12  fold;  399  com,  100  fold.  The  mission  furnished 
t^l.loO  to  Monterey  in  18'21).  Current  items  in  books  and  newspapers  credit 
S.iU'chid  witli  3o,00()  cattle,  70,000  sheep,  and  more  horses  than  any  other 
mission,  in  IS-JG!  Lands  in  l.S"2'2,  extending  0-20  1.  K.  to  W.  and  3  1,  x.  to  S. 
Soil  poor,  and  yielding  toleral)lo  crops  only  in  wet  seasons.  Homo  irrigation, 
N()<ip[iortunities  for  extending  agriculture.  Frosts  and  locusts  l)ad.  Misioiies, 
Cmitl.  Estados,  JS12,  ^IS.,  2'J-l-5.  In  1828,  sitnateil  at  the  end  of  the  v.illey 
of  Monterey,  adjoining  the  S.  CVirlos  lauds  on  tlie  K.  Two  bands  of  mares 
lutwocn  Laguna  de  los  Palos  and  Cholar,  3  and  5  1.;  and  another  2  1.  farther 
liy  permission  of  S.  Carlos.  Brands  awl  Marks,  M8.,  15.  Apr.  22,  1829, 
I'.uhc  Cabot  informs  Echeandia  that  he  cannot  establish  a  school  for  want  of 
ii  teacher,  of  funds,  and  of  scholars,  all  being  needed  for  work.  S'.  Pup. ,  <sV<c. , 
MS.,  X.  99.  The  I'ccord  of  the  election  of  1820  is  perhaps  worth  literal  quo- 
tation as  a  curiosity  in  the  way  of  .state  papers.  '  At  the  mission  of  Xra.  Sra. 
(I-  !a  Soledad,  this  day,  Sunday  Nov.  19,  1820, 1,  the  Chief  Alcalde  CJen'mimo, 
List  night  summoneil  the  people  for  them  all  to  come  to  tho  church;  and  all 
li.'iiig  assembled,  we  atteudetl  our  mass  and  commended  ourselves  to  the  Vir- 
gin to  give  us  a  good  heart,  that  Ave  may  do  what  tlic  comandantc  of  tlic  j>rc- 
.■^idio  has  directed  us.  After  hearing  the  mass  we  went  out  of  tiie  c'.iurch, 
and  lieing  togetlicr  with  all  the  people,  I  named  Sr  Simon  Cota,  wlio  can 
v.i ito,  as  my  secretary,  and  chose  two  scrutators,  Odilon  Quepness  and  I'^elijio 
do  .lesus;  and  out  of  all  the  people  eleven  were  set  aside  as  the  comandanto 
prescribes,  and  then  all  the  people  retired  except  tlie  eleven,  whoso  names 
are. .  .and  they  talked  among  themselves  whom  of  all  the  men  of  the  mission 
they  would  send  to  Monterey.  Three  wanted  Fernando,  one  was  in  favor  (jf 
1  p.ilro,  two  preferred  Valentin,  and  four  Juan  do  Dios;  anil  all  the  ten  con- 
ihideil  that  Juan  do  Dios  W'as  the  one  that  God  desires  to  go  to  the  coman- 
dantc of  Monterey,  and  hold  himself  subject  to  his  orders.  And  this  is  to  be 
Iniown  by  all  the  people,  and  this  paper  we  all  that  are  hero  present  will 
s'gn,  aiiixing  tliereto  ii  cross  because  we  cannot  write;  and  Juan  do  ])ios  will 
larry  it  with  him.  (Here  are  the  crosses.)  Before  me,  Simon  Cota,  sccre- 
tarv  of  tiie  junta.'  Original  in  S.  Antonio,  Doc.  Suclton,  MS.,  10.");  also  in 
L'r},t.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  lix.  lG-17. 

-'Estevau  Tapis  was  born  Aug.  20,  1754-,  at  Santft  Coloma  de  Fames  in 
Catalonia,  Spain,  taking  tho  habit  at  Gcrona  Jan.  27,  1778.  He  sailed  from 
(Vidiz  June  4,  1786,  and  came  to  California  in  1790.  His  service  was  at  San 
Luis  Obispo  in  1790-3;  at  Sta  Udrbara  in  1793-1800;  at  S.  Carlos  in  1807-1 1 ; 
at  I'urisima  in  1811-13;  at  Sta  Inds  in  1813-14;  and  at  S.  Jium  Bautista  from' 
•lauuary,  181."),  to  Nov.  3,  1825,  the  date  of  his  death.  At  the  death  of  Lasuen 
I'c  was  elected  president  of  the  missions  in  the  middle  of  1803,  and  luM  the 
[iiisition  until  1812,  having  l>een  reelected  in  1809.  He  was  also  tlio  liishop";! 
vicar.  During  his  presidency  he  resided  for  .short  periods  at  many  dift'crent 
missions.  He  received  the  last  sacraments  from  Prefect  Sarria,  who  with 
^"ialler,  Fortuni,  and  (!il  were  present  at  his  death,  the  latter  burying  him  on 
\ov.  4th  in  tho  presbctery  on  the  gospel  sidj. 

Father  Tapis  has  left  less  of  his  individuality  in  the  records  tlian  any 
iitiier  of  the  friars  who  fiUcil  tlic  presidency  and  was  so  prominent  among  his 
associates.  Notwithstanding  his  high  otlice  an<l  his  service  at  so  many  difTer- 
lat  missions,  it  is  not  easy  t»  say  wliat  manner  of  man  he  was.  In  my  list 
'if  original  autliorities  will  be  seen  several  documents  from  his  pen;  but  Ids 
ti  rm  of  olHee  wasmot  a  period  of  contention,  and  his  writings  show  but  little 


C24 


MONTEREY  DISTRICT. 


population  in  1823  with  1,248  souls;  and  it  was  tlio 
only  one  of  tlio  old  establislmiunts,  except  San  Luis 
Rey,  that  gained  in  population  during  this  deciidc. 
San  Juan  also  maintained  its  average  of'  crops;  hut  iu 
live-stock  it  was  distanced  hy  both  San  Josd  and  Santa 
Clara.  During  the  earlier  part  of  the  decade  many 
gentiles  were  brought  in  from  the  eastern  valleys.-' 

of  liis  peculiar  weftknesses  if  he  liatl  them,  or  of  his  strength.  Clearly,  liowf^vc  r, 
liu  pcrl'ormeil  liis  duties  ably,  and  was  popular  with  botii  miasionari'.'s  ami 
iiiiiitary  ollicials.  lie  ia  awarded  the  liigliest  praise,  all)oit  of  a  souuw  liat 
Htcreotypcd  order,  in  all  reports  of  his  prelates.  At  the  time  of  his  death  lie 
was  the  senior  missionary  iu  the  (.'aliforniau  service,  lie  was  fauiili.ir  wiili 
several  Indian  langua^'es,  was  noted  for  liis  hahit  of  studying  the  iudi\M  i,;! 
peculiarities  of  his  neopliytes,  and  fond  of  teacliing  boys  to  read  and  writv. 
Gil  iu  the  record  of  his  death  speaks  of  lain  as  a  truly  evangelical  man,  ri- 
niarkal)ly  wise  iu  his  relations  with  liis  fellow-nicn,  'particularly  with  tin; 
superior  officers  and  governors  who  lived  here  during  the  time  of  his  rulr;  sd 
that  all,  friars,  military,  civilians,  and  Indians,  loved  him.'  S.  Jiiaii  llinti-td, 
Lib.  Misioii,  MS.,  ."J-t-");  Aiifnhio(j.  Aiitoij.  tie.  h>i  PP.,  MS.,  300-7;  Surri't, 
Iiifonuf.  wire  Fra'des,  MS.,  03-4;  Arch,  tita  J}.,  MS.,  iii.  130-7. 

^'  Statistics:  Increase  iu  j  .nulatiou,  8-13  to  !)04;  largest  number,  1,2IS  in 
1S23.  IJaptisms,  1,174;  largest  number,  3.j!)  iu  1821;  smallest,  42  iu  l.SJII. 
Deaths,  047;  largest  number,  220  iu  1S2.'>;  smallest,  47  in  1830.  Deena.-i; 
iu  large  stock,  11,700  to  7,824;  horses  and  mules,  700  to  324;  sheep,  0,."»;;()  ti 
7,0.jO.  Largest  crop,  5,004  bushels  in  1S21;  smallest,  01)3  iu  1S28;  av('ra;.'i', 
3,441;  of  which  2,518  wheat,  yield  17  fold;  513  barley,  21  fold;  325  corn,  ..7 
fold.  Sheep  increased  until  liS28  and  then  decreased  rapidly.  Jan.  22,  IS'Jl, 
the  padre  writes  to  the  governor  that  last  ni<'ht33  gentiles  came  in  to  ask  for 
baptism.  Arch.  Arr.ob.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  i.  41.  Feb.  24,  1821,  Tapis  says  he  ha^ 
been  obliged  to  suspend  the  Indian  alcalde  for  having  '  entrcgado  las  .soIter;:-i 
<i  los  lioml)res'  during  tiie  padre's  illness.  He  has  appointed  another  man 
who  was  alcalde  once  before  and  'cuid61)ien  delassolteras.'  /</.,  iv.  pt.  i.  11.. 
Corp.  Butron  reprimanded  l)y  the  governor  for  card -playing.  -SV.  Pap.  .SVc. , 
MS.,  vi.  28.  April 21,  1822,  oatli  to  the  imperial  regency,  chap.  x.\i.  1828, 
killing  of  a  neophyte  by  another.  D(  jit.  Sf.  Paj>.,  Ikii.  MIL,  MS.,  Ixvl.  81  2. 
Inoc'Jiitc  Garcfa,  Ifcchoi^.,  MS.,  24-.30,  who  was  majordomo  of  the  mission, 
Jose  de  .Jesus  I'ico,  Aroiilcc'imteiitos,  MS.,  7-0,  and  Justo Larios,  Vhla  y  Ari  i- 
turas,  MS.,  2-5,  tell  some  stories  about  life  at  San  Juan  at  this  ptTioil, 
including  bear-fights  and  practical  jokes  played  by  or  on  the  soldiers  of  thu 
guard,  respecting  which  events  details  do  not  seem  desirable.  Garcfa  oiuo 
hid  the  arms  <jf  the  escolta  which  brought  an  officer  from  the  capital  and  w,  s 
very  near  causing  serious  trouble.  At  another  time  he  was  severely  beaten 
by  order  of  Capt.  Gonzalez.  The  mission  blacksmith  was  aiTcsted  for  lia\  in^ 
robbed  the  wareliouse  of  61,000. 

^liasioii  lands  in  1S22  extend  G  1.  K.  to  w.  and  x.  to  s.  Mission  on  aplniii 
1  1.  by  .5  1.,  surrounded  by  mountains  4-0  1.  off  on  the  K.,  .5  1.  on  s.,  \vi;li 
low  hills  on  w.  extending  to  the  sea  0-7  1.  In  the  w.  N.  w.,  .3-4  1.  i.s  Anttmio 
Castro's  rancho  (IVijaro),  and  3  1.  x.  K.,  Mariano  Castro's  rancho  of  Las  Ani- 
mas; 4.25  1.  X.  E.  is  Ortega's  rancho  of  S.  Isidro.  Good  soil  Init  scarce 
water.  J/;s/o»('-.',  Cmvl.  de.  Edados,  MS.,  250-1,  .302-3.  According  to  a 
I'cport  of  1828  the  mission  had  in  the  e.  a  sheep-rancho,  another  in  the  n.  i.. 
jind  2  in  the  x.  x.  E.,  one  of  the  latter,  3  1.  on  the  way  to  S.  Francisco,  hav- 
ing a  sulj)hur  .spring  and  deposits  of  hrra;  w.  N.  w.,  3  1.  off  are  2  sheep- 
rauchos  adjoining  the  lands  of  tlic  Picos,  Castros,  and  Vallejos  on  the  IVijaro. 
s.  w  ,  0  1.  off,  is  Kspinosa's  rancho  of  San  Miguel;  a.  .s.  e.  the  mission  has  in 


SANTA  CllUZ. 


625 


At  Santa  Cruz,  still  in  the  military  jurisdiction  ol' 
San  Fi'ancisco,  Luis  Ciil  y  Taboada  was  the  minister 
until  1830.  Tho  throe  new-comers,  Antonio  and  Jose 
Joaquin  Jimeno  and  Juan  Moreno,  were  here  much 
of  the  time  in  1827-30,  Jcxiquin  Jimeno  beinjjf  the 
minister  in  charge  at  the  end  of  the  decade.  Padie 
OUx's  had  retired  to  his  collcLre  in  1821.  He  was  the 
oidy  I'riar  who  retired  legitimately  during  this  period.-^ 
roj)ulation  declined  rapidly  here  as  elsewhere;  but  in 
live-stock  Santa  Cruz  nearly  held  its  own,  while  in 
agriculture  it  actually  showed  a  gain  over  the  past 
decade,  the  average  crops  being  larger  than  those  of 
any  other  northern  mission  except  San  Jose.  Not- 
withstanding the  comparative  prosperity  of  the  mis- 
sion its  suppression  was  proposed  in  1823,  and  there 
even  seems  to  have  been  a  vote  of  the  dlputacion  in 
favor  of  it  for  reasons  which,  like  the  eilbrts  of  the 
padres  against  such  a  ste[),  are  not  very  clearly  re- 
corded, but  seem  to  have  grown  partially  out  of  the 

the  Ciifia'la  de  Xativiilad  .3  1.  ofi",  a  raucho  adjoining  the  Alisiil  of  Butrouand 
Nuiizal  of  Alviso.  8outli  is  a  groat  mountain  ciiiled  (iaviliin  from  wliich 
wutor  is  brouglit  in  a  ditch  for  irrigation.  /lV;/^s■^■r  of  Itramh,  MS.,  IS- 14. 

'--  I'amon  01bi''s  was  Ijorn  at  Atcca  in  Aragon,  Spain,  IVh.  S,  17S(j;  toolc 
tlic  lialtit  at  Zarayoza  Jan.  1,  1802,  and  arrived  at  San  Fernando  college  on 
•liiiie  10,  KSIO.  lie  started  for  California  July  1,  ISIl,  but  on  act^ount  of 
.sicknoss  and  troubles  arising  from  the  insurrection  he  did  not  reach  hi.s  des- 
tiiKiticm  until  a  year  later,  lie  served  at  Sta  Inc's  in  1812-11?;  at  Sta  H/irbara 
ill  IS|;J-1U;  at  S.  Luis  Ucy  in  ISIO-IS;  and  at  Sta  Cruz  from  .lune  IHKS  to 
Xoveinber  1821.  Olbes  was  regarded  by  his  superiors  as  having  nnich  al)ility 
iiiid  energy;  but  his  usefulness  as  a  missionary  was  seriously  impaired  by  his 
liiful  and  eccentric  moods,  amounting  at  times  almost  to  insanity,  and  result- 
ing partially  perliaps  from  ill-health.  Much  of  his  time  was  s]ient  during  his 
iiiiuistryat  Sta  Cruz  in  peevish  ravings  against  the  settlers  of  ISranciforteaiid 
;i'-;ainst  the  provincial  autliorities  who  would  not  take  his  part  in  the  ijuarrel. 
liven  his  sermims  were  not  entirely  free  from  his  pet  grievance.  His  eecen- 
tiic  conduct  at  the  time  of  the  Bouehanl  affair  has  been  noticed  elsewhere, 
t-'iap.  xi.;  (JUh':',  Car/cix  »ihi-p.  cl  Tnniuho  i/c.  ,S/u  (.'riiz,  JS/S,  MS.  Investiga- 
tiiu  of  cliarges  against  the  padre  of  having  preached  a  seditious  sermon  in 
J)'lil.  St.  Pup-,  i^<'ii-  '^f<l-<  ^I>'^..  1-  17-10.  In  his  treatment  of  the  Indians 
Ik'  varied  from  extravagant  generosity  and  indulgence  to  excessive  cruelty. 
Asisara,.iin  cx-ncophytc  of  Sta  Cruz,  in  Ainm/or,  Mcmorinn,  MS.,  says  tlio 
padre  would  on  a  feast-day  give  the  Indians  100  ciie.eses,  a  barrel  of  molasses, 
and  other  things  in  proportion;  butf(jr  the  slightest  olVenci!  in  hisdark  moods, 
."'.)  blows  on  tho  belly  awaited  tlie  culprit.  Asisara  tells  many  stories  of  the 
friar's  peculiarities  whicli  hardly  merit  reproduction  hero.  Respecting  tho 
ii'tirement  of  Olbes  we  cnly  know  that  the  license  was  r'ranted  for  ill-health. 


'ilohioij.  Aiitoij.  dc  los  PP.,  M.S.,  40.");  Sarnd,  Infon/ie  m'lir  Fi 


■i2~:h  Arch.  Sla  IS.,  MS.,  iii.  i:i7;  x.  432:  Arrh.  Mi 


■iiuiies, 


MS. 


4sr.;  1 


.MS., 

roc. 


y,'. 


M.S.,  \i.  :\r>;  xii.  122.  ir)7-! 

HIST.  Cal.,  Vol.  II.    10 


iMfl 


62C 


MONTE.'IEY  DISTRICT. 


mission  claim  for  the  ranclio  of  Salsipucdcs.  Maiiv 
vessels  touched  at  this  laiidiiig,  where  as  at  the  otlur 
way-ports  visits  of  forei*.'!!  traders  were  at  diflercnt 
times  j)ermittcd  and  forbidden;  and  among  others  the 
Ileros  in  1827;  but  Captain  Duhaut-Cilly  confines  his 
description  to  natural  features."^ 


-m 


The  Villa  de  Branciforte  doubled  its  population  in 
this  decade,  having  about  150  inhabitants  in  IS.'JO. 
Tliere  is  a  complete  list  of  the  32  citizens,  four  (»! 
whom  were  foreigners,  with  the  names  of  every  mem- 
ber of  their  respective  families  in  1828 — 153  persons 
in  all.  The  villa,  not  having  a  sufficient  population 
for  an  ayuntaniiento  of  its  own,  was  attached  in  18 "J  J 
to  the  civil  jurisdiction  of  San  Jose;  and  with  th;it 
pueblo  was  transferred  in  1 820  from  the  military  juris- 
diction of  Monterey  to  that  of  San  Francisco;  but  in 

''Oath  of  padres  and  neophytes  to  tlic  independence,  April  21,  IS'J'l 
chap.  xxi.  7.  Correspondence  respecting  the  proposed  suppression  of  tin: 
mission,  cliap.  xxii. ;  Arch.  S/a  B.,  MS.,  xii.  30!-'2;  Arch.  Arzob.,  MS.,  iv. 
pt.  ii.  f),  12.  Dec.  31,  1824,  Gil  writes  that  the  rainfall  has  been  greater  tlian 
over  before,  for  21  years  at  least.  Much  damage  was  done  to  gardens  and  Id 
buildings,  including  the  church  which  threatened  ruin  as  no  laborers  wci  (■ 
obtfiinablo  for  repairs.  Sta  Cruz,  Arch.,  MS.,  12-13.  In  1825  the  jiadre  was 
ordered  to  abstain  from  all  dealings  with  vessels  on  the  coast.  He  ansv\er( d 
that  he  would  obey,  but  had  supposed  his  mission  included  in  the  port  uf 
Monterey  and  therefore  open.  Arch.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  ii.  149.  1827,  visit 
of  Duliaut-L'illy.  Viugijio,  i.  247-52;  ii.  93.  Statistics:  Decease  in  popula- 
tion, 401  to  320.  Baptisms,  274;  largest  number,  91  in  1821;  smallest,  1(J  in 
1829.  Deaths,  417;  largest  number,  02  in  1828;  smallest,  29  in  18.30.  J>l- 
crcaso  in  large  stock,  3,492  to  3,303;  horses  and  mules,  492  to  303;  shci|i, 
5,700  to  4,827.  Largest  crop,  7,350  bushels  in  1821;  smallest,  1,074  in  18211; 
average,  3,708;  of  which  1,410  wheat,  yield  14  fold;  474  barley,  17  fold;  1,2I.S 
corn,  193  fold;  441  beans,  108  fold.  I  have  the  original  statistical  reports  Dt 
Sta  Cruz  for  nearly  every  year  in  Arch.  Misiones,  MS.  The  number  of  fugi- 
tives in  1825  is  given  as  31.  Arch.  Sta  B.,  MS.,  ix.  500-1.  Gil  writes  that 
the  Indians  were  all  im^jregnated  with  venereal  disease,  so  tluvt  the  slightest 
change  in  the  temperature  prostrated  them  and  00  or  80  were  sick  at  the  siiiiic 
time.  Doc.  IliM.  Val.,  MS.,  iv.  774.  Here  as  at  other  missions  an  Indian 
ayuntamiento  was  chosen  in  1823.  Arch.  Arzob.,  MS.,  iv.pt.  ii.  (478).  Taxis 
on  mission  produce  in  the  later  years  were  about  !?380  per  year.  Supplies  to 
the  escolta  averaged  about  §35  per  month.  Full  accounts  with  presidio  fir 
most  months  in  Vullcjo,  Doc.  1114.  Val.,  xvii.-xx.  xxviii.-ix.  Amount  of  sup- 
plies 1821-30,  except  1817,  .^5,090. 

Missi(m  lands  extend  3  miles  N.  to  s.  and  7-9  1.  E.  to  w.,  though  only  3 
miles  arc  useful.  Crops  moi'c  than  suffice  for  neopliytes,  lea\ing  a  surplus  f^r 
the  presidio.  Xo  lands  for  the  further  extension  of  agriculture;  grasshopptis 
and  insects  very  Ijad.  M!sio)ic.i,  Ctiad.  de  EMudoa,  lS2.i,  MS.,  305-0.  '\'\\<- 
rancho  Matadero  and  the  rancho  Punta  are  mentioned  in  the  live-stock  re- 
ports. 


BRANCIFORTE. 


027 


1R28  it  was  detached  from  Sau  Jose,  together  with 
the  raiichos  of  San  Isidro  and  Law  Aiiimas,  becoin- 
uvj;  again  «uhjeet  to  the  <  ivil  and  niihtary  autliorities 
(iC  Monterey.  I  find  no  evidence  that  the  otiice  of 
coniisionado  was  continued  after  1819,  but  there  was 
always  an  alcalde  of  subordinate  rank.  During  the 
lii'st  lialf  of  the  decade  v,"  have  the  name  of  the  alcalde 
jnr  1822  only — Serafin  Pinto;  but  the  office  was  Ik  !  I 
in  182G  by  Jose  Joaquin  Buelna;  in  1827,  by  Seraiin 
I'into;  in  1828,  l)y  Canuto  Boronda;  in  18o0  b}'  Fran- 
cisco Rodriguez.  I>cyond  the  figures  of  pojiulation 
there  are  no  statistics  extant,  except  to  the  effect  that 
the  rillanos  owned  about  2,500  head  of  cattle  in  1830; 
and  as  for  events,  only  one  or  two  slight  items  of 
criminality  are  recorded,  the  most  interesting  case 
being  that  of  a  citizen  who  was  accused  of  .slandering 
Father  Gil.'* 


'^'On  population  see  ]ifigio)ir/<,  Ciiad.  de  Estudo!<,  MS.,  2.").3;  SV.  Pap.  Mixs., 
5IS.,  vi.  7-8;  Vallcja,  Doc.  Jflst.  Vai.,  MS.,  xviii.  '201;  IC/VA-m' jN'ro-.,  v.  .Vi.l; 
JSdiiiliiit,  Dor.  Ilixt.  VuL,  MS.,  (i;  SidClard,  I'arrnijuin,  MS.,  flT-S;  Drjit.Sl. 
Pup.,  MS.,  i,  l!)-'2fl;  and  the  lists  in  Id.,  ii.  70,  74-.">,  from  wliicli  I  take  tho 
following  names  of  citizens,  omitting  those  of  women  and  cliildren: 


.losti  C.  Boronda, 
Juan  Jos6  Castro, 
Miguel  Villagrana, 
Joaquin  Pinto, 
Joso  Maria  Perez, 
Jos6  Maria  Solar, 
Luis  Gareia, 
Julian  Wilson, 
Francisco  Gonzalez, 
Jos6  Bolcof, 
Francisco  Juarez, 


Joaquin  Buehia, 
Jose  Maria  Juarez, 
Juan  Pinto, 
Joaquin  Castro, 
Martin  Vela, 
Josi!  llamirez, 
Mai'cos  Amador, 
Samuel  (Buckle), 
William  (Buckle), 
Francisco  Soria, 


Juan  Jos 6  Felix, 
Francisco  llodrigucz, 
Jos(5  Antonio  Koldes, 
Roman  Rodriguez, 
Joaquin  Soto, 
Manuel  Montero, 
Manuel  Tego, 
•Joacjuin  Juarez, 
Juan  Gonzalez, 
Macedouio  l^renzaua. 


Jaime  Mendoza, 
And  from  another  list,  apparently  additional:  Serafin  Pinto  and  Lnz  Garcia, 
On  the  successive  changes  of  civil  and  military  jurisdiction,  see  cliap.  xxi. 
."4;  S.  Josd,  Arch.,  MS.,  i.  oO;  JJcpt.  h'cc,  MS.,  iv.  'J.');  vi.  IS!);  Ji>iw/iiii,  Dor. 
Ilixt.  Cal.,  MS.,  8;  Drpt.  St.  Pup.,  JJtii.  Pnf.  yJiizij.,  MS.,  i.  ;j.");  Id.,  Bm. 
.Vil.,  Ivii.  '22.  In  1S'2H  Branciforto  is  described  as  bounded  by  the  bay  of 
Monterey  on  the  w. ,  by  Amesti's  ranclio  on  tho  s.,  by  Sta  Cruz  and  tiio 
Sicrrn  on  the  N'.,  and  on  tho  K.  by  Sta  (.'lara  Creek,  lidji-tlrr  of  Brumh,  Ms., 
20.  In  the  slander  case,  in  1824,  Jose  M.  Perez  was  accused  of  saying  to  tho 
iiiothcr-in-law  of  Gervasio  Soto  that  Padre  C!il  had  accused  all  che  women  of 
tho  villa  of  immoral  cemduct.  The  evidence  is  more  complicated  and  amus- 
iu'j;  than  convincing.  Dept.  St.  Pup.,  Ben.  Md.,  MS.,  Ivii.  '20-31.  In  IS27 
Joaquin  Castro  had  to  pay  afinc  of  $18  for  a  slap  or  two  and  some  blows  with 
a  stick  by  which  the  health  of  Macedonio  Lorenzana  was  impaired.  Dept. 
Utc,  MS.,  V.  72. 


CHAPTER  XXVIII. 

ROSS    AND    THE    RUSSIANS. 
1821-1830. 


I -i  ">  t    •  I- 


K  \\\ 


DKsntirTioN  of  Ross — Sitk  and  r.i-iLmsos — Poitlation  and  System— 

I'ISTAIILISHMENT  AT  THE  FAUALLONKS—OTThU-HIINTlNli  —  STATISTICS  - 
TUADE   IN   C'AUFOUNIAN   PoUTS— KXI'OUTS— AdKIfULTURE — St(h;k-kais- 

iNi: — IsDrsTiUKs— Siiu>-iniLi)i\(i- lJiiiLHK!iiAi'iiv  OF  Ross— (.'into Ml- 
LOdio  Record,  IS'Jl-ItO— Russian  Policy — Feaus  in  Mexico— Sciimiijt 
Succeeds  Kuskof — Vessels — The  CAN6Nitio  Fernandez  at  Ross,  and 
Results — Aiuii'ELi  o's  OiTer  Contract — Kotzeuue's  Visit— Solano-  - 

ZaVALISIIIN's  X'.CioTIATIONS — MEXICAN  PoLICY — FeaI.'S  OF  THE  .IlNTA  — 
EciIEANDfA  VS.  lirSSIANS— SUELIKIIOF  SUCCEEDS  SciIMIDT— SaLT  CON- 
TRACT— Fears  in  Soni  ra — VisiroF  Duiiaut-Cilly — Pattie's  Visit  — 
EcjieandIa's  QuestioN'-KostromitiNof  Manager. 

The  annals  of  tlio  colonvat  Ross  from  1821  to  18:10 
ill  rcsfiect  of  local  and  colonial  events,  or  so  far  as 
Russian  relations  with  8})ain,  Mexico,  and  California 
arc  concerned,  require  but  a  coin[)aratively  brief  treat- 
ment. Rut  there  may  ap})ro|)riatcly  bo  added  a  gen- 
eral descrij)tioii  of  the  Russian  establishment,  with  a 
statistical  view  of  its  condition  and  proj^ross  in  resj)e(t 
of  its  dilferent  industries  during  the  whole  jjcriod  of 
its  existence,  from  1812  to  1841,  such  a  skctcli  as  J 
have  alludetl  to  in  a  former  chapter,'  and  such  a  one  as 
obviously  belongs  to  no  one  year  oi  decade  rather 
than  to  another.  I  begin  with  this  general  sketch, 
presenting  the  record  of  events  later  in  the  chapter. 

The  site  of  Ross,  on  the  seaboard  eight  or  ion  miles 
above  the  mouth  of  the  Russian  River,  was  a  toleia- 
bly  level  table  of  something  more  than  a  square  mile 

'See  chapter  xiii.  of  this  volume,  on  Russian  annals  of  1810-20. 

(028) 


A.M)  System— 

\ — Statistics— 
;K — St(k;k-uais- 

Ross — ClIliKMl- 
;XICO— ScilMlKT 
•;Z  AT  llltSS,  AM) 

isiT— Solano- - 

)F  TIIK  JlNTA  — 

[i)T— Sai.t  Con- 
ATTiii's  Visit— 


DESCP.IPTIOX  OF  ROSS. 


Ill  extent,  toriiiinatiiii^  on  the  sca-shorc  in  a  precipice 
of  seventy  feet,  and  so  proteetcd  naturally  hy  ravuies 
(III  the  other  sides  as  to  be  oC  difHeult  acc(»ss  to  an 
(  neiuy.  All  the  struetures  o['  the  establishment  were 
i>{'  ledwood,  exc;e|it  a  few  earthen  huts  of  the  Indians. 
( )ii  the  plateau  near  the  shore  was  a  quadrant^ular 
enclosure  of  about  250  by  300  feet,  its  ani,dc's  very 
nearly  facini^  the   cardinal   points,  formed  of  thick 


Russian  Settlements. 

beams  set  upright  in  the  ground,  twelve  or  fifteen  feet 
high  and  surmounted  by  a  horizontal  beam  on  which 
was  a  kind  of  c/tcvaux-dc-frise  of  wooden  and  iron 
points.  The  stockade  was  conveniently  pierced  witli 
loop-holes  especially  near  the  gateways,  on  three  at 
least  of  the  four  sides;  while  at  the  corners  diagonally 
opposite  and  facing  approximately  the  north  and  south 
there  were  hexagonal  towers,  or  block-houses,  simi- 
larly pierced,  connnanding  the  whole  structure,  and 
terminating  in  a  liigh  sharp  roof.     In  these  towers, 


1 

niH 

jtii 

n 

1 

m\ 

ijIBil 

111^  1 

;i|||i 

H 


•1;;:^' 
I  P 


:\  \\-^M 


830 


ROSS  AND  THE  RUSSLWS. 


as  at  the  entrances,  and  witliin  the  enclosure  on  car- 
riages, caiuion  were  mounted.^  Thus  the  i)rescnc(_'  of 
these  guns,  with  the  natural  strenijth  of  the  site  and 
the  strict  system  of  sentinels  and  drill  never  relaxed, 
gave  to  Ross  the  appearance  of  a  military  fortress 
lather  than  a  fur-hunting  and  trading  post.  The  for- 
tress was  impregnable  to  the  aborigines  and  even  to 
any  force  the  Spanish  Californians  could  have  brouglit 
aijainst  it;  but  the  occasion  never  arose  of  testini:^  its 
stren^rth  aojainst  either  foe.  Within  the  nuadraiiulo 
were  the  commandant's  house,  the  officers  quarters, 
barracks  for  the  Russian  employes,  a  chapel,  and  vari- 
ous storehouses  and  domes4^ic  otHces.  Some  of  these 
buildings  were  of  two  stories;  the  commandant's  house 
had  glass  windows  and  was  comfortably  furnished;  tie 
chapel  was  decorated  with  paintings;  and  all  are  de 
scribed  as  having  presented  a  very  neat  appearance. 
A  well  supplied  water  for  cases  of  emergency,  thougli 
the  stream  in  the  ravine  furnished  a  supply  for  ordi- 
nary uses.  Outside  the  stockade  on  the  plateau  were 
the  huts  of  the  Aleuts  and  natives,  wdiich  they  built 
for  themselves  mostly  of  redwood,  and  which  tluy 
even  made  more  or  less  effort  to  keep  clean  in  imita- 
tion of  the  Russians;  and  .scattered  in  the  immediate 
^  icinity  were  a  windmill,  farm  buildings,  granaries, 
cattle-yards,  a  tannery,  and  work-shops  for  the  various 
industries  cari'ied  on.  Bej'ond  lay  the  vegetable  gar- 
dens. Down  at  tlie  foot  of  the  cliff  on  the  beach  at 
the  mouth  of  the  southern  barranca  was  a  small 
wharf  and  boat-landing,  a  shed  for  the  protection  of 
the  skin  boats,  another  for  storin<x  lumber  and  I'oi' 
work  connected  with  the  building  of  vessels,  a  black 
smith's  shop,  and  finally  a  bath-house  wheie  the  Rus 
siaa  might  steam  himself  as  was  the  custcmi  in  his 
country.  At  Bodega — the  port  of  the  Russian  ( ;  tal»- 
lishment,  for  there  was  no  safe  anchorage  at  Loss — 
there  were   some  warehouses;   and  at  the  Iialf-way 

-'  Kuskuf  liroii^'lit  ciglit  pioccs  of  .'irtillcry  in  1SI2,  wliirli  iminbcr  wns  komm 
iucrt'UHi'il  to  15  or  '20,  uucl  even  to  40  of  v.iiious  calibre  by  1841  us  it  acciiis. 


rOPULATIOX. 


GSl 


point,  on  or  near  tlie  rivi-r,  tlioro  was  a  station,  oocu- 
j)ie(l  like  that  on  the  bay  by  a  few  .servauts  of  the 
company.^ 

So  far  as  I  can  iiidtre  frt-in  the  coi,  "^Heated  and 
contradictory  statements  of  different  writers,  Russia;; 
and  foreii^n,  there  were  at  Iloss  aftei'  the  foundation 
was   fairly  effected,   from   25   to   1.0  men  of  llii.5-;ian 

'  I  make  no  attempt  to  notice  the  many  iliscropanci..^  l'„twccn  authoritios 
respecting  the  dimfuriiins  of  the  stockjido,  licight  of  th.' cliff,  etc.  Duhiiut- 
''ill}%  I'idijf/io,  ii.  174-0,  gives  a  view  of  tlic  fort  anl  .:iirrouudiiigs  as  tlicy 
njipenrcd  in  IS'JS,  from  a  stanilpoint  cast  of  t!.o  lort;  and  I  liavc  licforc  mo  a 
iii.iiogra]ih  of  Lite  d."te  from  about  the  same  point  of  view.  Iiigcrsoll,  //(  c 
/;,ihr  io(/  Loij;i/ii;/  L'mnj),  in  J/ar/tcr'n  J/".'/.,  Ixvi.  101-."),  gives  a  gcnc-il  vi(;w 
f:om  the  Houtlicru  ravine  of  the  fort  as  it  appeared  in  18.S2.  Tiie  thrji;  views 
iigrc(!  Well  enough,  cxce]>t  tiiat  tiie  last  does  not  indicate  a  ])recipiti>us  descent 
t  )  the  sea.  Ingersr.l  also  gives  views  oi  the  o'  I  chapel  and  the  old  hlock- 
lionse,  in  the  oast  and  stAith  corners  respectively  of  tiic  stockade.  Ho  says 
tlK!  chapel  was  in  the  .s.  k.  corner,  serving  as  an  a^ldit-'onal  tower  for  defence, 
;:iid  this  is  also  .shown  hy  the  drawings  of  the  ruins.  IVitechin,  .sV7(7/(V  J!".-'S, 
Ci,  wh(j  gives  a  careful  description,  speaks  of  )1(>  steps  leading  up  from  the 
liarrauca.  According  to  Tikhnienef,  I,<toi:  Olmsranic,  208-l'2,  the  Indians 
li'.iilt  their  huts  where  they  |>leascd  and  not  in  retridar  street':-.  (loloMiin, 
I  '  ,'M7''.  1 '"ii  speaks  of  the  well  inside  the  fort.  Khlelmikof,  Z"pisl-i.  1.">7-S, 
1")!',  100,  says  the  Ijuildings  were  all  completed  in  l.sll.  (Jabriel  Mora,,'a 
iiftcr  his  visit  nf  1814,  I'ruc.  fiK  P'ijk,  M.S.,  xix.  ,'i(i(i-7,  gave  an  accinvitc  de- 
seiiption  of  Koss.  (iervasio  Argiiello,  Oltsfrrncioiirn,  MS., 'Jli-.H,  gave  a  still 
mni'c  minute  one  in  IsKi.  lie  found  seven  huildiuga  in  the  s(juare.  There  were 
;)7  huts  for  Aleuts,  47  skin-hoats  scon.  Site  two  mil  's  long  and  less  than  one 
mile  wide.  Only  one  place  of  access.  Choris,  I  o//(;/c  I'ittorr.fqno,  pt.  iii. 
7.  8,  unfortunately  had  no  iip|rortunity  to  make  draw  ings  in  ISlI).  Itoiine- 
fi  nil,  I'di/rif/'',  30,  hrielly  di  srrihes  h.nrbor  and  site  in  1.S17.  Pnycrjis,  Xn>ir'ia-< 
s  ihrc  /iV'..s',  M.S.,  41'.)-'J."),  g.ave  a  minute  description  as  the  result  of  his  vis't 
V,  itii  Fernandez  in  1S'J2.  lb  >  ;  s  the  commandant's  house  had  three  floors 
.111(1  eight  rooms,  d(^scribef  the  i  thdiouse  in  which  lie  tried  a  stcam-batli, 
s;icaks  of  a  cemetery;  says  most  of  the  buddings  were  formed  by  placing 
s  |iiare  timliers  one  Ujion  another,  and  fni'ni.shed  with  steep  board  r.iofs. 
'I'here  is  nothing  reip.'ing  special  notice  in  Kotzelme's  description  of  I.Sl'1, 
.\'rc  I'oi/a;/:,  ii.  l'21-(i.  Vallejo,  lii/urtin'  T' srrvado  xohrc  cl  f-^tafilcrijiiicnl  >  ilt' 
.'.*')■■;,  ^I,'^.,  found  in  IS,'!.'?  two  \4arehouses  at  lioilega  in  care  of  :i  band  of  g<  ii- 
tiles.  At  the  fort  he  noted  a  water-power  mill  and  'j;5  e;innon,  counting  .".0 
baililings  outside  the  enclosure  and  0  witliin.  lU'  perhaps  he  means  ti)  say  ."iO 
ill  :dl.  lielcher.  Voi/tti/i'.  i.  .'{K}  Ki,  says  the  stpuire  had  but  one  entrance. 
'■■V  large  folding  gates  towanl  the  sea.  ]Ie  counted  "20  Aleut  huts,  and 
I  iticcd  the  buildings  in  the  lavine.  Laplace,  in  IS.'iO,  Voi/tif/i.i,  vi.  (iO-S(», 
I'  niid  Uoss  to  bear  a  strong  resemblance,  s.'ive  in  the  absence  of  women,  t  >  .a 
I  ii'iipeaii  farm.  Sutter,  Anln'/iiHint/i/iif.  M.S.,  'j;j-(),  describing  the  ]>lace  as 
i  ■  'anid  it  in  IS.'i!),  mentions  a  glass  hot-house,  and  he  speaks  of  the  farm 
1  t  >veen  Itoss  and  I'odeg.-i  with  (jne  of  the  two  houses  set  apart  f(>r  the  use  of 
t  i.cllers.  Mofras,  A'c/./o/y/Z/Vj//,  ii.  ].'),  brielly  describes  Uoss  in  1S4I;  and 
I  ;.-itings,  Kmii/rinit  (liiiilc,  104,  in  1S4'_'.  The  inventory  by  which  th(^  prop- 
I  ity  was  ollered  for  .sale  in  !,S4I  includi's  tlu^  following  items,  on  the  best  pos- 
Mbie  authority:  Si|Uim'o  fort  of  logs,  l.OSH  feet  in  eireiiniferi'nce,  IJ,  fei't  high, 
A\  itii  ■_'  towers;  coiniiiandiint's  hniise  of  logs  (oldK  ;i(i.\4.H  feet,  doubl.^  board 
roof,  0  rooms  with  corridor  and  kitchen:  <litto  (new)  of  logs,  'JlxlH  feet.  *) 
rooms  anil  corridor;  house  fm- revenue  olliccis, '22\(J0  feet,  10  rooms;  liarracks, 


if 


^n 


,  1 


632 


ROSS  AND  THE  RUSSIANS. 


blood,  and  from  50  to  120  Aleuts.  No  Russian  women 
came  to  California,  except  perhaps  the  wives  of  om; 
or  two  ofFicers  in  the  later  3'ears;  but  both  Russian:; 
and  Aleuts  married  or  cohabited  with  native  wonun, 
so  that  at  the  last  the  three  races  were  inextricahly 
mixed  in  the  population  of  Ross.  This  i)opulali(iii, 
including  the  native  Californians  who  became  per- 
manent residents,  may  be  estimated  as  having  varied 
from  150  to  400/  All  were  to  a  ccrtkiin  extent  in  tliu 
service  of  the  com[)any,  though  many  cultivated  small 
pieces  of  ground  and  traded  the  products  on  their  own 
account.  The  Russians  were  otHcers,  chiefs  of  hunt- 
ing parties,  and  mechanics;  the  Aleuts  were  hunters, 
fishermen,  and  laborers;  the  Californians  were  labor- 
ers and  servants;  all  were  to  a  certain  extent  farmers 
and  traders  and  soldiers.  The  Russians,  except  a  few 
officers,  were  originally  of  a  low  and  often  criminal 
class;  but  discipline  was  strict,  temptations  were  few, 


\W)'  I 


i  ■  !  ,,,1.1    11 


24x00  feet,  8  rooms;  .3  warehouses;  new  kituhcn;  jail;  chapel,  24x.3C  fctt, 
with  a  belfry;  and  a  well  \o  feuttlcep.  Outside  of  the  fort:  hlacks'iiith-sliop, 
tannery,  bath-house,  cooper's  shop,  bakery,  carpenter's  shop,  2  wiadniills  foi- 
grinding,  one  null  moved  by  animals,  tliree  thivshing  iloors,  a  well,  stabh, 
s!ieep-eot,  ho,i;-pen,  dairy-Uouse,  2  cow-stables,  corral,  10  slicds,  8  baths,  10 
kitchens,  and  2-1  houses,  nearly  every  one  Iiavini;  an  orcliard.  At  Kostro- 
niitinof  rancho,  house,  farm-buildings,  corral,  and  boat  for  crossing  the  river 
Slavianka.  At  Kiilebnikof  Rancho,  adobe  house,  fann-buildings,  bath,  ndll, 
corral.  At  Tschernich,  or  Don  Jorge's  rancho,  house,  stores,  fences,  etc. 
At  liodega,  warehouse,  30x00  feet,  3  small  houses,  bath,  ovens,  corrals.  7to.s.«', 
}'ro/)ii(fi/n  df  Vi'iila,  MS. 

In  tiio  Sonoma  Co.  If  int.,  30.3-78,  183,  is  a  long  description  of  the  estab- 
lishment written  apparently  from  a  personal  inspection  of  the  ruins,  and 
inform.itiou  given  Ity  an  old  settler.  There  are  many  interesting  details  ;d)iait 
the  buildings  and  methods  of  construction  for  which  I  have  no  space.  The 
size  of  the  qmidrauglc  is  given  as  288  by312f«.ct.  Nortli  of  this  \\aa  t!ie 
village  of  cabins;  also  wind-mill  and  stamp  for  grinding  bark.  One  of  tl:<*. 
Ujill-ttones  still  preserved.  South  of  the  ))uilding  in  the  guleli  was  another 
large  one  blown  down  in  the  storm  of  1S78.  The  cemetery  was  across  the 
gulch  eastward,  and  tradition  says  there  was  near  it  a  church  for  tlie  connnon 
people.  Traces  of  a  dozen  graves  yet  remain,  surmounted  l>y  a  wooden  struc- 
ture 1-ut  no  inscriptions.  A  road  graded  through  solid  rock  down  to  llie  shore, 
witli  iron  bolts  in  the  rock  to  which  wharf  timbei's  were  fastened.  Also  a  I'it 
for  sawing  lumber.  An  enclosure  of  live  acres  about  a  mile  east  of  the  f<ii  t, 
containing  an  orchard  still  bearing.  Remains  of  a  building  and  of  a  lighter 
at  Russian  gulch.  Old  settlers  sny  there  was  a  settlement  in  the  interior, 
just  north  of  Rodega  Corners;  no  traces  left.  The  pulilie  road  now  passes 
through  the  f)l(l  fort;  the  buildings  are  used  for  saloon,  liotel,  and  storehouse, 
the  chapel  for  a  stable,  and  the  bastions  for  jiig-sties. 

'  See  authorities  named  in  tlie  preceding  note.  Tuthill  and  Randolph  put 
the  total  at  800  in  1841. 


aiulolijh  p'.it 


COLONY  ROUTINE  AND  STATISTICS. 


633 


and  tlic  Rcttlcinont  was  always  qui(^t  aiul  orderly.  All 
classes  as  a  rule  preferred  lite  lu;re  to  that  in  tlu;  far 
north.  One  of  the  otficers  was  authorized  hy  the 
lii>ho[)  to  ba[)tize,  marry,  and  read  the  funeral  service, 
hut  1  find  no  inl'orination  respecting  a  chaplain  or 
ivi^ular  ehajKl  services.  The  food  of  the  n)asses  was 
liiigely  sea-lions  and  gulls  from  the  yarallones,  with 
fisli  and  game;  grain,  vegetahles,  and  beef  being  as  a 
rule  sold  for  the  northern  cstablislnnents.  The  general 
system  and  routine  observed  by  the  company  in  their 
trading  and  hunting  operations  as  in  their  relation  to 
employes,  uniform  in  all  the  Russian  American  colo- 
nies, is  fully  treated  in  my  Iliston/  (if  Alaska. 

From  1812  to  1840  the  Russians  kept  up  an  cstab- 
lislunent  at  the  Farallones  as  well  as  at  Ross.  The 
^lief  object  at  first  was  to  secure  fur-seals,  1,200  or 
!  jOO  skins  being  taken  annually  for  five  or  six  years, 
tliougli  Winship,  Gale,  Smith,  and  other  Americans 
had  taken  the  cream  of  this  natural  wealth  a  few  years 
larlier.  After  1818  the  seals  diminished  ra})idly  until 
(inly  200  or  300  per  year  could  be  caught,  and  the 
hiisiness  was  no  longer  jirofitable;  but  still  a  Russian 
with  from  six  to  ten  Aleuts  was  ke[)t  at  the  station 
to  kill  sea-lions  and  gulls,  collect  eggs,  and  pniparo 
the  products  of  this  industry  for  use  at  Ross  and 
Sitka.  Annually  from  5,000  to  50,000  gulls  and 
a])out  200  sea-lions  were  killed.  (31'  tlu;  latter  the 
skins  and  sinews  were  used  in  making  l>oats;  the  meat 
was  salted  or  dried  to  be  eaten  at  Ross;  the  bladders 
were  made  into  water-tight  sacks;  while  the  blubber 
was  tried  for  oil  used  both  as  food  and  for  lamps. 
Tiie  meat  of  gulls  and  other  birds  was  dried  for  food, 
and  the  down  was  also  saved  for  exportation.  The 
]iurty  lived  in  earthen  huts  on  the  storm-beaten  rocks. 
Five  or  six  times  a  year  bi(Larkas  were  sent  out  to 
the  station  to  carry  water  and  wood,  tln^'gh  oil-soaked 
hones  largely  took  the  ])lace  of  wood  for  <'ooking. 
Tile  same  boats  woidd  bring  back  meat,  oil.  and  sivins. 
The  trip  in  these  frail  vessels  was  often  long,  difficult, 


I'  '7  ^ 

Km 


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t 


■  n\ 


4  > 

i    ; 


if. 


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n 


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( 


.1 


634 


ROSS  AND  THE  RUSSIANS. 


and  ovon  dangerous  in  unfavoral)lo  weather.  Two 
bidarlcas  were  always  kept  at  the  islands.^ 

The  two  leading  objects  of  the  company  in  fouiid- 
in!>'  the  Calif'ornian  establishment  had  been,  as  the 
reader  is  well  aware,  fur-liunting  and  the  opening  of 
an  advantageous  trade  with  tlie  Spanisli  neighhors 
for  provisions.  Both  these  toi)ics,  and  especially  tliat 
of  trade,  have  from  their  very  nature  been  proniincut 
and  will  be  still  in  the  chronologic  narrative;  hut 
such  general  and  statistical  statements  as  are  accessi- 
l)le  may  well  be  presented  here.  It  was  always 
believed  by  the  Spanish  Californians,  and  often  l)y 
others,  that  the  company  was  deriving  an  immouso 
revenue  from  the  f'irs  taken  by  the  Koss  colony,  hut 
this  was  an  exaggerated  view.  The  post  was  proiit- 
able  in  this  respect  during  but  a  very  small  jiart  df 
its  existence,  if  at  all,  and  a  part  of  the  fur  yield  could 
have  been  obtained  quite  as  well  without  the  settle- 
ment. The  catch  on  the  New  vVlbion  coast,  in  a 
sense  the  legitimate  hunting-ground  of  the  Russians, 
never  gave  a  large  mai'gin  of  profit;  and,  even  with 
the  poaching  and  contract  operations  in  and  south  nf 
San  Francisco  Bay,  it  may  be  doubted  if  such  a 
margin  was  kept  up  much  later  than  1820." 

The  total  nundjcr  of  sea-otter  skins  definitely  re- 
corded as  having  been  obtained  in  California  by  the 

'Klil(''buikof,  Zaphki,  l")7-8,  gives  the  best  account  of  this  station  at  tlic 
Faranoiics.  Tikhnu'nof,  L-itor.  Oh' it.,  *20S-1'J,  barely  mentions  the  siilijcd. 
Diiliaut-Cilly,  Viaijuii),  ii.  177-0,  says  100  Kadiaks  were  uxiiiilly  kept  at  tlin 
islands.  Captain  Moirell  found  a  Russian  family  with  2.'J  Kadiaks  on  tlio 
Nortli  Farallon  in  May  ISi").  Morn  I/'. f  Xar.,  -JO!). 

''Khli'bnikof,  Zajiitl-i,  ii.  13S-9,  gives  statistics  of  the  sea-otter  catcli 
from  ISi'i  to  ISi.*},  and  Tikhmenef,  'htor.  0/w.<.,  i.  '211,  3:)7-!»,  from  1S24  t. 
1S;U,  asfoHows:  1812-14,  S77  skins;  1815,  l,-).-?;  1810,07;  1817,5");  1818,  i:!; 
ISIO,  71:  1820,  22;  1821,  .'«;  1822-.'],  4:i:  1824,  475;  1825,  .'iOO;  182(1,  2s7; 
1S27,  12:  1828,  1;  1S20,  23;  1830,  34;  1831,  112;  1832,  1;  18.33,  221;  18:il, 
255.  Total,  3,287  skins.  Tikhmenef  says  tliat  by  1817  the  otters  were  extci  ■ 
niinated  from  Trinidad  liay  down  to  San  Antonio  cove  near  San  Franciscn. 
Ifuntini;  otter  on  shares  in  the  south  was  given  up  before  1830;  and  no  fin- 
,'!eals  were  taken  at  the  Farallones  after  18.34.  From  1825  to  18.30  the  valiK! 
of  fur  cxiiorts  from  Ross  wjis  4,138  roubles.  In  Raranof,  Shi'iiropSsitaiiii',  147, 
the  catch  from  1812  to  1817  is  given  as  1,000  skins.  The  recorded  product  "f 
the  cfintraet  hunting  before  1812,  described  in  other  chapters,  was!), 181  skin-; 
while  the  hunting  (in  shares  in  lS24-()  yielded  1,144  skins.  According  to 
C/ioiin,  Voijiiiji   Pitt.,  ii.  7-8,  the  yearly  catch  was  2,000  otter.     Alvariulo, 


in  foniid- 
311,  as  tlio 
)ponii)<4'  of 

noio']il)ois 
ciully  that 
proiniiu'iit 
ativo;  hut 
re  access! - 
IS  always 
i  often  l)y 
I  immenso 
olony,  hut 
kvas  profit- 
ill  part  (if 
riekl  could 
the  settle- 
oast,  in  ;i 

Russians, 
even  wifli 
I  south  of 
it'  such  a 

initoly  re- 
ia  by  tli*' 

station  at  tlio 
tin;  ,sul)jc<t. 
ly  kept  at  tlu' 
idiaka  on  tliu 

a-ottor  catih 

from  18-21  t.. 

55;  181S,  K!; 

•0;  IS'Jd,  '2S7; 

•A,  '2-2\;  is:! I, 

I's  won;  extcr- 

an  Francisco. 

and  no  fur- 

S.'iO  thi'  viiliio 

liis.idilir,  117, 

I'll  product  I'f 

is'lJSl  Kl<iii~: 

According;  to 

Alvanulii, 


nUNTIXG  AND  TRADE. 


635 


company  is  about  IH.GOO.  There  is,  however,  no  rea- 
son to  regard  this  record  as  coni])]ete,  and  vahiablo  furs 
of  other  kinds  were  taken  in  considerable  quantities. 

Tlic  trade  for  supplies  to  be  consumed  in  tlie  far 
north  was  a  more  nrtjent  motive  Itv  far  than  the  cfot- 
tin;^^  of  furs,  and  in  this  respect  success  was  also  o-rcvittn-. 
Notwithstanding  the  obstacles  thrown  in  their  way, 
with  which  the  reader  is  familiar,  the  Russians 
obtained  with  tolerable  regularity  I'or  years  cargo 
alter  cargo  of  Californian  grain  and  otlier  provisions 
most  welcome  to  the  northern  posts,  and  purcha^ed 
with  goods  on  which  a  very  large  percentage  of  profit 
was  realized.  Moreover  for  a  time  they  had  this  eom- 
iiiercial  field,  such  as  it  was,  largely  to  themselves; 
hut  later,  when  under  INIexican  rule  the  ports  were 
tin-own  open,  heavy  duties  had  to  be  paid,  and  compe- 
tition with  traders  of  other  nations  not  only  reduced 
the  price  of  Russian  goods  and  raised  that  of  Califor- 
nian products,  but  so  exhausted  the  market  that  there 
Vicre  3'ears  when  the  compan3"'s  vessels  could  get  no 
cargo  short  of  Chile.  It  must  be  l)orne  in  mind,  liow- 
iver,  that  the  advantages  of  this  trade  were  not  alto- 
gether dependent  on  the  existence  of  a  settlenient 
nearer  than  Sitka.  I  append  some  statistical  and 
general  notes.'' 

As  the  hunt  for  otter  became  less  and  less  profit- 
!!l)le,  and  as  obstacles  interfered  with  perfect  success 
in  the  way  of  trade,  the  agents  of  the  company  turned 
their  attention  more  and  more  to  home  industries  at 
Ivoss.  Agriculture  was  naturally  one  of  the  most 
ini})ortant  of  these  industries,  and  results  in  this  branch 

Jli<t.  Cal.,  MS.,  ii.  11,  tells  us  thoro  were  mouths  ulien  2,500  skins,  worth 
?'.l(t'\Teli,  were  exported:  luid  Sini]isoii,  Xnrnitiv,  '2ii',),  says  that  in  ISM  t'J 
tiic  conipany  sent  to  iiKirUet  SO, 000  ,sea-ottev  skins,  (.'hainisso,  TJc/sc,  i.  l.'t'J, 
tnoklii.s  statement  from  Cliuristhat  'J, 000  .skins  per  year  were  sohl  at  an  aver- 
au'e  price  of  .?liO. 

'  Liitke,  Xurralire,  142-4,  gives  a  good  account  of  the  company's  trade  in 
e.ilifornia,  W'th  a\erage  prices  paid  foi'  p.odnce  down  to  1S25.  lie  says  the 
Nearly  ex|X)rts  averaged  S9,000  from  1S17  to  1S2'.).  Kidelmikof,  Zuji'isl.-i, 
7n  S4,  14tj-  7,  gives  a  nnich  more  complete  stiit<nicnt,  witli  full  price  lists  of 
^'ooils  sold  in  Califoniia  from  iSl.S  to  1825.  On  the  cargo  ot  the  Kuhiioj'  in 
1'>I7  2."i4  per  cent  of  prolit  was  clpare<l :  and  l.")0  ynv  cent  was  maile  on  otlu  r 
I  .iij^oes;  but  later  35  to  70  per  cent  \>  as  deemed  a  fair  gain,  since  sume  articles 


5    ( 


i 


i  f 


C3C 


ROSS  AND  THE  RUSSIAXS. 


arc  shown  more  or  less  couiplotely  in  a  note!"    Except 

hail  to  be  sold  neaily  down  to  cost.     This  author  gives  the  following  talilr  if 
provisions  obtained  in  California: 


1817 
1818 
1820 
1821 


1822 


1823 
1824 

1825 


At  San  Francisco,  per  KnliUof. 

Monterey  and  StaCruz,  pnv  Kutiisof. 
Mont(;n;y  and  StaCniz,  por  liulih'dvf. 

San  Francisco,  por  Colovnin 

Montoi-cy,  per  Kulusof. 

San  Francisco,  per  liuldiikof. 

Monterey,  per  Vohja 

Monterey,  per  IJulduko/ 

Sta,  Crnz,  I '«/;/« 

Monterey  and  Sta  Crnz,  per  liitrik.  . 

Monterey,  per  Jlnikaf 

S.  I'edro,  per  Iliili/dknf 

Monterey,  per  K'lukhla 

S.  l\Hlroand  S.  Francisco,  i>cr  Baikal. 

Total 


M'hoat. 
fan. 

358 
3,140 
1,370 

737 
1,100 
1,880 

129 
1,020 

520 

742 
1,317 
1,885 
1,510 

530 


ley. 
full. 


250 
500 
2.50 


300 


280 
200 


115 
400 


0 


I'ciuio 
mill 

Ileiiiia 
fun. 


109 

904 

103 

24 

300 


Flour, 
nrr. 


Tallow  ,llri..l 
ni"!  ,.'*ii;[l. 
Liiril. 


iirr. 


180     203 
114  1,08! 


iin-. 


24'J 


15 


25. 
152 

120. 
80, 


103 


101 


39. 


390 
20:! 
480 
258 

4 
3181 

0, 
1881 
510. 
140', 
2.58'. 


."140 

•2m 


l.so 
170 


10,310,2,307i  1,928,    815  4,123  l,.s7ll 


rotcehin,  Scloiic  liois,  14,  adds  for  1823  cargoes  of  the  FoAyct  and  Diihli'tlcf, 
amounting  to  1,208  fan.  wheat,  170  pciiso  and  beans,  200  barlej',  and  2.i() 
arrobas  of  tallow.  Tikhmencf,  Lftor.  Obos.,  i.  221,  342-4,  359,  gives  iiiui ![ 
larger  figures  for  1822,  viz.:  8,127  fan.  wheat,  1,458  pease  and  beans,  I.IU'J 
barley,  1,1.>5  arr.  floui',  3,200  tallow,  and  1,354  dried  meat.  Wlieat  cost  the 
lUiMHiaiiS  3  to  4.5  rubies  per  poud;  b.irlcy  nearly  4  rubles;  and  flour  iJmrt 
9  rubles.  The  shipments  for  1837  aiiionnted  to  about  87,300;  1838,  .^lO.OdO; 
1839,  .•J!10.000;  1840,  $:'.0.00();  1841,  §8,000.  I  attach,  however,  very  little 
value  ti.'  these  statistical  fragments. 

"  TaliK>  showing  \  ield  of  wheat  and  barley  from  1815  to  1829,  from  KhI-- 
buikof,  ZojHski,  150-9,  109. 


Sown. 

Harvest. 

■*    1825 
1826 

1827 
1828 
1829 

•    Total. 

Sown. 

Ilnrvest. 

Whcnt. 

Barley. 

Wheat. 

Barley. 

Wheat. 

Barley. 

'  Wheat. 

Barlrv. 

1815 
1810 
1817 
1818 
1819 
1820 
1821 
1822 

1823 

1824 

Pouils. 

5 

14 

15 

29 

31 

41 

37 

54 

57 

70 

114 

103 

217 

9 
24 

1 
11 

12 

8 
18 
15 

33 

J'uuils. 

8 

48 

8 

100 

94 

173 

235 

420 

418 

733 

1,118 

927 

1,200 

40 
04 
11 

20 
34 
97 

48 
88 

350'; 

I'ouil.s. 

201 
240 

428 
350 
507 
2.-)!» 
044 
220 
857 
280 

.      39 

04 

27 

80 

42 

143 

107 

107. 

1'iiikI.i. 
1,815 
1,8.30 
2,000 
1,010 
2,333 

953 
4,421 

004 
3,4.50 
1,114 

lOS 
3(1(1 
Sd 
OOlt 
Ml 
574 
50S 
42S 

4,779 

740 

25,084 

3,071 

e.' 

Exc-Cjit 

How 

ing  tiil)lc  .if 

lour. 

Tallow  ^Ilri.'.l 
anil     ,.M,;,i, 
Liird.  j 

arr. 

arr. 

arr. 

180 

20.'! 

lit 
•242 

i,o,s;i    .-,40 
3!)(»     -JiiO 

201! 

4S((     7'J',) 

io 

2.3)S 

•  •  .  . 

4 

103 

3181    ISO 

()' 

ioi 

1S8'     170 

r.io 

— 

140 

O.) 

81.-> 

4,123  l.STii 

1 

I  and  Diihjitl,,/, 
)arloy,  ami  'I'M) 
30,  gives  iiuir!i 
111  beaiLs,  1,IIIJ 
Wlieat  co.st  the 
1  ilour  ;'.lini;t 
838,  8I(1.()(«I; 
cr,  very  litilu 


\i 


29,  from  A'/,/.. 


Harvest. 


Vhcat. 

Burliy. 

1,815 

His 

1,830 

.301  i 

2,0(10 

8(1 

1,010 

(1011 

2,  .333 

141 

•153 

r>74 

4,421 

508 

004 

4'JS 

?,4r)0 



1,114 

i.084 


3.(iT( 


AGRICULTURE, 


C37 


;is  a  source  of  home  supi)ly  for  the  colony  it  was  not 
icLiarded  as  a  success.  The  land  in  the  iiniuediate 
^  icinity  of  the  fort  was  limited  in  extent  and  not  re- 
markably fertile,  while  the  prevalent  coast  fogs  caused 

The  j)oud  is  3G  lbs.  avoirdnpoi-s,  or  about  four  to  .a  fanoga.  After  1822  the 
(liiulilo  ligures  show  the  resiiltH  of  jilantiiig  both  by  tlie  ooiiiiiaiiy  and  by  (iri- 
vatf  per.sdiis.  Under  .Sli(''likof's  ndc  every  fertile  spot  of  sod  near  the  t'oi't 
was  eiiltivated,  ami  then'  were  lields  two  miles  away.  'I'iic  area  .''own  in  1S2H 
in  scattered  lields  is  estimated  at  about  175  acres.  I'lowing  and  planting 
vas  (lone  in  November  and  December  after  the  lirst  rains.  No  manuiinu'  e.\- 
ccjit  for  gardens,  etc.  ]5oth  oxen  and  horses  wurc  used  for  plowing,  and  iu 
some  rocky  spots  Indians  were  hired  to  dig  up  the  soil  with  spades.  \'ege- 
talile.s  were  raised  iu  iibundanee  in  the  gardens,  including  i)unipkin.s  and 
watermelons.  I'icklcd  beets  and  cabl)ages  were  sent  to  Sitka.  Potatoes  \\  ero 
jilanted  twice  in  a  year  but  the  yield  Avas  only  six  or  eight  to  a  hill.  Wild 
laust.ird-seed  was  giithezed  for  exportation.  Fruit  trees  did  ,vell.  The  first 
]iiacli-tree  brought  from  .S.  Francisco  in  1814  bore  in  1820.  Other  |)c;ieh-trei's 
\iere  brought  from  Monterey,  and  also  grape-vines  from  Lima  in  IS17.  tho 
latter  bearing  in  1823.  In  1820  100  trees,  upple,  pear,  cherry,  and  peach,  wero 
set  out,  bearing  in  1828.  The  fogs  were  so  dense  that  sometimes  for  three 
niiinths  the  sun  was  not  visible.  All  this  from  Khlehjiikof.  Tikhnienef, 
y.-Vo/-.  Ohos.,  i.  211,  220-1,  3.53-0,  ."(10-1,  gives  in  addition  the  following  items: 
The  .sowing  in  1813  was  05  lbs.,  harvest  105  lbs.;  1814,  200  and  .S82  lli.s.  For 
the  first  10  ye;ir.s  the  company  derived  no  adv.mtagi^  from  agriculture  at 
lloss,  save  some  little  aid  to  vessels.  ( Jreat  eflorts  were  mad'.'  and  great  results 
exi»ecLed  in  1820,  but  a  rust  destroyed  half  the  '.rop  oi  \\lieiit.  In  seven 
years,  1 82(J-33,  about  0.000  pouds  of  grain,  or  800  ponds  per  yi^ar,  weri^  shipped 
to  Sitka.  In  1821  the  field  of  operations  was  partially  trau.sferred  fiom  tho 
t'lLfgy  coast  to  sheltered  vales  further  inland,  but  on  account  of  the  inaccessi- 
bility of  the  fertile  .sjiots  and  other  reasons,  very  little  was  gained.  \\\  18,'>3 
V  ild  oats  sprang  up,  and  the  old  lields  had  to  be  p.istured  for  several  years. 
Miee  and  gophers  did  much  damage.  The  same  year  l>aron  Wrangcll  trans- 
ferred cultivation  to  tho  mouth  of  the  river,  with  much  success  for  two  yeans. 
Ill  18.35  and  1830  there  was  a  failure  of  crops.  All  hope  of  piolit  to  the  com- 
))any  hail  been  given  up  by  the  chief  administrator.  'J'lie  shipments  for  the  last 
Inir  years,  1837-40,  were  wiieat,  !),!tl8  ponds:  bread,  KjO  ]).;  barley,  03!)  ]).; 
lyc.  20  p.;  pease,  243  p.;  Inickwheat,  24(i  )).;  maize,  38  p.;  tobacco,  4.5  j)., 
besides  seed  of  ila\.  hemp,  nmstard,  and  popi)y.  I'oteehin,  S'lcnh  /''iss\  0-7, 
14-15,  says  the  yield  in  1S23  was  0,104  ])ouiis  of  m  heat  and  042  )i.  of  bailev. 
ALxrieultural  products  in  1820  were  worth  20,004  rubles;  1,S28,  3,(>IOr. ;  1,S2!>, 
10,233  r.-  1830,  3,007  r.  IVitatoes.  according  to  this  author,  sonietinies  yielded 
250  fold.  Zavalishin,  l)i  'o  o  Ka/oii!)/  Ifoss,  21-5,  notes  an  efl'ort  in  I'd  7  to 
bring  a  colony  of  25  pea.'^^aiit  farmers  fre)ni  Itussia;  and  he  i|uotcs  .si'veral  rc- 
jMir's  in  which  the  want  of  success  at  Ito.^s  is  ••ittributed  to  lack  of  skill  on  tho 
]iai't  of  the  farmers.  .\  l'ooiI  crop  in  IS2!)  and  a  failure  in  1S30  are  reported. 
(•olovnin,  Voifcitfr,  117-lS,  repoL'ts  in  au'riculture  no  smeess  down  to  IsIS, 
except  in  vegetables.  Potatoes  in  Ku.skot"s  gardens  yieldeil  100  fold,  and  at 
llodeu'a  sometimes  2(X)  fold.  Vidlejo,  Inj'orm'  Ui-xiriuido,  MS.,  fomid  in  |S33 
that  wheat  was  vieldinu  only  eight  to  one.  A  piece  of  ground  hail  been  cul- 
tivated on  Tamalaiiiea  Creek,  three  leagues  fifim  P.oile'j;a,  and  5  1.  from  Uoss, 
lilt  had  been  abandoned  on  tlie  remonstrance  of  the  comainlaiite  at  Saa 
1  raneisco.  The  invi  ntorv  of  1S41,  Unsx,  /'riijuiotti  ili'  V< iihi,  MS.,  names 
tliitie  ranc  ,os:    the  Kostr.miitinof,  Khlel>niki>f,  and  (iorgv"s,  a  Iruit-oiehard 


.1x141  feet,   with  200  trees,  of  v.liieh  207  wi 


-■.  trt 


k 


w  trees  to  nearly  iverv  linise;  aui 


ipple 


nother  sniallone  with 


d  a  f 


cw  Miles. 


Tl 


lere  was  lain 


lor  sowing   175  f.inegas  at  the  fort  al!  f( 


d;    too   acres  at   Kostr 


I 

itiiiof 


laucho  on  the  river;  sowing  land  fi'r  .'lO  fanegas,  and  also  2,000  vines  at 


1,, 

1 

( 

:1s ' 

'  ■'  "  .1) 

'i»i^:4 

•  'J 

038 


ROSS  AND  THE  RUSSIANS. 


grain  to  rust.  Goj)hcrs,  squirrels,  and  mice  wcie 
troublesonio  posts.  Tillable  soil  was  only  to  be  lound 
in  small  spots  difficult  of  access.  Wild  oats  sjjraiin  i4> 
in  the  old  fields,  which  were,  moreover,  exhausted  liy 
constant  croj)ping.  True  there  were  broad  and  I'c  rtilc 
yrain-lands  in  tlie  interior,  the  occupation  of  wliirh 
the  S|)anish  Californians  could  not  have  prevented  as 
the  Ilussians  well  knew;  but  to  have  occupied  tlidse 
lands  a<j;ainst  the  will  of  their  neighbors  would  have 
endangered  the  profits  of  the  Californian  trade,  espe- 
cially after  1823.  Besides,  there  was  another  reason 
for  agricultural  failure  in  the  stupidity  and  ignoraiico 
of  both  Russians  and  Aleuts,  who  were  perhajis  ihc 
worst  fanners  in  the  woi-ld.  Each  farmed  in  his  own 
way,  which  was,  if  possible,  a  little  worse  than  that  of 
anoth(!r,  so  far  as  we  niay  judge;  from  results  and  i'loni 
frequent  complaints.  They  accomplished  very  little, 
as  had  to  be  admitted,  even  in  com])arison  with  tliu 
neopliytes.  The  yield  of  wheat  on  an  average  was 
oidy  tive  fold,  and  of  barley  the  same.  Ten  fold  was 
the  highest  result  in  any  one  year.  The  officers  woii; 
discouraged  before  1830,  but  efforts  were  kc[)t  up  witli 
irregular  results  until  the  end.  Vegetables  and  fruits 
did  better  than  grain,  but  only  small  quantities  of  the 
product  were  ever  utilized  for  exportation  to  Sitka. 

Stock-raising  proved  hardly  more  i)rofitable,  in  juo- 
portion  to  what  was  expected  of  it,  than  agricultiu'c, 
owing  to  the  lack  of  pasturage  near  the  fort,  and  tlw 
inqxjssibility  of  herding  the  cattle  effectually'  on  the 
vast  ranges  over  which  they  strayed  during  half  the 
year."     A  considerable  quantity,  however,  of  salt  biot", 

Gorgy's  r.anclio.  Bolclior,  Voi/aije,  i.  ■'ilS-lO,  in  ISH?  mentioned  a  ninlin 
Letweeu  I'oss  and  Txidega,  cliiimed  by  a  (■'i-dtvcuit  Englishman  '!>.  (loivy'ri, 
yieldinj,'  ;t,(X)0  lui-sluLs  in  jjood  years.  lUdwell,  Ji'ecolkctioiix,  04-(!,  nieuiii'iiif 
J).  <ie()i'gu's  vineyard  in  1S41,  and  also  100  apple  trees,  and  4'^  or  oO  vines  r.t 
tlie  fort. 

9  Horned  eattle  were  almnt  (10  in  1S17,  iSO  in  1821,  iV20  in  1S'20,  T-'O  in 
IS.^.'!,  and  1,700  in  1.S41;  liorses  inereased  from  10  in  1817  to  'J^.O  in  l.vJ'.i.  li:> 
in  lS;!;i,  and  1100  in  IS-II;  there  Mere  100  sheep  ai  l,sl7,  SOOin  1S-J_>,  (d  I  in 
IS'20,  OO,')  in  is:!.'},  and  000  in  1.S41;  and  swino  niniiherc.l  124  in  1821  and  10(1 
in  1820.  lietween  1822  and  182:1  tiiere  seinis  to  h;i\f  lieen  a  set-hack  in  ,ill 
kinds  of  live-stock.     The  Uesh  of  swiiie  was  spoiled  hy  their  feeding  on  nius- 


MANUFACTURES  AND  SniP-BUILDING. 


630 


luittcr,  and  leatlier  was  sent  ovory  year  to  Sitka  after 
cldiiiestic  wants  had  been  sn[)plii!d;  and  at  the  last  the 
(•(.nipany  had  about  2,000  cattle,  1,000  horses  and 
mules,  and  1,000  sheep  to  sell  with  the  establishment. 
Tlio  first  livo-st(H'k  was  obtained  from  Californians, 
not  without  some  difficultv  in  the  case  of  breedinuf- 
animals,  which,  as  then;  is  some  reason  to  suppose, 
were  secured  throuufh  the  aid  of  the  Indians. 

There  was  hardly  any  article  of  wood,  iron,  or 
leather  which  the  mechanics  of  Iloss  in  the  early 
years  could  not  make  of  a  quality  sufficiently  ^'ood 
I'or  the  California  market,  and  to  the  very  last  they 
leceived  i'requent  a[)[»lications  from  the  Spaniards. 
J)ut  in  the  later  years  many  minor  articles  were  more 
clieaply  obtained  from  American  and  English  traders. 
Several  boats  were  built  for  Spanish  officers  or  friars. 
Timber  and  tiles  were  not  o\\\y  sent  south,  but  north, 
and  even  in  some  instances  to  the  Sandwich  Islands. 
Pine  [)itch  was  also  sent  to  Sitka  in  considerable 
(piantities,  in  barrels  which,  like  those  for  meat  and 
(»1her  exi)orts,  were  made  b}'  the  Ross  coopei's.  All 
these  industries  were  of  course  by  reason  of  the  lim- 
ited market  more  useful  than  })rofitable. 

Ai^ain,  shi})-building,  an  industry  for  which  the 
abundance  of  timber  in  tlie  vicinity  seemed  to  promise 
great  results,  proved  in  tlie  end  only  an  cx[)ensivG 
failure.  The  wood,  not  well  fitted  perha})s  Ibr  the 
imrpose  in  tlie  first  place,  was  not  properly  seasoncjd 
liefore  being  used,  and  the  workmen  had  not  sutK- 
cient    skill   or    experience.      In   vain    ledwood,   pine, 

wis  and  pea-lion  meat.  There  wore  about  .")0  imiles  in  1S41.  A  few  liorsrs, 
luit  uhielly  oxen,  were  used  for  worli.  Many  cattle  were  killed  liy  hears  and 
Indians.  Hulk  used  to  come  in  to  the  fort  with  lacerated  llesh  and  hloody 
imi  lis  after  encounters  witli  liears.  In  the  last  I.")  years  "Jld.OOO  llis.  of  salt 
liicf  and  17, 0(H)  Ihs.  of  Imtter  Mere  sent  to  SitUa,  Wry  little  tallow  was 
.^aveil,  as  the  cattle  were  not  killed  when  fat.  JjiUterliroULlht  aliuut  'M  cents 
Jirr  U).  in  Sitka.  Excellent  leather  was  tainied  and  exported.  Of  the  \\wi\ 
vrry  little  use  was  made,  since  weavinp  was  not  suecessfid.  1'he  total  jirod- 
Uit  in  good  j'ears  of  cattle  and  sheep  was  v;"hicd  at  S,()0((  ruhles.  See  Khiih- 
ii'hif,  Zaphki,  153-0;   Tikfimdncf,  iMor.   Oho.-i.,  i.  ;{.")(!-7;  Golarnin,   To//.,  IIS; 

'rn/.ii<  x/it 


I'liUrhln,  Sfic 


Rn-fi,  14—1");  ZurtiH.'ihiii,  Ikl"    )  Kd/.,  i24- 


1;  on  iiuis- 


,1.    V, 
177-9. 


iita,  MS.;  Bidicell's  lieKoUtctionif,  MS.,  6J-j;  Dnhuiil-tJil/i/,  Vlwjijht,  ii. 


iii^ 


I  ,.ii 


C40 


ROSS  AND  THE  RUSSIAXS. 


oak,  and  lanri'l  wore  put  to  the  tost;  tlie  vessels  Itiiilt 
iievei-  lasted  more  than  six  years,  and  wej-t;  in  a  Imd 
condition  loni,'  before  tliat  time  had  ela[>sed;  so  tliat 
in  tlui  end  it  was  found  (;liea[)er  to  buy  shi})s  of  tlic 
Anicrieans  tlian  to  build  them  at  Ross.  Yet  fuui' 
vessels  of  I'espeetabh;  dimensions  were  there  coii- 
st?'U('ted  and  launched  before  1824,  and  throe  of  tlnin. 
the  llnldiikof,  Vohja,  and  Kiaklita,  tlie  reader  niLvts 
\\\i)\'v  than  once  in  the  southern  ])orts.^"  I  have  thoULflit 
it  best  to  ])resent  here  a  list  of  the  Russian  autliori- 
ties  consulted  in  my  chapters  on  the  Ross  settlement, 
^vith  biblioq;ra])hical  notes,  which  are  very  brief  he- 
cause  most  of  the  works,  treating  in  general  of  thi,> 
]lussian  American  colonies  and  referrinu"  onlv  inci- 
dentally  to  Ross,  receive  more  extensive  descri])ti()ii 
in  connection  with  the  Jllsfori/  <>f  Alas'ha,  and  also 
because  the  character  of  the  dilferent  works  is  largilv 
indicated,  so  far  as  they  affect  California,  in  notes  and 
citations  scattered  through  the  four  chapters  do\'oted 
to  the  present  subject." 

'"The  schooner  f'oiimimif-.nf,  100  tons,  was  begun  in  181G  iinil  liuuiuhiil  in 
ISIS.  It  cost  'JO.'JIi!  fulilcs,  besides  liibor,  sailed  in  ISI!),  fuid  was  ii.selos  in 
IS:;^.  The  bri,!,'  Ijiildiih"/,  'JOO  tons,  was  begun  in  ISIO,  eopjier-bottoineil  ami 
laiinehed  in  IS'JO;  cost,  iirst  and  last,  Sl),00()  nii)lc.s;  and  was  in  use  only  until 
ISJC),  except  to  be  anchored  as  a  store-ship.  Tht.se  t\V(j  vessels  v.ere  I  milt 
cliielly  of  oak;  but  the  later  ones  of  pine  and  cedar  (redwood?).  Tiie  I'l'i/a, 
]()!)  tons,  was  l)egun  in  1S"21,  launched  in  IS'J'J;  cost  .'Jli,lS()  rubles;  and  in 
1S_'7  was  unseaworthy.  Finally  the  K'lakhtn,  "JOO  tons,  was  Ijcgun  in  ISJ.'J, 
launched  in  1S24;  cost  3."), '248  rubles;  and  was  in  use  after  ISIIO.  Ik'sidcs  the 
four  vessels  named  several  boats  were  built  both  for  home  use  and  for  .sale  tii 
the  Spaniards.  Khhhiiilof,  Z(i}ii-<lii,  14!t-dO;  Tikhmi'iiof,  hfor.  Ohoi.,  i.  "JOD, 
.3."i().  l\hl('biiikof  says  the  only  advantage  derived  from  sliipdir.ilding  was  a 
degree  of  respect  from  tlieir  shiftless  neighbors,  who  wondered  at  such  incotn- 
)irelu'nsiblo  activit}'.  Argiiello  in  1810,  Oli^crrurioncx,  MS.,  27,  reporteil  that 
a  lirig  was  being  built  at  Bodega  of  24  varas  keel.  Payeras  in  1S22,  A'o//'■(V^<. 
-M.S.,  420,  i-eported  tiiat  three  brigs  had  been  built  and  timber  was  being  |m\- 
]uired  for  others.  Vallejo  in  IS.'i.'J,  In/ornir  Jiinirvndn,  MS.,  l().")-7,  li'.nncl 
tliat  four  of  the  12  vessels  employed  in  the  company's  ti'adc  had  been  built  at 
]ioss.  KhlebniUof,  Z(i/iin!:i,  14S-',),  says  that  in  IS2.'{  an  old  Ijoat  built  in  Ku-^- 
kof's  time,  was  sold  to  Coniandante  Martinez  for  12  fan.  of  wheat;  in  ISJii  a 
boat  was  built  for  !?1,200  for  >S.  Francisco  Mission;  and  in  1827  a  barge  for 
Mission  S.  Jose  at  81,  "'OO. 

"  7 V/.7i );)!// r/',  fsfi,rh-/i(Kh)!f-  Ohoxrauk,  etc. — Historical  review  of  the  oiijiu 
of  th(!  Russian  American  Company,  and  its  iloings  up  to  the  present  tiui'  — 
St  Petersburg,  lS()2-.'{,  2  vols.  The  work  is  ollicial  and  exhaustive,  givin.:  in 
an  appendix  many  original  documents  relating  to  Ross  as  well  ua  to  the  otlur 
establishments. 

M'tft'i-I'ihii  (IhUa  Tstnriii  Rinoik'ihh  Tnnsplcvh/,  etc. — Material  for  the  hislniy 
of  the  Russian  settlements  on  the  shores  of  the  eastern  ocean — St  Petersbui  u'. 


CIIROXOLOdlC  llECORD. 


041 


TTavinnf  tlius  ])r(!S(iiti!(l  a  ijfi'iiciiil  \  icw  of  Ross  and 
ils  iiidusli-ic's  I  ri'tuni  ti»  the  cliiuiioloific  record  of 
1S21-30.  At  the  end  of  the  last  decade,  as  we  ha\e 
seen/'  tlie  company  liad  expressed  its  w  illinn'ness  to 
iihtvndon  not  oidy  its  claim  of  Ivussian  title  to  lands  in 
( 'alitoiMiia,  a  claim  hnt  lately  and  rather  teehly  iU'L;'ed 
I'lir  tem[)orary  pur[)oses,  hnt  even  tin;  settlement  at 
lioss,  in  return  for  unrestricted  trade  with  the  Span- 
iartls  in  Calit'ornian  ports.  In  ordinary  times  Spain 
would  prohahly  I'othave  paid  nnieh  attention  to  such  a 
|iro|)osition,  and  that  it  is  not  heard  of  a;j;aiii  in  the  tur- 
moil of  the  followiuL;  years  is  not  to  l)e  wondered  at. 
It  would  seem  that  in  the  troublous  times  of  the  revo- 
lution, llussia,  had  she  cared  to  do  so,  might  without 


i  ,1 

it 


i 


;! 


isi'il.  A  collection  of  papers  originally  piihlishcil  in  the  ^for-'l:>lni  Sl)nr)ill\  the 
(Ugiin  of  the  JkiiHsian  Naval  DcpartniLiit.  'i'hc  most  important  of  tiu!  ilocu- 
inint.s  are  KliliMmikoI'M  h.'tttis  on  AnuTica,  Kldihnibif,  ZnpisLi,  \\  liioh.  ami 
(-|ic'uially  thf  suconil  j)art,  contain  a  very  lartrc  amount  oi  minute  and  riliablo 
iiitorniation  re.spceting  J'oss.  Other  jiapers  tiiat  have  been  used  to  some  ex- 
tent are  Uolovniii,  I'oi/diji',  ISJS,  anil  LiitLc,  Xnrmlicc,  lS'..'iJ-i). 

Jinrdimf,  Shh.in'ojiissrinii  —Biograjiliy  of  Alex.  A.  15ar;'inof,  ehii'f  manager 
(if  the  lius.sian  colonies  in  America— St  reter.ilnirg,  lM.S."i.  This  work  forms 
,'i  very  conii)lete  history  of  the  American  coh^nic^s  from  ITdOto  ISIS,  including 
the  early  annals  of  lioss.  It  was  written  liy  Kyril  Khlei)nikof,  autiiorof  the 
Ictti'rs  already  referred  to,  who  made  several  visits  in  person  to  California, 
and  held  a  ])ronunent  position  in  the  companj\ 

Piiicd-f,  JJiiriimcnt"  on  lliisxkni  Amrrira.  This  is  a  collection  made  at  St 
Petersburg  by  M.  Alphonse  I'inart,  the  well  known  traveller  and  linguist,  who 
Liudly  permitted  me  to  copy  them  and  thus  jjrotit  by  his  labois.  The  follow- 
ing 1  have  found  useful  in  connection  witli  Ross  amials:  Et/ioliii'"  Lr/li-r  fo  tin' 
I'li'iif  AdmbiiMnUloil  of  t/ic  (.'oni/xnn/  (ihont  l/ii'  Jtoss  Coloni/,  ttated  Sept.  !>, 
JsH,  on  the  preparations  for  abandoning  the  establishment;  lidlrlK'/'n  iJa d 
(J  lliisii  to  Slitter,  J)'C.  1,.',  IS.'/I,  contained  in  a  letter  by  Capt.  Ktholin;  J'iiy>i, 
All).  Fur  (,'().,  Accounts  IS.'/T—'iO,  with  information  about  Sutter's  paymcnt.s; 
Ji'.id  particularly,  I'otcrhin,  Sili  iiii-  Jton.-.- — Settlement  of  Ross — a  very  valuable 
]i  iper  printc<l  in  the  .Journal  of  the  Department  of  Manufactures  and  Trade, 
(m  tober  18.")!),  vol.  viii.  It  is  a  complete  and  interesting  account  of  the  history 
et  Itoss  and  of  the  relations  between  Russia  and  .Spain  I'oncerning  tiint  colon}'. 

Z'TiiHnliiji,  JJelo  o  Kiiliiiiii/  J'osK — All'airs  of  the  Ross  (.'olony,  by  W.  Zava- 
li>hin — iSloscow,  1S(1(J.  This  work  is  a  dissertation  on  Russian  iiolicy  and 
liulitsat  Ross  rather  than  a  history  or  description  of  the  colony;  yet  many 
Jiistorieal  events  arc  narrated,  and  numerous  extracts  from  colonial  i-eeords 
nil-  given.  T'  author  is  emphatic  in  di'feiice  of  the  Russian  ehiim  to  Xew 
AUiion  as  wib  be  seen  elsewhci'e.  In  1S"J4  he  was  engaged  in  some  negotia- 
tiiius  with  the  (jalifornian  authorities  for  the  cession  of  the  country  north  of 
S;iu  Francisco  Bay.  lie  hasan  exalted  idea  respecting  the  wisdom  of  his  own 
A  lews,  and  is  fond  of  reminding  us  that  had  these  been  adojitcd  all  would  have 
^iine  well.  As  it  is,  he  criticises  the  vacillating  [lolicy  of  Russia,  lidicules 
the  presumptuous  claims  of  S|iain  ani.1  .Mexico,  and  is  especially  bitter  against 
American  settlers  on  the  I'acilic. 

'-  kSeu  chapter  xiv.  of  this  volume. 
HiHT.  Cu..,  Vol.  II.    41 


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ROSS  AND  THE  RUSSIANS. 


much  difficulty  have  ohtaincd  from  Spain  on  easy  tonus 
some  concessions  in  this  far  north-west  which  would 
have  been  of  considerable  value;  but  it  is  certain  that 
the  Russian  government  never  pretended  to  have,  niid 
never  tried  seriously  to  obtain,  any  territorial  ri^lits 
whatever  in  California.  Duflot  de  Mofras  notes  that 
in  the  imperial  oukaz  of  Septeml)er  4,  1821,  forbid- 
ding foreigners  to  encroach  on  the  Russian  possessions 
in  America,  no  mention  is  made  of  Ross.'''  Yet  the  reel- 
ing in  Mexico  is  indicated  by  the  report  of  a  high  offitial 
to  Iturbidc  in  October  1821,  that  the  Russians  were  iii 
California  "perhaps  under  some  secret  agreement  with 
the  government  of  Spain.""  Three  of  the  company's 
trading  vessels,  the  (wlovnin,  Kidusof,  and  Bul<hibij\ 
were  sent  to  the  southern  ports  this  year,  one  of  tluiii 
bringing  vaccine  matter,  probably  the  first  ever  ustil 
successfully  in  California,  to  Monterey  in  July.  Two 
Russian  frigates,  the  Minerva  and  Ceres,  had  wintered 
at  San  Francisco  and  sailed  in  February,  the  officers 
leaving  a  most  favorable  impression  as  a  result  of 
their  free  manner  of  spending  money. ^'  Between  Go\  - 
ernor  Sola  and  ^ '  irectors  of  the  company  there  was 
an  exchange  of  es  mutually  polite  and  flattering  in 
the  autunm,  the  occasion  being  the  expected  arrival  of 
the  Borodino  and  Chevalier  Zacariah  Panafidin,  who, 
however,  failed  to  come.'*  In  1821  also,  as  I  suppose, 
but  possibly  a  year  or  two  earlier,  Kuskof,  the  founder 
and  first  ruler  of  Ross,  was  succeeded  in  the  command 
by  Karl  Schmidt,  a  young  man  of  considerable  enter- 
prise and  ability,  and  retired  from  the  service  of  the 
company.     He  died  in  Russia  in  1823." 

"  .lfo/)y(.i,  Kxpforatlon,  ii.  0. 

^*Aij(il(i,  h'fxi'imeii.     See  chap.  xx.  of  tiiia  volume. 

'•■Sec  chap.  XX.  of  this  vohune;  Gutrra,  Doc.  Ilixf.  CnL,  MS.,  v.  2.")l-r!; 
Alramilo,  //(.v^  Cal.,  MS.,  i.  228-«(, 

'"Sept.  22,  1S21,  Cramer  and  Severin  to  frov.  Sola.  Dec.  Ist,  Sola's  rcpls. 
Pror.  St.  PniK,  MS.,  xx.  298-300. 

"Ivan  Alexanilrovich  Kuskof,  a  mcrch.ikit  of  Totcmsk,  came  to  Amcri  a 
ns  clerk  with  lianinof,  and  for  subsequent  services  was  decorated  witli  a  pi!  1 
medal  and  the  title  of  commercial  councHlor.  Jlnruiwf,  Shiziieopismnic,  .'t'l. 
In  ISO.')  Iteziinof  speaks  of  his  energy,  honesty,  and  other  good  (|ualities:  Iml 
also  of  his  hot  hcadcdncss  and  lack  of  political  knowledge.     He  says:  '  I  uhk 


THE  CAN6nIG0'S  VISIT. 


6«3 


The  Bidddl'of  and  Volga  were  the  vessels  sent  down 
to  San  Francisco  and  Monterey  in  1822  for  supphes,  a 
1'l'W  otter  bein<^  taken  this  year  and  the  next  Ijy  Aleuts, 
cirried  with  their  bidarkas  on  the  vessels  to  enijas^e 
ill  surreptitious  huntinj^.^^  The  nian-ot'-war  yly>o/A», 
o2  guns  and  120  men,  Captain  Stephen  Krusot',  also 
arrived  at  San  Francisco  from  St  Petersburg  in  X(»- 
voniber  seeking  fresh  provisions.  Argiiello  ordered 
that  the  ship  be  furnished  with  all  she  needeil  and 
could  pay  for,  that  every  courtesy  be  shown  to  the 
oiKeers,  but  that  no  opportunity  be  afforded  for  obser- 
vation respecting  the  condition  of  the  country  and  its 
defences.''* 

The  most  important  event  of  the  year  at  Ross  was 
the  visit  of  the  Canonigo  Fernandez,  Captain  Argiiello, 
and  Prefect  Payeras  in  October.  This  visit  has  al- 
ready been  fully  recorded.**  Kespecting  that  part  of 
the  topic  which  it  would  be  desirable  to  notice  more 
fully  here,  the  negotiations  between  the  canon  and 
Manager  Schmidt,  there  is  very  little  information 
extant.  Payeras,  after  alluding  to  the  hospitable 
reception  of  his  party  by  the  Russians,  and  the  privi- 
lege of  inspecting  everything  at  Ross,  fully  utilized 
in  his  narrative,  says  merely,  "  the  j)olitical  and  other 
subjects  of  the  superior  conmiission  intrusted  to  my 
noble  companion  having  been  discussed,  we  prepared 
to  depart."  The  Russian  writers  tell  us  that  Feinan- 
dez,  after  asking  the  old  threadbare  (juestions  respect- 
ing the  rights  and  papers  under  which  Ross  had  been 
occupied,  and  getting  no  satisfactory  replies,  decland 
as  a  representative  of  Mexico  that  the  place  must  l)e 

fur  him  tlie  rank  of  collegiate  assessor  to  protect  him,  if  not  from  insult,  at 
least  from  I)catings,  witii  wliicli  he  has  often  been  threatened.'  Tik/iiuiiii/, 
iMor.  Obos.,  npp.,  •2Ii»-'J0. 

"See  chapter  xxi.  of  this  volume,  on  an-ivnl  of  vessels.  Kiilt'bniknf, 
Za}iixki,  141,  mentions  the  otter-hunting  in  lS'J'i-3.  Tikhnienef,  l/<hii\  'VZ/cs,, 
i.  221,  says  10,UU0  fanegas  of  grain  aniL  r>,(K)0  arrubau  of  llour,  meat,  ami 
tallow  were  obtained  by  tlic  vessels  of  this  year. 

"  ViUhjo,  Doc.  Hint.  Col.,  MS.,  i.  ol;  1»»-/''.  AVc,  MS.,  i.  4,  .')t);  St.  Pap. 
Sat'.,  MS.,  xii.  5. 

'■'"  See  chapter  xxi.  of  thia  volume.    Also  Pu>jeras,  Xotkiaa  nobre  Hom,  MS. 


mm 


4f 


it 


M  ''M- 


Infill 


G41 


ROSS  AND  THE  RUSSIANS. 


abandoned  within  six  months  or  force  would  be  used.  ' 
Tiicre  is  no  reason  to  doubt  that  such  was  the  suK- 
stance  of  the  interview.  The  canonigo's  main  objt  <  t 
was  to  get  information  about  the  Russian  establish- 
ment, and  having  accomphshed  this  he  could  hardly 
do  less  than  insist  on  the  abandonment,  neither  lie 
nor  So'hmidt  attaching  much  importance  to  the  accom- 
panying threats  of  forcible  ejectment. ''^  Fcrnandc  z, 
after  his  return  from  Ross,  caused  some  depositions 
to  be  taken  from  Russian  residents  respecting  the 
plans  of  their  nation,  and  even  carried  one  of  those 
residents  with  him  to  Mexico."* 


The  trip  of  the  canon  to  Bodega,  his  remarks  and 
acts  after  his  return,  and  his  letters  from  Mexico  a 
little  later,  fanned  into  a  flickering  flame  the  suspici<»ns 
fears  of  Russia  entertained  in  Mexico  and  California.^' 
The  national  authorities  had,  however,  other  ami 
more  urgent  causes  of  anxiety  which  prevented  tluni 
from  devoting  more  than  brief  attention  to  dangers 
on  the  northern  frontier;  and  in  California,  though 
some  uneasiness  was  caused  by  the  presence  of  the 
Apollo,  which  had  wintered  at  San  Francisco,  and  of 
the  Creizer  and  Ladoga,  Russian  frigates  which 
arrived  later  in  1823;  and  though  Padre  Duran  took 
it  upon  himself  to  agitate  the  matter  by  calling  the 
governor's  attention  to  the  impending  danger,  the 
fuel  was  too  damp  and  the  flame  refused  to  spread. 
Relations  between  Ross  Jind  Monterey  contiimed  to 
be  as  friendly  as  ever. 

And  even  more  friendly;  for  not  only  did  the 
Bulddkof,  Golovnin,  and  perhaps  the  Vohja  trade  on 

"  TUhmntff,  Istor.  Obos.,  i.  361;  Potechhi,  Se/enk  lioas,  10. 

''■- TikhiKt^nef  say  a  that  the  iiicmlicrs  of  the  diputjicioii  assured  the  com- 
pany's comniiasioner,  KhlC'lmikof,  that  they  knew  nothing  of  the  cununiy'i's 
plan  to  force  the  evmniation  of  Ross. 

■'■^Arrh.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  it.  8.3;  Dept.  lif.,  MS.,  i.  55,  96;  Gitrrnu 
Dor.  nut.  Vol.,  MS.,  V.  2-2-2.  Capt.  Hall,  of  tlie  Lcu/i/  lilarkwood,  tou.ln  l 
at  Ikwlegft  this  year,  and  in  his  liemarka  describes  the  liarlwr  slightly. 

^*.See  chapter  xxii.  '2-4,  with  references  to  Iturbide's  fears  and  seviral 
letters  uf  the  ^ladres. 


INTERCOURSE  WITH  CALIFORNIANS. 


G45 


the  southern  coast  this  year;'^^  but  Governor  Arj^iie- 
lli),  always  a  friend,  socially  and  commercially,  tt> 
the  Russians,  even  went  so  tar  as  to  grant  the  oft- 
urged  privilege  of  hunting  otters  on  shares.  A  con- 
tract was  sigjied  in  December,  which,  being  renewed 
the  following  year,  yielded  before  the  end  of  18*24  a 
total  of  1,500  skins  for  division.^" 


The  Russian  vessels  in  Californian  ports  in  1824 
were  the  traders  Bulddkof  and  Rurik;  the  frigates 
Crcizer,  Ladoga,  and  Apollo;  and  the  Predprintc  undir 
Otto  von  Kotzebue.*'  Business  relations  continued 
altogether  friendly,  and  there  is  nothing  in  connection 
with  the  foreign  ileet  that  requires  notice  liere  except 
Kotzebue's  visit  to  Ross.  This  visitor  gives  in  his 
jainted  narrative  a  very  good  description  not  only  of 
the  Russian  establishment  but  of  "  the  whole  of  the 
northern  part  of  the  bay,  which  does  not  [)ropt;rly 
belong  to  California,  but  is  assigned  by  geographers 
to  New  Albion."  Past  and  present  relations  between 
the  colonists  and  the  Californians  he  treats  in  a  most 
unfair  and  prejudiced  manner,'^"*  representing  that  the 

'^See  chapter  xxii.  of  this  vol.  KhUhnilof,  ZtipisLi,  141. 

'-"Sue  chapter  xxii.,  this  vol.  In  a  report  of  Oct.  1(>,  IH'J."},  the  AiiKTicans 
iiiv  cimrged  with  ariniu^  the  Iii(lian.s  and  inciting  them  against  tiic  llussiaiis; 
luit  this  charge  refers  diielly  if  not  entirely  to  the  acts  of  the  Americans  at 
tlie  north.  ZaoalUthin,  Delo  o  Kolonly  Rosa,  7-8. 

'"  Sec  chap,  xxiii.  of  this  vol. 

■•*  '  The  Spaniards  lived  at  first  on  the  best  terms  with  the  new  settlers, 
and  provideil  them  with  oxen,  cows,  horses,  and  slicep;  but  when  in  i»roci's.-i 
i>f  time  they  began  to  remark  that,  notwithstanding  tlic  inferiority  of  soil  and 
I  liniate,  the  Russian  establishment  became  more  flourishing  than  tlicira,  envy 
and  apprehension  of  future  danger  took  possession  of  their  mindii;  they  tin  ii 
ii'i|uired  that  the  settlement  should  be  al>andiined;  asserted  tliat  their  ri.;hts 
"f  dominion  extended  nortliward  quite  to  tiie  Icy  Sea,  and  tlireatened  to  .suji- 
I'lirt  their  claims  by  force  of  arms.  The  founder,  ami  tlien  commander  of 
Unss.  a  man  of  penetration  and  one  not  easily  friglitencd,  gave  a  very  deciiled 
iinsuer '  (exactly  what  he  never  couhl  be  induced  to  do).  '  He  had,  he  said, 
iit  tlie  connnand  of  his  superiors  settled  in  this  region  which  had  not  previ- 
iiiisly  been  in  the  possession  of  any  other  power,  and  over  wiiich,  conseijuently, 
mine  had  a  right  but  tlie  natives;  that  these  latter  liad  freely  consented  to  liis 
oicupation  of  the  land,  and  therefore  that  ho  would  yield  to  no  such  unfoundi'd 
I'leteusion  as  that  now  advanced  by  the  Spaniartls,  but  should  always  bo 
ready  to  resist  force  by  force.  Perceiving  that  the  Russians  would  not  com- 
I'ly  with  their  absurd  requisitions,  and  considering  tiiat  they  were  likely  to 
1 '  worsted  in  an  appeal  to  arms,  tiio  Spaniards  quietly  gave  up  all  further 
thought  of  hostilities,  and  entered  again  into  fiiendly  communications  with 


is  r-.:- 


k 

it,  •  i 


C40 


ROSS  AND  THE  RUSSIANS. 


Russians  had  set  up,  insisted  on,  and  virtually  fri^fht- 
ened  the  Californians  into  admitting  the  justice  <»f  a 
claim  to  territorial  possessions  in  New  Albion.  Tlu- 
author  is  justified  in  praising  the  thrift  observable  at 
Koss  as  compared  with  the  prevalent  want  of  entrify 
among  the  Spaniards;  but  ho  is  extravagant  in  liis 
praise  in  several  respects,  notably  in  that  of  agricult- 
ure; if  we  may  credit  the  Russian  writers;  ovcr-entliu- 
siastic,  perhaps,  in  his  admiration  of  the  company's 
Indian  policy;**  and  only  moderately  successful  as  a 
])rophet  in  saying:  "Should  the  blessing  of  civiliza- 
tion ever  be  extended  to  the  ru<le  inhabitants  of  these 
regions,  the  merit  will  be  due  to  the  Russian  settle- 
ments, certainly  not  to  the  Spanish  missions."  Kotze- 
bue  had  been  severely  blamed  by  certain  ])ersons  for 
having  virtually  acknowledged  the  justice  of  the  Span- 
ish views  respecting  Ross  at  the  time  of  his  former 
visit  to  California;  and  now  he  seems  to  have  been 
disjwsed  as  far  as  possible  to  make  amends. 

Not  only  Kotzebue  but  other  Russian  writers  of 
later  date  take  the  ground  that  San  Rafael  in  I S 1 7 
and  San  Francisco  Solano  in  1824  were  founded  by 
the  Spaniards  in  order  to  prevent  the  Russians  IVom 
extending  their  dominion  to  the  bay  of  San  Fran- 
cisco. "It  is  a  groat  pity  that  we  were  not  before- 
hand with  them.  The  advantages  of  possessing  tliis 
beautiful  bay  are  incalculable,"  writes  the  navigator." 
We  have  seen,  however,  that  such  was  not  in  any 
sense  the  origin  of  either  foundation;  but  the  settle- 
ment at  Ross  was  deemed  from  the  first  a  great  aiil 

our  people;  lir.ce  wliich  the  greatest  unity  has  subsisted  between  the  two 
nations.  KotZifUue^i  Aew  Voyivje,  ii.  l'J!-;{.  It  is  not  necessary  for  nie  to 
point  out  to  the  reader  of  tlie  preceding  chapters  the  ghiring  inaceurucios  of 
this  version. 

^*  ' The  more  striking  tlie  contrast  ))ctween  the  two  nations  in  their  tnat- 
i:ient  of  the  savages,  the  more  ardently  must  every  friend  of  humanity  iv- 
j.)ice  on  entering  tlie  Russian  territory.  The  Greek  Church  does  not  niaki; 
converts  by  force.  Free  fi'om  fanaticism  she  preaches  only  toleration  ainl 
love.  She  does  not  even  admit  of  jiersuasion,  but  trusts  wholly  to  conviction 
for  jjroselytes,  who,  when  once  they  enter  her  communion,  will  always  \\n>\ 
her  a  loving  mother.  How  difFerent  has  been  the  conduct  both  of  Cathoiio 
priests  and  Protestant  missionaries'!  New  Voyaijc,  ii.  VIA. 

***  Kotzebue H  New  \'oya<jc,  ii.  128;  Tikhmintf,  hloi;  Oboa.,  i.  3G1-2. 


DIPLOMACY. 


647 


to  the  new  northern  missions.  At  the  foundation  of 
SoUino  several  ornaments  for  the  church  were  sent  as 
^il'ts  from  the  Russians;  and  the  padres  had  frequent 
occasion  to  apply  at  lioss  for  the  manufacture  or  re- 
pair of  various  implements.^^ 

On  board  one  of  tiic  vessels  of  this  year  seems  to 
have  been  Mr  W.  Zavalishin,  who  in  a  cajuicity  not 
recorded  claims  to  have  enifaijed  in  certain  nejjfotia- 
tions  with  the  Californians.  He  says  the  latter  were 
willing  to  cede  to  the  llussians  all  the  country  north 
of  San  Francisco  13ay.  It  is  not  unlikely  that  he 
found  some  of  the  Californian  officials  who  ex[)ressed 
such  sentiments;  but  that  the  governor  consented 
i'ormally  to  such  a  cession  of  territory  and  sent  the 
projiosition  to  Mexico,  may  be  doubted  in  the  absence 
«tf  documentary  evidence.  Zavalishin  speaks  of  a 
leport  and  documents  presented  by  him  on  the  sub- 
ject in  1824,  but  burned  in  1835.  His  strong  argu- 
ment with  the  Californians  was  that  the  cession  to 
Russia  was  the  only  way  to  keep  the  country  from 
the  American^].  Whether  or  not  Luis  Argliello 
agreed  to  the  measure  is  not  a  very  important  ques- 
tion, since  he  had  no  authority  in  such  a  matter.  It 
is  not  pretended  that  it  was  ever  ratified  by  Mexico; 
and  Zavalishin  admits  his  failure  to  secure  the  ap- 
proval of  Russia.  In  fact  his  essay,  written  after  the 
discovery  of  gold  had  made  the  lands  of  great  value, 
is  in  substance:  "See  what  a  prize  you  might  have 
gained  had  you  ado[)ted  my  views,"  addressed  to  the 
i  mperial  governmcnt.^^ 

■'^Arch.  Arzob..  MS.,  iv.  pt.  ii.  127-8. 

=■-  Zai'ftlixhin,  J)elo  o  Kolouhj  Hom,  ."Mi,  12-13,  l!)-'23,  20-.30.  The  author 
snysthiit  Count  Xoidviiiof  favored  liis  \Am\  from  tlio  lii'st,  ami  Senator I'oluti- 
kin  at  hist,  but  other  counsels  prevaih'd,  ami  l{lls^sia  iiursufil  her  former  policy 
of  indecision,  acknowledging  the  imaginary  claims  of  the  Spaniards,  lie  also 
speaks  of  a  proposition  hy  himself  and  Nordviuof  to  liring  from  Kussia  a  col- 
ony of  serfs  to  he  set  free  in  California.  Mofias,  h',r/'l<ji'nliu)i,  ii.  (>-7,  note.-i 
that  in  the  treaties  of  April  5,  18l!4,  and  Fel).  1(1,  ISl'."),  hetweeii  Russia,  tho 
United  States,  and  Knghind,  by  which  the  former  agreed  to  found  no  estab- 
lii^hments  south  of  54'  40',  no  mention  is  made  of  California.  Wcala,  L'Jii^ffii- 
(urv  lie  CAiii-ioi  t'ompto!)  h'i;s.te,  3.S.'}  4,  tells  ns  that  the  llussians  maintained 
their  jiosition  in  spite  of  the  treaties  of  l.S'J4-."i — the  Mexicans  being  iMjwcrless 
against  a  garrison  of  400  soldiers,  besides  a  multitude  of  CanaJituis,  Amuricous, 


lip 


1\ 


Ii      i, 
Ii 


, 


,iii 


C48 


ROSS  AND  THE  RUSSIANS. 


In  1825  there  was  a  renewal  of  the  otter-hunt iiiLj 
contract.  Klebnikof  tells  us  that  the  arrangcnuiit 
was  made  with  Herrera,  and  was  similar  in  its  condi- 
tions to  that  of  1823-4;  but  that  Echeandia  wouM 
not  })crmit  it  to  be  carried  out  except  after  vexati(jus 
delays  and  various  restrictions.  Captain  Beuseman  of 
the  Baikal  was  allowed  to  hunt  from  San  Luis  Rey  to 
Todos  Santos  from  November  to  February,  securing- 
408  skins;  but  in  the  division  he  took  his  pay  to  sonic 
extent  fc^r  tlie  past  delays.^  The  vessels  of  182r)-(», 
besides  the  Baikal,  of  which  Klebnikof  was  supercar*;(  >, 
were  the  Creizcr,  which  sailed  from  San  Francisco  for 
St  Petersburg  in  February,  the  Helena,  with  Kiul 
Schmidt  on  board,  the  Kiakhta,  and  the  Argosy.  V\x\\\ 
Shdlikof  succeeded  Schmidt  as  manager.  In  Mexico 
the  junta  de  fomento  do  Californias  clearly  knew  very 
little  of  the  Ross  establishment,  since  in  its  report  of 
January  1825  it  speaks  of  "  the  Russians,  who,  having 
extended  their  power  to  the  most  northern  limits  of 
Asia  on  the  South  Sea,  might  advance  their  steps 
within  our  limits.""* 

In  1827,  however,  the  junta  had  learned  more  on 
the  subject,  and  spoke  as  follows  in  its  voto  final: 
"Russia,  that  political  colonist  which,  having  mas- 
tered the  confines  of  Europe  and  a  part  of  Asia,  has 
now  taken  possession  dow!i  to  the  port  of  Bodega, 
distant  less  than  one  degree  from  that  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, which  is  the  last  point  of  our  possessions;  and 
from  there  she  takes  large  quantities  of  articles  wliich, 
tiiough  they  ought  to  belong  exclusively  to  Mexican 
connnerce,  do  benefit  these  intruders  alone ;  and  more- 
over they  have  intercouse  with  the  nations  of  the 

ami  Kanakas — and  began  to  intrigue  and  spend  gold  freely  with  a  view  to 
separate  California  from  Mexico  I 

"•'  KUhnikof,  Zapiski,  144-5.  He  says  the  company  gavt  the  Californiiins 
only  101  skins  on  uccouut  of  the  delays;  but  an  unsigned  ai  d  undated  am- 
tract  in  St.  Pap.  Sue,  MS.,  xi.  LVM,  makes  the  share  of  tic  company  two 
thirds  of  the  whole  number.  One  brig  and  25  canoes  only  were  to  be  employcil, 
and  the  ground  was  from  Stft  Cruz  to  S.  l>iego.  In  /</.,  xix.  i'9,  IJeuaemau  is 
said  to  liave  delivered  to  Echeandia  154  skins  worth  S2,.399. 

^^  Junta  ite  Fomento  ihCal.,  Dictumm,  13-14.  In  1820  a  boat  was  I)\iilt 
for  .S.  Francisco  mission  ut  Sl,20O  with  sails  and  rigguig.  Khkbniko/,  Zap,,  14'J. 


DEFENSIVE  MEASURES. 


G49 


interior,  tcachiiif^  tlicm  tho  art  of  war,  perhaps  with 
the  (lesitxii  of  obtaiinn<j  later  atlvantaije«  from  tiicir 

•  •  • 

tVienclship  either  to  rob  the  nation  of  better  lands  or 
to  wage  a  desolating  war."*^ 

At  the  beginning  of  1827  Echeandia  wrote  to  the 
minister  of  war  for  instructions  respecting  the  Russian 
intruders.  The  agent  of  the  company  had  assured 
him  that  the  cabinets  of  Madrid  and  St  Petersburg 
liad  never  discussed  the  right  by  which  Ross  an<l 
Bodega  had  been  occupied.**  In  March  he  wrote  again 
that  notwithstanding  courtesies  shown  them  the  Rus- 
isians  were  acting  in  bad  faith,  enticing  neopiiytes 
iiway  from  San  Rafael,  taking  seals  at  the  Farallones, 
and  committing:  other  irregularities.  An  armed  vessel 
was  greatly  needed  to  guard  the  coast  from  Cape  San 
Lucas  to  42.°  The  reply  in  June  promised  a  man-of- 
war  and  other  measures  to  check  the  advance  of  the 
Inreigners,  one  of  these  measures  being  the  foundation 
of  a  fort  on  the  northern  frontier,  not  carried  into 
ilfect  as  is  recorded  elsewhere.^^  The  vessels  of  tho 
year  were  the  Okhotsk,  Goloinin,  and  Daikcu.  Tho 
latter  was  under  the  command  of  Etholin,  who  suc- 
ceeded in  obtaining  Echeandia's  permission  to  load 
with  salt  from  the  southern  Icujunas  or  salinas.^ 

The  feeling  of  the  company  is  shown  by  the  following 
([notation  from  a  letter  written  by  the  general  admin- 
istration  in  1827:  "All   eftbrts   to  formally  declare 


^^  Junta  de  Fomenta  de  Cah,  InkkUlca  de  Leij,  40.  The  junta  docs  not  seem 
to  understand  even  yet  that  Russians  were  actually  in  possession  of  Califur- 
iiiim  territory.  In  tho  Correo  de  la  Pfdi-racioii,  Jan. '.,!(),  IS'JT,  'F.  T. '  writis  a 
warning  against  the  Russians  at  Bodega,  and  an  argument  to  show  that  thi-y 
have  no  right  to  Califoniian  territory,  notwithstanding  the  representatioua 
lit"  certain  London  maps.  There  are  slight  allusittns  to  tho  subject  in  records 
of  debates  in  congress  in  the  sumo  and  other  papers. 

'Man.  8,  1827.  Dvpt.  Rec,  MS.,  v.  1'2.3. 

"  See  chapter  iv.  of  vol.  iii.  on  the  fort.  March  8,  18.37,  Echeandia  to 
minister  of  war,  repeated  in  substance  Juno  18th.  Dtpt.  Re<\,  MS.,  v.  l'_'4-(j; 
Di-jit.  St,  Pap.,  ii.  8.  June  6th,  Gomez  Pedraza  to  Echeandia,  St.  I'ap.,  Miss. 
<iiid Colon.,  MS.,  ii.  30»-10. 

''  Tikhminef,  fstor.,  Obos.,  i.  353.  A  duty  of  50  cents  per  cental  had  to  l»o 
paid  besides  an  anchorage  due  of  $2.12  per  ton;  and  the  process  of  obtaining 
tlic  salt  was  a  laborious  one.  Nov.  10th,  the  Baikal  permitted  to  touch  at 
Sta  Cruz  for  produce.  From  a  letter  in  Dcpt.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  ii.  05-0,  it  would 
bucm  that  the  salt  contract  was  iu  1828  instead  of  1827. 


'':\-. 


I 


C50 


KOSS  AND  THE  RUSSIANS. 


Russian  Hovcrc'ij^nty  over  tlic  places  where  oursctllc- 
ineut  is  situated  imve  lailea;  antl  under  existliii^' 
eireumstanccs  there  appears  to  Ix!  no  hope  of  tinal 
«uc(!ess.  As  far  as  the  extension  of  the  fart.i  is  con- 
cerned not  much  [)rofit  can  bo  expected  from  sucli  a 
n)easure  without  some  coo[)eration  on  the  part  of  the 
^[exicans,  since  there  is  no  more  land  available  in  the 
immediate  vicinity  of  the  establishment.  From  all 
that  has  been  done  at  Koss  so  far,  it  is  evident  that 
that  settlement  cannot  undertake  to  supply  the  colony 
with  provisions,  which  have  still  to  be  shipped  from 
California  as  in  former  years."** 

In  a  pamphlet,  for  the  most  part  descriptive  of 
8onora  and  Sinaloa,  printed  at  Guadalajara  in  1828, 
I  find  a  warninjjf  ajjainst  the  encroachments  of  tliu 
Russians;  and  it  seems  to  have  been  the  idea  of  tin- 
authors  that  their  "vecinos  tan  emprendedores"  occu- 
pied not  only  Bodega  but  all  the  coast  northward  of 
that  port.*" 

It  was  in  June  1828  that  the  French  trader  Duhaut- 
Cilly  spent  three  days  at  Ross,  while  his  vessel,  the 
Jleroft,  was  at  anchor  in  Bodega  Bay.  He  was  most 
hospitably  entertained  by  Manager  Shelikof,  as  wcrtj 
all  foreigners  who  touch(;d  on  the  Xew  Albion  coast; 
and  in  his  journal  he  has  given  us  not  only  a  good 
description  of  the  establishment  but  a  drawing  of  it, 
pnjbably  the  only  one  of  early  times  extant.** 

The  vessels  of  the  year  were  the  Okhotsk,  Kiakhta, 
and  Baikal.  Captain  Etholin,  of  the  latter,  brought  a 
re(|uest  from  Governor  Ischislekof,  of  Sitka,  for  .1. 
icnewal  of  the  otter-hunting  contract  of  18'25-(i. 
Echeandia  permitted    him  to    hunt  on  equal  shares 

»*TMminef,  lalor.  Obos.,  i.  300. 

*"  J'lfiijo  ami  Valilm,  Memorla  EntadlMicn  clH  Esfa'Jo  (h  Oci'ldmff,  H'l. 
'Las  carnes  iios  palpiUm  cuando  advertinios  que  el  Impcrio  Huso,  despues  <h 
Bcr  cl  mas  anchuroso  Jc  la  ticrra  se  venga  tanibicn  recostando  sobre  cl  tiv;  i- 
torio  inejicauo.'  The  Ilussians  are  in  possession  of  Boilcga  and  all  tlat 
immense  coast;  have  built  forts  and  brigs;  the  very  lighters  used  at  San  Fran- 
cisco were  built  by  them;  they  arc  extending  their  relations  by  meoua  of  tmdc. 

"  Duhaut-CiUy,  Viafj'jio,  li.  100-85. 


EVENTS  OF  1827-8. 


C.->1 


l)otwccn  San  Diego  and  San  Quintin;  Imt  only  two 
bidarkascoukl  bo  obtaiiitd  at  Ross,  witli  which,  wliilo 
the  Baikal  was  loadiui;  salt,  tlio  Aleuts  took  sixty- 
thrc'o  skins.  The  company's  *  halt"  amounted  to  I'ortv- 
lour.*- 

In  acquaintinj^  the  supreme  government  with  the 
f'oncessions  he  ha«l  made,  Echeandia  n^)ted  the  fact 
that  while  the  Atnericans  were  accust)mod  to  take 
salt  without  permission,  the  Kussians  comported 
themselves  in  this  and  other  matters  with  the  great- 
est delicacy  and  honor;  but  a  few  months  Inter,  in 
.lune  1821),  he  suggested  to  the  minister  of  relations 
that  the  Russians  be  made,  in  a  polite  maimer,  either 
to  quit  the  territory  or  acknowledge  the  sovereignty 
of  the  republic.*^  ]3esides  the  Iktlkaly  the  Okhotsk 
visited  the  Californian  ))orts  this  year.  At  Ross 
Slielikof  seems  to  have  been  succeeded  in  the  com- 
mand bv  Kostromitinof:  and  in  June  the  fi^'t  was 
honored  by  a  visit  of  a  week  from  the  liimous  Anieri- 
can  trapper,  James  Ohio  Pattie,  who  claims  to  have 
nceivetl  one  hundred  dollars  from  the  commandant, 
wliom  he  calls  Don  Screldo,  for  vaccinating  the  in- 
liabitants.  Pattie  pronounced  the  situation  "one  of 
the  most  beautiful  that  I  ever  belield,  or  that  the 
imagination  can  conceive."  "Clear,  cold  streams 
]M»ur  down  the  mountain  unceasingly  from  different 
})oints,  imparting  moisture"!** 

In  1828  the  Russian  ships  are  said  not  to  have 
succeeded  in  obtaining  the  usual  cargo's  produce;  in 

<'Oct.  13,  18-28.  Peter  Ischiskkof  to  Kclitnmlia.  Dcpt.  Si.  J'ap.,  MS.,  ii. 
00-7.  l>ec.  lOtli,  Kchwinilia  allows  the  yA;/7v(;  t(i  take  salt  ami  otter.  />r/ff. 
H'C,  MS.,  vi.  157-8.  Dec.  'J'iil.  Don  Adulfo  (Ktholin)  tJikiiii,'  otter  near  S. 
]>iego.  Vallijo,  Due.  flint.  ('<il.,  MS.,  xxix.  "JlMt.  Divi.sioii  of  skiii.s.  Klilihul. 
b'f,  Zojiiski,  14.">.  April  14,  liS'2!>,  Iv'laainlia  aniionnceH  the  eonee.ssioiis 
rfs|ieetiiiij!  salt  ami  otter-skins,  the  former  of  which  iiad  yiehled  a  revenue  of 
Sl,;{08  to  begin  with.  Feb.  1-tli,  the  govenior  had  ordered  the  valuation  and 
sale  of  the  skius  taken  by  the  Baihil.  I)<]it.  liir.,  MS.,  vii.  10-11,  .S.">.  la 
the  Wavirli/,  Lou,  M'"^-i  4-7i  three  Ilussian  vessels  are  noted  as  arriving  at 
Monterey  from  the  north  Nov.  'llSth,  Dec.  2d-7th,  one  being  named  tho 
Lujifuiii  (or  Lapviini),  and  another  being  tho  brig  formerly  cuHcd  tho  Anifi, 

*^Di'}>t.  Her.,  MS.,  vii.  11,  2o. 

**  Puttk\  Xanatiir,  217-10.  The  author  implies  very  absurdly  that  tho 
remedy  for  small-pox  was  a  great  mystery  to  the  Kussians,  and  tiiat  Don 
bcrcldo  had  entreated  him  at  San  Diego  to  introduce  its  beuetits  at  lioss. 


(U2 


ROSS  AND  THE  RUSSIANS. 


1820  it  was  tlie  same,  and  a  vessel  had  to  be  sent  to 
Chile ;"  while  for  1830  I  find  no  definite  record  ol" 
what  was  accomplished  by  the  Baikal,  apparently  tlic 
only  vessel  of  the  year.  The  total  expenses  of  tlic 
company  of  maintaining  the  Ross  colony  are  givtii 
as  45,000  rubles  a  year  on  an  average  from  18 2')  to 
1830;  while  the  income  from  all  sources  was  lesstiian 
13,000  rubles  per  year.*"  And  finally  we  find  Echejin- 
di'a  writing  on  September  18,  1830,  to  ask  from  tluj 
officer  in  charge  at  Bodega  the  old,  old  question  so 
often  asked  by  his  predecessors,  and  so  often  eludtd 
by  the  Russians:  "By  what  authority  have  you 
founded  that  establishment?"*' 


"  Tikhtnfnef,  Intor.  Ohog.,  i.  344. 

^^Potrrhln,  Sflriiie  Rohm,  lo;  Tikhmfnff,  tutor.,  Oltoa,,  i.  XiO. 
"  Di'jit.  I{rc,  MS.,  viii.  llX*.    Euheandia  alao  complains  of  tampering  witli 
the  Indian  tribea. 


CHAPTER  XXIX. 


INSTITUTIONARY  AND  STATISTICAL. 
18i;i-1830. 

IvcnEASK  IN  PnrrLATiON — List  of  Foreio.veiw — Okntfles — Mission  Puoo- 
RE8S— Padres — Htatistics— liAmsMS,  DEATirs,  HEia>s,  and  riinps — 

PUESIDEST,  PREFEtrr,  AXI>  OtHER  OFFICIAL'^  -   liCCLtbi  aSTICAI     \tFAIU8 — 

SiTCE-ssioN  OK  Popes — llisiiop — Chaplain— Popuivb  TltLiuio.v— Thk 
Waltz — Ciiriicii  Asvli'm— Pueblos  axd  Rasciioh  Colonization  anu 
Lanh-orants— List  of  Grants — MANrPAcrrR'  ;— T.abor  am»  Wacf-s — 
Mine!}— A(iRii  tltcre  —  Stock-raising  —  Heocla  uons  —  Commeim  e — 
Priced— Finance — Miliiary — Government — Admtvtstration  of  Jus- 
tice—Education. 

The  population  of  California,  that  is  of  gciitc  (1(3 
razon,  had  now  increased  from  3,270  in  1820  to  4,250 
in  1830.  Such  is  the  result  obtained  by  <;onibiniiig 
the  figures  already  given  for  the  different  districts; 
and  it  agrees  tolerably  well  with  such  general  reports 
and  estimates  as  are  extant.*  Of  the  increase,  about 
1 ,000,  at  least  350  came  from  abroad;  that  is,  50  offi- 
cers and  soldiers,  150  convicts,  and  150  foreigners. 
As  registered  in  the  mission  books  there  were  1,8GG 
baptisms,  717  deaths,  and  357  marriages  among  the 
gente  de  razon.  The  colony  of  foreign  residents  had 
increased  in  ten  years  from  a  dozen  to  about  150  men, 
many  of  whom  were  baptized,  naturalized,  and  married 
to  native  wives,  and  who  as  a  body  liad  already  c<m- 

'Such  general  statements  are  2,994  souls  in  1822.  Lf(j.  Rec,  MS.,  i.  9; 
scant  3,000  in  1824.  Dfpt.  Jlec,  MS.,  i.  217;  in  1827,  .3,500.  Duhant-CUhj, 
I'iaijgio,  ii.  119;  6,.316,  Bandini,  Jk  Ilkt.  Cat.,  MS.,  0;  llmjiit''  Kiniij. 
Notes,  477;  4,000,  according  to  Echeandia's statement  in  Dept.  lUc,  MS.,  vii. 
18.  In  1828,  2,734,  Morineaii,  Notice,  xvi.  51-2;  -1,342,  report  in  Wilkes' 
Anrratice,  v.  555;  or  5,000,  Boiidini's  statement  in  JjUiidini,  Doc.  Hint.  Cnl., 
MS. ,  8.  General  orders  for  reports  on  population  were  issued  to  local  authori- 
ties in  1822  and  in  1827.  S.  Jo»e,  Arch.,  MS.,  vi.  21;  Dept.  Jiec,  MS., 
V.  42. 

(083) 


C54 


INSTITUTIONARY  AND  STATISTICAL. 


Hidcrablo  influence  in  the  country.  Hartnell,  Coojx  i-, 
Gale, and  Spencc  took  the  lead, especially  in  comnieicial 
matters,  and  were  allied  already  with  the  best  taniilu  s. 
M(><t  of  the  strangers  were  known,  not  oidy  in  I'aniiliar 
communication  but  in  the  keeping  of  accounts,  \,\ 
strange  distortions  of  their  true  names,  by  comniuii 
8j)anish  nauies  applied  at  baptism,  or  by  nicknaims 
referring  to  some  peculiarity  t)f  person  or  characti  r. 
I  have  elsewhere  given  some  information  about  imli- 
viduals  from  year  to  year;  but  for  convenience  I  ap- 
pend an  al[)habetical  list  of  all  foreigners  who  were  in 
California  before  1830."  Neophyte  ])opulation  liad 
now  fldlen  fnmi  20,500  in  1820  to  18,000,  being  Kss 
than  in  1810.  There  were  probably  about  2,000  Ind- 
ians, not  neophytes,  living  on  ranchos,  pueblos,  and 
j>residios  in  1830.  There  are  no  data  on  which  to 
base  any  estimate  respecting  the  number  of  gentilo." 

The  number  of  missions  had  been  increased  dur- 
ing the  decade,  by  the  promotion  of  San  Rafael  from 
the  rank  of  asistcncia  and  by  the  foundation  of  8a  ii 
Francisco  Solano  at  Sonoma,  from  nineteen  to  twenty- 
one,  the  highest  number  ever  reached.  Of  the  thirty- 
seven  padres  at  work  in  1820,  ten  had  now  died;  four 
had  lel't  California,  and  only  three  had  come  to  take 
their  places.  Only  twenty-six  were  left  in  charge  of 
twenty-one  establishments.  The  death  of  Seiian  had 
left  none  alive  of  those  who  came  before  1790;  and 

*See  end  of  this  chapter.  Hall,  ///•>./.  S.  Jos/i,  120,  says  the  minibcr  i>f 
foreigners  in  18.30  was  estiiiiiitcd  at  about  70;  while  Cronise,  Xut.  Wenllh  </ 
CiiL,  4(i-7,  says  tliey  were  nearly  "lOO,  'a  large  proportion'  of  the  1,'2(H)  in- 
Imliitants  of  Los  Angeles,  and  half  the  500  of  S.  Jose  iu  1831  being  forei^'n- 
ers! 

^Taylor  makes  the  attempt,  however,  for  1826  in  the  California  J'hniiu; 
March  2,  18(iO.  His  estimate  is:  Sonoma  and  otlier  valleys  north  of  S.  Fiaii- 
cisL'o  Bay  to  Clear  Lake,  40,000  (or  70,000);  Saeiamento,  from  Red  IMuH'to 
American  Fork,  according  to  Jcdediah  Snntli,  80,000;  S,  Joaquin,  from  tin- 
Cosumnes  to  the  Tejun,  Smitii,  70,000;  on  the  Colorado,  Mojave  and  westiiu 
coast  range  to  the  (iulf,  20,000;  northern  coast  counties,  30,000;  total,  240,0(10 
witliiu  the  present  linuts  of  California.  Alvarado,  J  list.  Cal.,  i.  2.'U),  s.iys 
there  were  in  1827,  37,000  gentiles  allied  by  treaty  with  the  Spaniaiil^. 
Cronise,  Xat.  Wealth  o/CaL,  27,  tells  us  the  Indians  in  1823  were  cstiniatiil 
at  100,826,  a  very  close  estimate  indeed;  it  might  have  been  made  lOO.S.W  in 
even  numbers,  but  the  author  would  scorn  to  lie  for  four  Indians. 


PADRES  AND  MISSIONS, 


(i.'o 


ilio  jiionccrs  of  earlier  date  tluin  1800  were  now 
jctlueed  to  five.* 

Mission  history  need  not  bo  presented  liere  evtn 
CI)  yt'siDiie,  because  it  lias  been  a  leadinijf  element  in 
llie  annals  of  each  year,  as  |)resentcd  in  (»ther  chapters. 
The  leadini^  topics,  matters  involving  the  very  exist- 
ciice  of  the  missions,  had  left  nothinij^  of  time  and 

•  •       • 

attention  for  the  petty  subjects  of  old,  respectmg  which 
the  friars  had  been  wont  to  rpiarrel  with  the  secular 
iiuthorities.  The  growth  of  commerce  had  rendeied 
endurable  the  burden  f)f  furnishing  supplies  and  pay- 
ing taxes  for  the  support  of  the  troops;  though  the 
]ioj)es  that  once  prompted  a  cheerful  giving  had  well 
nigh  disappeared.  The  success  of  re[)ublicanisin,  the 
troubles  of  the  friars  as  loyal  subjects  of  the  king,  the 
reduction  of  the  missionary  force  by  death,  departure, 
and  infirmity,  the  ruin  of  San  Fernando  college,  the 
suspension  of  stipends  from  the  pious  fund,  and  abovt> 
all  the  unmistakable  tendency  of  the  times  toward  a 
sj)eedy  secularization,  all  these  things  have  been  re- 
corded, and  assuredly  left  the  Franciscans  but  slight 
grounds  for  hope.^ 

*  The  37  serving  in  1820,  those  who  died  l)cfore  18.10  in  italics,  and  tiiose 
who  retired  marked  with  a  *,  were  as  follows: 

Al)ella,  *Altiniira,  18'J8,  Anion'is,  Arroyo,  Baroiia,  lloscana,  Ciilifit  (lM, 
('(t/idit,  IS.'IO,  Duran,  Kscudt-,  Kstf^nega,  Fortuni,  (iil,  Jiunn',  IS'2I»,  Martin, 
Miulhi,  18--'4,  ♦Martines;,  18:)0,  Xitvy.,  18'21,  •OHhh,  KS'Jl,  t)liva,  Onhi/,  /V-//- 
'(V(x,  l,Si2;i,  I'eyri,  *Ri|)oll,  1S28,  Hoilri'/iiiz,  1824,  Saizar,  Sanchez,  Sumhi, 
IS.'K),  Sarria,  iSciidii,  182.'J,  Siifier,  Tapin,  182o,  Uliharri,  1821,  Uria,  Via<lir, 
and  Zalvidea. 

The  thi-ee  new-comers,  .ill  of  1827,  were  the  two.Timcnosand  Moreno.  The 
live  who  h.-wl  come  before  1800  were:  Abella,  Barona,  Peyri,  Uria,  and  \  i  i- 
ilcr. 

Of  the  29  padres  ill  1825-0  nearly  one  half  said  to  be  nnfit  for  duty  liy 
reason  of  nye and  intirniities.  Arch.  Sta  li.,  }>li<.,  ii.  .100-10;  xii.  104.  CaM; 
of  Maniuinez  in  1821,  who,  having  retired  to  his  college,  clainic<l  ids  lull 
stipends  at  belonging  to  liini  personally,  it  belonging  to  a  mission  to  support 
its  padre;  S1,.SOO  were  paid  him  to  prevent  troulile;  but  later  wiicn  tlio 
I  laim  was  renewed,  the  viceroy  deciiled  tiiat  nothing  was  due  tiie  friar,  sinue 
lie  had  reciived  his  support,  and  Franciscans  couhl  not  hold  property.  A/., 
xi.  .34.")-7;  is.  8.'}-!).  The  circunistjinces ';ounected  witii  thedejjarture  of  the 
lour  jMidres,  one  of  whom  rctireil  regularly,  two  r.in  away,  and  one  was  ban- 
ished, bein;^  prominent  items  of  current  history,  arc  fnlly  recorded  elsewhere; 
and  as  to  tlie  coming  of  three  new  padres  in  1827  nothing  la  known  beyond 
the  fact  of  tlieir  coming. 

''On  mission  annals  from  1821  to  1825,  sec  chap,  xx.-xxii.  of  this  vol.  and 
ihap.  i.  iv.  of  vol.  iii.  on  the  period  of  1820-JJO. 


I   I 


I 


I        ^-i 


i 


« 


656 


INSTITUTIONARY  AND  STATISTICAL. 


Baptisms  had  boon  5,000  less  than  in  the  last  decade, 
3,000  of  that  ditteronce  being  in  the  number  of  athilts. 
In  only  a  few  missions  were  there  any  more  gentiKs 
accessible  for  conversion  except  at  very  great  distances. 
The  death-rate  was  slightly  less  than  before.  The  loss 
in  population,  2,500,  all  subsequent  to  1824,  was  less 
than  would  be  expected  from  the  general  course  of 
mission  history.  It  will  be  noticed  that  baptisms 
agreed  with  the  crops,  being  largest  in  1821  ami 
smallest  in  1829.  In  ton  missions  1828  was  the  most 
deadly  year.  Four  missions  only,  San  Luis  Roy,  San 
Juan  Bautista,  San  liafael,  and  San  Francisco  Solano, 
gained  in  population.  In  cattle  there  was  a  gain  of 
10,000,  all  in  nine  missions;  in  sheep  a  loss  of  40,000, 
only  three  missions  showing  a  gain.*  Agriculture 
showed  a  marked  decline  of  27,375  bushels  in  tlie 
average  yearly  crop;  and  the  percentage  of  yield  fioni 
every  kind  of  seed  had  also  been  largely  diminished. 
The  condition  of  the  missions  as  a  whole  in  1830,  as 
shown  by  statistics,  was  much  less  unsatisfactory  than 
would  be  expected  from  the  many  unfavorable  circum- 
stances which  have  been  recorded.  It  does  not  clearly 
appear  that  more  than  one  new  church  had  been  dedi- 
cated, that  of  Purisima;  but  the  old  ones  were  gen- 


•  General  statistics  (for  purposes  of  comparison  with  figures  of  the  last 
decade,  see  chap.  xix.  (J-IO);  Baptisms,  in  round  numbers,  l.S.OOO,  of  vliiili 
n.OOO  achats  and  8,000  cliihlren;  smanest  number,  7'iO  in  1829;  largest,  -J.O.'is 
ill  IS'Jl;  deaths,  14,r)00;  of  whicli  H.'J.'iO  adults  and  't,'2M  children;  lur^'ost 
numbei',  l,8r)3,  in  182S;  smallest,  8(i!(  in  18;i0;  death-rate,  40  per  cent;  hiss  in 
populntion,  from  20,500  to  18,000,  2,ri00,  or  8.2  per  cent  as  ai.'ainst  .*?!»  jut 
cent  of  gain  for  the  last  decade.  The  maximum  of  neophyte  population  vas 
21,0!)2  in  1821,  being  also  21,00(5  in  1824.  The  loss  in  population  exceeds  tlic 
diti'erence  between  baptisms  and  deaths  by  1,000,  whicli  may  be  set  diiwn 
loosely  as  the  number  of  runaways.  Marriages  ranged  from  290  in  IS.'iOto 
023  in  1821,  averaging  42".  Mission  cattle  increased  from  140,000  to  l,")(i,(M  0 
head;  mules,  from  1,880  to  1,900;  horses  decreased  from  18,000  to  10,000;  and 
sheep  from  190,000  to  loO.OOO.  Largest  crop  in  this  decade  and  in  all  the 
mission  existence,  180,000  bushels  in  1821,  which  was  the  best  year  for  all  Imt 
six  missions,  all  but  one  of  the  exceptions  being  in  the  north;  smallest  crop- 
between  1790  and  1834 — 30,00*;  bushels  in  1829,  which  was  the  worst  year  for 
all  but  six  missions,  all  but  two  of  the  exceptions  l)cing  in  the  south;  avt'iat'o 
crop,  80,200  bushels;  of  which  47,">9."»  wheat,  yield  l0.7  fold;  19,2.W  corn, 
yield  110  fold;  13,290  barley,  yield  12.3  fold;  3,795  beans,  yield  28  fold;  and 
2,.340of  miscellaneous  grains.  The  smallest  and  largest  crops  of  wheat,  torn, 
and  barley  seixirately  were  also  in  1829  and  1821. 


MISSION  FIXANCE  AND  OFFICIALS. 


657 


crally  in  good  repair  and  well  furnished;  while  at 
nearly  every  mission  there  had  licen  more  or  less  im- 
provement in  miscellaneous  buildings,  and  in  only  one 
or  two  apparent  neglect.  Neither  was  there  any 
evidence  that  mission  discipline  had  been  relaxed; 
nor  did  the  friars  appear  unduly  discouraged  at  their 
prospects,  having  somewhat  exaggerated  hopes  of 
relief  at  the  hands  of  a  new  governor.  They  had  col- 
lected no  part  of  the  large  sums,  about  half  a  mill- 
ion d(jllars,  due  the  missions  from  the  government;  but 
their  representatives  had  succeeded  inol)taining  some 
large  sums  on  account  of  stipends,  and  the  commer- 
cial revival  had  poured  into  the  Franciscan  treasuries 
an  amount  of  ready  money  hitherto  unknown.  I  have 
no  doubt  that  nmcli  of  the  capital  thus  gained  was 
devoted  to  purposes  not  directly  concerning  California, 
and  j)ut  where  it  would  do  most  good  for  the  order 
and  for  the  friars;  but  of  course  it  can  never  be  known 
exactly  what  use  was  made  of  it. 

Jose  Senan  was  president  of  the  missions,  vicar, 
and  vice  comisario  prefecto  until  his  death  in  August 
1  82:3.  Vicente  Francisco  Sarri'a  held  the  ])residency 
until  April  1825,  Narciso  Duran  until  Septend^er 
1827,  and  Jose  Sanchez  for  the  rest  of  the  decade. 
The  office  of  prefect  was  held  by  Mariano  Payeras 
until  his  death  in  April  1823;  by  Jose  Senan,  ad  in- 
icvim,  until  August  1823,  and  l)y  Sarria  during  the 
lemaining  years.  Martiarena  continued  to  serve  as 
sfndico  of  the  California  missions  at  least  until  1825, 
llstevan  Velez  de  Escalante  was  sindico  in  Mexico  in 
1825,  and  Padre  Juan  Cortes  was  procurador  at  the 
college  until  at  least  1828.  At  San  Fernando  Jose 
Gasol  was  guardian  in  1821-2,  Agustin  Garijo  in 
1823-G,  Juan  Calzada  in  1827-8,  and  Jose  Maria 
(Jruzmon  in  1830;  but  the  establishment  was  now 
virtually  broken  up. 


-+-^ffl 


Ecclesiastical  matters  have  not  like  those  pertnin- 
ing  to  the  missions  been  noticed  in  earlier  cha[>ters; 


HWT.  Cal.,  Vol.  II.    43 


ess 


INSTITUTIONARY  AND  STATISTICAL. 


Imt  ncitlier  is  there  much  to  be  recorded  on  this  sul)- 
ject.  At  the  end  of  1823  were  issued  orders  through 
the  bishop  for  a  proper  observance  of  rehgious  cen- 
nionies  in  all  the  churches  in  memory  of  the  dead 
pope,  Pius  VII.,  the  rites  to  include  also  prayers  lor 
the  wise  selection  of  a  successor;  and  in  July  1824, 
some  two  months  after  the  preceding  orders  had  been 
opened,  the  bishop  sent  others  for  mass  and  other 
demonstrations  of  joy,  including  three  days  of  illumi- 
nation, at  the  accession  of  Pope  Leo  VII.  Thcst; 
ceremonies  were  performed  early  in  1825.  The  death 
of  Leo  XII.  and  accession  of  Pius  VIII.  caused  a 
repetition  of  funeral  rites  and  of  the  rejoicings  in 
September  and  October  1829.  No  detailed  record  of 
either  celebration  at  any  particular  place  is  extant; 
but  it  seems  that  the  illumination,  ringing  of  bells, 
and  firing  of  guns  took  place  at  presidios  as  well  as 
at  missions.  In  the  spring  of  182G  also  was  an- 
nounced the  death  of  Bishop  Bernardo  del  Espiritu 
Santo  of  Sonora,  which  had  occurred  in  July  1825.^ 

As  before  there  was  no  one  in  California  authorized 
to  administer  the  rite  of  confirmation,  and  the  Cali- 
fornians  seem  not  to  have  been  greatly  troubled  by 
the  want.®  Chaplain  service  at  the  pueblos  and  pre- 
sidios was  still  performed,  irregularly,  by  the  nearest 
missionaries;  except  that  Padre  Menendez,  a  Domin- 
ican, was  employed  as  a  chaplain  for  the  troops  at 
San  Diego  or  Monterey  after  1825.  Secular  priests 
who  happened  to  visit  the  coast  on  Spanish  vessels 
were  not  allowed  to  receive  confessions  by  the  Fran- 
ciscan authorities,  though  they  sometimes  wished  to 
do  so.''  Ht)ly  oil,  blessed  in  Sonora  or  Puebla,  came 
at  rare  intervals  and  small  quantities,  It  had  to  bt; 
paid  for  in  masses  said  by  the  friars,  and  the  old  must 

'  Arch.  Stn  B.,  MS.,  vi.  132-4;  xi.  169;  xii.  323-4;  S.  Jonf,  Pntrntes,  MS., 
lSl-4;  Arch.  Misioiicn,  MS.,  i,  272,  277;  ii.  341;  St.  Pap.  ,S«c.,MS.,  xiv.  -'O; 
J)i)>t.  Jlic,  MS.,  vii.  234;  JJejtl.  St.  Pap.,  S.  Josi,  MS.,  iv.  85;  Sta  Cnn, 
Arch.,  MS.,  .V>. 

"In  the  iniasion  report  for  1S25-0  Durnn  sugRcsts  the  necessity  of  a  curia 
i/HMo/Kil  for  ("iilifornia.  Arch.  Sta  Ji.,  MS.,  x.  310. 

*S;inia  ami  Tiii)ia  to  Diiraii,  iii  Arch.  Sta  JS.,  MS.,  xii.  322. 


CHURCH  MATTERS. 


68t 


be  burned  when  a  new  lot  came.  In  quantity  it 
might  be  eked  out  with  connnon  olive  oil.^"  There 
■was  no  longer  any  officer  of  the  holy  inquisition,  since 
that  institution  had  ceased  to  exist;  but  orders  con- 
tinued to  come  from  the  bishop  and  to  be  circulated 
l>y  his  viear  that  all  innnoral  and  irreligious,  that  is 
anti-Catholic,  books  or  pictures  must  be  collected  and 
destroyed.  Many  of  the  objectit)nable  publications 
were  named;  but  it  does  not  appear  that  any  of  the 
number  \\as  ever  found  in  California,  uhere  few  books 
of  any  kind  were  read.  Prefect  Sarri'a,  however,  was 
once  greatly  alarmed  at  a  report  that  one  of  Vt)ltaire's 
works  was  to  be  found  in  Hartnell's  house,  and  he 
called  upon  Governor  Argiiello  to  aid  in  carrying  out 
the  decree  of  the  church  before  any  one  should  read 
that  pernicious  book." 

Several  copies  of  the  Bible  were  seen  in  California 
])rinted  "in  connnon  language,"  a  fact  which  caused 
Prefect  Sarri'a  to  make  zealous  efforts  in  18"JG  to  pre- 
vent the  reading  of  that  book.^"'  There  also  came  in 
1821  from  the  bishop  a  decree  prohibiting  that  ''c.scau- 
clalosifiimo  dance  called  the  waltz"  under  pain  of  cx- 
voin union  mayor  incurred  by  dancing  it;  but  we  are 
told  that  the  edict  was  disregarded,  and  that  the  waltz 
was  a  popular  feature  at  a  ball  given  by  the  governor 
eight  days  after  the  prohibition  arrived. ^^  Compliance 
with  church  duties  seem  to  have  been  as  strictly  en- 
forced, in  theory  at  least,  under  republican  as  under 
royal  rule;  aiid  no  series  of  regulations  for  i)ueblo  or 
})residio  was  complete  without  the  UKJst  stringent  rules 

^'^Arch.  Sta  B.,  MS.,  xii.  28.V7,  290,  4.'?0-40;  Arch.  Misioncs,  MS.,  i.  277, 
279.  Arrival  of  holy  oil  is  noted  iii  1822  and  lS2o  from  Sonora,  and  in  182(i 
from  Puebla. 

"  Fib.  11,  1824,  Sarri'a  to  Argflello,  in  Arvh.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  ii.  80. 
Oct.  23,  182t5,  comisario  general  to  Herrora,  imjiiouH  articles  and  olisceno 
jiictures  attacking  tiie  church  niu.st  not  l)e  uUdwuiI  to  pass  tin;  custom  house;. 
J'i'/it.  St.  Pap.,  lien.  Com.  and  Trcas.,  MS.,  i.  (il.  Onlcrs  of  diU'oient  dutos 
fui'  destruction  of  prohibited  books,  in  Arch.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  iv.  j>t.  i.  4(i;  .V. 
J"<i\  1'aleiite.s,  MS.,  171-2j  Arch.  Sla  Ji.,  MS.,  vi.  127-9;  Arch.  J/ixoh.  ", 
MS.,  i.  2(50,  2G«,  270. 

^■Arch.  Sla  n.,  MS.,  xii.  .%.3. 

"March  l.j,  1821,  Sarria  to  PP.  in  Arch.  Arzob.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  i.  47;  Al- 
tarudv.  Hint.  Cal.,  MS.,  ii.  324. 


1^1 

r 


il 


ii! 


CGO 


INSTITUTIONARY  AND  STATISTICAL. 


for  such  compliance.  One  Espinosa,  for  entering  a 
<l»urcli  in  woman's  clothes  and  trvinj;  on  another  ocea- 
.sion  to  enter  on  horseback,  was  sentenced  to  ten  years 
of  presidio  work  for  sacrilege."  Duhaut-Cilly  ibund 
tlie  Californians  under  the  friars'  teachings  disposed 
to  attend  somewhat  closely  to  outward  forms  of  re- 
ligiim,  but  neither  knowing  anything  about  nor  caring 
i'or  matters  of  faith.  He  notes  that  the  only  restric- 
tions imposed  in  respect  of  fasting,  lent,  etc.,  are  that 
on  certain  days  meat  and  fish,  lean  and  fat,  must  not 
be  mixed,  though  cither  might  be  eaten  and  was  found 
on  the  padres'  tables.^^  It  Avould  seem,  however,  from 
certain  not  very  intelligible  episcopal  orders  that  the 
Californians  were  authoritatively  freed  from  many  of 
the  usual  requirements  in  the  matter  of  food. 

For  criminals  of  every  class  to  take  advantage  of 
the  privileges  of  church  asylum  was  still  connnon. 
Many  cases  are  mentioned  in  the  archives^  but  in 
most  the  details,  including  the  final  settlement,  aio 
wanting.  Soldiers,  civilians,  and  Indians  on  the  com- 
mission of  any  crime  hastened  to  take  refuge  in  tlie 
church,  leaving  it  to  be  settled  later  whether  they 
were  entitled  to  the  asylum  or  whether  they  needed 
it.  As  a  rule  the  only  advantage  gained  was  exemjv 
tion  from  Hoggings;  but  in  a  few  instances  the  asylum 
caused  imprisonment  to  bo  substituted  as  a  penalty 
instead  of  death  as  required  by  military  law.  Mui- 
derers,  homicides,  highway  robbers  who  caused  nuiti- 
lation  of  limb,  and  those  who  assaulted  others  in 
church  or  cemetery  were  not  entitled  to  the  inmmnity. 
In  1830  Ignacio  Herrera  took  church  asylum  aftir 
stabbing  the  sentinel,  Miguel  Castro,  and  was  taken 
out  of  church  by  the  arresting  officer  under  the  usual 
bond,  or  caucion  juratoria.  When  the  case  came  to 
Asesor  Gomez,  he  insisted  on  nullifying  the  bond, 
and  a  long  discussion  ensued  with  the  padres  respect- 

»•  Vallpjo,  Doc.  IIi4.  Cnl,  MS.,  xxviii.  41.3;  Dipt.  Bee,  MS.,  i.  01. 

'■'  Duhaut-CUhj,  Vkti/f/io,  ii.  l'2G-7.  Various  orders  on  inilulfreiu-cs  in 
rosjK'ct  to  cai..  a  meat,  og^s,  milk,  etc.,  in  Arch.  Sla  B.,  MS.,  vi.  31--1'J, 
130--';  S.  Joai;  ratentes,  MS.,  loU-Oo,  172-S. 


PUEBLOS  AND  RANCIIOS. 


6G1 


ing  the  prisoner's  right  to  the  Immunity,  and  respect- 
ing the  president's  right  to  decide  in  the  matter  as 
the  bishop's  vicar.  The  question  was  referred  to 
the  bishop,  and  the  culprit  was  eondenmed  to  eight 
years  in  the  chain-gang.*" 

The  Cahfornia  pueblos  and  ranchos  gained  in  popu- 
lation during  this  decade  from  930  to  1,G90,  the  gain 
of  7G0  being  nearly  80  per  cent  of  the  whole  gain  in 
the  territory.  The  only  colonists  who  came  from 
abroad  were  the  150  convicts,  and  about  the  same 
number  of  foreigners;  but  probably  not  half  of  the 
300  are  to  be  included  in  the  7G0.  Of  pueblo  man- 
agement and  system  all  that  is  known  has  been  pre- 
sented in  connection  with  local  history.  There  were 
no  radical  changes  under  the  republican  regime;  but 
ayuntamientos,  or  town  councils,  were  somewhat  per- 
fected at  Los  Angeles  and  San  Jose,  military  author- 
ity was  withdrawn  to  some  extent  when  the  office  of 
comisionado  was  abolished,  and  the  non-military  resi- 
dents of  Monterey  and  Santa  Bdrbara  were  organized 
into  a  kind  of  presidial  pueblos,  each  with  a  full  ayun- 
tamiento. 

Respecting  colonization  and  the  distribution  of  lands 
it  may  be  well  to  glance  briefly  at  various  official  acts 
in  chronological  order,  thouijh  few  of  those  acts  had 
any  practical  effect  in  California  at  this  time.  The 
canonigo,  Fernandez,  as  representative  of  the  imperial 
regency,  in  November  1822  ordered  that  no  further 
distribution  of  lands  be  made  until  new  regulations 
were  issued ;^^  and  it  seems  that  under  date  of  A])ril 
11,  1823,  such  a  scries  of  regulations  was  enacted  l)y 
the  imperial  government,  which  never  had  any  effect 


IV I 


•if 


im 


^^Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil,  MS.,  Ixxi.  35-58;  Arch.  fita.  5.,  MS.,  xii.  144. 
Other  cases  in  /</.,  liv.  7;  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ant/efen,  MS.,  i.  93-i;  St.  Pup. 
Sue,  MS.,  xi.  57;  Dept.  liec,  MS.,  vi.  201;  Arch,  Arzob.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  ii. 
1U)-17. 

''.S'.  Jos^,  Arch.,  MS.,  i.  49.  This  order  is  addressed  to  the  municipal 
authorities  and  I  have  not  found  it  elsewhere,  but  it  does  not  seem  to  apply 
exclusively  to  pueblo  lands  proper. 


1    M 


vn 


6G2 


INSTITUTIONARY  AND  STATISTICAL. 


ill  California,  and  perhaps  not  anywlicrc.'^  The  suli- 
ject  of  secularizing  the  missions  was  deemed  a  ni(»,>,t 
important  one  in  these  years  by  all  secular  authorities, 
and  it  derived  most  of  its  impcjrtancc  from  the  extent 
and  value  of  the  mission  lands.  On  the  distrihution 
and  occupation  of  territorial  lands  by  actual  settlers 
the  future  prosperity  of  the  country  was  imderstood 
to  depend;  and  while  the  rights  of  the  Indians  to 
their  native  soil  were  always  conceded,  in  theory  at 
least,  by  Mexico,  the  continued  retention  by  Frantis- 
can  communities  of  all  the  best  lands  under  the  shallow 
pretence  that  the  Indians  were  being  fitted  to  enjoy 
their  rights  at  some  period  in  the  distant  future,  was 
with  much  reason  regarded  as  an  absurd  proposition. 
Argiiello  and  others  expressed  these  views  very 
clearly  in  1823;'''  and  in  September  of  that  j'ear  the 
matter  of  land  distril)ution  was  discussed  by  the  dij)u- 
tacion,  before  which  body  Sarri'a  appeared  as  defender 
of  the  natives'  rights.  The  prevailing  opinion  of  the 
legislators  was  in  ftivor  of  reducing  the  ranches,  not 
only  of  individuals  but  of  missions,  to  an  extent  cor- 
responding with  the  real  needs  of  the  occupants.  Even 
in  these  earl}'-  times  the  prevalent  tendency  to  a 
monopoly  of  land  was  recognized  as  an  evil;  but  it 
was  decided  to  leave  the  matter  to  the  decision  of  tliu 
national  government.^" 

On  August  18, 1824,  a  colonization  law  was  passed 
by  the  Mexican  congress.  It  was  most  liberal  in  its 
provisions,  favoring  the  entry  of  foreign  colonists, 
while  giving  the  preference  to  Mexican  citizens;  but 
was  very  general  in  its  terms,  leaving  regulations  iii 
detail  for  subsequent  legislation.  The  required  coni- 
p/lementary  regulations  were  issued  November  21, 
1828,  and,  like  the  law  of  1824,  are  given  very  nearly 
in  full  elsewhere.^^     Mission  lands  were  not  to  be  dis- 

^^Ifalleck'n  licport,  120.     I  have  not  seen  the  law  referred  to. 
"See  chap.  xxii.  this  vol.;  Dept.  J.'ec,  MS.,  i,  36-8. 
""See  chap,  xxiii.  this  vol.;  L,-<j.  life,  MS.,  i.  31-2. 
"See  cliap.  xxiii.  this  vol.,  and  chap.  ii.  of  vol.  iii.  for  the  laws  of  18'24, 
and  1828  in  substance.     It  sccuis  to  liave  been  nearly  a  year  before  the  last 


PRIVATE  RAXCIIOS. 


GG3 


trlbutcd  to  cither  sottler.s  or  colonists  at  present,  since 
the  difficulties  involved  were  understood  to  be  jj^reat, 
and  there  was  no  dis})(jsitiou  to  do  injustice  to  eitiier 
friars  or  neophytes.'-^  The  method  ot'  j^n-antinj^'  lands 
to  individuals — and  the  colonial  schemes  so  jjrominent 
in  the  regulations  never  had  any  practical  ai>[)]ication 
in  California — prescribed  by  the  law  was  that  some- 
what carelessly  followed  down  to  1840;  it  included  a 
j)etitit)n  with  descriptive  ex})lanations  by  the  ai)[tlicant, 
an  investigation  of  circumstances  and  consultation  of 
local  authorities,  an  apj)roval  by  the  diputacioii,  a  for- 
mal documentary  title  from  the  governor,  and  a  record 
of  the  whole  expedlcntv  in  a  book  kept  for  the  i)ur- 
pose.-^ 

There  were  in  1830  nearly  fifty  ranchos  which  had 
been  granted  to  private  individuals  by  the  successive 
governors  since  the  time  of  Fa<;es:  and  more  than 
half  the  number  had  been  yranted  durini;  this  decade, 
though  only  one  or  two  under  the  provisions  of  the 
regulations  of  1828,  and  only  one,  so  as  far  as  clearly 
appears,  with  the  direct  approval  of  the  diputacion.'* 

regulations  were  published  in  California.  In  Jan.  18'27  notice  was  gi\'en 
that  the  governor  would  not  in  the  future  grant  any  lauds  to  foreigners  (not- 
withstanding tlie  laws  of  1824,  oruntil  the  appearance  of  the  necessary  regu- 
lations?). ])fi,t.  >St.  J'ap.,  S.  Joxe,  MS,,  v.  \'l. 

^^Tuthill's  remark,  Ukt.  Cat.,  Vll,  that  'congress  was  nibbling  at  the 
mission  property  but  was  not  quite  bold  enough  to  seize  it;'  that  tiie  coloniza- 
tion scheme  was  probably  a  plan  to  make  the  civil  outgrow  the  religious  set- 
tlements and  thus  reiuler  the  work  of  plunder  easier,  is  evidently  founded 
on  ft  misconception  of  the  legal  title  to  mission  lands. 

'•'^  April  G,  1830,  a  law  of  tliis  date  modilied  those  of  1824-8  somewhat  liy 
authorizing  the  national  governnu'nt  to  take  such  lands  as  were  reiiuired  fur 
fortifications,  etc.,  and  by  prohibiting  frontier  colonization  by  foreign  citizens 
of  adjacent  nations.  JIuIIicL'h  litpoii,  121-2. 

^*  The  follow  ing  is  a  list  of  the  diflerent  ranchos  granted  before  1830.  la'- 
spccting  several  marked  with  a  (?)  there  is  some  doubt,  but  such  details  as  are 
extant  have  been  given  in  previous  chapters,  especially  in  chap.  x.\iv.-x.\vii. 
of  this  volume. 

San  D!e;io  DiMrirf:—Hi\n  Antonio  Abad    (?),  to  before  1828;   Sta 

Maria  dc  Pcfiasnuitos,  to  I'aiiz  and  Alvarado  1S2.'>;  Itosario,  or  Las  Barra- 

cas(?),to before  1828;  San  Isidro,  to before  1828;  Otay,  to  Kstudillo 

(re-grant  1S4G)  1829;  Otuy,  to  Estudillo  1829;  Tenuiscal,  to  Serrano  before 
1828. 

Santa  Bdrhara  Dixtricf: — San  Rafael,  to  Verdugo  1784;  Los  Nietos  (Sta 
(iertrudis),  to  Xicto  (re-grant  1834)  1784;  San  I'edn).  to  Donnnguez  (re-grant 
1822)  before  1800;  Portezuelo,  to  Verdugo  about  i79">;  Refugio,  to  Ortega 

about  171)7;  Simi,  to  Pico  (re-grant  1821,  1842)  1795;  FOli.x,  to (rc-grant 

to  Verdugo  1843)  about  1810;  Virgeues,  to  Ortega  (re-grant  1837,  1834)  about 


.ItF  'r 


CG4 


INSTITUTIONARY  AND  STATISTICAL. 


Not  inueli  is  kiKAvn  about  tlic  tlocuinentary  title 
to  any  of  tliese  early  grants;  but  the  governor's  ri^^Iit 
to  grant  unoccupied  lands  seems  to  have  been  as  well 
understood  before  as  after  the  colonization  laws  were 
issued.  There  was  always  a  j>etition,  more  or  less 
investigation,  and  a  written  permission  to  occupy;  and 
in  some  cases  a  formal  act  of  possession,  the  methods 
being  very  much  the  same  as  later.  Sixteen  of  these 
grants  were  subsequently  confirmed  by  the  land  com- 
mission on  the  strength  of  the  original  concession  and 
proof  of  occ.4pation;  twenty-three  were  presented  to 
that  board  strengthened  by  new  and  more  formal 
titles  made  before  184G;  while  seven  or  eight  never 
re-appeared,  or  at  least  not  under  the  same  names  and 
original  titles.  Governor  Echcandia  refused  in  18 2 'J 
to  give  written  titles  for  lands  granted  by  his  |>re- 
decessors;  but  in  July  1830  all  owners  were  suni- 
njoned  to  appear  and  give  information  respecting 
their  lands   and  titles,'*^  with  results   that   are   not 

1810;  Concjo,  or  Altagracia,  to  Polanco  and  Rodriguez  (Guerra  in  1822)  l.SO;i; 
Santiago  do  Sta  Ana,  to  Yorl)a  1809;  Cioncgas,  to  Avila  (?)  1823;  La  lirua,  to 
Kocha  1828;  San  Antonio,  to  Lugo  (ro-grant  1838)  1810-23-2";  SauzalKedondu, 
to  Avila  (re-grant  1837)  1822. 

Montcnii  Diiilrkt:—k\\sa\,  to  Butron  (?)  (re-grant  1834)  about  1828;  Bno- 
navista,  to  Estrada  (1795  to  Sobcranes)  1822;  Llano  de  Bucnavista,  to  Estrada 
1823;  Escarpin  (or  S.  Miguel?),  to  Espinosa  (re-grant  1837)  before  1828;  Mon) 
Cojo,  to  Castro  (re-grant  1844)  1825;  Potrero  (or  Fanulia  Sagrada),  to  Torre 
1822;  ISolsa  Nueva,  to  Soto  (re-grant  1836)  liefore  1829;  Natividad,  to  Butron 
and  Alviso  (re-grant  1837)  before  18.TO;  Piljaro,  to  Castro  1820;  Pilarcitos,  to 
Miramontes  (?)  (re-grant  1841)  before  18.30;  Salinas  (before  1795  to  Acevcn, 
re-grant  1830),  before  1830;  San  Cayetano,  to  Vallejo  (re-grant  1835)  1824; 

Sau/ul,  to  Soberanes  (re-grant  1834)  1823;  Tucho,  to (re-grant  1841-4) 

l)eforc  1830;  San  Antonio,  to  Soils  (re-grant  1835?)  1829;  Corralitos,  to  Anie- 
8ti(?)  (re-grant  1844)  before  1827. 

Sun  Francisco  District: — Pulgaa,  to  Arguello  (re-grant  1835)  before  1824; 
San  Antonio,  to  Peralta  1820;  San  Pablo,  to  Castro  1823;  Pinole,  to  Martintz 
(ro-grant  1842)  before  1829;  San  Isidro,  to  Ortega  before  1810;  Las  Animas, 

or  La  Brea,  to  Ciwtro  (re-grant  1835)  1802;  San  Ignacio  (?),  to  before 

182S;  Tularcitos,  to  Higuera  1821;  Buri-buri,  to  Sanchez  (re-grant  18.35)  1827; 
Llano  del  Abrevadero,  to  Higuera  (?)  1822. 

Abel  Stearns  obtained  a  grant  on  the  San  Joaquin  in  1830,  but  not  tlio 
necessary  confirmation  by  the  diputacion,  nor  did  he  occupy  the  lands.  Li'/. 
Itcc,  MS.,  i.  323-7. 

''■'J)ci,t.  liec,  MS.,  vii.  121;  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxi.  3.  In 
Oct.  1827  owners  of  lands  had  been  also  called  upon  for  similar  information. 
Olvrn,  Doc.  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  1.  The  right  of  a  presidial  commandant  to  grant 
lands  was  denied  in  the  ease  of  Willis' application  for  Bolbones  in  1828.  chap. 
xxvi.  Duliaut-Cilly  in  1827,  Viaffgio,  ii.  99,  120-1,  noted  the  evils  resulting 
from  the  uncertain  titles  to  property.     While  two  men  were  engaged  in  liti- 


MANUFACTURES  AND  LABOR. 


603 


known,  except  that  they  probably  caused  the  new 
petitions  antl  rc-grantinL?  of  old  ranchos  already  al- 
luded to.  Nothinj^  like  absolute  ownershii)  of  land 
by  individuals  was  yet  recognized  by  the  govern- 
ment; and  even  under  the  new  regulations  very  few 
persons  took  steps  in  later  years  to  acquire  i)erfect 
titles.  I  find  nothing  in  the  records  of  this  decade 
which  throws  any  light  on  the  granting  of  pueblo 
lands  or  house-lots,  e.Kcept  some  indications  that  at 
San  Diego  lots  were  given  without  written  titles.'^" 

IVIanufacturing  industry  received  no  fresh  impulse 
1  )ut  rather  suftcred  a  decline.  As  before,  coarse  woollen 
fabrics  were  woven  at  the  missions;  hides  were  tanned 
for  shoes,  sacks,  and  rude  saddles;  soap  was  made  in 
considerable  quantities;  and  a  variety  of  necessary 
articles  of  wood,  iron,  or  leather  were  produced  by 
native  or  foreign  workmen.  San  Gabriel,  Santa  Bar- 
bara, San  J  uis  Rey,  and  in  the  earlier  years  of  the 
decade  San  Luis  Obispo  were  most  noted  for  their 
various  industries ;  but  there  is  no  information  extant 
respecting  what  was  accomplished  at  any  of  the  estab- 
lishments; and  we  only  know  from  an  occasional  refer- 
ence in  an  official  report,  or  the  notes  of  a  traveller,  or 
in  accounts  of  supplies  furnished,  that  the  work  of 
earlier  periods  was  still  continued  in  the  mission  work- 
shops. Laborers  of  all  kinds  were  still  for  the  most 
part  Indians  hired  from  the  missions  or  from  the 
gentile  ranchenas.  Doubtless  in  some  instances  the 
Indians  were  compelled  to  work  for  nothing,  but  the 
authorities  made  some  efforts  to  prevent  such  abuses.-^ 

L'.ition  about  a  piece  of  laud  it  was  granted  by  the  governor  to  a  third  party. 
Heecliey,  Voyage,  ii.  11,  says  that  retired  soldiers  were  no  longer  given  land 
in  the  pueblos  as  formerly,  but  only  .lUowed  the  use  of  it.  July  .">,  182."),  the 
guardian  of  S.  Fernando  to  Minister  Alaman,  says  'the  settlers  unfortunately 
are  so  indolent  and  slack  in  their  labors  that  generally  they  do  not  eat  unless 
tlio  Indians  do  the  work.'  Arch.  Arzob.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  ii.  146.  May  19,  1S21), 
Kcheandia  reports  that  there  is  no  apparent  hope  of  the  settlers  doing  more 
than  to  earn  a  bare  living.  De2)t.  Ilec,  MS,,  vii.  15. 

'"Applications  of  Bandini,  Estudillo,  and  Arcuollo  in  1849-50  for  titles  to 
lots  on  which  they  had  lived  since  the  'old  times'  before  1830,  when  'grants  of 
that  class  were  made  verbally.'  S.  Dieijo,  Arch.,  MS.,  8. 

^'  There  ore  no  items  or  references  of  value  on  manufactures;  but  the  fol- 


GGO 


INSTITUTIOXAltY  AND  STATISTICAL. 


]\rissi<)iinry  n'|>f)rts  in  1822  wi-iv  to  the  viiwi  that 
i»o  iiiincM  liJid  \k'v\\  fouiul  In  Califoi'nia,  except  tin- 
( )itt'na  silver  mine  on  the  ranclio  San  Isidi-o,  wliirli 
liati  In-un  fscvoral  times  worked  witli  unknown  resiilt>; 
tliouiL;li  tliere  were  rumoi.s  and  'dreams'  (»t'  metallic 
veins  in  a  roek  on  the  coast,  tive  li'ajjfues  from  Vuvi- 
sima;  the  miner,  IVdro  Posa(hjs,  had  been  j)ros[K(i- 
in^^  about  San  Luis  Key  witliout  Buecess  so  tar  as 
eould  be  known;  and  travellers  had  declared  tli<  iv 
must  be  metals  in  the  mountains  around  San  Luis 
ObisjK).'^''  Padre  Amorc'is  in  1S22,  like  the  rest,  sai-l 
there  were  no  mines  near  his  mission  of  San  lialarl, 
Initthe  next  year  he  expressed  to  Arjnri'iello  hisojmiinii 
tliat  the  Russians  in  a  recent  expedition  from  Bodega 
inland  had  discovered  a  silver  mine,  ur<;in''  this  as  a 
reason  why  the  Spaniards  should  make  every  exertion 


lowing  on  liilior  may  be  worth  prosorving:  In  1.S2S,  only  ono  alavc  in  tliu 
tfiritory,  ii  woiimu  who  came  with  Irt  mistivus  iu  l.S'J.">,  iJfjit.  Itic,  ^IS.,  vi. 
ft.'i.  ('ii'culnr  sunt  out  asking  tiio  numluT  of  slaves.  J>i'iit.  St.  Ptiy.,  /!<  n.  /''■■  /. 
y  Jiizij.,  M.S.,  i.  41.  Oct.  tJ.'l,  IcS'JO,  Kcheumlia  hlamcH  tiu!  coniamliiiiti'  I'f 
Alontcrcy  hecauHC  Indiana  captured  l>y  the  trooim  have  been  distrilmteil 
aniong  tiie  people  ns  servants.  .Su<'h  Indians  must  he  sent  to  the  mi.s.sinns. 
J)i)if.  I'cc,  M.S.,  vii.  170,  '241.  White  men  do  no  work  hut  to  care  for  cattle 
or  sheep;  for  tilling  the  ground  they  pay  the  jMidrcs  for  Indians  wlioni  they 
Use  us  .^lave8.  Dnhuiil-C'dhj.  I'iaijijio,  ii.  124.  In  18'2I,  neophytes  supplicil 
by  missions  for  rebuilding  Monterey  were  chnrged  at  the  rate  of  from  l.."i  to 
4  reals  pur  day,  including  the  use  of  tools.  Arch.  Arzuh.,  MS.,  v.  pt.  i.  ."il. 
In  IS'Jti  Zalvidea  tells  the  governor  he  will  make  no  charge  for  four  Indians 
of  his  mission,  aiiice  it  appears  they  arc  expected  to  work  on  the  presidio  for 
patriotism;  but  he  complains  that  for  workmen  who  get  no  pay  they  arc  very 
scantily  fed.  fd.,  v.  pt.  i.  '25-0.  A  neophyte  carpenter ai>plie8  to  the  govonior 
for  permission  to  leave  S.  Diego  mission  nntl  go  elsewhere  to  ply  his  trade. 
The  p;  dres  were  ordered  to  report  on  his  civil  and  religious  conduct.  /'/.,  v.  pt. 
i.  8.  .  1  IS'J.I,  Tapis  tells  Mulligan  that  neophytes  are  much  opposed  to  wink- 
ing av  y  from  their  missions.  Vallijo,  Dor.  Hist.  C'al.,  MS.,  xxviii.  '2',tl.  In 
lS'2(i  '  vid  Spencesaya  to  Hartnell  'everj'body  has  Indians  at  his  connnaml,' 
and  h  ants  some.  Id.,  xxix.  30.  1828,  A'clntosh  says  to  Cooper  that  Indiim 
wages  e  S4  per  month.  Id.,  242.  Juno  io,  1820,  Eeheandia  permits  the 
settlert  f  San  Jo86  to  go  and  'induce'  the  gentiles  of  the  Tulares  to  come  in 
and  w'c  ;  but  their  morals  and  conduct  must  be  looked  after.  Dept.  St.  Po}'., 
MS.,  i.      0. 

»«^1)  ^.  Stn  /?.,  MS.,  iii.  279,  317;  vi.  198;  ix.  116-17.  December  '.'•., 
1820,  t!  governor  writes  to  Garcia  Conde  that  mines  are  lying  unworkcd 
for  want  of  speculators,  referring  chiefly  to  Lower  California.  St.  Pcip.,  Sdr., 
MS.,  vi.  20.  The  Hrst  expedition  to  explore  the  .Sonoma  region  in  July  IS-Jll 
found  what  they  deemed  lime  between  Sonoma  and  Napa.  Arch.  Arzoli.,  MS., 
iv.  pt.  ii.  40.  Mexican  law  of  October  7,  1823,  allowing  foreigners  to  o\mi 
mines.  Svhmidl'x  Ciril  Laws  o/S/inln  and  Me.v.,  337-9.  Brief  mention  "f 
gold  dust  washed  out  at  S.  Isidro,  S.  Diego  Co.,  in  1828.  //«ye«'  Scroj>i 
Mini II g,  v.  3. 


MIXIXO  AND  AORirULirRR 


007 


id  explore  nnd  Indd  that  rountrv.  Tlio  ..ict,  Ijowcvcr, 
llint  tlio  padre  wanted  some  men  at  tlie  time  for  an 
I  \|>edition  after  eonverts  and  runaways,  may  liavo 
)i:id  much  influence  on  Ins  opinion.*'  X«'ar  Montci'ey 
MM  event  occurred  which  at  the  least  seems  to  have 
served  as  the  foundation  of  a  minijiuj  tradition  in  later 
years.  Ahout  1825  one  Romero  and  his  wife  found 
rich  silver-heariner  rock  near  a  warm  spriniLT  iu  the 
mountains  hack  of  Carmelo  Vallev,  to  which  thev  had 
Iteen  directed  by  Indians  as  a  euro  for  the  w(»mMn's 
rheumatism.  The  man  <lied  while  on  his  way  south 
to  ol.tain  miners;  hut  Marfa  Romero,  with  the  aid 
of  her  children,  worked  the  mine  secretly  on  a  small 
scale,  and  occasionally  sold  small  bars  of  silver  mixed 
with  lead  to  Captain  Cooper  and  others.  David 
Spenco  is  cited  as  authority  for  this  story,  which  was 
mentioned  as  early  as  18G0,  and  was  published  in  the 
newspapers  of  1872  in  connection  with  the  alleged  re- 
discovery of  the  mine.'' 


30 


Ji.gricultural  statistics  are  attainable  only  for  the 
missions,  and  with  general  deductions  have  been  given 
earlier  in  this  chapter.  The  average  crops  and  th<j 
average  percentage  of  yield  had  largely  decreased 
since  the  last  decade.  The  crop  of  1821  had  been 
the  largest,  and  that  of  1829  tlie  smallest  ever  har- 
vested, though  in  the  latter  year  there  are  no  special 
complaints  of  drought,  and  in  the  former  rains  weie 
leported  as  scanty.  The  amount  of  agricultural  pi'od- 
ucts  raised — chietly  for  home  consumption — at  pueblos 
and  ranches  must  have  been  large  in  the  aggregate, 
but  we  have  no  statistics  on  the  subject.  In  the  way 
of  pests  not  much  is  heard  at  this  time  of  the  dm- 
huistll,  or  rust;  but  locusts  and  squirrels  were  trouble- 
some almost  everywhere,  and  mustard  in  many  places. 
There  are  no  indications  that  irrigating  works  had 

^Arrh.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  ii.  84-5. 

'".S;.  Franrixro  Ihmhl,  May  4,  1800;  C'astrovVk  Argm,  Aug.  17,  31,  1872; 
Monterey  Democrat;  Sta  Cruz  Sfiitiiiel. 


.11 


,  i: 


{'  .. 


INSTITUTIONARY  AND  STATISTICAL. 


been  extended,  but  rather  the  contrary.  Tlic  terri- 
torial government  did  nothing  for  agricultural  devel- 
opment beyond  issuing  now  and  then  a  law  against 
kindling  fires  in  the  fields.  For  crops  other  than  of 
grain  we  have  no  figures;  but  vines  and  olives  are 
constantly  referred  to  as  yielding  abundantly  from 
San  Diego  to  San  Buenaventura,  and  the  vines  also, 
only  a  little  less  abundanth'',  up  to  San  Jose.  A 
small  quantity  of  oil  was  pressed  from  the  olives, 
while  the  grapes  yielded  large  quantities  of  wine  and 
brandy.  ^^ 

Stock-raising  was  by  far  the  most  prosperous  in- 
dustry of  the  country,  being  the  one  which  almost 
exclusively  supported  the  territorial  commerce.  As 
in  the  case  of  agriculture  figures  are  confined  to  tlie 
missions,  and  have  already  been  presented;  but  the 
rancheros  also  depended  chiefly  for  a  living  on  their 
sales  of  hides  and  tallow,  and  approximated  more 
nearly  in  this  than  any  other  branch  of  industry  to 
mission  enterprise  and  success.^^  Sheep-raising  was 
not  prosperous  except  at  two  or  three  of  the  larger 
missions;  since  there  was  no  exportation  of  wool, 
nmtton  was  but  rarely  used  for  food,  and  the  number 
of  neophytes  to  be  clothed  was  constantly  diminish- 
ing.^^ Horses  were  still  kept  limited  by  slaughter  to 
the  numbers  deemed  necessary  for  the  various  uses 
of  the  inhabitants,  because  when  allowed  to  become 
wild  they  interfered  seriously  with  the  more  profit- 
able raising  of  cattle.^     The  importance  of  the  trade 

'' Tithes  on  grapes  in  one  year  amounted  to  430,000  (?)  lbs  of  brandy,  of 
wliicii  half  went  to  Avila  for  manufacture  according  to  his  contract.  (SV.  I'dp. , 
S(t<\,  MS.,  vi.  27.  The  raising  of  hemp  had  long  been  abandoned,  thougli  in 
IS'jr)  there  were  in<  uiries  from  Mexico  for  that  article.  Dciit.  lice.  MS.,  1. 
2G4;  St.  Pap.,  Mm.,  MS.,  v.  27-8;  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  lien.  Mil.,  MS.,  liv.  !». 

^''Duhaut-Cilly,  Viayijio,  ii.  145,  states  that  private  individuals  owned 
28,000  head  of  cattle  in  1827;  but  there  is  no  data  for  an  accurate  catiiiiiiti', 
even  the  tithe  and  tax  accounts  being  exceedingly  fragmentary.  Beechcy, 
Voi/aije,  ii.  15,  tells  us  that  a  Monterey  merchant  paid  §30,000  in  one  year  to 
a  mission  for  its  hides,  tallow,  and  Indian  labor. 

''In  1821  the  missions  from  Purfsimii  northward  were  called  upon  to  con- 
tribute 2,000  sheep  for  S.  Rafael,  giving  from  100  to  250  each.  Arch.  Ari'A, 
MS.,  iv.  pt.  i.  03-4. 

'*0n  this  slaughter  of  horses,  no  statistics  being  given,  see  Los  Anyth'^, 


HIDES  AND  TALLOW. 


in  hides  and  tallow  turned  the  attention  of  the  gov- 
ernment to  the  regulation  of  cattle-raising,  with  a 
\ic\v  especially  to  revenue  purposes  and  also  to  the 
pieservation  of  order  and  the  protection  of  individual 
rights.  I  give  a  resume  of  such  regulations  in  a 
note.*^ 

Commercial   and   maritime  affairs  have  formed  a 

//.■,sV.,  9;  Handini,  Doc.  I/isf.  Vnl,  ^MS.,  6;  SlaC/urn,  Arch.  Parm'/iiin,  MS., 
rS-(J.'{;  Diihuut-Cilly,  Viai/ijio,  ii.  14(3,  201-2.  The  French  voyager  cariiecl  a 
lot  (if  horses  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands. 

^'■'I'viilamenlo  sohre.  Ganados,  1S..'7,  MS.,  action  of  the  dipntacinn  in  sessions 
of  July  31st  to  Sept.  12th,  in  Lv<i.  li<c.,  MS.,  i.  73-86.  (Art.  1-2.)  Uofnre  the 
md  of  the  year  padres  must  report  on  the  mission  lands  and  boundaries  lioth 
tip  tlic  governor  and  to  the  comandante  of  Monterey  and  revenue  tillicers. 
(3.)  Ayuntamientos  and  owners  of  s'ltins  must  also  reiiort  on  tlvir  lands  and 
titles.  (4.)  An  impression  of  the  brand  on  a  sheet  of  paper  witli  a  statement 
(if  the  number  of  cattle  must  also  ))o  presented.  (5.)  In  future  only  missions 
and  those  who  own  sUio!<  shall  brand  (also  those  who  have  at  least  l.JO  cows?); 
otiiers  will  use  the  «!arc(f  and  seiiul.  (G.)  At  Los  Angeles,  S.  Jos(',  and  Bran- 
'■ifi^irte  those  who  have  IJO  cows  will  be  given  a  initio  outside  the  town  wiiere 
tliey  may  have  a  corral;  those  having  less  must  coileet  tiiem  in  the  conmninity 
corral.  (7.)  Branding  is  permitted  in  the  south  only  from  March  to  May; 
and  in  the  north  from  July  to  September.  (8.)  No  one  shall  brand  or  niarit 
without  giving  previous  notice  to  his  neighbors;  but  in  pueblos  only  the  jiiez 
(lu  cainpo  and  two  c'.Hzens  need  be  present.  (!).)  No  majcjrdomo  or  otiier 
i'.ttachtj  of  missions  or  ranchos  shall  mark  cattle  without  the  consent  of  the 
owner  and  knowledge  of  neighbors.  (10.)  No  one  caii  use  clipped  or  pointed 
ears  as  a  mark.  (11.)  There  must  be  a  weekly  roileo  of  all  cattle.  'J'he  juez 
do  campo  to  be  present  and  the  interested  parties.  (12.)  No  one  shall  kill 
lattle  (for  food)  in  the  fields;  and  they  shall  be  tied  up  for  slaugliter  (/»«»- 
i-(  rimr')  oidy  after  the  weekly  rodeo.  (13.)  In  no  rancho  shall  there  be  false 
cnrrab  or  hun+ing  of  stock  without  fi  uniting  of  all  the  neighbors  and  fi  sliar- 
iiig  of  the  cattle  taken;  subsequently  wild  stock  may  be  hunted  and  lirandcd 
for  a  year,  <ind  after  that  time  will  belong  to  the  municipal  funds.  In  pue- 
blos it  will  be  divided  among  the  different  owners.  (14.)  Yearly  stock  men 
v,  ill  }'"occcd  to  make  false  corrals  for  the  slaughter  of  wihl  horses.  In  the 
piieblos  all  the  citizens  will  do  it  L'-  presence  of  the  jue/  de  campo.  (].">.)  In 
An','eles,  S.  Jijse,  iind  Branciforte  no  person  may  have  more  than  a  Ijand  of  40 
r.iaics,  which  ninnbcr  the  ayuntamiento  may  reduce  still  lower.  (Iti. )  On  the 
ranchos  hides  and  tallow  can  only  be  bought  of  the  owner,  who  will  give  tlii^ 
buyer  a  certificate  to  be  presented  to  the  justice.  In  pueblos  the  buyer  will 
notify  the  alcalde  who  will  give  him  a,  ]ia/iclctn.  (17.)  No  one  shall  u.se  a 
liiirs  3  without  the  owner's  permission.  (18.)  No  one  may  make  a  fire  in  the 
liilds,  and  he  who  is  obligccl  to  strike  a  light  must  cai-efully  extinguish  it  be- 
fore dejiarting.  (19-20.)  No  one  may  leave  his  place  of  residence  without  a 
]ia;-s.  Those  regulations  were  also  issued  by  the  governor  as  an  edict  on  Oct. 
7th.  Drjit.  St.  P(tj).,  Mont.,  MS. ,  i.  ir)-17.  July  22,  1S2!),  the  governor  is  asked 
fnr  instructions  about  the  wild  cattle  belonging  to  the  jirn pi (!.■<  y  arhilriint  ac- 
cording to  Art.  13  of  the  rcglamento.  JJept.  Sf.  Pap.,  Ben.  Com.  owl  Trcax., 
MS.,  i.  4!)-");").  Aug.  17,  1830,  Zamorano  by  Echeandia's  onler  notities  ran- 
clieros  to  be  rendy  for  a  visit  of  inspection  from  Raimundo  Estrada  as  the  gov- 
i  iiior's  comisionado,  with  two  associates,  the  inspection  to  begin  at  S.  Cayc- 
tii'ioon  Aug.  12th.  Dcpt.  St.  Pap.,  U<n.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxi.  4-').  For  details 
I  u  the  brands  of  different  missions  and  individuals,  see  Hiipniir  of  liniiidn, 
-MS.,  48-53;  Dcitt.  Si.  Pep.,  MS.,  ii.  50;  VuUejo,  Doc.  Hint.' (kd.,  MS.,  xxix. 
157. 


C70 


INSTITUTIONARY  AND  STATISTICAL. 


jiroiiiincnt  historical  topic  in  this  as  they  will  also  in 
later  |)eriods;  and  all  that  can  be  known  of  trading- 
statistics  and  regulations  has  been  presented  already, 
or  will  be,  in  chronologic  order,  needing  no  repetitimi 
save  in  the  briefest  resume  here.^*'  Nine  or  ten  trad- 
ing craft  before  182G,  and  later  twice  as  many,  canu' 
to  the  coast  each  year  laden  with  goods  to  be  exchanged 
for  hides  and  tallow.  The  market  thus  formed  i"i»r 
Californian  products  was  the  basis  for  all  of  prosper- 
ity that  the  territory  enjoyed  during  the  decadi-. 
Revenue  from  duties  for  the  support  of  the  govein- 
meutand  army  amounted,  as  recorded,  to  from  $I0,00() 
to  $30,000  annually;  but  the  records  are  fragmentaiv, 
and  despite  contraband  entries  the  receipts  must  have 
been  I  think  three  times  as  large  as  the  amounts  men- 
tioned. At  first  in  spite  of  Spanish  laws  all  the  ports 
were  open  to  foreign  vessels;  and  even  later,  undii- 
imperial  and  republican  rule,  restrictions  were  lar-gcly 
disregarded  by  the  authorities;  but  gradually,  as  the 
excessive  duties  caused  smuggling  to  revive,  it  was 
necessary  for  self-protection  and  in  obedience  to  Mexi- 
can orders  to  partially  enforce  the  laws.  The  way- 
ports  and  embarcaderos  were  closed,  and  even  Santa 
Barbara  and  San  Francisco;  and  in  the  last  ye.irs 
obedience  to  restrictive  measures  was  sometimes  in- 
sisted on,  though  subordinate  officials  were  as  a  rule 
under  the  control  of  traders,  and  even  the  governor 
could  be  broug)>t  to  terms  by  a  threat  to  leave  the 
coast  with  a  fine  cargo,  A  colony  of  foreign  traders, 
headed  by  such  men  as  Hartnell,  Cooper,  Gale,  and 
Spence,  now  controlled  the  conmierce  of  the  coast ; 
and  the  peculiar  system  of  hide  and  tallow  trade  did 
not  vary  materially  from  1823  to  1840.^^ 


Financial  administration  in  California  for  tliis  dec- 
ade, with   particular  reference  to  the  complication^ 

"'"'  For  commei'cial  annals  of  1821-30,  sec  chap,  xx.-xxiii.;  and  chap.  i.  v.  "t 
vol.  iii. 

■*'  I  append  a  Hat  of  current  prices  for  tliis  period,  tlio  different  items  ^l■ill^' 
taken  from  a  great  number  of  original  invoices  and  bills  on  file  in  my  cl- 


FIXANCES. 


C71 


UTowing  out  of  the  subject  in  182G-30,is  fully  treated 
elsewhere ;^^  of  the  adiniiii.stratiou  in  Mexico  there  is 
nothing  to  be  said  beyond  noting  the  fact  that  Ger- 
\asio  Argtiello  retained  the  office  of  habilitado  gen- 
rral  at  Guadalajara,  drawing  his  salary,  or  enough  of 
it  to  keep  alive,  as  lieutenant  of  the  San  Diego  com- 
pany, but  performing  so  far  as  the  records  show  not 
a  single  act  in  connection  with  the  furnishing  of  sup- 
plies for  California;  and  the  usual  statistics  of  pre- 
sidial  finance,  or  such  fragments  thereof  as  are  extant, 
liave  been  given  in  connection  with  local  annals.  Both 
in  Mexico  and  in  California  the  old  forms  of  yearly 
estimates,  adjustment  of  accounts,  retentions  and  dis- 
counts for  tlie  various  military  fonJos,  and  others 
reminiscent  of  the  old  Spanish  system  were  still  kej)t 
up  to  a  certain  extent;  but  mainly  for  show  as  it 
v»ould  seem,  since  of  the  fragmentary  accounts  extant 
many  arc  wholly  unintelligible,  and  some  certainly 
(leal  with  amounts  and  payments  that  were  purely 
imaginary.  There  are  no  data  for  general  conclusions, 
1)ut  I  ai)pend  a  few  items  of  more  or  less  interest  and 
importance.^'' 

lection:  Cloths,  per  yaril,  Amcr.  cotton,  15-16  eta. ;  striped  cotton,  C>2  cts. ; 
tiiking,  §1;  canvas,  !?1;  Miinta,  70  cts. -82,30;  chintz,  7")  cts.-Sl.'Jri;  inl 
flannel,  Jr'J.'J.');  jiano— woollen  stuffs  for  men's  clothing — 8'2.2.")-80.(M1;  Cuzco 
ilotli,  81.">0-82.(K).  Articles  of  clothing:  Hats,  81-8<>;  socks,  8;{.7.'i-81.")  per 
il  1/. ;  shoes,  81.00;  mission  blankets,  Sl.2r)-81.50 ;  scrapes,  8i..')0;  hiuulker- 
1  liiefs,  25-50  cts.;  muslin  dresses,  85;  rcbozos,  832  doz. ;  shirts,  37  cts.  ti> 
sl.M.  Articles  of  food,  and  groceries:  Corn,  81-50-81.75  per  fan;  wlieat,  82- 
yA;  beans,  81.50-.82.50;  barley,  81.50-82.00;  pulse,  81.75;  pease,  ii^'.i-s-; 
I'uions,  10  cts.  per  lb.;  salt,  82  per  fan.;  sugar,  24-32  cts.;  rice,  12-1(1  cts.; 
t'leoa,  3(i-7  cts.;  coU'ec,  15  cts.;  cinnamon,  8l>  lb.;  lard,  8*i-81(i  ]icr  ewt.; 
t:il!ow,  8l)-812  cwt. ;  llour.  8<)-S^c\vt. ;  dried  beef,  .84-81)  cwt.  Cattle:  75  cts. 
to  .88  each;  horses,  84-820,  840-850  for  pacers  and  racers;  sheep,  50  cts.  tr) 
■'■1.5().  Uum.  81.75  gal.;  gin,  81-75,  brandy,  83;  wine,  (iO  cts.  to  82..')(>. 
Timber,  8-'0  per  M.  I'low-points,  82;  sickles,  81-50;  axes,  82;  pirks,  82; 
spades,  82;  knives  and  forks,  84  doz.;  combs,  8  cts.  Plates,  .82.25  doz.; 
I  iip.s  ami  saucers,  .812;  iron  pots,  .82.50;  leather,  .82.50  per  hide;  hides,  ilOets. 
til  82;  sadilles,  80;  aparcjos,  85;  wax  candles,  81.50-83.75  lbs.;  tobacco,  75 
its. -81. 40  11).;  gunpowder,  40  cts.  lb.,  88-810  jier  keg.  I'ope  for  lialiards, 
l5-l(Jets.  H). ;  steel,  8t).50  per  anrihri;  iron,  812  cwt. ;  shcc.'t  iron.  Sir,  sliot, 
S24  cwt.;  nails,  15-30  cts.  lb.  Writing  paper,  84.25-SlG  ream;  sealing-wax, 
82  lb. 

•".See  Ififl.  Ca!.,  chap.  iii.  of  vol.  iii.,  this  series. 

^"Dec.  1822,  California  assesscil  811J30  for  1823  to  aid  in  covering  a 
ill  licit  of  .8(1,000,000  in  national  budget.  Sii/i.  <lovt..  Si.  /'«;».,  MS.,  i.  1.  Ue- 
ii.itted  to  California  in  1825:  822,000  in  silver,  .822,37'J  in  goods,  and  812,000 


iti. 


.  a 


Mil 


672 


INSTITUTIONARY  AND  STATISTICAL. 


The  military  force  in  California  at  the  end  of  the 
decade  was  less  than  400  men  in  active  service,  includ- 
ing some  20  commissioned  officers.  The  jiresidial 
cavalry  companies  numbered  about  220  men;  tlic 
Mazatecos,  50;  the  artillery,  40;  and  the  San  Bias 

tlirouf,'Ii  the  comisaria  of  the  west.  Mexico,  Mrm.  Eelnciones,  1820,  .S2.  Nov, 
21,  IS'27,  deci'ce  on  a  future  loan,  part  of  which  will  go  to  pay  the  troojis  of 
California  and  other  states'.  Sup.  Govt.,  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xx.  8.  May  ]S'2S, 
congress  decrees  for  Cal.  .^140,940,  of  which  §12,800  for  tlie  plana  mayor,  jiml 
the  rest  to  bo  divided  among  the  presidios  including  Loreto.  Jd.,  iv.  :i-i. 
1828,  one  eighth  of  customs  receipts  devoted  to  payment  of  foreign  (klit. 
Arrihvju,  Ihcop.,  1S2S,  242-7.  1828-9,  'gastos  generales  de  relaciones'^?)  for 
C'alifornias,  §18,145.  Mexico,  Man.  Ilacieiidit,  1S30,  doc.  37;  and  many  other 
similar  entries  for  different  years,  but  especially  1829,  being  partial  accounts 
of  transactions  in  California,  some  of  them  intelligible  and  others  not,  in  the 
annual  reports  of  the  different  national  departments.  1829-30,  ])rtsi(ltnt 
exempts  California  soldiers  from  certain  discounts  on  their  pay.  ArrilUfja, 
Jiicop.,  ISol,  48.  The  discount  had  been  ordered  Aug.  17,  1829.  Id.,  24-;ili. 
1830-1,  secretary  of  treasury  asked  congress  to  authorize  estimated  exju'n.so 
of  .§i;Jl,440  for  six  cavalry  companies,  and  $5,890  for  expense  of  two  niiiil 
schooners.  Mexico,  Mem.  Hacienda,  1S30,  annex  B.  C.  Revenue  tax  of  5  nml 
10  per  cent  on  incomes,  in  all  Mexican  territory.  Sup.  (Jovt.,  St.  I'ap.,  MS., 
V.  10;  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Com.  and  Trean.,  MS.,  ii.  (i;  Arch.  Sta.  J].,  Ms., 
xi.  112-13.  No  such  tax  was  ever  paid  in  Cal.  Tobacco  account:  (Jalifninia 
owed  federal  treasury  for  tobacco  received  in  first  eight  months  of  1825  !?23.S(i.S. 
Mexico,  Mem.  Hacienda,  1S2G,  doc,  9,  25.  Oct.  23,  182G,  §100,000  worth  to 
1)0  sent,  and  none  nnist  be  introduced  from  other  sources.  JJcpt.  St.  Puji., 
Jlen.  Com.  and  Treat. ,  MS. ,  i.  47.  Two  hundred  and  ten  tercioa  of  leaf-tobacco 
and  2.30  boxes  of  cigarettes  arrived  on  the  Gen.  Bravo.  Id.,  CO-1.  Complaints 
in  1S27-8  of  the  bad  cmalityof  the  tobacco  thus  received.  Soldiers  took  it  at 
12  reals  and  were  glad  to  sell  it  for  four.  Id.,  71,  104-5.  Habilitado  accounts 
etc.:  1825,  due  artillery  company  since  1822,  §50,148.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Jl'ii. 
Mil.,  MS.,  Ivii.  7-8.  S.  Bias  company  paid  up  on  Dec.  31,1820,  .92,850.  /-/., 
lix.  19.  Monthly  pay-roll  of  artillery,  1827-30,  about  §725;  of  S.  Bias  com- 
pany, about  §400;  of  Mazatlau  company,  about  §850;  and  of  four  prc.siilial 
comi)anies,  about  §1,500  each,  fd.,  passim.  Habilitado  Estrada's  accounts 
of  payments  to  troops  1820-7;  total,  §50,894.  Id.,  Ixviii.  3.  1828,  estimate 
of  cost  for  six  months:  d^fatura  and  comisaria,  §2,540;  engineers,  .§.500;  artil- 
lery, §4,093;  S.  Bias  corapanj-,  §3,053;  prcsidial  companies,  §30,011 ;  ^lazatlan 
com2)any,  §5,838;  total,  §53,8.35.  IJept.  liec,  MS.,  vi.  2-0.  Statement  of 
I-Aheandia:  Total  receipts  in  1828,  §24,503;  payments,  §31,384.  IJept.  St.  /'.';'•, 
B<n.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixx.  10-22.  1829,  his  estimate  of  yearly  expense,  §123,(HI0. 
Id.,  21.  The  habilitados  were  tax-collectors  and  revenue  officers  durini;a 
large  part  of  the  decade.  They  received  5  per  cent  on  all  sums  colUctcil 
after  the  beginning  of  1823.  VuVejo,  Doc.  1114.  Cal.,  MS.,  1.  53;  and  many 
other  icferonces.  The  missions  had  to  pay  10  per  cent  on  crops  and  incrcaso 
of  cattle;  0  or  12  per  cent  on  exports;  and  12.5  cents  on  each  animal  slauuli- 
tcrcd.  Arch.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  ii.  11-12;  Dept.  hW.,  MS.,  i.  75,  323;  IVf'A/o, 
iJoc.  ni.4.  Cal.,  MS.,  xvii.  89;  xyiii.  79,  91,  97-8,  311,  318;  xix.  123,  KiT-S, 
147-8.  The  amount  of  mission  tax  at  S.  Francisco  in  1824  and  1S2S,  almnt 
§3,400.  There  arc  numerous  orders  requiring  the  payment  of  tithes  tliror,_h- 
out  the  decade;  but  no  statistics.  1828,  account  of  .1.  B.  Alvarado  of  reccii'ts 
and  expenditures  of  nuinicipal  funds  for  the  six  districts,  except  S.  Josi'  ami 
S.  Francisco.  Receipts,  §3,388;  expenditures,  §1,637;  balancecjn  hand,  §l.7il. 
This  revenue  was  from  li(juor  duties,  lines,  and  tax  on  wood  and  timl"i; 
expenses  included  salaries  of  secretaries  of  diputacion  and  ayuntamiontos,  and 
cost  of  schools.  Dijit.  Bee,  MS.,  vii.  47;  JJejit.  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  ii.  70. 


MILITARY. 


673 


infantry,  40.  There  were  also  about  GO  invalids.*" 
The  decline  was  very  marked  in  the  last  two  years, 
and  was  perhaps  even  greater  in  the  San  Bias  and 
]\lazatlan  companies  than  I  have  indicated  above,  as 
the  records  are  far  from  beini;  satisfaetorv.  The  i'all- 
ing-oft'  of  the  force  was  due  to  the  fact  that  the  soldiers 
were  unable  to  get  their  pay,  and  could  get  a  better 
living  more  easily  by  working  on  the  ranchos,  Tliero 
were  occasional  calls  for  recruits,  and  some  were  doubt- 
less obtained;  but  I  find  no  statistical  record  of  re- 
sults." 

Complaints  from  the  comandante  general  and  other 
territorial  authorities  respecting  the  insufficiency  of 
I'orce  and  armament  were  frequent,  as  were  suggestions 
and  demands  for  reform.*"     The  national  government, 

^^  The  sum  of  the  figures  I  have  given  for  the  (Uffcront  presidios  is  417, 
iiichuling  invalids,  cliaptera  xxiv-vii.  In  an  estimate  of  expenses  ifir  IS'JS, 
the  total  of  military  force  is  given  at  ;it)out  400.  Ih'itt.  Ucc. ,  MS. ,  vi.  'J-0.  The 
force  of  the  presidial  companies  was  given  l>y  Kcheandfa  as '271  in  IS'JO.  Ih [it. 
/.'if..  :M8.,  iv.  42;  and  as  203  in  1827.  Sta  tiara,  J'armij.,  MS.,  .'Mi.  The  ar- 
tillery is  given  as  .SO  and  25  in  1S35;  45  in  1S27;  40,  4;{,  42,  in  1S2S;  5!)  in 
1S2!);  49,  44,  in  18.30.  Tlie  8.  Bias  company,  50  in  1823;  40  in  1825;  37,  40, 
in  1S20;  41  in  1827-8;  39,  20,  23,  in  1829;  and  23  in  1S30.  The  Ma/atlan 
oDuipiiny,  90  in  1825;  08  in  1820;  07  in  1827;  50  in  1829;  and  37  in  1830. 
J)r]it.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  passim;  JJ'pt.  J'ec,  MS.,  i.  0-7;  vii.  7;  JM/it. 
S!.Pap.,Bvn.  Com.  and  7'n'a.s.,  MS.,  i.  13;  »SV(i67rtC(/,/'«(/-ror/.,;MS.,  50.  State- 
ment of  mission  escoltas;  one  corporal,  and  from  two  to  live  cavalry  men  in 
e;iL'li,  besides  a  detachment  of  infantry  at  8.  Fernando  and  S.  IJuenaventura. 
Arrh.  Sta  n.,  MS.,  iii.  228-00.  1828,  IJandini  says  each  pre.sidio  had  100 
cavalry  besides  infantry  and  artillery.  Jiaiidhii,  Doc.  lliitf.  Cal.,  MS.,  8. 
1S29,  general  statement  without  figures.  St.  Pap.  Snr.,  MS.,  xix.  4.3-5. 
IS.'JO,  total  force,  422,  cavalry  in  the  two  Californias  costing  §131, (WO.  Mexico, 
Mem.  Guerra,  1S:30,  annex,  1-3.  List  of  commissioned  and  non-commissionecl 
olliccrs  of  the  presidial  companies  in  1824.  liaii'ini,  Dae.  Jh.if.  ('a/.,  M.S.,  5. 
1S3(),  the  total  armament  was  54  cannon,  3  of  24  lb.  calil)re,  2  of  12  lbs.,  18 
(if  8  lbs.,  19  of  0  lbs.,  1 1  of  4  lbs.,  and  1  of  3  ll)s.;  23  l)rass  and  31  inm;  all 
b. it  the  brass  four-pouuder  out  of  order.  Dipt  St.  Pap.,  /J'li.  Mil.,  MS,,  Ixii. 
24. 

^' Jan.  1824,  Gov.  ArgiicUo  calls  for  25  recruits  from  Los  Angeles  and  Sta 
l>ai'bara;  volunteers  if  possible;  otherwise,  available  vagrants;  and  as  a  last 
resort  unmari'ied  men  to  be  drawn  by  lot.   Dipt.  St.  I'np..  lieu.  MA.,  liv.  0. 

^'■'  1821,  (lOV.  Sola  lias  taken  steps  to  inipiovo  defences,  (iiieirn.  I)iic.  l/i.^t. 
fill.,  MS.,  iv.  09.  1822,  Argiiello  calls  for 400  carbines,  sabres,  .uid  cirtridije- 
boxes.  Depf.  I'ec.,  MS.,  i.  3.  In  .Ian.  1824  a  junt;i  decided  to  make  the  pre- 
sidial companies  70  and  70  men  rank  and  tile.  Vallijo,  Ihic.  Hist.  CuL,  .M,S,, 
xxviii.  01.  In  the  same  month  the  diputaeion  resolved  that  a  person  be 
appointed  to  report  on  all  vagrants  and  evil-disposed  persons,  that  the  same 
might  be  set  to  work  at  18  cents  per  day  on  the  fortifications,  hept.  St.  Pup., 
s".  Jour,  MS.,  iv.  I.VIO;  Le;/.  Ha:,  MS.,  i.  23  4.  If  vagrants  did  not  .sullice, 
neo])hytes  were  to  be  hired.  Feb.  0,  1824,  Argiiello  tells  minister  of  war  that 
he  has  been  oblii,'ed  to  nuister  out  the  two  auxiliary  companies  (.S.  Bias  unJ 
Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  II.    43 


■iiia 


674 


INSTITUTIONARY  AND  STATISTICAL. 


rv  t. 


however,  (lid  nothing  more  efTeetive  than  to  pass  tlio 
law  of  May  8,  1828,  which  provided  that  each  com- 
pany fshould  have  four  officers  and  seventy-six  men  at 
an  annual  cost  of  $22,740;  granted  the  services  of  an 
adjutant  inspector,  and  made  some  other  slight  modi- 
fications. Save  the  coming  of  an  inspector,  nothiiii^^ 
seems  to  have  been  done  before  1830  as  a  result  (if 
this  law." 

The  comandante  general  of  all  the  troops  was  G<>\- 
ernor  Sola  until  1822,  Argiiello  in  1822-5,  and 
Echeandia  in  1825-30;  while  Captain  Jose  Man'a 
Padres  came  as  adjutant-inspector  in  1830.  Lieuten- 
ant Jose  Ramirez  commanded  the  artillery  detachment, 
known  as  Company  Five  of  its  regiment,  until  1825; 
Captain  Miguel  Gonzalez  in  1825  8,  and  Alferez  Josu 
Fernandez  del  Campo  in  1828-30.  There  are  many 
references  to  the  militia,  both  artillery  and  otlur 
branches;  but  they  reveal  little  or  nothing  respecting 
the  organization  of  such  forces.  Probably  there  wa:s 
in  reality  no  such  organization  beyond  the  geneial 
understanding  that  tlie  citizens  of  each  district  were 
to  hold  themselves  in  read'  less  for  service  in  case  of 


Mazaltan),  and  to  retire  provisionally  some  soldiers  of  the  prnsidial  companies. 
Dcpt.  lice,  MS.,  i.  214.  It  would  seem  that  there  must  be  some  mistake 
about  the  disbanding.  Feb.  1820,  Kclicandia  has  asked  for  150  men  fium 
Sonora  to  resist  the  Bourbons  who  secretly  attack  indopeiidenee,  also  toi'  w. 
chaplain.  .S7.  Pap.  Sac,  MS.,  xix.  20-7.  Jan.  1827,  Echeandia  asks  that  t!ic 
Mazaltan  and  S.  Bias  companies  be  recalled,  and  two  companies  of  rcguLiis 
be  sent  in  their  place.  Dept.  lice,  MS.,  v.  12."?,  120.  Sept.  1829,  Echeandia 
complains  that  there  arc  no  presidios  in  the  territory — only  squares  contain- 
ing adobe  huts  in  a  state  of  ruin.  /(/,,  vii.  39.  Fel).  18110,  the  diputacioii 
agreed  to  advise  the  government  that  the  troops  should  be  of  better  cliaractif 
and  better  discipline.   Dcpt.  St.  Pap. ,  S.  Joxr,  MS. ,  iv.  88. 

■*■'  May  8,  1828,  decree  forming  six  companies  for  the  Califoniias.  Arnlhui'i, 
licrnp.,  M.'S,  118-21;  Sup.  Govt.  Si.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  3-4;  Dcpt.  St.  Pap.',  .H. 
Jose,  !MS.,  iii.  49-51.  ^larch  21,  1822,  decree  granting  an  allowance  of  oxtia 
time,  1 1  years  and  1 1  days,  from  Sept.  10,  1810,  to  Sept.  27,  1821,  to  all  otli- 
cersand  men  who  accepted  the  independence.  JJept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  MIL,  MS,, 
liii.  88.  Tills  addition  was  made  in  many  instances  in  California.  March  -i', 
1820,  director  general  of  artillery  wants  a  topographical  plan  of  every  fortiti. d 
place,  so  that  the  government  may  know  the  advantages  of  those  Califoriiiaii 
'  antemnrales  do  la  defensa  de  la  Kepiildica.'  Id.,  Ivii.  17.  April  1828,  in  a 
distribution  of  24,000  muskets,  California  with  one  deputy  and  80,000  inlialii- 
tants  gets  .'120.  Siiji.  (lorl.  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  iv.  3.  Nov.  1828,  some  cav;;l;y 
troops  captured  by  (ien.  Anaya  to  be  sent  to  California.  Dcpt.  St.  Pap.,  U'  i. 
Com.  and  Tirax.,  MS.,  i.  94. 


GOVERNMEXT. 


C7.J 


an  emcrgcnoy.^*  The  San  Bias  infantry  company  \vns 
cornnianded  by  Captain  liernanlo  Xavarrote  nntil 
late  in  1822;  and  l>y  Lieutenant  Antonio  del  Yallo 
during  the  rest  of  the  decade.  Alferez  Ilaro  retired, 
I  think,  from  the  military  service  soon  after  1824. 
This  coinpany  was  not  deemed  useful  to  the  country, 
its  mustering-out  was  rcconnnended,  and  in  1830  a;i 
order  was  issued  in  Mexico  to  merge  the  organization 
in  that  of  the  permanent  companies.^"'  Captain  Pal)lo 
de  la  Portilla  continued  in  connnand  of  the  Mazatlaii 
company,  Lieutenant  Juan  Maria  Ibarra  being  still 
second,  and  Alferez  Ignacio  Delgado  third,  though 
he  perhaps  retired  from  active  service  before  18;U), 
while  Lieutenant  Narciso  Fabregat  had  been  retired 
by  reason  of  his  Spanish  birth.  In  1828  the  Mazatecos 
were  ordered  to  be  considered  in  the  reviews  ms 
infantry,  though  originally  cavalry.  In  1829  Eelu;- 
andia  was  ordered  to  send  them  to  Sonora;  but  they 
were  detained  on  account  of  the  Solis  revolt,  nnd 
finally  there  came  from  Mexico  an  order  for  the 
company  to  remain  in  California.*'' 

In  respect  of  practical  government;  California  as  a 
territory  of  the  Mexican  republic  under  a  gefe  politico 
did  not  differ  very  much  from  California  as  a  j)rovinc(' 
of  Spain  under  a  governor.  The  authority  of  th'' 
ruler  was  substantially  the  same  under  tlu;  Spanish 
constitution  of  1812  before  1825  as  under  the  federal 
constitution  of  1824  later.  His  military  powers  were 
theoretically  somewhat  abridged ;  but  even  these  were 

*' In  April  1S2S  tlicgoncr.il  Spiinisli  rcgnlatioiiH  of  artillery  militia  wcii' 
circulated.  Vnlhjo,  J)or.  Jfisl.  Cal.,  MS.,  xxix.  l.'VJ.  May  '-'-i,"  I S-J(».  I'lciican- 
dfa  reported  tiiat  the  militia  wan  a.s  tlioroiiirhly  oi-f.'ani/ed  a.s  wa.s  po.stiihle,  in 
live  companies;  though  it  had  cost  great  labor  to  teach  the  rules  to  tlie  .")(l() 
availahlo  men.  iJc/if.  Ht'r.,  MS.,  vii.   IS. 

"Feb.  II,  18:iO,  Minister  Faeio  to  governor.  i'»/'.  f.'ort.  Sf.  I'n/i.,  MS., 
vi.  2.  June  1!),  IS'Jt!,  complaints  of  (."onmndaiitc  Martinez.  Jfiiii.  Si.  /'iij'., 
Hen.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ivil.   Jl. 

<«  Marcl)  !'•_',  18-28,  Eclienndia'.s  or<ler.s  for  levicw.  J>ii,f.  /,'(<-.,  MS.,  vi.  1!)4. 
The  rest  of  the  squadron  still  in  Sinaloa  in  IS'JH.  Hit  mid  and  Vnlih'.-i.  Mmn. 
/■:s'fiilMirci,'2i)-7.  May  20th,  Aug.  .SI,  1S2!I,  Kciieandia  to  Com.  (ien.  (f 
Sonora.  St.  i'nj).,  Snc,  MS.,  xix.  40-1.  March  2,  1830,  Minister  Facio  to 
Echeaudia.  Sup.  Govt.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  vi.  5, 


m 


'■  "''M 


Vl 


C76 


INSTITUTIOXARY  AXD  STATISTICAL. 


very  sliglitly  affuctecl  in  practice.  The  j>/rot  Oc  fjoh- 
icrno  served  locally  as  a  temporary  constitution  in 
1824.  The  efforts  of  Cahfornia  to  follow  jSIexico 
through  all  the  successive  phases  of  revolution,  re- 
gency, empire,  executive  power,  and  federalism  from 
i  821  to  1825  are  described  in  the  chronological  annals; 
l)ut  so  far  as  the  rights  of  any  individual  or  the  pre- 
rogatives of  any  official  were  concerned  there  was  im 
change  to  be  noticed.  A  territorial  diputacion  of 
•seven  members  was  formed  by  the  election  of  half 
the  members  each  3'ear,  and  acted  at  rare  and  irregu- 
lar intervals  as  a  kind  of  governor's  council  rather 
than  as  a  law-making  body,  having  really  no  power 
save  in  regulating  minor  matters  of  territorial  eco- 
nomics. California  was  entitled  to  a  representative  iu 
congress  with  a  voice  but  no  vote;  but  there  is  no 
evidence  that  either  of  the  diputados  sent  before  18:10, 
Sola,  Guerra,  and  Maitorena,  obtained  his  seat.  There 
was  a  law  of  May  G,  1822,  that  in  case  of  the  death 
of  a  gcfe  politico  the  senior  vocal  of  the  diputacion 
should  take  his  place  temporarily;  but  this  law  was 
perhaps  not  known  in  California  before  1830.  The 
position  of  governor's  secretary  was  held  successively 
by  Joaquin  de  la  Torre,  Francisco  de  Haro,  Jose 
Antonio  Carrillo,  and  Agustin  V.  Zamorano.  Under 
the  republican  regime  liaja  California  was  attached 
to  the  same  jurisdiction,  but  was  again  detached  iu 
1829-30. 

In  municipal  as  in  territorial  government  there  were 
no  radical  changes.  The  ayuntamientos  of  Los  An- 
geles and  San  Jose  were  somewhat  more  completely 
organized  than  before,  but  no  new  powers  or  methods 
were  introduced.  The  comisionados  at  the  pueblos 
were  deprived  of  some  of  tlieir  former  authority  and 
finally  removed  altogether.  Ayuntamientos  were  also 
established  at  Monterey  and  Santa  Bdrbara,  where 
the  number  of  resident  civilians  required  such  a  civil 
power.  Frequentlyrecurring  elections  occupied  largely 
the  attention  of  citizens  and  required  the  circulation 


JUDICIAL  MATTERS. 


C77 


of  tlotallod  instructions  for  such  events,  besides  givin-^" 
I'ise  to  irregularities  and  contests  which  resuked  in 
bulky  correspondence  if  nothing  more.  Many  items 
of  interest  in  ctmneetion  with  this  topic  of  municipal 
government  andayuntamiento  records  have  been  given 
in  local  annals  of  the  decade. 

^lany  cases  illustrating  the  administration  of  justice 
have  also  been  given  in  connection  with  events  at  the 
different  pueblos  and  presidios,  including  crimes  and 
penalties.  There  was  no  change  in  S3'stem  or  methods 
as  compared  with  earlier  periods;  but  in  the  last  half 
of  the  decade  there  is  no  doubt  that  crimes  were  less 
])romptly  and  effectually  punished  than  before.  This 
laxity  resulted  in  part  from  the  political  changes  which 
practically  isolated  California  from  the  influence  of 
other  than  territorial  authority;  but  chiefly  from  in- 
ability to  pay  the  troops,  which  of  course  rendered  it 
im[)ossible  to  maintain  military  discipline.  Arguello 
made  an  eff(jrt  to  enforce  a  strict  administration  of 
justice  in  1824;  but  Echcandia  was  no  disciplinarian, 
and  met  with  slight  success  in  stemming  the  tide  of 
lawlessness,. though  his  intentions  were  of  the  best. 
!Many  prosecutions  were  instituted,  but  few  so  far  as 
the  records  show  were  carried  as  far  as  the  infliction 
( )f  a  })enalty.  The  coming  of  Licenciado  Rafael  Gomez 
in  1830  as  asesor,  or  legal  adviser  of  the  governor,  was 
the  only  measure  actually  carried  into  effect  in  the 
direction  of  judicial  reform;  though  some  action  was 
taken  in  Mexico  for  the  establishment  of  higher  courts 
under  comjK'tent  judges.*^ 

*'  The  plan  ilo  goliioino  of  Jan.  18'24  contained  l)ricf  provisions  fortlic  di.-j- 
jiosition  of  civil  and  criminal  cases — tlic  latter  lij*  military  nietlioils.  VtiHijo, 
Jliic.  Hint.  (J'lL,  MS.,  xxviii.  (il.  Xov.  lSi'4,  cases  to  be.  sent  to  tribunal  de 
gucrra  instead  of  to  king  as  formerly.  Sup.  Onrl.  ,SV.  I'ltp.,  ^IS.,  xi.K.  10. 
Ajiril 'JO,  IS'J."),  a  monthly  account  of  cases  jiending  must  be  sent  to  sec.  of 
var.  .S7.  /*((//.,  Sac,  MS.,  xvi.  10.  May  2(t.  lSL'(i,  there  was  to  bo  a  district 
judge  for  California,  but  none  came  yet.  The  territory  belonged  to  the  i  ir- 
cuit  court  at  Ro.sario,  Sinaloa,  established  late  in  IS'JT ;  but  I  find  no  evidence 
that  any  Californian  cases  were  ever  decided  by  that  tribunal.  Jd. ,  xi.x.  47  !s 
Sup.  G(>rt.  St.  P<ip.,  MS.,  iii.  .*};  Dejit.  St.  Pap.,  lini.  Cam.  ami  T,ris.,  MS., 
i.  NO;  Dipt.  Itec.  MS.,  vi.  1.  March  2(i,  1828,  Capt.  Cooper  declares  Cali- 
foriuu  to  be  a  country  'without  God,  law,  or  justice.'  I'liUiJ",  l>o<\  Iti't. 
Cat.,  MS.,  xxix.  -Ov),  'JIj.     March  1829,  leiiuisitiou  from  Durango  for  arrest 


ll 


C7S 


INSTITUTIONARY  AND  STATISTICAL. 


Only  ono  cronoral  topic,  that  of  education,  remains 
to  1)0  noticed,  and  that  briefly;  for  tliere  was  no  pio- 
^n-ess  in  tliis  <lirection,  notwithstanding  Govenior 
Sola's  efforts  in  the  last  decade  and  at  the  begiiniiiin' 
of  this.  The  friars  were  not  interested  in  popular 
education,  and  there  was  never  money  in  the  teriiti)- 

«f  ii  imirtlurtT  circulated  to  coniandaiitps.  JJ<]tt.  Si.  Pup.,  litii.  Mil.,  MS,, 
liv.  '-;.'!-4.  .hiiic  li.'i!),  diHti'ict  jiiilge  lit  (iiinynias  has  jiirisilictiou  over<'al. 
J  I.,  Ixix.  10.  Jiiiii- 'J.">,  lOclicanilia  gives  ii  brief  liut  very  clear  atateineiit  ni 
t'le  Bystcm  oltwervetl  in  tlie  country.  />(/(<.  Hvc,  MS.,  vii.  2'2-S.  Feb.  iNliO, 
district  jutlf,'e  to  re:iido  at  .Monterey. 

Murder  and  lioiiiicide:  Tlie  penalties  in  most  cases  were  tliosc  ilemanded 
by  tiio  fi.scal ;  in  but  few  is  tliere.  any  record  of  infliction  or  even  sentence. 
|S"_M,  homicidi;  by  '_'  neophytes;  lian'.'ing,  and  8  years  in  chain-;,'anj,'.  I'mr. 
at.  J'dji.,  ISiii.  Mil.,  MS.,  Hi.  \-'i.  it^'l'l,  neojiliyte  murderers;  deatli  for  It, 
10  years  for  one.  I)(i)l.  St.  I'"}).,  Ikn.  Mil.,  liii.  7"»-(5.  Homicide  at  S.  ,Josi'. 
//.,(iU-TI.  llomicido  at  ^lonterey;  10  years.  Id.,  A-d.  Hoy  murderers  at 
S.  Francisco.  Id. ,''2  4.  Neophyte  inunler,  S.  IJuenaventnra.  /(/.,(j4-7.  lS'_';i, 
r.cophyto  nuirder,  Sta  Clara;  I  year.  Id.,  liv.  12.  A  soldier  kills  anotlicr, 
S.  l'rancisco;(»  years.  Jd.,  liv.  IS.  1824,  murder  and  rajie,  S.  Jos(5  Mission.  /'/. , 
I'ii.  3'.t-42.  lS-'(i,  Neophyte  nnirdcr;  1  year  as  a  'new  Christian.'  Id.,  Ixiii.  ."). 
Soldier  acquitted  of  homicide,  S.  Diego.  /(/.,  lix.  5-7.  1828,  llubio  murder  at 
.S.  Franciweo.  Id.,  Ixvi.  2-(il.  Murder  at  S.  .Juan  Bautista;  8  years  on  a  w.ir 
vessel.  /(/.,  Ixvi.  81-2.  1S2',),  neophyte  kills  his  wife;  2  years.  Sf.  I'liji.  /!<  n., 
JIS.,  i.  Hi.  Neophyte  accused  of  killing  an  American  at  S.  Francisco.  J)(j'/. 
Jiic,  MS.,  vii.  7!).  Murder  ease.  J<1.,  vii.  (i.  Neoi)hyto  beat  his  Mife  to 
(iLHth;  1  year.  /'/.,  vii.  l'A'2.  1830,  neophytes  at  Sta  (,'lara  tried  for  nnudcr 
<.i'  an  Indian  and  released  after  Ii  years  for  lack  of  evidence.  Dcpt.  St.  l'"j'., 
Jkii.  Mil.,  ]\IS.,  Ixxiv.  1-4.     Neophyte  murder;  10  years.  Id.,  Ixxii.  7. 

Infractions  of  ndlitary  discipline:  I82H,  soldier  selling  his  saddle;  2 
iLionths'  work.  I'n.i:  SI.  Pnp.,  B< ii.  Mil.,  MS.,  Hi.  11.  1822,  Lieut,  repii- 
manded  for  disrespect  to  comandanie.  Vu'hjo,  Doc  Hid.  (.'ah,  MS.,  i.  4S, 
2  .soldiers  for  robliery;  3  and  2  years  '.n  chain-gang.  /(/.,  i.  47.  182".l,  Icavin,' 
riinrtd  in  night,  3  years.  JJcjit.  St.  I'a/).,  Ikn.  Mil.,  ^IS.,  liv.  11.  Stealing; 
2  years  in  barge.  /(/.,  liv.  12.  182.'),  raising  bayonet  against  .seigeanl;  .'i 
months.  St.  I'aj).  Sac.,  ^IS.,  xi.  21.  1828,  soldiers  for  making  complaiul 
ag.iinst  lieutenant;  banished  to  other  presidios.  JJcjit.  St.  Pup.,  Urn.  Mil., 
Ms.,  Ixvi.  (J4-8.  182!),  losing  a  despatch;  2.j  blows,  and  1  month  sentry  (hitv. 
I<1.,  Ixix.  4. 

Assault:  Citizens  for  cutting  a  soldier;  8  yeai'S  chain-gang.  Id.,  Ixxi. 
^.V.-jS.  Majordomo  for  whipping  Indians,  one  of  them  dying.  /'/.,  Ixxii. 
1 1-1.");  I)('jit.  I'lr.,  ^IS.,  viii.  oO.  Soldier  for  laying  hands  on  n,  padre;  re- 
leased and  made  corporal.  Andi.  Sta  Ii.,  MS.,  xii.  1.38-43.  Attempting  to 
ttali  a  vagabond;  ^  fine.  Dijit.  Per.,  MS.,  vi.  188.  A  slap  in  the  face;  $1S 
line.  /(/.,  V.  72. 

Sexual  irregularities:  1821,  r.-ipe  case,  per.sons  IS  and  12  years;  2  yens 
chain-gang.  Proi:  St.  Pup.,  Ihn.  Mil.,  MS.,  lii.  0.  Adultery  eases,  S.  Dicgn. 
Pv(ii\  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  XX.  28().  A  slandered  girl  examined  by  a  matron  and 
declared  a  virgin.  Dipt.  St.  Pup.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  Iv.  7-8.  Fourcasesof  wonn  u 
being  exposed  on  church  steps,  or  in  plaza,  with  shaven  head,  for  scandalous 
conduct.  Pror.  St.  Pup.,  lien.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlvii.  23;  Prov.  SI.  Pup.,  :MS., 
XX.  2!»3;  St.  Pup.  Sue,  MS.,  xiv.  33-4;  vi.  40-1.  Fornication  and  abortiim, 
S.  Diego.  Proi\  St.  Pup.,  Hen.  Mil.,  JbS.,  lii.  11.  Rape,  S.  Francisco;  Ii 
years  of  work,  and  .^200  to  support  ehilil.  Id.,  lii.  Tv-iS.  Soldiers  not  to  be 
forced  tonuirry  nifless  they  have  committed  rape.  Id.,  xlvi,  2.3.  1822,  incest 
case  at  Monterey.  Dipt.  St.  Pup.,  Ben,  Mil.,  MS.,  liii.  7-04.     Moral  liie 


SCHOOLS  AXD  CEI.MES. 


670 


rial  trodMury  witli  wliicli  to  hire  tciK'lu'rs  of  an  order 
siH)erior  t(j  that  of  retired  soldiers.  The  j»riniaiT  and 
j)riniitivo  schools  at  ])uehlo  and  presidio  were  1  sup- 
pose kept  in  operation  duriiij^  a  jijreater  i)art  of  this 
decade;  but  the  nund)er  of  scholars  in  attendance;  was 
always  small,  and  the  advantai^es  offered  wijre  I'ecoo- 
nized  hy  all  as  sli^'ht.  The  suhject  was  on  sevei-al 
occasions  brought  up  in  the  diputacion,  but  for  lack  of 


rc'i|uiro(l  ftt  Los  Angeles.  Sf.  Pap.  Sar.,  MS.,  vi.  40-7.  182.1,  accusation  of 
btHtiulity.  S.  (iabricl.  JUlwIilh,,  Doc.  J/isl.  C<iL,  MS.,  i.  174.  ISJl,  (.Tim. 
con.  lit  S.  Jose.  Jhpf.  St..  I'lip.,  Jh'ii.  Ml/.,  liv.  IS-.VJ.  Ikstiality.  Jjrjil. 
J'lr.,  MS.,  i.  •2.-/J.  )S'J().  Iial)ituiil  ru[io  at  Lo.s  Anyolcn.  D'j>f.  ,sy.  J'up.,  Urn. 
Mil.,  MS.,  Iviii.  5-0.  1S:27,  sodomy  and  niuriicr at  Sta  Clara.  /(/.,  Ixviii.  ">-(>. 
(Vim.  con.  with  an  aunt  at  S.  .lose.  iS'.  Jom;  Arrh.,  MS.,  vi.  '2(i.  Kain;  at  Sta 
ll;irliara;  7  ycai.s.  Jhjjf.  J'ec,  MS.,  v.  .SS.  1S28,  crim.  con.  at  Anyclcs.  /»/., 
vi.  .").");  /)(//t.  Sf.  Pop.,  J!('ii.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixvii.  1.  Kapo  at  S.  Francisco.  Ji/., 
Ixvi.  HL'-O.  Adultery  at  S.  Jose.  /(/.,  l.wi.  01-2.  182!),  house  of  ill-fame,  S. 
lJic;,'o.  Jj<]it.  Per.,  MS.,  vii.  1.14. 

Tiieft:  18'22,  two  Lxlians  hreuk  into  presidiul  warehouse  at  Sta  liarliara. 
J)r}if.  SI.  Pdp.,  Bill.  Mil.,  MS.,  liii.  87.  Two  men  for  stealing  cattle;  3 
years  chain-gang.  Dfjil.  llro.,  MS.,  i.  Oil.  1824,  si.x  yeai-s  for  roliliery.  Id., 
i.  l.VJ.  Ten  years  at  Loreto  for  robhery  of  store.  liL,  i.  I(i2.  .Stealing 
an  otter-skin  when  drunk;  2  years  in  shackles.  JJfjit.  St.  Pup.,  P<  ii.  Mil., 
MS.,  Ivii.  ;18.  1820,  neopliyto  for  stealing  clothing;  1  year'.s  service  for  tiie 
lici'sou  robbed.  Id.,  lix.  4-.").  Stealing  cattle  and  fre(|Uent  ruiniing  away;  I 
year  on  public  works.  Id.,  lix.  3  4.  1820,  §40  line  for  stealing  a  iiarrel  of 
lirandy;  same  fine  for  buyer.  /'/.,  Ixiv.  1.  1827,  soldier,  1  year  of  iniprison- 
inciit  with  cleaning  of  the  barracks,  for  a.ssault  and  stealing  a  small  amount 
from  a  foreigner.  I)i]it.  Itic,  ^IS.,  v.  00-7.  Three  Indians,  for  roblierics  and 
running  away;  2  years  at  work  in  l)all  and  chain.  /(/.,  v.  3.').  1828,  N'alerio, 
!i  famous  robber.  LI.,  vi.  ISO;  .SV.  Pup.  Sue,  M.S.,  x.  100.  1820,  neophytes 
f:)r  stealing  horses;  2  months  of  labor.  Dfpt.  Itic,  MS.,  vii.  !).').  Soldiers 
fur  stealing  cattle  from  rancho  nacional  at  S.  ])iego;  21  moutiis,  payment  for 
cattle,  and  dismissal  from  the  servicCv  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  lien.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixiv. 
13. 

Some  general  complaints  of  prevalent  drunkenness.  Pi-oik  Pic.,  MS.,  xi. 
05;  IJcpt.  Pec,  MS.,  i.  13.");  Mont.  Arch.,  MS.,  vii.  22.  Kvil  etl'ects  of  rum 
and  iioney  at  S.  Jost'.  Dcpt.  Sf.  Pap.,  S.  Jo--*!',  MS.,  iv.  8.  Stoi'ies  of  raliiing 
and  gambling  at  Tio  Armenta's  shop  in  Monterey.  Alrurudn,  I  list.  Cul.,  M.S., 
i.  l.")0-(i2,  21.j;  ii.  1.30.  Mention  of  jircvalent  gand)ling  habits.  JJii/uiiit- 
Cilli/,  Vi'dj'jio,  ii.  12.")-();  Moriiii'du,  Notice,  50.  Alcalde  of  .Sta  Ijiirliara 
arrested  in  1825  for  having  a  nionte  game  at  liis  house.  J)<]if.  St.  Pap.,  Prif. 
Olid  Jiiez,  MS.,  vi.  .34-.").  Corporal  of  S.  .Tuan  reprimanded  for  gambling.  ,SV. 
Pap.  Sar.,  MS.,  vi.  28.  A  government  lottery  in  existence  1825.  J)i/,t.  Per., 
MS.,  i.  270. 

Slaiidf'r,  forgery,  and  jiei'jury  cases,  1824-0-!).  Dipt.  Sf.  Pap.,  MS.,  iii. 
15;/(/. ,  Ben.  Mil.,  Ivii.  20-.31;  Ixx.  1.  Vagrants  impressed  into  militaiy  ser- 
vice. /'/.,  Ixvii.  4;  J.)i}it.  Iln-.,  ^IS.,  vi.  188;  vii.  35.  Two  Indians  escaped 
fiom  Sta  IJiirbara  in  1823  and  came  to  Montciey,  still  wearing  tlieir  //riUcfm, 
to  complain  that  after  a  confinement  of  live  years  they  had  i-eceived  no  benefit 
from  tlie  three  imliilton  that  had  been  granted  in  tjuit  jieriod.  I)fpt.  Pir.,  MS., 
1.  120.  I'risonei's'  support  cost  from  12  to  18  cents  jier  day,  eliarged  to  tlic 
i/rati/icarion  fun<l.  /(/.,  i.  !»3,  240;  />».'/.  I'i'r.,  MS.,  i.  88.  Prisoners  were  let 
out  for  private  service.  St.  Pu^k,  Sac.,\i\:  19. 


cso 


IXSTITUTIOXAUY  AND  STATISTICAL. 


funds  and  luck  of  toaflicrs  notliinj^  could  be  done.  In 
a  report  of  May  lU,  I8'2l),  Eciicandia  stated  tjiat  the 
l)Ueblo  and  presidio  schools  had  been  'paralyzed' until 
lH'JG-7,  when  he  had  taken  effective  steps  to  establish 
them  on  a  permanent  basis.  At  this  date  there  wciv 
18  scholars  in  the  school  at  San  Dicujo,  G7  at  Santa 
]Viri>ara,  fil  at  Los  Anj^eles,  and  30  at  San  Jose.  The 
!Monterc!y  school  had  been  closed  for  want  of  a  teacher. 
In  the  late  years  efforts  had  been  made  by  the  polit- 
ical authorities  to  obliije  the  friars  to  establish  a  school 
at  each  mission,  without  success  as  it  would  a[)[)eiii' 
from  all  other  records;  yd  in  the  rei)ort  cited  it  is  said 
that  seven  of  the  southei'n  missions  hatl  schools  wit!i 
from  eiyht  to  forty-four  children  attending  each. 


43 


"Jan.  7,  \S'2'2,  no  schools  exist  at  missions  siiya  tho  governor  to  prefect; 
yet  forasiuullsun)  the  jiailresniiglit  hire  teachers  and  do  great  good.  .S7.  J'ri/i., 
Snr.,  MS.,  xviii.  i.  Jan.  27,  IS'J4,  tho  estuhlishinriit  of  ix  hoxjiidu  tic  I'shnr^nii 
proposed  in  tho  diputaeion.  Tour  nicnil.'crs  voted  for  it.  J^cij.  live,  y\:<., 
i.  '24-().  Valiejo,  llisl.  Cut.,  ii.  1-H,  ways  tliat  in  KS'J-l,  while  Sohiwaa  in  emi- 
gress,  there  came  a  request  for  California  to  eonti  ibutc  for  tho  foiuidatiou  nf 
a  literary  and  scientitic  institute  in  Mexico.  Ui  v.  Argiiello  i.s  creilite<l  ly 
Californians  witli  iiaving  felt  a  deep  interest  in  education.  Juno  '2',i,  ]S-'i, 
liandini  urges  that  tho  supremo  government  ho  induced  to  Hen<l  teachers  for  a 
small  'colegio  >>  academia  do  gramatica,  Idosofia,  etc'  Lnj.  Jt'cr.,  MS.,  i.  Ti). 
lS'27-8,  orders  of  Echeandiaon  establishment  of  mission  scoouls.  The  i)ri.fcLt 
an<l  padres  cireidato  the  orders,  hut  complain  that  the  boys  have  little  tir.'.u 
for  learning,  on  account  of  their  vork.  Ajiparently  nothing  done.  Jri/i. 
Arzd').,  MS.,  V.  pt.  i.  .S.j,  G7;  M7V.  Hec,  MS.,  v.  .')!),  119;  Lo/-  J'f<-,  M>^..  i. 
70-SO;  Vullrju,  Doc.  Hist,  t'al.,  MS.,  xxviii.  l)0-!)5.  May  19,  IS-_M),  E<l,ni:i. 
tlia,  Kstado  de  EficucltiH  Primar'ais,  ISJO,  MS.,  on  same  date  urges  appointment 
of  a  'graniAtico  filosofo'  at  §1,000  salary.  J)cjif.  Ii<r.,  MS.,  vii.  14.  July 
14-'20,  subject  of  mission  schools  again  agitated  in  the  diputaeion.  A  bill 
was  reported  by  the  connuittee  providing  in  substanco  that  masters  sliould  lie 
employed  and  all  cxpci.'-'jt  imid  by  tho  niissicms;  but  that  the  schools  shoidd 
l)e  under  control  of  tho  ayuT^tamientos  or  other  authorities.  Lv<j.  lite,  MS., 
i.  i;JI,  lli4, 170-'J.  Alvivradi.i,  Higt.  VaL,  MS.,  ii.  Kili-ll,  is  enthusiastic  in  hia 
admiration  for  EcheaudiuV  policy  and  efforts  in  behalf  of  popular  education. 


List  of  foreign  pioneers  who  came  to  California  before  the  end  of  1830  (as 

per  reference  on  p.  t)r).3-4).  Foratlditional  biographic  details,  including  prob- 
ably a  few  corrections  in  dates  and  even  in  names,  I  refer  tho  reader  to  the 
Pioneir  lUijiMtr  and  Index,  which  is  begun  in  this  volume,  and  which  in- 
cludes not  only  these  names  but  those  of  all  who  came  before  tho  end  of 
1S4S.  Many  of  tho  names  given  in  this  list  have  been  mei»tioned  before  in 
tins  and  the  preceding  volumes.  I  omit  most  of  the  doubtful  names,  and 
also  tiioso  of  visitors,  even  of  some  curly  traders  who  may  almost  bo  said  to 
have  had  their  homes  on  the  coast  for  several  years. 


t. 

.t 

'.U 

h. 
i. 

li- 
nt 

ly 

nil 

1.0 

Id 

S., 
Ilia 


I  as 
bb- 


ho 
iii- 

of 
I  ill 
lul 
Ito 


LIST  OF  I'lOXKERS. 


(IS  I 


Arm,  f!.-o.,  l.S-2-2. 
Aiidiisdii,  Mary,  iS-ilt-.^O. 
AikUt-oii,  Stei)lu'ii,  I.S'-'S. 
Ikilthviii,  .liiiiR'.i  M,,  I6l4-lj. 
IVc,  lluiiry  .J.,  Ism 

IJoli,  II  lU'glo,   lSl(J. 
15olbc(lii,  Louin,  IM'Jrt. 
lloluof,  Josti,  IHl'i. 
ISuiius,  Julin,  I.S'JI. 
lionifacio,  J.  Jt..  18'_'-2. 
liorris,  Win  or  Jus,  IS'J.1. 
ISouchct,  Louis,  IV2M. 
liuwiniiii,  Joaciuiii,  I8'J0. 
iJrcck,  J  allies,  Ls-D. 
r.iicklc,  Sam.,  IH'.'2-3. 
Jiatkle,  Will,  lS-.'J-.'». 
IJuiku,  JiJincs  W.,  18*J4. 
liiinm,  ilolin,  hSKU. 
liurtoii,  Joliii,  18-0. 
t'lill,  iMiiiul,  IS  10. 
Chiipmuii,  tlosoiih,  1S18. 
Clmilus,  Micliuol,  lS-_'(j. 
('oluniiui,  (ioo.,  1S*J7. 
Cook,  Jiimcs,  1S:10. 
Cooiicr,  John  B.  U.,  1823. 
Diiim,  Will  (!.,  IS-.U 
Davis,  John,  1S-J8. 
DovoU,  I'hil.  L.,  is;i0. 
Dillon,  Joseph,  lS-_'4. 
Doak,  Thos,  ISKJ. 
Doilero,  XicoUis,  IS'27. 
Domingo,  Juan,  1S30. 
Duckworth,  Walter,  1829. 
Khvcll,  Uobt  J.,  18-27. 
Fcllom,  Matthew,  1S21-4. 
Ferguson,  Daniel,  ISJ4. 
Ferguson,  Jesse,  1S'J8. 
Fisher,  a  negio,  1818. 
Fitch,  Hen.   D.,  1820. 
Fleinniing,  Jan.es,  1829. 
Fling,  Guy  F.,  1820. 
Fo.xcn,  Benj.,  1820. 
Fuller,  John  C,  1823. 
Galhraith,  Isaac,  1820. 
Gale,  Wm  A..  1810. 
Garner,  Win  R.,  1824. 
Gilroy,  John,  1814. 
Glande,  Giov.,  1827. 
Goildard,  Nic.,  1S24. 
Graham,  John,  1791. 
Gralbatch,  Wm,  1825. 
Grant,  James,  1S2.">. 
Grover,  Sam.,  1810. 
Gyzclaar,  Hen.,  ISIO. 
Harris,  James,  18.10. 
Ht.rtnell,  WmE.  1'.,  1822. 
Hi>{gins,  John,  18.30. 
Hill,  Daniel  A.,  182,3. 
Hinckley,  Wm  8..  1829. 
Jackson,  Joseph,  1827. 


Juhnson,  Torn.  A..  1828. 
JoiK's,  .lohii  ('.,  1S30. 
Jones,  'I'lios  .1.,   IS2I. 
Kiiili.ck,  Geo.,  |S2!». 
Laughlm,  l{ich.,_l828, 
Lawrence,  Jos.  V.,  IS2l. 
Lrandry.  .Tolin  H.,  1827. 
Lester,  Thos,  1817. 
Lewis,  Allen,  ls:tO. 
Littlejohn,  David.  1824. 
Littleton,  John,  1820. 
Livermorc,  Ittihert,  1822-4. 
Lodge,  Michael,  1822. 
Logan,  Will,  1820. 
McAllister,  Mich.,  1S22. 
McCarty,  James,   1S24. 
MoFerioii,  James,  1824. 
Mcintosh,  Kd,  1S23. 
McKinley,  James,  |H24. 
Macomlray,  Fred.  W.,  1822. 
M.'ilcolm,  Julian,  1814. 
Martin,  John,  1822. 
Mason,  Anthony  A.,  1810. 
Mayo,  (Jeo.,  isKi. 
Moreno,  Santiago,  1824. 
Mulligan,  John,  lS14-l.'i. 
Murphv,  Tim.,  1828. 
Mutref,  Jean  U.,  1827. 
Nye,  (iorham  li.,  1830. 
Olivera,  Manuel  D.,  1829. 
I'acheco,  Jordan,  1820. 
I'ark,  Thos  15.,  1820. 
I'ascual.  Mateo  J.,  1818. 
I'asos,  Manuel  I).,  1822-4. 
Pattie,  Sylvester,  1828. 
I'eircc,  Henry  A.,  1828. 
I'crcira,  Joaquin,  1820. 
Pombert,  Louis,  1820. 
Pope,  Wm,  1828. 
Prentice,  Sam.,  1830. 
Pryor,  Natli.  M.,  1828. 
Rainsford,  John,  1829. 
Head,  John,  1820-8. 
Pace,  Geo.  J.,  1820. 
lliohardson,  Wm  A.,  1822. 
Poach,  John,  18.30. 
Robbins,  Thos  M.,  1S2.3, 
Robinson,  Alfred,  1829, 
Roclia,  Ant.  J.,  1815. 
Rose,  John,  1818. 
Roy,  Pierre,  1782 
Satte,  J.  J.,  1827. 
Sawyer,  Jos.,  1828. 
Scott,  James,  1820. 
Shaw,  Thos,  1824. 
Slover,  Isaac,  1828. 
Smith,  Charles,  1828. 
Smith,  Thos  L.,  1829. 
Smith,  Wm,  1800. 
Smith,  W'm,  1827. 


;i 


I'ff 


G82 


LIST  OF  PIONEERS. 


"Snook,  Jos.  F.,  18;?0. 
Spuiici!,  David,  1S"J4. 
Steiiriis,  Abel,  1829. 
Steel,  Jos.,  18-26. 
Stewart,  Thos,  1824. 
Taylor,  Win,  1828. 
Temple,  John,  1827. 
Thomas,  Iguacio,  1818. 
Tiiompsoii,  A.  B..  1S2.>. 
Thompson,  James,  1823. 
Tievethen,  Win,  182(). 
Tamer.  Jolm  S..  1820. 
Vincent,  Geo.  W.,  1820. 


Warren,  Wm,  1828. 
Watson,  Dav.  or  Jus,  1823-4. 
Watson,  Ed,  1828. 
Welsh,  Wni,  1821. 
White,  Michael,  1829. 
Williams,  Cieo.,  1829. 
Willis,  Wm,  1828. 
Wilson,  James,  1824. 
WiLsoii,  John,  182G. 
Wilson,  John,  IS2G. 
Wilson,  Jolm  H.,  1826. 
Wilson,  Julian,  1828. 
Wilson,  Wm,  182i 


nONTIER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


1542-1848. 


All  history,  as  a  record  of  the  acta  of  men,  is  hiograpliy.  In  these  pages 
it  is  proposed  by  means  of  an  alphabetic  index  to  nialvc  available  as  l)iograph- 
ical  matter  the  first  live  volumes  of  this  work,  covering  the  annals  of  Califor- 
nia from  its  discovery  to  1848.  Tlirough  this  index  the  reailer  may  have  access 
directly  to  all  that  is  told  in  the  work  about  any  man  of  the  thousands  whos-j 
acts  make  up  the  country's  early  history.  Tiie  names  will  not  in  most  ca^-es 
be  repeated  in  the  general  index  at  the  end  of  vol.  vii.;  but  to  that  index  tho 
reader  is  referred  for  additional  matter  relating  to  such  of  these  persons  as 
were  prominent  after  1848,  and  also  for  information  about  men  who,  though 
mentioned  in  the  history,  di<l  not  come  to  California. 

IJut  1  propose  to  carry  this  record  far  beyond  the  limits  of  a  mere  index. 
To  tho  thousands  of  names  mentioned  in  the  history  will  be  added  other 
thousands  which  it  has  not  been  necessary  to  mention  there.  Thus  will  bo 
presented  a  complete  register  of  pioneers,  or  early  Californians.  Something 
more  is  done,  however,  than  merely  to  register  names  and  dates.  In  many  casis 
— indeed,  in  all  when  it  is  desirable  and  possible — information  is  given  respect- 
ing tiie  nationality,  occupation,  achievements,  death,  and  family  connection.s 
of  each  subject,  as  well  as  about  the  date  and  manner  of  his  coming  to  Califor- 
nia and  his  connection  in  public  capacities  with  tlie  country's  annais.  In  thia 
way  the  index  and  register  is  expanded  into  a  kind  of  biographic  dictionary. 

Of  foreign  pioneers — that  is,  not  of  Spanish  and  Indian  blood— including 
both  residents  and  visitors,  my  register  contains  all  the  names  I  have  been 
able  to  obtain,  except  those  t\.und  in  the  shipping  articles  and  erewdists  of 
trading  vessels  and  nnistei'-rolls  of  naval  craft.  Some  of  the  former  and  many 
of  the  latter  are  acces  ible,  but  thfy  would  multiply  my  lists  to  no  good  pur- 
l)ose.  Yet  when  a  sailor  returned  to  California  in  later  years  I  have  regarded 
him  as  a  pioneer  iinder  the  date  of  his  earliest  visit.  Of  Spaniards,  Mexicans, 
and  native  <l'alifornians,  I  have  not  attempted  to  present  complete  lists; 
yet  the  aim  has  been  to  register  all  who  acijuired  iiny  sort  of  I'lominence  iu 
territorial  or  local  atl'airs,  all  the  welbknown  traders  ai\d  rancheros,  all  tii(! 
friars,  all  tho  nulitary  and  civil  otlicials,  all  the  leading  families  iu  each  sec- 
tion. Tlie  reader  is  also  referred  to  the  list  imblished  at  the  end  of  Vdl.  i., 
many  of  the  same  names  being  repeated  here  with  additional  information. 

Obviously  tho  most  rigid  condensation  has  been  necessary,  and  the  bio- 
graphic notes  must  be  very  brief;  yet  tlie  natural  inijiiession  at  tirst  glance 
that  they  arc  too  short  wiU  in  most  cnses  be  riiiiovod  on  closer  examination. 
Srven  eighths  of  tho  nances — even  if  we  could  obtain  a'Miiional  information 
and  had  space  for  its  presentment — would  in  theii  conneclion  with  Califor- 
nian  historj'  call  for  notiiing  beyond  what  is  hce  i.,iven.  Of  the  rest,  a  largo 
proportion  is  that  of  public  men  who<e  arts  arc  sutlicicntly  recorded  and  dis- 

(USU) 


684 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


cussed  elsewliere,  requiring  only  the  index  reference.  I  would  call  particul.ir 
attention  to  this  phase  of  the  matter  and  to  a  cognate  one.  Asli  a  pioiRMT 
for  his  reminisoences  or  a  sketch  of  his  life,  and  lie  will  fill  his  narrative 
chiefly  with  the  jouruey  of  his  immigrant  party  across  the  plains,  the  organi- 
zation of  his  regiment  and  its  voyage  round  Cape  Horn,  his  service  in  tin; 
California  battalion,  his  experience  in  the  Bear  Flag  revoL,  or  at  the  H;4lit 
of  San  Pascual,  or  with  other  well-known  historic  happenings  in  whicii  he 
took  part,  and  which  he  remembers  with  pride.  But  these  events  are  fully 
treated  elsewhere,  and  the  pages  devoted  to  an  immigrant  party  are  added  by 
tlie  index  to  the  biography  of  each  member  of  the  party;  the  chapter  on  tlic 
New  York  volunteers,  or  the  Mormon  colony,  to  the  life  of  each  vcihinteir 
and  colonist;  that  on  the  Graham  affair  to  the  record  of  each  exile.  Thus  a 
large  amount  of  matter  not  biographical  on  its  face  is  legitimately  .nd'!.  <1  to 
the  Pioneer  Register.  It  is  also  to  be  noted  that  the  lives  o'  .uii.i"  tu'ly 
friars  and  officers  have  been  given  in  connection  with  their  depailiU'>  or  i  .  ■ 
requiring  only  a  reference  here.  True,  there  remains  after  all  a  cl.us  di  ^,io- 
neers,  a  hundred  or  two  in  number,  permanent  residents,  representative  citi- 
zens, founders  of  f;'milies,  but  not  directly  connected  with  public  affairs,  to 
each  of  whom  a  few  pages  instead  of  a  few  lines  might  be  devoted  with  inter- 
est, often  with  profit;  yet  these  are  the  men  who  are  given  in  this  register  tlio 
greatest  average  space,  and  it  is  doubtful  if  that  space  could  be  increased  con- 
sistently with  the  scope  of  such  a  work. 

There  will  be  noted  an  entire  absence  of  the  indiscriminate  eulogy  so  often 
deemed  an  essential  feature  of  pioneer  sketches.  I  have  neither  space  nor 
disposition  to  indulge  in  pi'aise  or  blame,  cither  for  the  purpose  of  pleasing  or 
displeasing  pioneers  or  their  descendants,  or  of  adding  the  interest  of  irild  scan- 
dal to  my  sketches.  Of  private  individuals,  as  a  rule,  no  attempt  is  made  to 
depict  the  character,  to  picture  them  as  '  nature's  noblemen,'  or  to  point  ont 
tlie  fact  that  they  were  not  members  of  temperance  societies.  It  is  taken  f  l- 
granted  that  they  were  more  or  less  good,  bad,  and  indifferent  citizens  accord- 
ing to  circui.istances;  but  their  weaknesses  and  virtues,  within  certain  liuits, 
do  not  concern  nie  or  my  readers.  Doubtless  I  have  recorded  many  iLci  's 
about  individuals  that  they  and  their  friends  would  prefer  to  have  suppi esse,  i, 
and  suppressed  many  items  that  to  enemies  would  bo  most  agreeable  read ini.'; 
but  in  each  case  I  have  acted  on  my  own  judgment  and  with  strict  in. partial- 
ity. Where  a  man's  distinguishing  traits  are  so  clearly  marked  that  they  may 
be  fairly  presented  in  few  words,  especially  in  the  case  of  men  locally  fanions, 
I  have  not  hesitated  to  write  the  few  words,  whether  complimentary  or  otiier 
wise.  Public  men  are  freely  criticised,  but  mainly  in  other  parts  of  tl;e  work 
where  their  acts  are  recorded,  only  a  summary  or  moderate  reflection  of  gen- 
eral couclufions  being  introduced  here.  In  the  comparative  extent  and  gen- 
eral tone  of  the  notices,  no  ilistiiictio.;  is  made  by  reason  of  race  between 
Spaniards,  Mexicans,  Californians,  and  foreigners;  between  soldiers  an  ' 
civilians,  friars  and  laymen,  sailors  and  iiumigrants,  traders  and  ranchero 
rich  and  poor,  the  living  and  the  dead;  but,  other  things  being  equal,  mon! 
space  is  given  to  early  pioneers  than  to  those  of  later  years.  If  a  line  or  t\\  o 
of  extra  space  is  occasionally  devoted  to  a  man  who  has  furni°lied  documentary 
and  other  evidence  on  early  times,  and  the  rec  "d  ui  aiioLner  man  wlio  has 


PREFACE. 


C85 


shown  no  interest  is  briefer,  the  difference  does  not  neopssarily  indicntc  par- 
tiality, since  in  many  instances  certain  kinds  of  information  about  a  man  can 
be  obtained  only  from  himself  or  some  member  of  his  family. 

From  the  nature  of  the  case,  my  authorities,  except  in  special  instances, 
(•amiot  be  cited.  Such  citations  would  involve  endless  repetition,  and  would 
fill  much  space  that  can  be  utilized  to  better  advantage.  The  reader  is  re- 
ferred to  the  general  list  of  authorities  in  vol.  i.;  but  it  is  proper  to  specify 
iicre  some  cla.sscs  that  have  been  particularlj'  prolific  in  items  for  this  regis- 
ter. P''irst  in  importance  are  the  archives,  public,  private,  and  missionary; 
especially  in  their  records  of  naturalization  and  pas.aports,  custoiii-hou.se 
records,  military  rosters,  local  census  lists,  voting  and  official  lists,  mission 
registers  of  births  and  marriages  and  deaths,  and  the  correspondence  of 
(itiicials;  friars,  and  citizens;  particularly  important  amtmg  the  private  archives 
l»ciug  the  commercial  correspondence  and  account-books  of  such  men  as  Lar- 
kin,  Cooper,  Hartnell,  Spear,  and  many  others.  Next  should  be  nieiilioncd 
tlie  several  hundred  volumes  of  personal  reminiscences  furnished  for  my  use 
by  early  Californians,  native  and  foreign,  each  containing  a  few — some  very 
many — personal  items  in  addition  to  those  relating  to  the  narrator  and  liia 
family.  Third  may  be  noted  the  work  of  such  specialists  as  Clark  on  tiio 
\.  Y.  volunteers,  Tyler  on  the  Mormon  battalion,  McGlashan  on  the  Donncr 
l)arty,  Kooser  on  the  artillery  company,  Lancey  on  the  conquest  in  general, 
etc.;  with  valuable  muster-rolls  kindly  furnished  me  by  the  military  depart- 
ment at  Washington.  Fourth,  and  amply  worthy  of  separate  mention,  we 
liave  the  biographic  gleanings  of  Ben  Hayes  on  the  pioneers  of  southern 
(.'alifocnia;  while  in  the  same  connection  may  be  mentioned  the  patient  re- 
searches of  Alex.  S.  Taylor.  Fifth,  the  archives  of  the  Society  of  Pioneers 
contain,  besides  lists  of  members,  partials  rolls  of  the  Cal.  battalion;  wliilo 
tlic  government  lists  of  those  who  held  'Cal.  claims,'  Wheeler's  list  of  Sail 
Francisco  lot-owners,  the  voluminous  testimony  in  famous  land  cases,  and 
especially  the  valuable  New  Helvetia  diary  of  '45-8,  furnished  me  by  Win  F. 
S>'ascy,  should  not  be  forgotten.  Sixth  arc  to  be  noted  the  newspapers  of 
'47-85,  with  their  thousands  of  obituary  and  biographic  items,  so  faulty  in 
individual  cases,  so  extremely  valuable  in  the  aggregate;  and,  similar  in 
1,  my  resp'.. Ls,  the  county  and  local  histories  of  recent  years,  from  wliieli  [ 
JKu'c  drawn  much  material.  Finally,  I  must  allude  to  special  corrcspomlenco 
with  many  pioneers  from  time  to  time  as  particular  information  has  been 
needed;  hundreds  having  replied,  and  a  few — siicli  as  John  Bitlwell,  Wm  II. 
Davis,  Wm  Glover,  S.  H.  Willey,  John  A.  Swan,  and  others— meriting  fuller 
acknowledgment  than  my  space  permits. 

That  this  register  will  be  appreciated  in  any  degree  commensurate  with 
tiie  labor  it  has  cost  is  not  to  be  expected.  Within  my  knowledge  notliing 
I  if  the  kind  has  ever  been  attempted  in  any  new  country.  The  value  that  in 
Jiny  of  the  older  communities  wouhl  now  ho  attached  to  such  a  record,  had  it 
'iccn  made  at  the  beginning,  is  my  basis  for  estimating  the  prospective  useful- 
ness of  this. 

The  references  arc  to  the  History  of  California,  vol.  i.-v. ;  that  is,  'iii. 
475,'  in  connection  with  a  man's  name,  indicates  that  on  page  475,  vol.  iii.  of 
the  Hist.  Cal.,  some  information  about  the  man,  or  at  least  a  mention,  will  be 


]      'iM 


C86 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


found;  when  the  reference  is  enclosed  in  parentheses,  as,  (v.  340,)  the  reader 
is  directed  to  some  event  or  party  with  wliicli  tlio  man  was  connuctL'd,  with- 
out a  mention  of  liis  name.  With  a  view  to  condensation,  abbreviatiinis  .•no 
freely  used,  but  none,  I  think,  which  require  explanation.  The  register  will 
be  continued  alpiiabetically  at  the  end  of  vol,  iii.,  iv.,  and  v. 


Abbott  (Austin  R.),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  409),  living  at  Saoranimto 
'82.  Abcck  (Fran(^ois),  1847,  a  Swiss  in  Sutter's  enipoy  at  N.  llulv.  in  '47  >i. 
One  of  the  earliest  gold-miners. 

Abell  (Alex.  (i. ),  1847,  native  of  N.Y.,  who  went  to  Honolulu  in  'l."i; 

arrived  at  iS.  F.  in  Nov.  on  the  Currency  Luhk.  Member  of  the  firm  J.  15.  Me- 

Cltirg  &  Co.  at  Los  Angeles  till  Feb.  '48.  From  '40  well  known  as  a  bu.^iiHv-s 

man  at  S.  F.,  member  of  the  state  senate  in  'G.S,  and  prominent  in  the  nuisdiiio 

in  later  years.  Living  at  S.F.  in  '8o.  A  son,  John,  came    ,, ith  him  in 

'lothcr  son,  E.  A.,  died  in  '84. 

'  '  "Ua  (Juan),  1S4'J,  Mex.  captain,  of  Ind.  race,  who  came  with  MIcIk  1- 

toreiid  and  departed  with  him  in  '4.").  Acting  oomandante  of  the  batallou  liji) 

(iv.  '287,  351,  et  seq.),  after  the  departure  of  Tellez,  and  com.  of  the  post  :it 

Monterey  in  '4").  He  left  his  business  affairs  in  cliargc  of  Larkin,  at  wl](]-u 

house  he  had  lived,  and  wrote  to  L.  from  S.  Bias.   He  signed  his  name  'Aheya,' 

Sec  vol.  iv.  p.  280,  357,  405,  460,  487,  514-15,  052. 

AbeUa  (Kamon),  1708,  Span,  friar,  wlio  served  chiefly  at  S.  F.,  S.  Carlo-;, 
and  S.  Luis  Ob. ,  dying  in  1842;  for  many  years  the  only  survivor  of  tiioso  v  Inj 
came  before  ISOO.  Biog.,  iv.  047;  mention  in  i.  list  of  auth.,  p.  432,  577,  7I-, 
732;  ii.  130-2,  150-00,  198,  288,  321-3,  329-30,  373,  375,  383,  304,  (il(i,  (I.-.:); 
iii.  92,  9((,  191,  310,  3.50,  390,  440,  588,  022,  G79,  081,  083;  iv.  40,  372,  (i.-i7. 

Abernetliy  (John  J.),  1847,  asst  surgeon,  U.  S.  Lcximjton.  Aborn  (.Johns 
1S4(J,  in  Sta  Clara  val.,  apparently  an  overland  innnig.,  serving  perhaps  in 
Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  3.")8-00).  Abrego  (Emigdio),  1842,  Mcx.  lieut  of  tho 
batallon  tijo,  '42-5.  See  iv.  289. 

Abrego  (.Jose),  1834,  Mex.  hatter  and  trader,  who  came  with  the  II.  it  1'. 
colony  (iii.  259  ct  secj.),  and  opened  a  store  at  Mont.  Young,  intelligent,  «  ith 
some  capital,  and  of  good  repute,  he  soon  became  a  prominent  citizen,  holditi^' 
olKcc  continuously  from  '30,  as  comisario  de  policia,  administrator  of  S.  An- 
tonio mi.ssion,  customs  officer,  member  of  the  assembly,  substitute  membiM-  of 
tlie  tribunal  superior,  and  treasurer.  As  sub-comisario  and  treasurer  lie  w.is 
in  cliaige  of  tho  territorial  finances  in  1830-40,  possessing  the  confidiiicc  "f 
all  classes.  In  '41-2  he  was  involved  in  controversies  witli  Cen.  Vallcjo  in 
the  matter  of  distributing  funds,  as  also  in  '45-0  witli  Pico's  administrutimi; 
but  these  quarrels  resulted  from  his  position  rather  than  his  character,  no  <i:il' 
questioning  his  integrity  or  ability.  He  revisited  Mex.  in  "43-4.  In  '44  lie  w.is 
the  grantee  of  tlio  i't  Tinos  rancho,  and  later  claimant  for  S.  Francisniiit", 
After  tlic  U.  8.  occupation  he  deemed  it  his  duty  as  a  Mcx.  to  decline  oliiic  d  i- 
a  time,  but  later  held  some  local  positions.  He  ctmtinucd  iiis  care«'.r  as  liattcr, 
soap-maiuifacturer,  and  merchant,  witli  more  or  less  success  and  uniliniiiiish'  I 
popularity,  till  his  death  in  '78,  at  the  ago  of  05.  In  '30  he  marrieil  .losefa  i:~- 
ti'iula,  half-sister  of  Gov.  Alvarado,  who  survived  iiim  with  six  of  their  cliihhiii. 
Tho  two  (laughters  were  married  to  Judge  Webb  of  Salinas  and  J.  Bolado  'I 
S.  1''.  One  of  the  sons  married  n  daughter  of  Jacob  1*.  Lce.se.  For  mention  "t 
Abrego,  sec  vol.  i.  list  of  auth. ;  iii.  203,  502,  507,  001-2,  072,  075,  078,  ()S7  "^i 
iv.  07,  09,  198,  210,  282,  327-8,  341,  357,  •"77,  401-3,  432,  520,  522,  5;!.', 
540,  557-8,  503;  v.  35,  38,  41,  289,  4.w,  570,  030. 

Acacio,  Indian  of  S.  Jos(j  involved  in  troubles  with  Sutter's  Iiid.  in  lS4ti. 
iv.  137-8.  Accolti  (M.),  1848,  Jesuit  prominent  in  educational  atl'airs  at 
Sta  Clara  college,  and  St  Ignatius,  S.  F.,  dying  in  '78;  perhaps  from  Or.  in 
'48.  Aeebedo  (Francisco),  soldier  who  came  before  1780,  sergeant  of  tlic  •"^. 
Kiogo  Co.  from  1798,  and  a  settler  at  Los  Aug.  in  1808-19.  i.  047;  ii.  '01,  3:i0, 
354.  A.  (Jos(5).  i.  .-.09.  A.  (Julian),  i.  303.  See  also  list  i.  732.  Acolo 
(Ignacio),  rcsid.  of  Brancif.  1801-10;  com.  de  polici'a,  Mont.,  '33;  Mex.  con- 


ACEDO-AFAXADOX. 


0S7 


Viet,  '34;  cavalry  solil.  at  Mrmt.,  and  cmployo  at  !<.  F.  Solinio,  '3'i.  Doitbtksg 
several (Uatinct  jKji'Sdiis.  ii.  107;  iii.  t)73,  7-0.  A.  (Tihuruin),  had  a  ('al.  claim 
in  '4(i  (v.  40'J-S)  for  .'?;t,()70.  Aceve:;  ( Aiituiiio),  sit;li'i-  at  S.  .lose  and  giantuo 
of  .Salinas  ranelio  17!)0-5.  i.  47H,  (iS.'i;  ii.  ()()4.  A.  (Jos;'),  hero  of  ilip  l.st 
niariiaj,'e  at  Stu  (.'ruz  in  1704-.").  i.  49.").  See  also  list  i.  7o'J.  Ackernian  (.1. 
Howard),  1S47,  clerk  for  Wni  A.  Lcidosdorfl'  at  .S.  F.,  "47  S,  and  owner  <if  n 
town  lot.  V.  (iS.j.  Ackley  (Henry),  1847,  Co.  F,  X.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  4!)9).  Acres 
(Hiram),  184."),  Amer.  inimig.  from  Or.  in  the  McMahou-Clynian  co.  (iv.  47"J- 

4,  587).  At  X.  Helv.,  .Sonoma,  and  Xapa  in  '4(i-S,  iierhajiH  later.  15.  Akers, 
prob.al)lythc  sameorason,  served  intiicCal.  Bat.  (v.  ,S.")8-(i()).  Acnfia,  1818, 
one  of  Bouohard's  men.  ii.  '2"20-49,  2',i'2.  Adair  (Wesley),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm. 
IJat.  (v.  4()9-9S).  In  '82  an  Ariz,  f.armer. 

Adams,  1847,  nir  of  the  Loo  Choo.  v.  TtW,  "ti).  Adams,  master  of  tho 
ForrrKt<)\  on  the  coast  perhaps  in  '!.").  ii.  'J74.  Adams,  Aniei-. ,  aged  30,  at 
IJranciforti  padron  of  '45.  A.  (Charles),  1840,  Scotch  sailor,  who  left  the 
( 'olumliia  aiii.  '^"^came  a  lumbci-man  in  '41. 

Adams  (jJav.dL.),  184G,  Amer.  immig.  from  Indiana,  ago  10  (v.  5'JS).  I  lis 
father  died  on  the  way,  and  he  lived  on  the  Yulia  a  wliile  with  his  mother 
— wl'o  married  Abncr  Bryan — and  sisters.  At  S.  .Jose  '47  and  from  '49;  I'la- 
cerville  mines  '48-9.  After  a  course  of  study  at  the  Univ.  of  the  I'ac.  in  "59- 
(il,  he  settled  on  a  farm  near  Sta  Cruz  in  'G'_',  marrying  Julia  Bennett  of  tlic 
"43  immig.  in  '(13.  In  '81,  and  I  suppo.se  later,  he  lived  in  the  town  of  Sta 
Cruz  with  a  family  of  6  children,  being  in  the  lumber  trade.  Sta  Cruz  Co. 
JJi^t.,  '27-8.  In  Miireh  '85  he  writes  mc  from  S.  Bernardino. 

Adams  (Elisha),  1846,  said  by  Hall  to  have  come  to  the  Sta  Clara  val. 
A.  (Hciiry),  nir  of  the  PuradiKein  '27.  iii.  148.  Another  Henry  A.  is  vaguely 
accredited  to  '44.  iv.  453;  and  another,  or  the  same,  is  named  by  Tinkham  as 
a  boy  on  Howard's  vessel  in  '4(5,  Later  pres.  of  the  Stockton  Tion.  Soc. 

Adanus  (James  Harmon),  1S47,  Co.  A,  X.  \,  Vol.,  trans,  to  Co.  <;  (v. 
499).  Born  in  N.  Y.  '19;  opened  a  shoe-shop  at  L.  Ang.  '47,  while  still  in  the 
service;  policeman  at  S.  F.  '49-54;  at  Vallejo  '5,")-(iO;  and  at  S.  !•'.  ■(il-85. 
His  wifj  of  '39,  Matilda  .Smith,  one  of  the  original  members  of  the  1st  I'resb. 
church  of  >S.  F.,  died  in  '79.  A  son,  James  Jlardie  A.,  born  on  the  voy.  to 
Cal.,  died  in  '49;  a' daughter  died  at  L.  Ang.  in  "48.  Another  son,  .lohii 
(^uiney  A.,  3  years  old  on  arrival,  was  educated  in  the  1st  public  schools  at 

5.  F. ;  presented  with  a  gold  nugget  on  tho  plaza  by  a  miner  as  tlie  1st  scIkkjI- 
boy  he  had  seen  in  Cal.;  played  juvenile  parts  in  the  .lenny  Liiid  tiuatre; 
served  on  the  U.  S.  Wnrren  '55-0;  oflicc-boy  for  Com.  Farragnt  at  Marc  Isl. 
'57-S;  law  student  at  Benicia  'GG-7;  lawyer  at  S.  F.  from  '73.  He  h;is  bctii 
orator  at  pioneer  celebrations,  sec.  of  surviving  X.  Y.  Vol.,  and  has  atl'orded 
me  some  aid  in  tho  collection  of  historical  material. 

Adams  (John),  1.S4G,  lieut  Co.  C,  bst  U.  S.  Dragoons  (v.  i5.3C).  A.  (Jolni), 
184G,  midshipman  on  the  U.  S.  J)a/i'.  Another  .John  Adams  had  a  CmI. 
claim  (v.  4G2-S)  of  8200  in  '4();  voted  at  S.  Diego  i>i  '48;  and  settled  netir 
Kapa — pcriiaps  2  or  3  ditlcrent  men.  A.  (.Jos.  11.),  licut  on  the  Sardiuidh 
and  LTaiit  in  '44-5.       A.  (Orson  B. ),  sergt  iu  Co.  ( ',  .Morni.  Bat.  '47  8.  v.  477. 

Adams  (Walter  \V. ),  1840,  Boston  sailor  arrested  at  Mont,  but  not  exiled, 
iv.  17,  120.  Shipped  on  the  California  in  '42,  ami  later  on  the  Laiini.  In 
"44  disabled  at  Sta  B.  and  Mont.,  l)eing  aided  by  tlu^  U.  .'^.  consulate,  and  get- 
ting a  carta;  but  in  Ang.  he  shipped  on  thef'Aav  IT.  Mori/(tii.  A.  (Wash- 
ington), 1847,  Co.  B,  X.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  A.  ( \Vm),  named  by  Hall  as  hav- 
ing come  to  .Sta  Clara  val.  in  '4G. 

Addison  (Isaac),  184G,  a  Mormon  of  the  nrool./i/n  colony,  v.  54(!,  with  his 
wife  and  daughter.  He  was  exconmiiinicated  from  the  church,  and  returned 
east  before  Jan.  '47.       .S.  K.  Addison  bought  a  town  lot  at  .S.  F.  in  '48. 

Adlcr  ( Lewis),  184G,  German  cooper  who  came  from  1  lonolulu  on  the  Kn/ilti- 
)iii(t.  Clerk  for  LeidesdortF  an<l  Dickson  &  Hay,  at  S,  F.  in  '4(i-7,  also  owinug 
a  town  lot.  A  trader  from  '48  at  Son. ,  where  he  still  lived  in  "85,  at  the  age  of  do. 

A<lrian  (Oco.),  1836,  named  iu  a  S.  .Jost'  padron  as  a  foreign  resident.  .\fa- 
iiadon,  or  Afanador,  chaplain  who  came  in  '22  with  the  Canonigo  Fernandez. 


CSS 


PIONEER  REGISTEll  AND  INDEX. 


ii.  4.')8.  Agate,  scientist  attiicli(5  of  the  U.  S.  ex.  expcd.  in  '41.  iv.  24^, 
Agazini  (Fliiminio),  ''2'),  inr  ol'  the  transport  Morolox.  iii.  14S.  Agnew  (llii;,'li) 
1847,  Co.  H,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  490).  Agrcilo,  ilouhtful  name  of  a  sihool-hoy  .-t 
Mont.  '15-20.  ii.  429.  Agiicia  (Josd),  grantee  of  the  Laureles  rancho  in  '44. 
iv.  (ioo.  Aguado  (Ignacio),  Mex.  lieut  of  the  batallon  fijo  in  '42-5.  iv.  2  J. 
Aguiar  (Francisco),  soldier  of  17(i9etseq. ;  sergt  at  S.  Diego  in  1777.  i.  SU,  7.'>2. 

Aguila(Jos(^'),  Alex,  settler  at  S.  F.  in  1791-1800.  i.  710;  niiinic.  elector  iit 
S.  F.  in  1827.  ii.  592.  From  '28  Jose  Aguila,  or  Jose  M.  Aguilar  (lietwci  a 
vliich  names  there  is  evident  confusion),  was  a  somewhat  prominent  citizen 
of  Mont.  In  '31-34  ho  was  sindico;  in  '32-3  regidor  and  com.  do  policia.  iii. 
072-3;  in  '33  vocal  of  the  diputacion.  iii.  240;  in  '.30  admin,  at  Sokdad.  iii. 
090-1;  in  '38-9  clerk  to  admin,  of  S.  Antonio,  iii.  087-8;  and  in  '44  grantee 
of  the  Canada  do  Nogalcs  rancho.  iv.  034.  In  a  Mont,  padron  of  '30  J  use 
iCguila  is  described  as  a  painter,  50  years  of  age,  native  of  Colaya,  married  to 
Maria  Fran.  Garcia,  a  native  of  ilont.,  aged  .37.  Agnila  (Felipe),  land  near 
Mont,  in'  35.  iii.  078.  A.  (Joaquin),  claimant  for  land  at  Sta  Ines  in  "17. 
A.  (Lugardo),  resid.  of  S.  Gabriel  in  '40.  A.  (Ramon),  soldier  of  S.  F.  in  '37  - 
43.  iv.  007.     See  list  i.  7.32. 

Aguilar  (Bias),  son  of  llosario  A.,  born  at  S.  Diego  about  1808.  In  "I!! 
majordomo  of  S.  D.  ndssion,  and  in  '34  at  TemOcula.  Lived  in  '38-43  .it  tin; 
Palomares  rancho,  Los  Ang.  Co.  In  '41  got  land  at  S.  Juan  Cap.,  wliere  in 
'40  he  was  living  at  the  ago  of  .38  with  his  wife  Antonia  (iutierrez,  aged  21). 
Pii'iiou;  where  he  was  alcahle  in  '48,  and  where  he  still  lived  in  '70.  See 
mention  in  ii.  443,  550;  iii.  020;  iv.  020;  v.  024.  An  Aguilar  is  ment.  as  oiie 
of  Ijouchard's  men  in  '18.  ii.  232.  A.  (Antonio),  soldier  at  S.  F.  '19-2.'!; 
resid.  of  Los  Ang.  in  '38,  murdered  in  '42.  iii.  504-5;  iv.  032.  A.  (Casildo), 
trader  at  Los  Ang.,  ago  20,  in  '39;  juez  do  aguas  in  '40.  iv.  025;  claimant  tor 
La  Cienega.  A.  (Cristobal),  resid.  of  Los  Aug.,  age  24,  from  '38,  when  lie 
was  alcalde  suplente;  in  '44-5,  regidor.  iii.  030;  iv.  033. 

Aguilar  (Francisco  Javier),  soldier  of  the  Loreto  eo.,  who  served  in  the 
exped.  of  1709  ct  seq.  to  S.  Diego  and  Mont,  but  never  came  to  live  in  Cal. 
A  sergt  from  1795;  in  comuiand  at  C.  S.  Liicas  of  a  militia  eo.  179.5-1S(K\ 
A.  (<  <'abino),  at  San  .luan  Cap.  in  '40,  age  ,30,  with  his  wife  ]Maria  Ant.  Sesciia 
and  0  children.  Padron.  A.  (Ignacio),  said  to  have  lired  the  gun  at  Mn- 
vine's  defeat  '40.  v.  319.  A.  (Jos(5  M.),  settler  at  Los  Ang.  fr.  '14;  regidur 
'21,  '25-0;  in  trouble  with  Gov.  Victoria  in '31.  In  the  padron  of  '39  he  is 
noted  as  a  bricklayer,  age  54.  ii.  349,  .359,  559-00;  iii.  190.  (See  also  Agiiila, 
Jos(''.)  A.  (Maccdonio),  resid.  of  Los  Ang.  in  '39,  age  .30;  juez  de  campo  in  '4:1- 
5.  iv.  032-4.  A.  (Martin),  .Span.  com.  of  one  of  Vizcaino's  explor.  vessels  in 
1002-3.  i.  98,  104,  242.       A.  (Ramon),  killed  by  the  Ind.  in  '40.  v.  017. 

Aguilar  (Rosario),  corporal  of  the  cscolta  at  S.  Diego  and  S.  Luis  Rev 
missions  from  shortly  after  1800.  Lived  at  S.  Diego  fr.  about  '30,  bciii^' 
majordomo  of  the  mission  in  '38,  and  getting  a  grant  of  the  Paguai  ranuho  — 
which  he  is  said  to  have  refused — in  '39.  In  '41  he  was  juez  do  paz  at  S.  ].)., 
but  obtained  land  at  8.  Juan  Cap.,  where  he  was  juez  in  '43-4,  and  where  he 
died  about  '45.  ii.  540;  iii.  012,  019,  020-3,020-7.  His  daughter  married  Jo^e 
Ant.  Serrano.  A.  (Santiago),  Mex.  sergt,  age  22,  at  Mont,  in  '30.  In  chaigo 
of  the  printing-office,  and  took  part  in  the  revolt  against  Alvarado,  '37.  iii. 
470,  .523-5.       A.  (Simon),  executed  at  Mont.  '31.  iii.  190-1,  009,  073,  079. 

Aguirre  (JosiS  Antonio),  1834,  Span.  Basque,  born  about  1793;  a  wealtiiy 
trader  at  Guaymas,  when  in  '33-4  lie  engaged  in  the  Cal.  trade,  owning  se\- 
ei'al  vessels,  and  visiting  Cal.  frequently.  From  about  '38  ho  made  Sta  B.  his 
home,  marrying  Mari'a  del  Rosario,  a  daughter  of  JoscS  Ant.  Estudillo,  in  "4-'. 
His  second  wife  was  a  sister  of  the  first.  Grantee  of  the  Tejon  rancho  in  '4.'!, 
and  his  wife  of  S.  Jacinto  Viejo  y  Nuevo  in  '40.  On  account  of  his  great 
size  ho  was  sometimes  nicknamed  Aguirron;  of  fine  presence,  affable  in  mini- 
ner,  and  well  liked  by  all.  An  excellent  type  of  the  old-time  Spanish  nuT- 
chant,  keeping  aloof  for  the  most  part  from  smuggling  and  politics,  thou^li 
often  employed  by  tho  government.  Still  a  resident  of  Sta  B.  after  1S.H. 
Mont,  in  iii.  020,  037,  059,  000,  727;  iv.  12,  01,  100,  104,  332,  021,  035;  v.  587, 


AGUIRRE~A  LEX  AXDKR. 


6S9 


('10.  Agtiirr,"  (.Tuaii  B.),  177'),  Span,  mate  ami  master  of  ilifToi'cnt  transport 
sliips  on  t!ie  coast  in  177.V!»;).  i.  '_'4iJ,  287,  3-JS,  44-1.  A.  (Sevuro),  IM'J,  Mex. 
BLTgt  in  the  batallon  fijo  '4;)-j.  iv.  'JS!). 

Almniada,  1813,  Dcjniiiiioan  of  ]{.  Cal.,  preaching  at  S.  Diego,   ii.  .345. 

Ainsworth  (John),  1S2S,  Kngl.  sailor  orilereil  to  be  sliippiil  to  Sanil.  Isl. 
]>y  lstves.sel.   Perhaps 'Rainsforil,' (j.  v. 

Ajuria  (Orcgorio),  1S4."),  Span,  supercargo  oi  the  Ifaniifth,  fr.  Mazatlan, 
with  a  letter  of  introd.  from  I'arrot  to  L:irkin.  lie  linall^- .settled  at  Loh  Aug., 
married  the  .laughter  of  John  Temple,  and  beeaiiie  rich,  lie  went  to  .Mex. 
about  '.")(» to  engage  in  heavy  and  unpiolitable  linancial  opcratioii.s.  On  th(!  fiill 
of  Ojinonfort  went  to  Paiis,  where  lie  died  in  '(14,  ageil  47.  leaving  a  widow 
anil  .several  children.  Akers  (15.),  l.S4(i,  in  Cal.  iJat.  I'robably  .same  as 
'Acres,'  q.v. 

Alanis  (Mariano),  ISOO,  M"X.  settler  at  Los  An;;.  ISOO-.^O.  ii.  340.  /'(ulroii. 
A.  (.M;i:;imo),  1810,  resid.  of  Los  .Aug.;  arrested  for  .snntggling  in  '21,  and  f'jr 
political  misdeeds  in  '31.  Owner  ot  tiic  S.  .lose  de  Ijuenos  Aires  ranclio  in  '40- 
3.  ii.  354,  441;  iii.  10(),  034;  iv.  03.">.  A.  (Nicolas),  a  settler  at  L.  .\ng.  i;i 
1807.  ii.  350;  and  Marcos  A.  in  '4(5. 

Alarcon  ((Jaspar),  l(i0'2,  Span.  com.  of  one  of  Vizcaino'.s  .ships,  i.  08.  A. 
(Hernando).  1")40,  com.  of  an  explor.  vessel  at  tin;  head  of  the  gulf;  may  have 
.s,en  Cal.  territory,  i.  OS.  Alarico.  1840,  Ind.  chief  arrested  by  Sutter,  iv. 
137.       Alariwi  (Juan  P.),  Cal.  claim  for  >!1  l,r>(i5  in  '4l)  (v.  402-8). 

Alava  (Jos(5  Manuel),  1703-1,  Span,  brigadier  of  the  navy,  or  commodore, 
who  visited  Cal.  in  connection  with  the  Nootkaafl'air.  He  fell  at  the  battle  of 
Trafalgar  in  1803,  i.  500,  523-5,  533.  AII)iillo(l'eMeiano),  1777,  one  of  the  Lit 
isettlersat  S.  F.  i.  207.       Alberger  (John),  1847,  Co.  A,  X.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  4;),')). 

Alberni  (Pedro),  170(5,  .Span,  lient-col,  and  cai)t.  of  Catalan  vol.,  wlio 
came  in  connection  with  the  project  of  founding  Hrancifortc.  IJy  his  rank  ho 
v.as  com.  of  the  S.  F.  post  in  170!»-1800,  and  com.  de  arnias  of  Cal.  at  .Mont, 
in  1801-2,  tlying  in  1802.  Seobiog.,  ii.  5-0;  mention  in  i.  535.  530-41,  513, 
5o.-)-7,  015,  0.30,  030,  (570.  003,  705,  720;  ii.  2,  140. 

Albert  (J.  C.),  18.33,  nn-  of  whaler  IsaM.  iii.  ;!82.  Albet  (Ibre).  1825-0, 
mr  of  whaler  Triton,  iii.  149.  Albin  (Charles),  1845,  Amer.  at  Mont.;  jjrob. 
same  as  (.'has  Albien,  who  got  a  lot  at  S.  F.  in  '47.  iv.  587,  0S5.  Albrijliu 
(lames),  1845,  Amer.  sailor  fr.  the  Tasno  at  S.  F.,  aided  by  U.  8.  con.sul. 
Alciintara  (Pedro),  1702-5,  mason-instructor,  i.  015,  084. 

A.ldcn  (Fernando),  18.32,  at  Mont,  in  '47.  Aniei-.  who  testified  at  .S.  F.  '53, 
in  U.  S.  VH  Ca,itillero,  that  he  came  in  '.32,  and  had  lived  25  years  in  C'al.  and 
Mex.  A.  (James),  1841,  lieut  in  U.  S.  ex.  exped.  iv.  241.  Later  a  c.;mnio- 
d  ire.  Ahlerman  (Isaac  W.),  1848,  Amer.  miner  from  Or.;  killed  by  (.'.  H. 
Pickett  at  Sacramento.  .See  /lifif.  Or.,  i.  450. 

Aldrich  (.fames),  1847,  Co.  T,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  400);  d.  in  Va  '(54.  A. 
(Prudence),  1840,  widow  in  the  Mormon  col,  v.  54(5,  with  son  and  dan. ;hter, 
her  husband,  Silas  Aldrich,  having  died  on  the  voyage.  She  was  owne  •  of  ii 
S.  F.  lot  in  '47;  but  returned  to  Utah,  where  she  still  lived  with  her  darghter 
ill  '84.   Her  son  Jasper  dieil  in  Utah. 

Alegrc  (Antonio),  1700-5.  settler  at  S.  .lose.  i.  478,  08.3.  Alepon/fini 
(Flavio),  1701,  alferez  in  Malaspina's  exped.  i.  4!K).  Alered  (Jesus),  1,S40, 
resid.  of  S.  Bernardino.       Alexander,  1834,  Kngl.  sailor  in  a  Mont.  list. 

Alexan<ler  (C3'rus),  1832,  Amer.  tanner  born  in  Penn.  1805,  but  moving 
with  his  parents  to  111.  in  1810.  In  '31,  or  perhaps  earlier,  after  an  nnproiit- 
a))lo  experience  in  Icad-niiniii','  at<i;dena,  he  started  for  the  far  west  as  .'i  trap- 
)»er  for  the  Sublette  (.'o.,  and  came  to  Cal.  by  way  of  Sta  Vr.  Tiie  date  has 
iieeu  variously  given  from  '27  to  '35;  but  original  ai-chive  evidence  of  ".37-45 
leaves  no  doubt  that  he  came  in  '32  or  '33.  For  7  or  8  years  he  remained  in 
the  south,  engaged  in  hunting,  fishing,  trading,  soap-nuiking,  and  stock-rais- 
i:ig.  He  received  Mex.  naturalization  papers  on  March  18,  1S37,  though  ho 
applied  for  new  papers  in  '45.  About  '40  he  came  north  and  took  charge  on 
shares  of  Henry  1).  Fitch's  Sotoyomo  rancho,  now  Healdsburg,  obtaining  for 
himself  2  leagues  of  the  rancho  in  '47.  la  Dec.  '44  he  was  married  by  Sutter 
nisr.  Cal.,  Vol.  II.     U 


}■¥ 


GOO 


riONEKR  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


to  Rufina  Lucero,  a  sister  of  Wm  Gordon's  wife,  fmm  N.  Mcx.  There  wr.a 
tvoubluabout  this  marriage,  whicli  iiail  to  be  i'e|icatecl  by  apriestatStaCKira. 
During  tlic  flush  times  Alexander,  thougli  unlueky  as  a  miner,  became  liuli 
by  the  sale  of  ranciio  iirodncts  and  inercasc  in  the  value  of  his  land.  Ilia 
name  in  many  ways  is  prominently  and  honorably  connected  with  the  history 
of  Healdsburg.  Unlike  any  other  Cal.  cx-trapper  known  to  history  or  tradi- 
tion, he  was  converted,  joined  the  presbyte."ian  church,  and  finally  bccaiiic  a 
methodist,  giving  liberally  to  ciiurch  and  educational  enterprises;  but  he  wm 
also  charitable  in  other  respects,  acrjuiring  an  enviable  reputation  locally  ;::! 
an  honest,  unassuming  citizen.  JIc  died  in  '72,  after  7  years  of  partial  paraly- 
sis, leaving  a  widow  and  4  of  his  12  children.  Mention  in  iii.  388,  408;  iv. 
117,  071.  His  portrait  is  given  in  the  Sonoma  Co.  Hint.,  91.  A  MS.  in  i..y 
codection — Lij'i-  nixl  Times  of  Cyrus  Alexander,  by  his  nephew  Charles  Alex- 
ander— contains  many  details. 

Alexander  (David  W.),  1841,  Irish  trader  from  N.  Mex.  At  first  a  ran- 
chero  in  the  S.  Bernardino  region,  and  later  in  trade  at  L.  Ang.  with  TempK'. 
He  strongly  favored  the  Amcr.  in  the  troubles  of  '40;  was  one  of  the  prisuncri 
taken  at  Chino  (v.  311-14);  and  after  the  war  was  made  collector  of  customs 
at  S.  Pedro  in  '47-8.  Successful  claimant  for  the  ranchos  of  Tujunga  and 
Providencia.  In  '50  regidor  of  Los  Ang.,  and  county  sheriif  in  'o5-G  and  '70-7. 
His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Manuel  Kerjuena.  Still  living,  '8o,  in  the  vicinity 
of  Los  Ang.  Mentioned  in  iv.  278-9;  v.  314,  441,  572,  575,  020,  OiU-5. 
Alexander  (G.),  1848,  pass,  from  Honolulu.  A.  (Horace  M.),  1847,  Go.  I!, 
Morm.  Bat.  (v.  409-98).  Alexy  (.John),  1825,  mr  whaler  Factor,  iii.  147. 
Alfnro  (Joaquin),  1834,  accused  of  murder  at  Mont.  iii.  073.  Alfe  (Alfou), 
1827,  nir  whaler  Orion,  iii.  148. 

Alford  (Landy),  1840,  overland  immig.  who  worked  as  a  carpenter  at  Mont., 
and  at  Benicia  iu  '47-8,  afterwards  settling  in  Suisun  valley.  His  daughter  v,  as 
the  wife  of  Nathan  Barbour,  v.  G72. 

Alipds  (Diimaso),  1831,  engaged  in  the  S.  Diego  revolt,  iii.  201.  A.  (Ger- 
vasio),  in  same  revolt;  also  executed  by  the  vigilantes  at  Los  Ang.,  in  '30.  iii. 
417-19.  A.  (.Jos(^),  resid.  at  S.  Juan  Cap.,  age  37,  in  '41-0;  com.  of  a  mil. 
force  at  S.  Luis  Rey  in  '40.  rv.  G20-1,  020.  A.  (Martin),  1840,  resid.  at  Ltis 
Ang.  A.  (Santos),  1840,  killed  at  the  Pauma  massacre,  iv.  017.  AUamando 
(Victorino),  1841,  resid.  at  S.  Jose,  age  35. 

Allen,  1832,  trapper  with  Nidever  in  '30,  and  thought  liy  N.  to  have  come  to 
Cal.  a  little  later,  iii.  408.  Allen,  1847,  in  Sutter's  employ.  Allen  ( Albeni  i, 
1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  409-98).  A.  (Andy),  1840,  said  by  Hall  to  liavo 
come  to  Sta  Clara  val.  with  his  brothers  Thos  and  \Vm,  and  his  sisters  Melis>a 
and  Rebecca.  Perhaps  brothers,  etc.,  of  J.  M.  Allen,  q.v. 

Allen  (Daniel),  1848,  a  Mormon  killed  by  Ind.  iu  exploring  for  a  new  roail 
over  the  Sierra  on  the  return  to  Utah.  v.  490.  Tyler  calls  him  Daniel,  but  th"rc 
is  no  such  name  on  the  rolls.  Bigler  calls  him  Ezrah  H.  Perhaps  it  was  Elijah  or 
George  Allen,  who  were  privates  in  Co.  B.  Another  George  A.  was  in  Co.  E. 

Allen  (David),  1847,  Amer.  immig.  in  Brown's  co.  of  '46,  but  left  sick  on 
the  way,  going  to  Or.  and  visiting  Cal.  in  '47.  His  wife  died  on  the  overland 
journey  (v.  520-30).  See  Jas  M.  Allen. 

Allen  (George),  1822,  Irishman,  said  to  have  been  a  quaker,  also  calh  d 
Scotch  and  English  in  some  records,  who  landed  at  Mont,  at  age  of  20.  llu 
was  baptized  as  Josef  Jorge  Tomiisat  S.  Cdrlos  in  '24,  and  in  '26  married  Pctia 
Boronda,  a  native  of  S.  Jost?,  age  14.  Naturalized  in  '29.  He  kept  i.  little  .sliui) 
or  inn  at  Mont.,  in  comp.  with  Wm  Gralbatch,  but  sold  out  to  Mcintosh  in  :)  I 
for  §90.  In  one  way  or  another  his  name  appears  in  the  records  of  almost  every 
year,  as  he  was  a  favorite  witness  to  divers  contracts,  had  petty  transactions 
with  everybody,  and  served  on  occasion  as  surgeon  and  dentist.  He  was  several 
times  a  member  and  oftener  an  employe  of  the  ayiintamiento.  In  a  padrou  nt' 
'30,  when  he  was  munic.  treasurer,  he  is  noted  as  a  trader,  40  years  old,  wiih 
wife  and  4  children.  In  '42  he  was  justiceof  the  peace,  and  seems  to  have  got  a 
lot  at  S.  F.,  though  he  never  lived  thei-e.  In  '44-5  teacher  by  the  governors 
appointment,  and  iu  '4J-C  clerk  in  the  U.  S,  consulate,  being  an  excellent  pen- 


ALLKN— ALLSOPP. 


GOl 


man,  nml  fviucntly  a  man  of  some  cdiiciitioii.  He  somelimcs  signed  (rco.  W.  Al- 
len. Ilodicdiit  Mont,  in  '47,  and  his  widow  was  still  living  in  'S',i;  liis  hods  v.ure 
Miguel,  1).  in  '27 — iu  "<So  living  in  inyo  Co. — JosO  llcorgo,  \>.  in  o3.  an<l  Aionzo, 
wlio  in  'iSI{  kept  a  saloon  in  Mont. ;  one  d;nighter  iiiarrieil  Dr  Martin  of  S.  ■lusi'", 
and  the  other  lived  in  '8;i  with  her  mother,  ii.  47S,  4'JO,  o'2o,  009,  074;  iii.  40'J, 
170;  iv.  117,  OJ.3,  CG9;  v.  081. 

Allen  ((ieo.  Trail),  1848,  appointed  Nov.  '48  Hawaiian  consul  iu  C'al.  v. 
Gl.').  Perhaps  did  not  arrive  till  '49.  A.  (Henry),  1S47,  owner  of  a,  S.  F.  lot. 
A.  (Janios),  capt.  Ist  U.  S.  dragoina,  who  organized  and  commanded  tlio 
Morm.  liat.  in  40,  hut  died  before  reaching  Cal.  y.  473-8. 

Allen  (James  M.),  1840,  Amer.  immig.  from  Mo.  (v.  020-30),  .son  of  ])avid 
Allen,  q.v.  With  his  brothers  and  sisters  he  went  to. Sta  Clara,  where  he  lived — 
also  serving  in  Weber's  company,  and  getting  a  lot  at  S.  F. — in  '40-8.  He  was 
a  gold-miner  in  '48,  also  visiting  Oregon.  From  '49,  trader  in  live-stock,  founder 
of  the  town  of  Frcjmont  in  '49,  and  sheriff  of  Yolo  Co.  in  '.■)0.  From  '53  in  Contra 
Costa;  from  '01  at  S.  F.,  though  interested  in  Nevada  mines;  and  in  "0.^-8  adj.- 
gen.  of  Cal.  militia,  subsequently  engaging  iu  real  estate  business  at  Livenuore, 
where  he  still  lived  at  the  ago  of  SO  in  '84.  His  wife  was  Sidesia  Mcndeuhidl, 
his  children  Eugene  and  Deloral  Mrs  Biddle).  A.  (Jesse  H.),  1840,  Co.  E,  Cal. 
Bat.  (v.  3o8-0yj,  under  Capt.  Grisby  '40-7. 

Alien  (John),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  v.  489-00.  A  hard  case,  who  was 
drummed  out  of  the  battalion  and  ex-com.  from  the  churoh  at  Los  Aug.  Owner 
of  a  S.  F.  lot  in  '47.  v.  08.').  Later  a  'terror'  in  the  Placer  Co.  mines,  being 
killed  in  a  quarrel  at  Grass  Valley  in  '.Jl.  A.  (Otis),  1841.  named  as  a  Maine 
man,  resid.  in  Sonoma  Co.  'dO-'77.  A.  (Rufus  C),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat. 
(v.  4G0);  a  Utah  farmer  in  '81.  A.  (Theodore  Henry),  1S47,  Pion.  Soc.  record. 
A.  (Thomas),  1841,  succeeded  Ridley  iu  charge  of  Sutter's  launch. 

AUj^eicr  (Nicolaus),  1840,  German  trapper,  some  time  in  H.  B.  Co. 's  cm- 
ploy,  who  came  by  land  fr.  Or.  and  worked  for  Sutter  at  N.  Helv.  His  name 
was  generally,  and  perhaps  correctly,  written  Altgeier.  He  often  quarrelled 
with  the  capt.,  w.io  once  accused  LeGrand  Nicolas  of  having  tried  to  kill  him; 
but  A.  was  not  discharged  as  threatened.  In  '42  he  got  from  Sutter  a  tract 
of  land  on  the  Sac.  just  below  Bear  River,  where  he  managed  a  ferry  at  tiie 
crossing  between  N.  Helv.  and  Hock,  building  a  hut  of  poles,  and  later  an 
adobe  house;  and  here  the  little  town  of  Nicolaus  bears  his  name.  In  '44  ho 
was  naturalized,  and  is  often  named  in  the  X.  lido.  JJianj  of  '40-8.  Ho  .still 
lived  on  his  rancho  in  '49,  and  is  remembered  in  '52-5  by  Bidwell;  still  living 
iu'OO.  He  left  children.  Mention  iu  iv.  117,  120,  1.39,229;  v.  108, 

Allig,  sec  Elick.  Allison  (Francis),  1845,  one  of  Fremont's  men,  though 
there  is  some  doubt  about  the  date.  v.  583,  587.  \Vounded  in  '50  iu  a  fight 
w  ith  Ind.  in  El  Dorado  Co.  In  '84  a  gardener  at  Oakland.  Alhnand  (Albert), 
lS4(!-7,  act.  lieut  U.  S.  N.;  lieut  Co.  D,  Stockton's  Bat.  v.  386. 

Allred  (Reddick  R.),  1847,  sergt  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  Also  Q.  M.  sergt,  and 
capt.  of  50  on  the  return,  v.  477,  493.  In  '81  a  bishop  and  col  of  militia  in 
Utah.  J.  R.  Allred  is  also  named  by  Tyler  in  connection  with  the  march  to 
Utah  in  '48.  Allshouse  (Joseph),  1841,  marine  on  the  Viitcennex,  killed  acci- 
dentally in  crossing  S.  F.  bar.  iv.  279. 

AUsopp  (James  P.  C),  1848,  native  of  La,  his  father  being  of  an  old  well- 
knovrn  Engl. -Amer.  family  and  his  mother  of  the  Span,  family  of  Alfaro  de 
Villahermosa.  Educated  in  England.  A  volunteer  in  the  Mex.  war,  lieiug 
wounded  at  Cerro  tJordo.  In  '48  came  overland  with  an  immig.  party  from 
N.  Orleans,  v.  556;  and  kept  a  boarding-house  in '48-51  at  S.  F.,  subsequently 
making  several  voyages  as  master  of  a  vessel,  in  widch  he  went  east  in  '54. 
In  '57  he  made  a  2d  overland  trip  from  V.  Cruz  to  Tepic,  and  came  to  .S.  F., 
making  several  later  voyages,  and  adding  a  shipwreck  to  his  c-italogue  of  adven- 
tures. In  '(iO  a  miner  in  Tuolumne,  writing  besides  for  the  newspapers,  as  ho 
did  occasionally  at  all  stages  of  his  career.  Iu  '01  married  Angelina,  daughter 
of  R.  R.  Hunter  of  N.  J.  In  '01 -'79,  with  a  few  intervals  of  mining  and  trade, 
he  was  a  teacher  iu  many  public  and  private  institutions  of  Cal.  and  Or.  In 
'SO-4.  ho  did  good  service  as  a  gleauer  of  historic  data  in  my  library;  and  iu 


!    1  ' 


'!!!■  ;/■■« 


mm 


C92 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


'85  is  tcnclnng  in  a  Berlielcy  institution.   Ilia  Lfaren  from  viy  Log  Book  is  nn 

interesting  lulditiun  U>  my  store  of  i)ioneer  reuiiniscences;  and  few  of  tlie  tlidu- 

sands  iiiinied  in  this  list  have  hud  so  varied  nn  experience.       Allyn,  184.S,  mr 

of  tlio  liiKir  Wcltou.   V.  r)7S. 

Ahuenares  (I'ruto),  resid.  of  S.  Bern,  and  Loa  Ang.  '4G-8.       A.  (Ign. ),  Lis 

Anj,'.  1813.  ii.  o't'X       A.  (Jost5  M.),  Los  Ang.  '40.       A.  (I'edro),  soldier  ut  S. 

l\  and  .Sonoma,  '.30-42. 

Allien  (.James),  lH'J8-9,  Engl,  sailor  at  Mont.  Perhaps  'Halpin.' 
Allaniirano  (Abelino),  at  Los  Ang.  '4((.       A.  (Domingo),  S.  F.  soldier  ',17- 

43.  iii.  038,  007.       A.  (Francisco),  S.  Jose  '41,  married  to  Encarnacion  Jicniid. 

A.  (Uonzalo),  soldier  at  8.  F.  '"23-!);  sent  to  Mex.  '30.  iii.  85.  A.  (.lose  ( '.), 
Los  Ang.  '40.  A.  (.Tuan  C),  rcgidor  at  S.  Joso  1800.  ii.  134.  A.  (.Justol, 
settlers.  F.  1791-lSOO;  inval.  '10-23.  i.  710.  A.  (Lucas),  soldier  at  S.  .huui 
1800.  i.  588.  A.  (Luis),  alfercz  at  Los  Aug.  '45-8.  iv.  505.  A.  (Marcs), 
soldiers.  F.  '19-24.  A.  (IJafacl),  .it  N.  llelv.  '47.  A.  (Salvador),  soldier 
of  S.  F.  comp.  '32-42.  A.  (Victoriuno),  soldier  at  S.  F.  '23-0;  sent  to  Mux. 
'30.  ii.  85.  See  also  list  in  i.  732. 

Altindra  (Jos(?),  1820,  Span,  friar  at  S.  F.  and  Solano,  of  which  latter  ho 
was  the  foundei-.  lie  left  Cal.  in  '28.  A  padre  who  had  a  will  of  his  own.  Sie 
biog.  in  ii.  570;  list  of  auth.  in  vol.  i. ;  mention  in  ii.  375,  304,  490-50.'),  5il5, 
597,  055;  iii.  24,  03-4. 

Alurcl  (.J.  B),  1830,  French  saddler  at  Mont.  Perhaps  'Mutrel,' q.v. 

Alva  (Manuel),  1833,  !Mex.  surgeon  of  the  Cal.  forces  who  camo  to  Mont. 
with  (tov.  Figucroa,  and  before  '30  ni.irried  Nicolasa  (iajiola.  In  '37,  with 
other  Mex.,  he  took  part  in  the  revolt  against  Alvarado,  for  which  he  was 
arrested  and  confined  at  S.  Miguel;  hut  escaping,  joined  the  Carrillo  faction  in 
the  south,  only  to  be  rearrested  in  '38  by  Castro  at  S.  Buen.  and  released  on 
promise  of  non-interference  in  politics.  At  first  he  was  noted  as  a  free- 
thinker, but  with  illness  became  devout.  In  '40,  being  disabled  at  the  a;^o 
of  53,  he  got  a  passport  for  Mex.,  and  his  successor  was  appointed.  No  deli- 
idte  record  of  his  departure  or  death,  iii.  230,  240,  290,  403,  523-4,  5.'>j. 
Alva  (Valentin).  Resid.  of  S.  Bernardino  in  '40. 

Alvarado  (Francisco  Javier),  soldier  of  S.  Diego  from  1780,  and  of  St:i 

B.  comp.  from  1780.  In  1795-(>  corporal,  and  comisionado  at  Los  Ang.;  i.i 
1S05  sergt;  and  in  1800-10  again  comisionado,  dying  before  1818.  lie  mar- 
ried Maria  Ignacia,  daughter  of  Pedro  Amador,  about  1788.  i.  001;  ii.  IliJ- 
1 1,  340,  350-7.  A.  (Francisco  .Javier),  probably  a  son  of  the  preceding,  l).)i-i 
in  1807,  and  a  resid.  of  Los  Ang.,  where  he  was  suplentc  member  of  tlic  dip. 
in  '33,  alcalde  in  '3.5,  and  again  suplentc  in  '37.  In  a  padron  of  '30  he  ligun^ 
as  a  trader,  age  32,  and  still  lived  at  Loa  Ang.  in  '48.  iii.  240,  282,  500,  5ll."i, 
020.  A.  (Francisco  Maria),  perhaps  a  brother  of  the  preceding,  though  tiievc 
may  be  confusion  between  two  or  more  of  the  same  name.  Grantee  of  Pena;- 
quitoa  rancho  in  '23,  '34,  '30,  on  which  he  lived;  rcgidor  of  S.  Diego  ".'u; 
grantee  of  Soledad  rancho  in  '38;  aux.  alcalde  and  regidor  at  Los  Ang.  ('.') 
'38-9;  treasurer  at  S.  Diego  '40-1;  and  jucz  in  '45.  ii.  547,  012,  018,  003;  iv. 
53-4,  495,  012,  010,  019,  020-1,  030.  See  also  list  i.  732.  A.  (Fran.  M.),  ut 
Los  Ang.  '30,  age  25. 

Alvarado  (Ignacio  Mai'ia),  witness  in  the  Hen-era  trial  '27;  regidor  at  Los 
Ang. '32-3;  juezdecanipo '.35;  sindico-'37;  prisoner  in '38;  resid.  of  Los  Ang. , 
age  27,  in  '39;  juez  de  paz  '41;  still  at  Los  Ang.  '48.  Very  likely  more  than 
one  of  the  name.  iii.  02,  517,  554-5,  035-0;  iv.  032.  A.  (Ignacio  Rafael), 
1774.  soldier  and  later  sergt  of  .S.  1).  and  Sta  B.  comp.;  may  have  been  the 
fr.tlicr  of  some  of  the  preceding  and  following.  Biog.  i.  047,  452.  A.  (Isidro 
11.),  aux.  alcalde  in  Angeles  dist.  '.38;  age  20  in  '30;  grantee  of  Monserrato 
ranc'.K)  '46.  iii.  030;  v.  010.  He  scema  to  have  been  the  man  who  died  at  S. 
Luis  Key  '62,  and  at  whose  grave  tiic  mourners  were  attacked  by  the  sheriir 
r.ud  one  killed.  A.  (Joaquin),  regidor  at  ^lont.  '31-2.  Born  at  S.  D.  in 
ISJO;  married  to  Juana  do  Dios  Higucra;  5  children  in  '.30,  Jnau  Josi?,  I'c- 
li;)c,  Jos^  A.,  Maria  Ana,  and  Francisco,  iii.  114,  072-3;  iv.  653.  A.  (Joa- 
quiuti),  grantee  of  the  Canada  Larga  rancho  '41.  iv,  042. 


ALVARADO. 


Alvaratlo  (Josu  Francisco),  ITO."),  scryt  Mont  co.  Ron  of  .Iran  IJ.,  anl  ."aLlicr 
of  .luiinJJ.  (the  governor),  l^icd  in  ISO"),  lliog.  ii.  111.  A.  (Josr  M. ),  j^riintio 
of  Viillctitoa  runclio  '40;  juez  ut  8.  D.  '4l-'_';  kiiUd  at  I'auiiiii  "4:1.  iii.  (ill";  iv. 
(Hi);  V.  017.  A.  (Josefa),  owner  of  lioi-.su  ut  Los  An^'.  '31.  iii.  .'i;!l);  uIho  '48; 
as  was  Jiiana  Alv.  A.  (Juan),  regidor  of  Los  Ang.  ';il.  iii.  liW.  A.  (.Iiian 
A.),  nicnib.  of  dip.  '37.  iii.  .")0(J.  A.  (Juan  liuulista),  father  of  Jose  I'raii. 
as  above,  a  suldior  who  cauio  in  the  Ist  cxpcd.  of  1701),  but  <lid  not  ninain. 
iii.  141. 

A'.varado  (Juan  Bautiata),  son  of  Scrgt  Jose';  F.  Alvuvado  and  >hiria  Josefii 
A'allejo,  born  at  Mont.  Feb.  14,  1809.  To  a  man  like  this,  wJiitfdr  years  was 
a  central  ligure  in  California  history,  and  to  wlioni  iijany  pa;j;es  aie  devoted  in 
other  parts  of  this  work,  but  scanty  justice  can  be  dmie  in  this  regi.ster.  I 
attLiiipt  no  more  here  than  to  present  a  brief  elironologic  outline  ( f  wilieiit 
)  oints,  to  index  the  pages  devoted  to  thesui)ject  in  otlicr  volumes,  and  t)  add 
J  oiiio  general  remarks  on  the  nuin,  his  character,  aiul  liis  eaicer.  Alvar.uli's 
oliicial  life  began  in  '27,  from  which  date  to  ",'A  he  was  .secretary  of  tlic  dip- 
utacion,  being  named  in  '31  as  eomisionado  for  '^.  Luis  (3b.,  and  meauwhilo 
t  uii)lijyed  as  clerk  by  dilFcrcnt  Monterey  merchants.  From  "34  to  "30  he  w;;s 
a  vista,  or  appraiser,  in  the  Mont,  eustomdiouae.  In  '34  he  was  elected  mem- 
l;i  r  of  the  dip.  for  tlic  term  of  '.'}>>-0,  and  in  '3(i  was  president  of  that  body. 
]'oi-  a  biog.  sketch  down  to  '30,  sec  iii.  4.")0-3;  mention  for  the  same  period, 
in  ii.  4:2'J;  iii.  ;«J-43,  41J-50,  C'J,  82,  UiO,  210,  i:4.-.,  21!)-r)(),  2!)1,  2!),-.-(J,  307, 
;i7!,  •'i7i\  4~2,  420,  420,  441,  443,  07i>,  082.  Leading  a  revolution  against  (lov. 
(Gutierrez,  Alvarado  was  revolutionary  gov.  of  (,'al.  from  Dec.  7,  '30,  to  July 
!).  ".)7;  from  that  date,  by  submitting  to  Mex.,  he  bei^ame  regular  gov.  ail  int. 
."s  pres.  of  the  dip.  till  Nov.  21,  '3'.),  when  he  became  constitutional  gov.  by 
^lex.  appointment  of  Aug.  On  his  revolution,  struggle  witii  the  south,  cani- 
1  ;iigna,  political  schcmings,  controversy  with  Carrillo,  and  his  rule  in  general 
1.1  '30-8 — no  satisfactory  resume  being  practicable  here — see  iii.  r)4.")-r>78,  or 
I  Iiap.  xvi.-ix.;  also  mention  in  ii.  78;  iii.  014,  (],")2,  070-1;  iv.  47  et  seij.,  SO, 
i',  et  seq.,  101,  14y-.")0.  On  Alvarado's  rule  in  '39-42,  including  his  marriage, 
:ceiii.  .■);y-94,  039;  controversy  with  Vallcjo,  iii.  593-007;  iv.  19()-20r),  2S1-4; 
i'.cts  in  the  (!raham  afTair,  iv.  1-41;  policy  in  mission  and  Ind.  all'airs,  iv.  47- 
73,  194-8,  .'{30-41;  commercoand  finance,  iv.  91-lCO,  200-'2j,  .'!41-2;  treatment 
of  foreigners,  Sutter,  Russians,  etc.,  iv.  107-89,  228-52;  Com.  Jones'  allJiir, 
iv.  307-19;  succession  of  Micheltorcna,  iv.  291-7.  Alvarado's  governorship 
ended  on  Dec.  31,  '42;  but  from  '43  he  iield  a  commission  of  colonel  in  the  Mex. 
aiHiy  with  pay;  and  from  '47  that  of  colonel  of  the  defensorns  dc  la  patria.  Ho 
v. as  a  leading  spirit  in  the  revolution  of  '44-5  that  made  L'ico  gov.,  and  by  tiic 
latter  was  made  admin,  of  the  Mont,  customdiouse.  Ho  was  elected  to  con- 
j;rcs3  in  '45,  but  did  not  go  to  Mex.,  being  also  the  grantee  of  several  ranchos, 
including  the  famous  Alariposas.  Though  serving  as  colonel  under  Castro,  ho 
tjok  but  slight  part  in  the  affairs  of  '4(),  being  arrested  and  paroled  in  Sept., 
n:'.d  residing  as  a  citizen  in  '47-8  at  his  raucho  near  Monterey,  though  the 
!Mex.  govt  had  appointed  himayud.  inspector  of  the  Cal.  prcsidial  companies. 
For  mention  of  A.  in  this  part  of  his  career,  '43-8,  see  iv.  .357,  300  ,  ;03-4, 
407-9,  4.53,  485,  488-508,  518-20,  524,  530-7,  539-fO,  544,  550-82,  ■  ':  -'  021, 
072-3;  V.  5,  28,  31-2,  41,  09,  137,  231,  201,  207,  282,  289,  303,  4:{3,  4.;^,  501, 
r.05-0;  iii.  712.  In  the  flush  times  and  period  of  land  litigation  Alvarado  saved 
no  land  or  money;  but  subsequently  moved  to  the  San  I'ablo  estate  inherited 
by  his  wife — ^lartiiia,  daughter  of  Francisco  Castro,  wliom  he  married  in  "39 — 
where,  though  the  property  was  always  in  litigation,  ho  was  enabled  to  live 
comfortably  until  his  death  on  July  13,  18^2.  His  wife  had  died  in  '75,  init  ho 
left  several  children,  including  two  sous  and  a  married  daughter.  He  had  also 
several  natural  daughters  before  his  marriage.  In  physicjue  Don  Juan  Bautista 
was  of  medium  stature,  stout  build,  fair  complexion,  and  light  hair;  of  genial 
temperament,  courteous  manners,  and  rare  powers  of  winning  friends.  Re- 
specting his  character  I  must  refer  the  reader  to  the  discussion  elsewhere  of  his 
various  acts.  Much  will  be  found  in  him  to  praise,  much  to  condemn.  Most 
that  is  bad  in  his  conduct  may  be  traccU  to  his  environment,  to  his  position-as  a 


■m 


. 


.' 


CO  I 


riOXKER  REOISTRR  AND  INDEX. 


]!  ili  iri;iii  fonid  l.y  (■ii'ciiiii!,:!iiicc'»  to  Hiipport  liims«'If  hy  iiitiij,'iif,  nnd  to  liis 
i'.iifi)rliii:alc'  iiuliil'^UKc  in  iiil(»xicaliiij;  driiiU.  From  It!)  lu'  was  ri'ikloNS,  <[[>ti\. 
ji  tcl,  iiti.l  ill  i'.;)rniMlf^;r(  c  ilis|H)-('il  to  |u'nnit  rascal i-icsoii  tin-  juirt  of  ;is.s()ci:iti'S 
rvil  f  iilioi'iliii.'i'.cs;  tlioii'-'li,  imlecd,  all  hi' foillil  liavodoiii!  to  ]ir('Vi'iit Mli.'li  coii- 
«li!ut  v.i.H  to  icsij^ii  and  li-avu  tlif  I'L'sjHuisiliility  to  aiiothi'i'.  Nof  can  it  lie  said 
t!;;;l  he  i:a.s:ic(l  tiirouirli  thu  onlcal  of  later  land  litigation  witliont  (''scrtdit. 
li  his  favor  it  may  lie  said  that  he  Imil  more  brains,  ener^'y,  nnd  execnti\(' 
1  I.iiity  Ihiin  any  three  of  JiiseontemjjoraiieaeoniLined;  that  in  must  of  his  many 
c  ):it!o\' rsJe.s  he  wan  rit;!it  as  well  an  miece.ssful;  that  he  was  iiatiiolio,  and  at 
tl:-'  lirst  full  of  good  intentions  for  his  country;  that  the  jioliticians  wiio  forcrd 
l.ini  to  expend  ilia  ener;,ies  and  the  country's  sulistance  in  seeticjnal  c|iiariels 
r.(!  lar;;(  ly  re;-ip(aisil)le  fir  Idi  failui'e;  that  none  of  his  eoinitrymvn  could  \u:\ii 
dune  MO  well  in  his  place;  that  he  was  honoralile  in  his  private  dealings,  truu 
t)  his  political  friends,  and  never  used  his  position  to  enrich  himself.  Jle  hm 
l):'on  accused,  and  for  the  most  part  unjustly,  through  church  inlluencc,  of  liiiv- 
in;j  plundered  the  missions;  but  for  their  inevital)Ic  ruin  lie  was  responsililc 
<  ;dy  in  being  gov.  while  it  was  accomplished.  Still  moi'e  grossly  exaggi-'ratt-d, 
r;id  even  false,  have  been  the  accusations  of  fmch  men  as  l''aruhaniand  llastings, 
f  lundcd  on  Alvnrado's  policy  toward  foreigners.  In  my  list  of  authorities  will 
l:e  found  many  of  Alvarado's  writings.  His  original  letters  of  ';{(i-4'2  merit 
("ily  ]irui»o  as  the  best  authority  extant  on  the  history  of  that  period.  His 
ii'i^tiii-ia  (If  t'dlij'orniii,  dictated  for  my  use  in  ''i\,  is  valuable  in  many  parts 
r.iid  worthless  in  many  others. 

Alvarado  (.)uan  15.),  son  of  Fran.  J.  Alvarado,  born  in  1700,  regidor  of  Los 
Aug.  in  '30-1;  at  8.  1).  as  regidor  and  com.  de  policiain  '3.")-(l;  at  Los  Mvs,.  ia 
'.■'i7;  niemb.  of  the  dip.  in  '30.  ii.  odi;  iii.  ."i(;0,  ."i.S4,  (i.'U,  015-  (irantecuf 
lliucdii  del  Diablo  in  '4.'{.  He  died  in  '47,  lea\  ing  a  family.  uan  .lose), 

!,Mi(i' and  Corp.  at  S. Diego  fr.  1703,  and  settler  at  Los  Ang  ">.  ii.  3"0. 

Ano'.licr  of  the  same  iinine  was  a  son  of  .loaciuin  A.,  born  ...  at.  in  '•.!(!. 
A.  (lunn  N.),  settlor  at  iios  Aug.  'Ill;  regidor  in  '3:2,  '3.J-(),  age  40  in  '30.  A. 
(inaiui),  land-ov.ner  at  Los  Aug.  '48.  A.  (Maria. loafj.),  wifoof  (lab.  Moraga. 
ii.  .'^1.  A.  (Mariano),  at  l.ns  Aug.  '40.  A.  (Miguel),  soldier  of  Sta  I!.  ;\!id 
S.  F.  '20-37;  in  '44  at  Sonoma,  age  44,  and  grantee  of  Vulujia  ranclio.  iv. 
(  74.  A.  (X.),  soMier  at  Mont.  '4.").  iv.  4.S7.  A.  ('J'ouuiHa),  Iiouse  and  lot  at 
■'•;.  Diego,  1830.  ii.  .")40;  iii.  OIL'. 

Alvarez,  murdered  at  Sta  IJ.  1794.  i.  000.  A.  (I'olipe).  settler  at  Mont. 
1701.  i.  00(i.  A.  (.lose),  artilleryman  toachcr  at  S.  !•'.  17O7-l.'!0;).  i.  (;i!. 
A.  (.Iii;e  F.),  sec.  of  aynnt.  S.  Dic'^o  '.'W;  clerk  in  Mont,  customdiourte  '43  4, 
iii.  Old;  iv.  377,431.  A.  (.luan),  Ind.  on  t'.ie  .S".  Aiitoulo,  17.>0.  i.  131;  g.i;:;tl 
{i.S.  D.  177").  i.  •_'.■(>;  settler  at  Les  Aug.  1700.  i.  400.  A.  (Miguel).  ;,L_Sla 
15.  "37.  wife  I'aida  l.arn.  At  Los  Ang.  in  '40.  A.  (i'edro),  at  Los  Am,'.  \',.'i'.l 
ii.  3:-'.  A.  (iV  Iro  .M.i,  nr-j.  at  S.  ]).,  murdered  '1-t.  ii.  3.0.  A.  Vi'i'-'''.''- 
eio),  ]ilotting  wit!i  Ind.  '."iO.  iii.  r)S7. 

iVlvire.'f  (Claudio).  t-ettlcr  at  S.  ■fuse  fr.  1780;  land  in  1783;  regidorin  17'-'">, 
loO.").  i.  477-8,  ',\'.'.)\  ii.  L'U.  A.  (rra.ieisco),  settler  at  S.  F.  1 71)1- 1 ;'■;):).  i. 
710;  Id.,  rcsdd.  S.  (Jab.  '40.  A.  (Juan),  soldier  who  eame  before  1700.  i. 
7;)3.  A.  (.luan),  iKrhaps  son  of  the  preceding;  alcalde  of  S.  .lo.se  I'dil-l;).  ii. 
C,74-.">;  ale.  of  Mun;.  ''JO.  ii.  011-1'J;  grantee  of  Laguna  Seca  ranelio  '.54;  ah'. 
of  S.  ^o&(i  '37.  iii.  430.  71-',  7-J0-30;  mention  in  '44^0.  iv.  400,  470;  v.  0.  (ii. 

Alvi;ji)  (Agustin),  son  of  Ignaeio,  b.  at  S.  F.  1800;  !:oon  going  to  Sta  (,'lani; 
married  M.';ria  Ant.  I'achcco  in  '.SO;  maj.  of  S.  .Tosc:-  mission  '41J-1;  grantee  '>f 
I'otrero  (Jo  loa  (,'errit(  s  rancho  '44.  iv.  07-,  and  later  owner  of  Sta  iiita  in 
Livt laiorc  Val.  He  was  a  ]iit)sperous  ranchcro,  locally  well  known.  Arrested 
1  y  Sutter  in  '44  in  the  Michcltorcna  alTair.  His  wilV  died  in  '70;  his  children 
v.crc  Margarita  b.  in  '31,  mar.  in  'oO  to  Andnmico  Soto,  at  S.  Luis  Ob.  in  '85 
villi  .1  children;  Jos.i  1).  in  '34,  Salvio  b.  in  '37,  Valentin  b.  in  '41;  Jesus  M. 
1'.  i:i  '14,  mar.  Iguaeio  I'achcco  in  'O.'i,  at  I'leasanton  in  '8.');  .Jose  li.  b.  in  '."lO, 
Ala::i.  (.'o.  'S.">;  (Juadalupe  b.  in  '.')'2,  Alam.  Co.  '8.'>.   Don  Agustin  died  in  '80. 

.Mvi'.o  (Anastas-io),  :i'):i  cf  F.-niieis'co  Jav.,  said  not  t  >  have  married.       Id., 


con  of  Ii.u'icio,  rcaid.  of  .S.  -lo;';  i:i  '41,  -c/'i  -l;!;  v.Ik 


in'.i  Ant.  Alcamirau'j; 


ALVISO. 


605 


child.,  lilas  I),  ill  'iS,  Isalnl  ",V2,  Aiitouia  '.17,  Ignatio  '.'tO.  Lias  Alviso  in 
kiiDwa  IVuiii  liJH  coiinut'tioii  w  iili  tliu  afi'.iii'  nt  Arcc'ii  iiDi'.ie.s  in  '4li,  iiiid  iiis  cuii- 
BC'ijtic'iit  cliiini  (jii  till'  govt.   V.  I()(i,  lOv). 

Alvi.M)  (l)(iiiiiiij,'()),  son  (if  l!L,'nufii),  1).  iit  S.  V.  alx)Ut  IMI";  in  '41  t\  rcsiil. 
(if  S.  .lom'';  wife  Mariiv  S.  raclRi'o;  cliild.,  Uafii(d  and  Iiu:f.  In  MTi  lie  M,,a 
L'lv'i'U'd  jd  alcalde,  iv.  tJS."i.  Sec  al«(»  list  i.  "I'M.  Tiiiic  waH  al.-'U  a  iiiiimral  Al- 
\i.s,)at  Sta  15.  in  '-24.  ii.  r,:\\. 

Al\  iso  (I'nin.  .)a\  icr),  liro.  of  lynacio,  who  came  as  a  S.  V.  Huttkr  with  Vii/a 
ia  '7">-(i.  i.  U!)7,  7l(i;  «aid  to  liavc  mar.  Alalia  Ant.  JJcltran,  hy  wlimu  In'  had 
.'ii'ohis,  Francisco,  and  AnaHtasio;  lint  in  '17  at  S.  CirluH  y.mi  inani(  d  Iran- 
i!sc<i--.s(in  of  Francisco  and  Marfa  do  Ioh  Jtryc.s  l>iiai'tc- -to  ( l«'rir;'.di,<  \'illa- 
vi'cncio.  Francisco  (the  son?)  \\a.s  a  sold,  in  S.  F.  conii).  t<i  '•2'2;  it  was  Yiht 
tiaiiLjhtcr,  |)erlia]is,  that  married  Jose  M.  Aniailor.  ii.  "iS,").  Fiaii.  nicnt.  at  i^i.i 
AiiiS.  in  ';{|.  iii.  'J08.  in  the  S.  Jose  jiadron  of  '41  i.s  Fiancisc.i  (bUI.  <':.lif., 
r.^re  al;  wife  Maria  II.  Linares;  child.,  Maria  S.  h,  in  '-J!!,  Maria  L.  ';!J,  I'lliiie 
'.i.'i.  Mni'ia  H.  "Mi,  Maria  11.  '37.  Also  Franci.sco  ('Jd).  a,!.'i'  'J"»;  xvifi'  Mar. a  I. 
Jliranda;  child,  Maria  Ii,  Francisco  wa.s  granti'i;  of  Canada  de  I. is  N'ainuT.jM 
r.'.nclio  in  '44.  iv.  071.  Another  Francisco,  ),'ranti'e  of  A'jiia  I'larca  in  '  l;t.  iv. 
(J).">;  alcalde  of  liranciforto  '44,  iv.  004;  was  in  'I.')  livin;^  at  IJcainii'. ,  a'^'c  .d, 
l::itive  of  S.  .Jo.se;  wife  Jiernahola  (Jarcia;  child.,  .lo.'^efa  1>.  in  "29,  Maria  T. 
■.i.',  (Jnillermo  %'*,  Sahaa  ';«),  Manuelita  '4-2. 

.\lviso  ((Jaliriel),  son  of  Jgnacio,  l>.  in  IS02;  .sohlier  at  S.  F.  'UI-IJO,  aloo 
at  .S.  F.  in  ',S7;  in  '41  at  S.  Jo.sC';  wife  Fraiicisca  lli;^'nera,  chilil.,  .hum 
J;  n.  I>.  '24,  Maria  '-.'7,  Nicolas  ';'!),  Maria  A  :il,  .lose  11.  and  .lo.'se  S.  ',i4, 
-Nlargarita  '.'(5,  Toin;is  ';>!),  .Ion  ■  E.  "40.  Also  at  S.  .1.  in  '47.  v.  Oli"). 

Alviso  (Ignacio),  native  of  Sonoia,  li.  in  1 77-;  son  of  |)oniin;;o  .\.  and  An- 
jrolaTrcjo,  Spaniards;  came  with  hifi  mother,  liiother,  and  sister  as  niemln'r  of 
iVnza'H  iS.  F.  colonists  in  '7.'>-0.  i.  •J.')7.  In  ''M  enlisLed  in  S.  F.  cimii).,  sei'vini^ 
as  ;i  jirivate  till  ISO.'),  and  as  corp.  to  iKlil,  wlu'n  ho  liecame  an  inv:did(i,  or 
]iv;nsioner,  with  the  rank  of  scrgt  and  half  pay  liy  order  of  tiiu  kin^;.  lie  re- 
mained for  some  years  at  S.  F.,  heing  an  elector  i:i  '•_'7,  ami  militiaman  in  '.'{7. 
ii.  .")!)'J.  Then  he  went  to Sta Clara;  wayyrautceof  Jlincon  de  los  l^sterosranclio 
in  'US.  iii.  71'2;  and  was  admin,  of  Sta  Clara  mission  in  '40-;);  jue:'.  in  "47.  v. 
0(i2.  Me  died  in  '48,  leavin;,' a  lar^'e  estate,  lie  may  lie  regiinled  as  the  original 
Alvisoof  Cal.,  and  a  town  in  Sta(,"laiaCo.  hears  his  name.  J I  is  wife  was  .Mar;,'a- 
rita  liernal,  mar.  in  '1)4  at  .'^.  F. ;  his  children,  A/Austin,  Jose  Ant.,  Calniel, 
Anastasio,  Jose  M.,  Domingo,  t'onci'licion,  and  l)olores.  Another  Ignacio 
A.  was  a  native  of  (Jal.,  age  0."),  at  .S.  .lose  in  '41 ;  wife  Lui.sa  I'cralta. 

.\lviso  (Josi;  Ant.),  son  of  Ignacio.  Soldier  in  S.  F.  co.  down  to  "21;  rcgidor 
at  S.  .lose  '28.  ii.  005;  elector  and  militiaman  S.  F.  ■;}7.  iii.  70,");  juez  at  S. 
l'rancis(iuito  and  S.  Josi5  'Ui>,  '4IJ.  iii.  70t");  iv.  OS,").  Ment.  down  to  '.'i."),  whin 
he  was  claimant  for  Arr.  de  Purisima  i-ancho.  v.  .'{71,  0,'t7,  077.  He  ilicd  he- 
fjre  "S."),  leaving  a  largo  estate.  A.  (.lose  Ant.),  protialily  aiiDUicr  man  and 
17  m  of  NicolAs,  at  Salinas  in  '77  gave  nij  his  interesting  CdinjKti'ia  di'  Xatlvi- 
i!  ill,  MS.  A.  (.JostS  Maria),  son  of  Ignacio,  h.  ahmit  1711'^;  sold,  at  S.  F. 
■|'.)  27;  grantee  of  Milpitas  in  ';$."),  iii.  712;  alcalde  at  S.  ,Josi''  '.'!().  iii.  72i>- 
;v);  in  '41  resid.  of  S.  Josi^',  with  wife  .luana  <Jal!ndo;  child.,  .Kjsefa  li.  '22,  ( ';ir- 
r.icn  ':>0,  Agustina  '.'{2,  Florcncina  '34,  Antonio  ';i;i,  ( iai)riel  'US.  A.  (.lose  M. ), 
:  <Id.  at  S.  F.  '27-32  and  hitcr;  militia  oilicer  at  S.  Jose  ■.■>7.  iii.  7;''2;  grantee 
of  (.'.ifiada  Verde  '38,  and  later  claimant  for(j!  lito  (perhain  dif.  men),  iii.  >)77; 
i  •.  072;  in  '41  at  S.  Jose,  age  29;  wife  Mannela  ('antiia;  eiiild.,  Francisco  and 
1  jnacia;  with  Arce  in  com.  of  troops  '40.  v.  10(1  !),  002.  A.  (Jn.in),  resid.  of 
S.  Jose  '41,  age  52,  wife  Lugarda  Lrioiic",  child  .liian.  A.  (Loreco),  sister  of 
Ijn-.cio,  who  came  in  1770,  and  married  Luis  I'eralta.  A.  (Manuel),  soldier 
it.  S.  F.  from  '27;  died  in  '04. 

Alviso  (Nicolas),  son  of  Fran.  J.,  at  Mont.  '20.  ii.  012;  grantee  of  Alisal, 
Sau;:al,  and  Natividad.  ii.  010,  004,  077;  suplente  of  dip.  '27-8.  iii.  .'{(i,  41; 
m.;j.  and  ale.  at  Solcdad.  iii.  3.">4,  074,  090-1;  took  part  in  arrest  of  (iraliani 
'4J.  iv.  21-2.  Hij  wife  was  Barbara  lUitron.  Anotlicr  >,ic.  Alviso  lived  at 
D.ancifortc  in  '4"),  age  2'i;  wife  Juana  Lorcuiiana;  child  llusa.  A.  (Se.ero), 
suldicr  of  S.  F.  eomp.  'i3-;)2. 


^W 


n 


69G 


PIOXEEIl  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


Alviso  (Viilcntiii),  son  of  Agustin,  b.  at  8.  J(;sO  in  '-11;  cdiicateil  in  Mass.; 
nir.i'iit'd  '(j!S  Jostta  Livci'uioiv,  liy  whom  lie  lied  4  child..  Cri.stina,  Anto!ii:i, 
lioca,  and  ilnicsto.  J  lis  homo  liai,  boon  at  Li\  orniorc,  where  he  has  lieea 
fanner  and  real  estate  ayeiit,  .'■erviny  also  as  supervisor  and  assemblyman.  In 
'«.")  lie  is  an  employe  of  the  U.  S.  mint  at  8.  F.  Deeply  interestetl  in  the 
liio'tory  of  his  eouiitry,  he  has  furnished  mc  the  valuable  JJocwnuuton  jiarn  In. 
Hi -I.  ( 'uL,  forming  the  Alviso  family  archives;  and  has  rendered  aid  ui  otlar 
uiat.crs,  besides  e(jntributing  the  JAvd'inun;  I'ttjicrs. 

Alvi>;re  (Sel)astian),  settler  and  ineorriyible  scamp  oo  S.  Jos»5  J783  eaiid  Los 
Aug.  fr.  17i)0.  i.  '.iM,  4(;(M,  477,  4S4,  (J  10.  In  '40-0  u,  dozen  Alvitrea  lived  in 
tlic  L.  Ang.  region,  one  being  mentioned  in  iv.  (i;{7. 

Amador  (.fose  ^laria),  sun  of  I'edro,  b.  in  ll'JJ.  at  S.  F.  Died  at  Oilroy  in 
'8.S.  See  biog.  sketch  ii.  fiS-'i-U;  also  mention  ii.  'i.'W,  31!),  335,  33!»,  37-',  -l-"i, 
■14,),  i'l'.i'J:  iii.  713,  7-");  iv.  75,  (iSl;  i.  list  of  autli.  A.  (.Marcos),  sold,  at  8.  V. 
'lS)-23;  rcid.  of  JVanciforte  '28-;!0.  ii.  G'27.  A.  (Pedro),  Mcx.  sergt  of  tht; 
It  exped.  in  1700,  who  <lied  in  1S24.  Se;j  biog.  sketch  in  ii.  3b4-5;  also  men- 
tion ill  i.  141,  47:.',  477,  4'.)5,  510-11,  548,  551,  555-1),  500,  574,  ObO,  0'J3,  710; 
ii.  I'JO.  A.  (Rafael),  famous  courier  of '34.  ii.  271.  A.  (Valentin),  militiii- 
man  at  S.  F.  '37,  in  "4i  at  S.  Jose,  age  "23,  wife  Ciriaca  Paoheco;  in  '43  juez  do 
canipo.  iv.  (!85. 

.•\iii;ie  (iJomingo),  .see.  of  .S.  D.  ayunt.  in  '36-7.  iii.  508,  G15-1G.  Amari- 
llas  (.Juan  A.),  sold,  killed  by  Ind.  1781.  i.  .302.  Amaya  (Antonio),  native  of 
Cal.,  ago  40,  at  the  Trinidad  rancho  '3(i;  wife  ^laria  Ant.  Larios;  chihlieii, 
iienito,  l^speranza,  Cusimiro,  Ezcijuiel,  Refugio,  Dario.  Aniejar  (Antonio), 
at  8.  Mateo  ''do. 

Aiiibiiii  (:'oroteo),  1841,  Iiiu.  novice  who  cauifi  with  the  bishop,  iv.  105. 
8ub-deacon  at  Sta  lues  college  in  '44.  iv.  420.  K';  soon  became  a  priest; 
oliiciatiiig  as  curate  at  Moni.  occasionally  from  '40  to  '51,  v.  038-40,  but  liv- 
ing at  S.  Antonio  until  his  death,  which  occurred  about  1880.  lie  was  an 
ignorant  man,  and  reputed  more  or  less  vicious.  However,  lie  gave  me  koiik^ 
old  papeivs,  which  covers  a  multitude  of  sins,  in  !!iy  oyea.  Ambrosio,  Mo(juc- 
lumne  chief  shot  in  '.38.  iv.  75. 

Ames,  1840,  Amcr.  immig.  from  ^lo.,  who  enlisted  in  the  Cal.  IJat.  u>ic'."r 
Capt.  15nrrouglis,  and  like  his  leader  was  killed  at  Xatividad  in  Nov.  v.  .■)7l. 
He  was  I'l.iried  at  (loniez' lancho,  and  his  efl'ccts  were  sold  at  N.  Helv.  in 
8ept.  '47  by  I'etcv  Wimmer.  A.  (Edward  T.),  1847.  < 'o.  D,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v. 
•1!)!)).  Ames  (.losiah  P.i,  1847,  Engl.,  Co.  H,  N.  V.  V-A.  (v.  490);  settling  at 
Sac,  and  about  '.55  at  Half  Mo'ui  Bay;  farmer,  suptrvisor,  assemblyman  of 
'77-8,  and  warden  of  state  prison  iu  '82.   C/arL: 

Ames  (Thaddeus  M.),  1847,  Co.  C,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499-518);  later  a  doc- 
tor in  Mendocino  Co.,  niemb.  of  the  assembly  iu  '02-3.  and  dicil  at  (ireeii 
Valley,  Sonoui.a  Co.,  in  '70.  A  native  of  N.  Y. 

Aiiiesti  (,JosL'),  1822,  Span.  Basque,  who  came  on  the  I'aiilhcr,  at  the  age 
of  30,  swore  idlegianco  to  Mex.,  anil  became  a  prominent  citinen  and  merchant 
of  the  Monterey  district,  ii.  475;  iii.  51-2.  In  '24  he  married  I'rudeuciaiia, 
daughter  of  Iguacio  Vailcjo,  by  whom  he  hud  three  daughters,  Carmen  b.  iu 
'25,  Epitaeia  in  '20,  Celedonia  In  '29.  Gr;  ntee  of  Conalitos  rancho  in  "27 
and  '-14.  ii.  010,  004;  iv.  055.  In  '32  joined  the  coiiip.  cxtranjera.  iii.  221; 
took  slight  part  in  the  politics  of  '30.  iii.  409;  was  juez  in  '41,  and  alcahle  iu 
'44  at  Nlont.  iv.  053,  050.  In  "40  being  plundered  by  the  Amer.,  he  hail  a 
Ca!.  claim  (v.  402-8)  of  §7,000.  v.  358-9.  Tliough  sometimes  involved  iu 
(juarrels  by  rea'jii  of  a  liery  temper,  Amesti  was  a  man  of  good  ehai'aeter, 
being  not  only  wealthy  but  resiWeted.  Larkin,  in  his  Xotcs  of  '45,  desciibeil 
him  as  a  man  disgusted  with  the  Mex.  govt  and  favoring  a  change.  He  died 
about  '50,  and  his  widow  after  '77.  A.  (Feliiie),  alcalde  at  S.  Juan  11.  in  '3.5. 
iii.  092.  Aniestoy  (.Marcos),  1804,  Span,  friar,  who  served  at  8ta  B.,  ami 
left  Cal.  in  1814.  See  ii.  304;  also  ii.  121,  159-00,  394. 

Amuz(jnitn.  Several  of  the  name  among  the  early  sold,  and  settlers  of 
8,  F.  and  S.  .losi^  fr.  1775.  See  list  i.  7.'!3;  also  mention  of  .lose',  i.  079;  .luan 
Antouio,  i.  47S,  017;  Muiuiel,  i.  297i  312,  350.      Juaii  Auivz(|uitu  in  '30  was  a 


•A' 
1. 


lit 
it' 


IIC- 


ilit 


111 

a 

111 

IT, 


;{.-., 


AM  KZQUITA— ANDERSON. 

native  Calif.,  ngc  40.  living  at  Biiei'.avista  ranclio  near  Mont,  with  liis  wife 
(ire^'iiriu  Arceo  ami  0  eliild.,  Uarbaia  b.  in  ''2'>,  Til)iirei()  "J7,  Coiicepcion  '^'J, 
(Iiiiulalupe  '.'JO,  Casiklo  ";{;},  Anita  "lU.  !Maiiuel  was  regiilor  at  !^.  .lose  in 
ISOO.  ii.  i;U.  llaiiiun,  jiiez  (le  caiiipo  at  IVijaro  in ',S.").  iii.  074;  in  '.Sli  liveil 
at  S.  Miguel  lanelm,  age  lUi,  with  his  wife  Ana  M.  \'illaanil  (J  child.,  .Juan 
li.  ill  ''2i>,  X'icente  ':2S,  Maria  t'.  ''M,  I'ahlo  '.'tl,  liefugio  '3'.',  (.'asiuiiia  '.'54. 
Salvador  in  "Mi  lived  at  the  Salinas  raneho,  age  48,  wif^;  (Jarcia  Martinez; 
cliild.,  Saloine  h.  in  ":.'.">,  liusa  ''2',  Salvador  ''2'J,  Hanion  "S'2,  Jo.se  '3j. 

Aniist  (L.),  is;i4.  iiir  of  an  Kn;_'l.  hriy.  iii.  384. 

Anioro.s  (.Jnaii),  1S04,  Span,  fiiar  of  Catalnna,  who  served  at  S.  Carlos 
and  S,  ilafael,  where  he  died  in  '3-'.  I'roniinent  in  early  annals  of  the  noilli- 
Lin  front!"!-.  JJiog.,  iii.  7i")-10;  ineiition  in  ii.  SS,  147,  l.V.MJO,  218,  1284,  WM, 
;)83,  3!I4,  418,  483,  "lOO,  ,587.  -VJii,  G.'O,  UO(i;  iii.  W>,  ^M,  31!t,  3.")1;  iv.  l.MKOO. 

AiUDS,  181(J,  carpenter  of  tiie  Lydia  at  Sta  IJ.  ii.  •27").  Aiuiirrio  (Ijrc- 
gorio),  1773,  Sjan.  friar;  founder  of  S.  Juai'  Cap.;  left  Cal.  in  1779.  .See  hioi,'. 
in  i.  4.")S;  mention  in  i.  l!)4-5,  •224,  248-1),  •2U()-7,  30(),  303-4.  Anangua,  1813, 
capt.  of  the  Tui/lt'.  ii.  •2()8.  Anastasio,  1831,  executed  at  Mont,  for  robbery. 
iii.  (iOO,  (173.       Anaya,  1S34,  lieut  on  the  Mordos.  iii.  '20!). 

AiRlersoii,  184."),  doubtful  name  of  (Jrigsby-Ide  co.  of  imniig.  iv.  .")78-!). 
Anderson,  1848,  of  lirm  Edmoudson  &.  A.  at  S.  F.  v.  082.  A.  (Cameron), 
1,S48,  lot  in  S.  F.  A.  (Chas),  18-20-8,  mr  of  the  Solitml,:  iii.  148.  A.  iCha.s), 
l;i3i,  acting  as  doctor  at  .S.  Ciab.,  prob.  from  n  vessel,  iii.  •209.  A.  ((.'has), 
1810,  Co.  (jI,  Cal.  ]lat.  (v.  3.")8),  trans,  to  Co.  ]},  artill.   Knli.'.'^ed  at  S 

Anderson  (Chaa  C. ),  1847,  lieut  Co.  <\  N.  Y.  Vol.;  com.  garrison  .-it  N. 
Helv.  V.  r)04,  314,  07").  ile  died  at  S.  F.  in  Sept.  '47,  and  his  body  was  tlio 
1st  buried  in  the  North  lleacli  eenietery.  A.  (Frank  1'.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.  Y. 
\\i\.;  printer  on  the  Califuriiiun.  After  an  adventurous  career  fr.  '.").")  -.vitli 
^V'alker  in  Nicaragua,  and  as  clonel  in  the  confederate  army,  he  returned 
to  S.  F. ,  where  he  became  a  special  policeman,  dying  in  Oct.  '8l.  A.  ((ieo 
1814,  Ainer.  sailor  a.id  cook  on  tlie  Hibcrnia,  aided  by  the  consul,  and  dis- 
cliarged  in  '40.  iv.  4.">.'!.  A.  (Jacob),  1842,  Amer.  .steward  on  the  ('dli/ornitt. 
A.  (.1.),  1848,  came  fr.  Honolulu.  A.  (J.  1).),  1840,  master's  mate  on  the 
Sinuiitnh.  A.  (.James).  1832,  trapper  of  Young'.s  co. ,  murdered  near  J^oa 
.\ug.  iii.  388.  A.  (Lewis),  1.S43,  Amer.  iiiimig.  of  ('hiles-Walker  co.,  iv.  ',i',)2, 
^\  ho  in  '44  applied  for  a  pass  to  return  home  via  J>os  Anj,.  Anderson  (Mary), 
IS2U-30,  Scotch  wif.:  of  (ieo.  Kinlock,  and  the  1st  foreign  woman  to  settle  in 
(.',d.       A.  (Robert),  1810,  Fauiillenjy's  dragoons  (v.  2.'5'2-47). 

Anderson  (Ste])lieii),  18'28,  Scotch  trader  and  sometimes  physician,  ]partner 
of  .las  (loldie  of  Lima,  who  spent  much  of  his  time  in  (,'al.  from  '"28  ti>  '32  as 
supercargo  of  tlie  l\i)ir)t(il,  I'hox  Xoirhin,  and  Ai/iiriirhu.  He  was  olten  ac- 
iDinpanicil  by  his  family,  and  was  known  to  cvery])ody.  I  have  much  of  his 
commercial  corresp.  He  went  to  Kuroi)e  from  Lima  in  '33,  and  perhaps  did 
not  return  to  the  L'aeille  coast,  as  lie  was  at  Ivlinburgh  in  '30.  See  mention 
in  iii.  71,  73,  81,  99-100,  147,  178,  .'{81.  Anderson  (Walter),  1M8,  Amer. 
iiamig.  said  to  have  come  with  his  wife  to  Lake  Co.  in  '48  ('!),  being  the  3il 
setiler.  In  '51  wi-iit  to  Mendocino  Co.,  to  fi  jilace  named  for  him  Anderson 
\'alley,  where  he  became  rich,  but  died  in  poverty.  Lah;  Co.  Uisl.,  0;{, 

Anderson  (Win),  1837,  I'higl.  .^ailor  who  left  a  whaler,  or  perliap"-  •  .lO 
A'm(^  at  Mont.  Ivnowii  as  •Mountain  Bill,' or  '  Kei1  liill.'  A  lli-.eiit  narrator 
in  cockney  dialect  of  his  own  exjiloits,  not  afraid  of  aguardiente.  He  was  one 
of  (liaham's  'rillemen,'  and  in  U)  one  (jf  the  exiles  to  S,  Jilaa.  iv.  18,  "23,  33, 
37,  118,  .'i93;  but  came  back  with  a  pass  and  claim  for  damages  which  yielded 
him  a  little  mom^y.  In  '42  he  got  a  carta  and  soon  married  a  native.  In 
'38-48  his  name  constantly  appears  in  Larkin's  books  and  other  records.  In 
'40  7 — besides  having  a  '(Jal.  claim,'  as  who  did  not'/ — he  made  soaj)  for  La 
kin,  and  had  a  llouring-niill  on  the  Salinas  plain,  sold  to  i'anau<l  in  Scjit.  °47. 
A  little  later  he  was  nearly  killed  by  one  Callaghan,  but  recovered,  served  as 
alcalde  (tliougl-  this  may  liave  been  another  Win)  at  Sta  l,'ru/  in  '4S-!»,  v. 
041-2,  and  in  "84  was,  I  think,  still  in  the  land  of  the  living,  perhaps  the  latest 
survivor  of  the  famous  e.xiles.       A.  (Win),  1840,  au  old  man  with  a  funi.  dutsii-- 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


iug  land  on  the  Sac.  Larh.  Doc,  v.  74;  perlhips  the  oM  bcai'-hnnter  mcnt. 
in  Coliixa  Co.  IIid.,'iS.  A.  (Wni),  1S40,  Co.  C,  1st  U.  S.  dragoons,  (v. ,'!,'!(;.) 
A.  (Wni),  1840,  ijaiiitcr  on  the  Dak,  wh:^  was  a  shipbuilder  at  S.  F.  in  '4!)-.")4, 
according  to  Laiiccy.  A.  (Wni),  1848,  sailor-carpenter  at  Mont.,  aidcil  hy 
tiie  consul,  perhaps  same  as  prece<ling. 

Andrade  (Jos(5  I\I.),  18.S0,  admin,  at  S.  Antonio,  iii.  687-8;  arrrsted  at 
Sta  ]i.  in  '39.  iii.  C.')4-.j;  grantee  of  land  at  IS.  F.  in  '46.  A.,  or  Andrudo 
(Juan),  1846.  Mex.  said  to  Jiavc  lost  a  leg  at  S.  Pascual  (v.  340-rw);  niur- 
dcrcd  in  '63.  Andreef,  ISOO,  pilot  with  Kczanof.  ii.  70.  Andn's,  Iml. 
alcalde  at  Sta  B.  '24.  ii.  528-30;  rol)l)cr  at  S.  Carlos  '31.  iii.  191;  grantee  <jf 
Cuajonio  4^,  Andrew  (Hiram).  184(5,  Co.  C,  l.«t  U.  S.  <lragoons  (v.  ."'.'i;)). 
Andrews,  1848,  mr  of  a  Lima  ship  at  S.  F.  Andrews,  1848,  left  Homdulii 
for  S.  F.  on  the  Suaadahoc.  A.  (Allen),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  4'j!)- 
518);  died  at  Los  Ang.  Dec.  '47. 

Anlrews  (Augustus  A.),  1840,  Amer.  carpenter  of  Mass.,  who  at  tlie  ace 
of  22  came  on  the  Ccdiforniu  fr.  Honolulu  to  ilont. ,  obtaining  naturalizai.iiiii 
and  settling  at  S.  F. ,  where  he  married  Rosalia  do  Haro,  got  a  lot,  and  l)uilt  a 
house.  His  name  often  appears  in  records  of  '44-6.  I  think  ho  died  in  '47  or 
a  little  later.  His  widow  married  Clias  Brown,  and  still  lives  at  S.  F.  in  ')S."). 
Jilention  in  iv.  102,  120,  069;  v.  083.  A.  (Tlmnias),  1848,  nir  of  tlie 
Charlct.   v.  576-7.       Anduian?  (Alex.),  1845,  French  resid.  at  J5rancifoite. 

Angel,  1848,  at  Sutter's  in  Feb.;  in  July  one  of  Weber's  prospectors,  fur 
whom  Angel's  creek  and  camp  were  named.  Carson.  Angel  (Anson),  1S47, 
resid.  of  Sta  Clara  '47-8.  Sta  Clara  Co.  J  list.,  544.  Angel  ( Woodsoh),  1S47, 
builder  of  a  mill  for  Magnent  at  S.  Jose;  still  living  in  tliat  region  '66.  Alia. 
Angelino  (Bias),  resid.  of  S.  F.  dist.  from  '35  or  earlier;  sindico  in  '37;  at 
Soiion\a  '44-6,  being  perhaps  concerned  in  troubles  with  the  Hears,  iii.  705; 
V.  162.  Angelo  (Chas  A.),  1848,  named  in  tiie  AniiaLi  of  S.  F.  as  living  in  "54. 
Angle  (Miles  B. ),  1847,  on  the  Pion.  Soe.  records  as  a  deceased  mondjcr,  fnjni 
X.  Y.       Angulo  (Pedro),  1825,  com.  of  the  Span.  A</iii/a.  iii.  27,  146. 

Anselin  (Alfred),  1843,  French  surgeon  of  the  batallon  lijo  '43-5.  iv.  30!l; 
at  S.  F.  in  '44.  iv.  483;  had  a  'Cal.  claim'  (v.  642-8)  in  '46.  He  remaineil  iu 
Cal.,  and  died  at  S.  Benito  rancho  in  '53.  S.  /•'.  Herald.  Anson  (Geo.),  17!''4, 
com.  of  Vancouver's  storeship.  i.  511.  Anthony  (Alex.  H.),  1847.  a  matron 
at  Mont.  A.  (Biiscom  F.),  son  of  Elihu;  h.  at  IS.  Jose  in  Oct.  '47;  a  miner  ■■ 
Calaveras  '84. 

Antliony  (Elihu),  1847,  native  of  N.  Y. ;  overland  imnug.  and  metliodist 
preacher  of  Ind.,  accompanied  by  his  wife,  Sa'ah  A.  Van  Anda.  and  infant 
daughter.  After  a  short  stay  at  S.  Jos6  he  settled  at  Sta  Cruz,  when;  he  still 
resiilcs  in  '85.  Engaged  in  trade  and  prominent  in  religious  alFairs— having 
pleached  at  tlie  S.  F.  sehooldiouse  in  Sept.  '48 — he  also  takes  pride  in  having 
built  the  1st  wharf  and  foundery  at  Sta  Cruz.  J  lis  children  are  Mrs  Huntingdnn 
of  Sta  (_'ruz,  b.  in  '46,  Basconi  '47,  Almon  '4i),  (iilbert  '51,  Frank  '55.  Men- 
tion in  V.  641.  A.  (James),  1847,  employed  by  Larkin  at  Mont,  and  S.  F. 
A.  (.fames  G.),  1846,  (Jo.  (i,  Cal.  Jkt.  (v.  358-00),  enlisting  at  S.  Jose.  A. 
(Louis),  1847,  at  N.  Helv.  fr.  Sonoma.  A.  (L.  C),  1847,  sneriff  at  S.  Jos^i. 
v.  662.       Antolino,  1846,  neoph.  of  S.  Jose  mission,  v.  23. 

Antonio,  1838,  grantee  of  Saca  rancho.  iii.  655.  Antonio,  1846,  X.  Mex. 
of  the  l)onner  party,  who  perished,  v.  531,  534,  537.  A.  (.Tuau),  1S47, 
Cahuilla  chief,  v.  617.       A.  (Manuel),  1776,  at  StJi  Clara,  i.  306.       A.  (.Ma- 


nuel), grantee  of   Fo 

Xwax,  (.luan  15autista),  1774,  Mex.  lieut-cul  aon  of  a  famous  olHcer  of 
Sonora,  who  in  '74  led  the  1st  exploring  exped.  fi-oni  Son.  to  Cal.  by  land,  i, 
221  4.  In  '75-6  he  bi'ought  a  large  com]),  of  colonists  over  the  same  I'oute, 
intended  for  the  foundation  of  S.  F.,  keejiing  a  diary  of  the  trip  which  is  still 
extan(.  i.  257-78,  and  making  an  (jxploration  of  the  S.  F.  peninsula,  i.  279- 
S;i.  For  other  mention,  see  i.  124,  215,  218,  244,  248,  354-5,  288,  290,  294,  3.15, 
.'■)51 ;  ii.  43-4.  Anza  was  an  oHicer  of  marked  al)ility  and  good  character,  mak- 
ing an  excellent  recoi'd  in  Cal.,  iu  Sonora,  and  in  New  Mexico,  where  he  served 
as  govei'uor  in  1778-87 


ANZAR— ARCE. 


A. 


\, 
si~ , 
Ma- 
'is. 

A.  i. 

Utltl'. 

still 

;{:..'., 

nak 


Anznr  (Joi5(5  Ant.),  1832,  Mcx,  fri.ir  of  tlic  Ouadalnpc  colletre,  who  scenia 
to  have  come  at  least  a  year  before  the  otlier  Zaeatecanos  uiulereircunistaiices 
of  whicli  I  lincl  no  record.  He  was  in  cliarge  of  a  Sonora  mission  in  1824, 
ami  was  possibly  a  member  of  the  Queretaro  col.  transfci-red  after  his  arrival. 
His  missionary  service  was  at  S.  Luis  Key  in  '32,  and  at  S.  Juan  U.  from  ",V,i, 
tli(jii,i;h  in  '44-G  he  also  had  charge  of  Sta  Cruz  and  S.  Carlos.  He  was  also 
jiresident  of  the  Zacatecanos  from  '43.  His  name  appears  as  curate  on  tlio 
ri.  Juan  books  till  IS,")"),  wlien  I  suppose  lie  left  Cal.  Though  involved  in 
occasional  troubles,  P.  Anzar  seems  to  have  been  u  priest  of  fair  character  and 
abilities.  See  mention  in  iii.  2o0,  317,  022,  (j!)l;  iv.  372,  4o3,  400,  553,  5(15, 
G:>S,.(;40,  G57,  (501  2. 

Anzar  (Juan  Maria),  brother  of  the  padre;  grantee  of  Aromitas,  etc.,  in 
'35,  and  of  iSta  Ana,  etc.,  in  '39.  iii.  07(5,  (579,  713;  juez,  acting  at  times  as 
prciLct,  in  '39-41  at  S.  Juan.  iii.  001,  075,  (593;  suplente  of  tiic  junta  in  '42- 
3.  iii.  290;  iv.  301.  He  was  described  in  Larkin's  Xoleg  of  '45  as  a  man  of 
wealth  and  character,  favoring  the  U.  S.  cause.  I  tind  no  trace  of  him  after 
'52,  when  he  was  claimant  for  certain  rauclios;  but  in  '5.3  .Maria  Ant.  do 
An/.ar  appears  as  cl.  for  others— apparently  his  widow,  and  daughter  of  A, 
M.  ( 'astro;  though  A.  is  said  by  Larkin  to  have  been  married  in  Mex. 

Apaliitegui  (Antonio),  1834,  .Span,  clerk,  age  33,  who  came  from  Mex. 
with  the  If.  &  P.  colony  (iii.  2,")9,  etc.);  leader  in  the  Los  Aug.  revolt  against 
(ti>v.  Figueroa  in  '35,  for  which  ho  was  exiled  to  Mex.  iii.  2S4-90.  Ajiis 
(I'ablo),  S.  Luis  Hey  neopli.  and  chief;  grantee  of  'i'emf'cula  in  '45.  iii.  {517, 
021,  1)24.  Apolinario  (Mariano),  Dom.  friar  of  B.  (.'al.  at  S.  Diego  1791- 
ISOO.  i.  G.55.  Atjuino  (Tomiis),  Span,  friar  who  acted  as  chaplain  in  Viz- 
caino's exped.  1002-3.  i.  98,  102. 

Araiza  (Francisco),  1840,  ^lex.  shop-keeper  at  Mont.,  who  in  '42-5  made 
some  money  under  the  patronage  of  Col  Tellez;  militia  oliicer  anil  juez  in 
'44-5.  iv.  (552-0.  His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Capt.  Segura;  but  soon  after 
'40  he  left  his  fain,  and  went  to  Mex.  Aralde  (Kno),  doubtful  name  in  a 
I.,()s  .\ng.  list  of  '4(5.       Aralon  ( \Vm),  1829,  mr  of  a  schr.  at  S.  I'cdro.  iii.  I.'i5. 

Aram  (.Joseph),  184(5,  iiativc  of  \.  Y.,  and  over!,  immig.  from  111.  (v.  25(5- 
30),  with  his  family.  He  organized  and  comni^nuU'd  a  comp.  of  volunteers  to 
garrison  Sta  Clara  and  protect  the  faniilit  <  of  immigrants  si  wing  in  the 
batallion  '40-7,  and  took  part  in  the  '  battle  '  <it  Sta  ( 'lara.  \ .  .■(78-81.  A  tii-m 
of  Aram  &  Uelcher  at  Mont,  is  ment.  in  '47.  A  minei-  in  '4S;  a  member  of  the 
constitutional  convention  in  '49,  and  later  of  the  l.-'t  legi-^hituri".  'J'lion  he  bo- 
came  a  farmer  near  S.  JosO,  where  he  still  lived  in  '8.5.  His  wife  died  in  '73. 

Arana  (.Antonio),  1823,  mr  of  the  Sta  Ajviloiilii,  who  down  to  "(I  li;id  not  ac- 
counted foraconsigmnent  of  mission  products.  ii.492,(il!(.  Arana  (( ircLiorio), 
Span,  at  Mont,  in  '30.  A.  (.lose),  at  Mont.  '35.  iii.  (574;  grantee  of  llincou  do 
S  i'edro,  Sta  Cruz,  '42.  iv.  05(5;  in  trouble  '45,  iv.  (553.  Aranda  (Marta  i'. ), 
179N.  i.  (500. 

Araujo  (Buenaventura),  1834,  Mex.  naval  capt.  who  came  with  tlv  H.  & 
P.  colony  (iii.  259,  et  sei|.)  to  take  com.  of  the  Cal.  licet — of  the  fulure.  In- 
volveil  in  the  troul)les  of  ',35,  he  was  sent  to  .Mex.  by  Figueroa.  iii.  2(i(S-7,  271, 
2Sl,  2S8-9,  378.  In  '38  com.  of  a  battery  at  S.  ."luan  de  Ulua;  and  i-i  '47 
distinguished  himself  during  the  Iximbaiclineut  of  V.  (Jruz  by  Scott. 

Araujo  (Francisco),  183.'{,  Mex.  cadet  with  Figueroa,  and  ayud.  de  plaza  at 
Mont.  iii.  (572.  In  "30  he  was  coin,  of  the  vii:ilante  force  at  i.,os  -Aug.,  incurring 
the  displeasure  of  ( Jov.  Chico,  and  peihaps  sent  out  of  the  country,  iii.  418, 
432.  Arce  (Bernardo).  .Span,  who  died  at  S.  Juse  in  '57,  saiil  to  have  f.ivoi'cd 
the  Amer.  in  '40-7.  'V.  /'.  Bulletin.  Arce  (Kugenio),  settler  at  S.  Juan  Cap. 
'41.  iv.  020. 

Arce  (Francisco  C),  1833,  Mex.  of  L.  Cal.,  who  came  at  the  ago  of  1 1  and 
was  educated  at  Mont,  bj'  P.  Real  and  at  Romero's  school.  From  '39  to  '45 
employed  as  clerk,  often  acting  as  sec.  in  the  otKci's  of  gov.  and  jirefect.  iii. 
075;  iv.  294.  354.  In  '44  grantee  of  Sta  Isabel  I'ancho,  and  also  cmpli>ye<l  to 
collect  debts  due  tiie  missions,  iv.  423,  0.5(5.  He  dccliurd  to  take  part  against 
^Micheltorena.  i  v.  400;  and  after  that  oliicer's  departure  in  '45  became  sec.  ad. 


700 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


int.  of  Gen.  Castro,  being  also  alfdrcz  of  auxiliaries,  iv.  020;  v.  41.  lie  is 
best  known  for  his  part  in  tlie  airair  of  the  captured  horses  at  the  outljri'aU  ui 
the  l)ear  revolt  in  '40,  though  not  in  coniniand  as  is  generally  stated.  He  had 
a  'C'al  claim  '  of  .^5,000;  and  also  claimed  to  have  a  grant  of  S.  Jos(5  mishiun 
land.  V.  100-9,  1'2~.  He  went  to  Mcx.  with  Castro,  v.  277,  and  seivcd 
tlirougliout  the  war  with  the  U.  S.  as  lieut  (nominally  of  the  S.  Diego  comii.) 
and  finally  brevet  cfipt.  At  one  time,  as  a  member  of  the  S.  Patricio  kgiou 
of  Iiish  deserters,  being  taken  prisoner,  he  narrowly  csea))ed  death  on  account 
of  his  Irish  physique.  In  '48  he  served  in  L.  Cal.,  and  in  '49  came  to  Mont, 
without  leave,  serving  again  as  see.  of  the  prefecture.  In  '.52  he  was  baik  i:i 
L.  Cal.  asking  for  antedated  leave  of  absence,  Mcx.  naturalization,  and  laiul, 
also  marrying  in  'o3.  .Subsequently  he  came  north  again;  and  in  '77  was  liv- 
ing on  the  Alisul  rancho  near  .Salinas,  lie  gave  mc  a  collection  of  Doc.  Jl'vt. 
Cal.;  and  also  dictated  for  my  use  his  Jleinorias  IJ iMriam,  which,  notwith- 
standing Don  Francixo's  tendency  to  magnify  his  own  exploits  and  those  i.f 
his  friends,  have  value  as  well  as  interest.  He  died  early  in  '78,  leaving  a  family 
in  straitened  circumstances.  Arce  (Joaquin),  sergt  in  the  S.  Diego  comp. 
180.'!-17.  ii.  12-14,  101,  341,  345.  A  sergt  Arce  is  also  mentioned  ui  17s;!. 
1.  4.j3.  .Sec  list  in  i.  733.       Arce  (Jos6  Ign. ).  juez  on  the  L.  Cal.  frontier  in  '40. 

Arceo,  settler  of  Braneiforto  in  1798.  i.  o71.  Arceo  (Felipe),  native  of 
Brancif. ;  at  Mont.  '28-30,  when  ho  was  28  years  old;  wife  CArmen  ArrDyo; 
child.,  Lauriano,  Juan  Francisco,  Maria  F.,  Kafaela.  iii.  07,  073.  A.  (Jo.^o 
Mari'a),  Mex.  settler  at  Brancif.  in  1797.  i-  o09;  in  '30  juez  de  campo,  iii.  (J7"), 
and  living  at  Pilarcitos  rancho,  age  58;  wife  Cecilia  Serrano;  adoptetl  son  Juan 
Jose.  A.  (.Juan  Ant.),  at  Pilarcitos  '30,  age  32,  native  of  Cal.;  wife  J  nana 
Vas(jiiez;  child,  Guillcrmo.       A.  (Leonardo),  sent  to  Mex.  in  '30.  iii.  8.'). 

Archandjcau  (Augustc),  1845,  Canadian,  oise  of  Fieniont's  mountain  men. 
iv.  583.  He  served  in  Co.  A,  Cal.  liat.  (v.  358-08)  '40-7,  but  did  not  remain 
much  longer  in  Cal.  His  death  was  in  '81. 

Archuleta  (Florentino),  alcalde  at  S.  Jos6  in  '29.  ii.  005;  iv.  74-5.  .Still  a 
resid.  in  '41,  age  41;  native  of  Cal.;  wife  Antonia  Higucra.  I  have  doc.  signed 
by  him  in  '40.  A.  (Ignacio),  employe  at  .S.  F.  mission,  who  in  1777  man  led 
Gertrudis  Pacheco,  and  went  to  S.  Josi?,  where  he  was  alcalde  in  1783,  1.S03, 
1S0('>.  No  record  of  him  after  1807.  i.  297,  312,  350,  478,  480;  ii.  134-5.  A. 
(•Tos(5),  nat.  of  Cal.,  age  52,  at  8.  Josii  in  '41;  wife  J  nana  Montero;  ciiilil., 
Josefa  b.  '24,  Miguel  A.  '27,  Josd  Ant.  '30,  Maria  D.  '32,  Maria  L.  '35,  Con- 
ccpcion  '.S9.  A.  (Jose  Noberto),  son  of  Ign.,  b.  at  S.  J,js6in  1778;  proljably 
sanjc  as  jireceding,  though  age  docs  not  agree,  A.  (Miguel  Geronimo),  imn 
of  Ign.,  1).  at  .S.  F.  in  1779.  Became  a  soldier  at  .S.  F.,  promoted  to  coip. ; 
transfciTcd  to  .Mont,  to  become  a  school-master  about  1811.  Many  Calif,  ui 
later  prominence  attended  his  school  in  '11-20.  ii.  381,  427-9.  His  wife  was 
Mai'ia  Ant.  Garcia.       Arci  (.Ios6),  1811,  mr  of  the  Mexicuna.  ii.  207. 

Ardisson  (Estevan),  18)0-1,  French  trader  who  settled  at  Sta  B.  H,'  was 
periiaps  the  Ed  Ardison  who  in  July  '40  had  a  claim  aminst  the  govt.  Mcnt. 
by  Mofras  in  '41-2.  His  name  frecpiently  occurs  in  42-7;  he  had  a  'Cal. 
claim'  in  '40;  and  in  '48  was  alcahlc.  iv.  279,  587,  Oil,  031.  Still  living  at 
El  Kincon  in  '50.  Arellanes,  maj.  at  Purisima  '24.  ii.  429.  A.  (Francit'co), 
.Sta  B.  raiicliei'o  '37-45,  with  wife  Pctra  Ruiz  and  2  child.  A.  (.lose),  <litt(i; 
wife  .Josefa  Sanchez  and  5  child.  A.  (Jose  Aiit.),  at  .Sta.  1$.  '37;  wife  Manuela 
Ortega.  A.  (Lui.s),  grantee  of  Punta  de  la  Lagiina,  IS.  Luis  Ob.  iu  '44.  iv. 
055;  still  in  .Sta  B.  district  in  '50.  A.  (Teodoro),  grantee  of  Rincon  in  ';i5, 
and  tiuadalupe  in  '40.  iii.  055,  077.  His  wife  was  Jo.scfa  Rodriguez  and  they 
had  3  child,  before  '37.  .Still  at  Sta  B.  iu  '50.  Don  Teodoro  was  a  very  larne, 
fine-looking  man,  of  genial  temper  and  gentleniuiily  manners,  locally  a  kind 
of  ranchero  prince. 

Arellano  (Igiuicio  R.),  a  priest  visiting  anii  officiating  at  .S.  Juan  Cap.  in  '44. 
v.  523.  A.  (Juan  R.  or  Manuel),  settler  ami  alcalde  at  Los  Aug.  1790-8.  i. 
401,  598,  001.       A.  (Luis),  Mcx.  sol.l.  of  the  Hidalgo  piquete  '3(>  at  Mont. 

Arenas  (Cayetano),  Mcx.  who  came  to  Cal.  as  a  Ijoy.  In  '40  employed  as 
clerk  iu  the  seuretaria;  grantee  of  8.  Mateo  rauchu.  v.  001.  Iu  '54-5  a  resid. 


|e, 


ARENAS— ARGUELLO. 


701 


of  Log  Ang.  and  •witness  in  the  Limantour  case.  A.  (Jose  M.)i  sent  as  a 
prisoner  to  Mex.  in  '30.  iii.  85.  A.  (.losi'),  Mox.  at  lirancif.  in  '45,  age  52; 
wife  Feliciana;  child,,  Felipe  h.  in  '23,  Maria  '29,  Florcncio  '31,  Josu  Ant.  '33, 
Omel)on  (?)  '36,  Juan  '38,  Ciirmen  '41,  Zcnona '44.  A.  (Luis),  18.S4,  Mex. 
trader  who  perhaps  eanio  with  the  colony  (iii.  259  et  seq.),  settled  at  Los 
Anj,'. ,  where  he  was  alcalde  in  '3S,  and  was  prominent  in  the  opposition  to  Alva- 
rado.  iii.  491,  504, 555,  577,  63(5.  In  '37  one  of  the  grantees  of  iS.  Jost5  raneho, 
and  in '40-1  grantee  of  Azuza.  iii.  (333.  In '44  regiilor.  iv.  033.  In '44-5  grantee 
of  I'iuiba,  Los  Hnecos,  Cahuenga,  and  8ta  Clara  orcliard.  iv.  021;  v.  501,  0()."), 
027.  Also  capt.  of  the  defensores.  v.  140.  Still  trading  on  the  coast  in '47;  but 
1  have  no  later  record  of  him. 

Arenaza  (Faacual  M.),  1780,  Span,  friar  at  S.  Cdrloa,  who  left  Cal.  in  1797 
and  died  in  '99.  Sec  i.  685;  also  i.  388-423,  409,  575-7,  579.  Argiiellea 
(Luis),  Mex.  shoemaker  at  Mont,  in  '30. 

Ai'giiello  (Concepeion),  daughter  of  Josd  D.,  h.  at  S.  F.  in  1790;  d.  at  Beni- 
cia  in  1857.  Famous  for  her  romance  with  Uezanof  in  1800,  for  account  of 
M  hicii,  with  sketch  of  her  life,  see  ii.  72-4,  77-8.  Her  full  name  was  Maria  do 
la  Concepeion  Marcela.  See  also  mention  in  ii.  287;  iii.  508,  (JOO;  iv.  219. 

Argiiello  (Gervasio),  son  of  Jose  D.,  b.  at  Sta  B.  1780.  In  1804  he  entered 
the  military  service  as  soldado  distinguido  of  the  S.  F.  comp. ,  in  which  he  was 
cadet  1807-17,  serving  also  as  habilitado  in  1808-10.  ii.  117,  125,  .303,  370. 
Sent  in  '16  to  Ross,  writing  a  report  of  his  visit,  ii.  .309,  031 ;  i.  list  of  i.uth. 
In  '14  he  married  Encarnacion  Bernal;  and  in  '10  was  sent  to  Mex.  as  habili- 
tado general,  never  returning  to  Cal.,  and  holding  this  oflice  till  '32,  besides 
being  a  suplente  in  congress  in  '27-8.  Meanwhile,  fr.  '17  he  was  on  the  pay- 
roll of  the  S.  Diego  comp.  as  alferez  till  '31,  when  he  was  promoted  tolieutof 
the  Mont,  comp.,  and  in  '34  coinmissioneil  capt.,  but  immediately  retired  as 
lieut  on  full  pay,  with  permission  to  reside  in  Jalisco,  ii.  213-14.  217,  2(il, 
421-2,  514-15,543,  071;  iii.  3.3-4,  45,  .378,  (!71.  In  Cal.  Don  Gervasio  was  re- 
|,uted  to  be  a  youth  of  good  conduct  and  fair  abilities,  though  dispo.sed  to 
'put  on  airs.'  In  Mex.  he  accomplished  nothing,  either  as  habilitado  gen.  or 
congressman,  having  no  special  fitness  for  tiie  positions;  yet  a  man  of  ten 
times  his  ability  would  very  likely  have  failed,  cipially  in  getting  money  for 
C-A.  from  the  Mex.  govt.  I  have  private  letters  written  by  him  from  Guaila- 
lujara  in  '49  and  '52,  filled  with  pious  complaints  of  poverty,  which  would  bo 
intolerable  but  for  aid  received  from  Cal. 

Argiiello  (Jost5  Dario),  1781,  founder  of  the  Arguello  family;  Mex.  alferez, 
later  lieut  and  capt.;  comandante  at  S.  F.,  Mont.,  and  StaB. ;  acting  gov.  of 
Cal.  in  '14-15;  gov.  of  L.  Cal.  in  '15-22.  Died  at  (iuadalajara  '28;  his  wife  was 
Ignaeia  Moraga,  who  died  at  Guad.  in  '29.  For  many  years  Don  Jose';  was 
the  most  prominent,  influential,  and  respected  man  in  Cal.  See  biog.  sketch 
in  this  vol.,  358-01,  inelud.  4  of  the  children  who  did  not  remain  in  (Jal. ; 
also  mention  of  Don  Jos6  in  i.  .340-2,  .347,  372,  .390,  445,  403,  408,  470  2,  478, 
484,  498,  501-2,  511-13,  525,  531-2,  .-)8S  94,  078-80,  (i92-4.  708,  717,  721,  and 
list  of  auth.;  ii.  .30,  44,  ()8-74,  8(J,  99,  117,  125,  127,  133,  135,  187,  190,  207-8. 
210-11,  240,  305-7,  4.50,  505,  571 ;  iii.  11.  Argiiello  (Jos(5  Ign.  Milx.),  oldest 
son  of  Jos6  D. ;  b.  at  S.  Gabriel  in  1782;  educ.  in  Mex.  as  a  priest;  visited  (Jal. 
in  1809.  ii.  .359-00,  122.  A.  (.los^  Ramon),  son  of  Santiago,  at  San  Juan 
Cap.  in  '40-1.  iii.  (12(5-7.  Sec.  to  prefect  at  Los  Ang.  in  '42.  iv.  032.  Suplento 
juezat  S.  Diego  in '45.  iv.  020.  Sub-prefect  in '40.  v.  018.  A.  (Jos(5  liamon), 
son  (if  Luis  Ant.,  b.  at  S.  F.  in  '28;  living  at  Sta  Clara  and  Mont,  till  '44; 
on  the  coast  of  Mex. '44-0;  lived  with  his  mother  from  '40  at  Las  Pulgas  and 
Sta  Clara,  where  he  died  in  '70.  A.  (Julian),  a  Sonorau  with  Zamorano  at 
Mont,  in  '.36,  age  10. 

Argiiello  (Luis  Antonio),  son  of  Jos(5  I).,  b.  at  S.  F.  in  1784;  cadet  at 
S.  F.  1799;  alf.  1800;  lieut  and  com.  1800;  capt.  from  '18.  Gov.  ad  int.  of 
Cal.  from  Nov.  22d,  '22,  to  Nov.  '25.  Died  at  S.  F.  '.30.  First  wife,  Rafaela 
Sal,  1807-14;  2d  wife,  Soledad  Ortega,  '19,  who  died  at  Sta  Clara  in  '74.  His 
children  were  Francisco,  by  1st  wife,  who  died  soon  after  '30;  by  2d  wife, 
Concepeion,  b.  in  '24;  Josefa,  '20;  Jost5  Ramon,  as  above;  and  Luis,  who,  I 


702 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


tliink,  sti'.l  lives  at  Sta  Clara  in  '85.  Don  Luis,  as  military  officer  and  gov,, 
Ictt  an  excellent  record  in  respect  of  honesty  and  ability  and  popularity.  Un- 
like his  futlu  r,  lie  had  enemies,  and  was  involved  in  controversies;  but  these 
were  ihic  hir;,'cly  to  his  position  and  the  times.  He  often  disregarded  the  let- 
ter of  the  Spun,  and  ^lex.  laws,  but  it  was  always  for  what  he  believed  tl:e 
welfare  of  his  country,  and  never  for  his  own  interests.  His  private  record 
•was  that  of  a  dissipated  spendthrift,  yet  never  accused  of  dishonorable  con- 
duct. .See  biog.  sketch  in  iii.  0-13;  listof  auth.  in  i. ;  mention  in  ii.  35,  40,  4S, 
(iS  et  seq.,  12,V(i,  1-211-30,  137,  203-4,  210,  230-2,  243-4,  208-9.  272,  270,  284-5, 
28S,  300-1,  305,  307,  300,  312,  328,  330-1,  370,  372,  3JK),  425-0,  443-0,  451, 
455,  4G1,  404,  4(i(>-8,  470-80,  482  et  scj.,  493,  510-38,  540,  551,  559,  .505,  ."jS.;, 
591-2,  594,  590-7,  005,  007,  014,  043,  045,  047,  050,  004;  iii.  2,  7,  0-10,  iS- 
19,  24-7,  40,  75,  80.  110,  148,  712.  Argiiello  (Luis),  lieut  in  the  Cal.  Ikl. 
'40-7.  V.  300,  380.  I  cannot  say  who  he  was.  A,  (Romano),  sec.  in  prefect':* 
oiliee  in  '45.  Lnrkin. 

Argiiello  (Santiago),  son  of  Jose  D. ;  b.  at  Mont,  in  1791.  He  entered  tli.; 
military  service  as  cadet  in  the  S.  F.  eomp.  1805,  but  was  trans,  in  1800  to  Sta 
K  ii.  40,  117,  275,  ,301,  425.  In  '17  27  he  was  alf.  of  the  S.  F.  eomp.,  tliouL'li 
Bjrving  from  '18  as  habilitado  at  S.  i>iego,  where  he  was  involved  in  sevend 
controversies,  also  visiting  the  north  and  making  a  trip  to  Ro.ss  and  Sonoiiia. 
ii.  210-2,  258,  341,  370,  424,  442,  4.>7,  470,  507,  510,  537,  542-3,  583;  iii.  12, 
201.  In  '27-31  he  was  lieut  of  the  8.  D.  eomp.,  being  comandantc  from  '28, 
in  which  year  he  was  elected  suplente  member  of  congress;  in  '30  suplente  nf 
the  diputacion.  ii.  541-3;  iii.  45-0,  50,  04,  135,  190.  In  '31-5  he  was  capt.  of 
the  CO.,  taking  part  somewhat  unwillingly  in  the  revolt  against  Victoria,  serv- 
ing as  diputailoand  comisionado  for  S.  Diego  mission  in  '33-4,  and  being  llnally 
retired  with  full  pay— in  theory,  iii.  201,  204,  210-19,  327,  331-2,  372.  OOS, 
012,  020;  iv.  408.  In  "30  he  was  alcahle  of  S.  Diego,  using  his  influence  against 
the  Alvarado  govt,  but  acting  as  comisionado  and  admin,  of  S.  Juan  C'ap.  in 
'38-40,  and  as  vocal  of  the  junta  in  '40.  iii.  422,  482,  520,  590,  004,  000,  015, 
020-7.  In  '40-3  he  held  the  position  of  prefect  at  Los  Aug.,  and  in  "41  his 
name  was  given  to  the  jnieblo  of  8.  Juan;  in  '45  holding  the  offices  of  suplente 
of  the  tribunal,  vocal  of  the  junta,  and  sub-prefect  of  S.  Diego,  iii.  040;  iv. 
19.3,  195,  205,  310,  532,  540,  020-2,  020-7,  032-3.  In  '40  he  was  friendly  to 
the  Amer. ,  held  an  honorary  com.  as  capt.  in  the  Cal.  Bat.  (?),  was  appointed 
member  of  the  legis.  council  iu  '47,  and  was  made  collector  of  the  port  of  S. 
Diego  (?).  v.  37,  282,  320,  300,  433,  440,  407,  572,  018-10.  Meanwhile  in  '29 
he  had  obtained  the  Tia  Juana  rancho,  in  '41  the  Trabuco,  and  in  '4()  the  S. 
Diego  mission  estate,  iii.  012;  iv.  035;  v.  501,  019-20,  027.  Argiiello  when  very 
young  married  Pilar,  daughter  of  Francisco  Ortega  of  Sta  B.,  by  whom  he  had 
22  children,  among  them  the  following,  who  lived  and  had  issue:  Francisco, 
Ignacio,  Jose  Antonio,  JostS  Ramon,  Santiago  E.  j  Refugio,  who  married  .luan 
Bandini;  Teresa,  who  married  Joa6  M.  Bandini;  Luisa,  wife  of  A.  V.  Zamo- 
rano;  and  Concepeion,  wife  of  Agustin  Olvera.  Don  Santiago  was  tall,  stout, 
and  of  lino  presence,  with  fair  complexion  and  black  hair;  reserved  in  manner, 
yet  of  kindly  disposition.  His  record,  public  and  private,  was  an  honorable 
if  not  a  brilliant  one.  Ho  waa  often  in  trouble  with  I.u  brother  officers  and 
■with  men  of  other  classes,  and  especially  in  the  earlier  years  was  by  no  means 
a  jiopular  man.  This  was  chiefly  due  to  a  peculiar  reserve  or  haughtiness  oi 
manner,  attrii)uted  to  family  pride  and  regarded  as  an  assumption  of  sujieri- 
ority.  He  died  at  Tia  Juana,  on  the  frontier,  in  '02,  and  his  widow  soon  after 
'78.  The  rancho  is  still  owned  by  the  family. 

Argiiello  (Santiago  E. ),  son  of  Santiago,  b.  about  1813.  Receptor  at  S.  Diego 
'33-4.  iii.  277,  000.  Grantee  of  Melyo  (Miiligo?)  '.33.  iii.  012.  Took  part  with 
the  south  against  Alrai'ado  in  '30-7,  being  then  in  charge  of  the  ranehos  Otay 
and  S.  Antonio  Abad.  iii.  482-3,  517,  012.  Majordomo  and  land-owner  .at  S. 
Juan  Cap.  '41.  iv.  020-7.  Suplente  in  aasemb.,and  juez  at  S.  Diego  '45-0.  iv. 
540;  V.  101.  In  '40  he  aided  the  Amer.,  served  as  captain  in  Stockton's  bat- 
talion, and  had  a  'Cal.  claim'  for  §1 1,548  for  damages  to  his  property,  v.  378, 
380.  I  think  he  may  have  been  the  capt.  in  Cal.  Bat.  and  collector  of  the  port, 


ARG  Cello— ARROYO. 


703 


instead  of  Ids  fntlicr.  as  nl>ove.  Ho  died  at  Mali^'o  in  '57.  His  wife  was  (iimda- 
hxya  Kstudillv),  wlio  survived  him  witli  2  sons  and  '2  (or  4)  daugliters;  one  of 
tlio  latter  married  A.  H.  Wilcox  and  another  Wni  J5.  Coutts. 

Arias  (Francisco),  S.  F.  settler  of  1701-1800.  i.  716.  A.  (Francisco), 
grantee  of  ranchos  in  Mont,  district  '39,  '44.  iii.  070;  iv.  (555;  8ui)lentc  |)retcct 
ill  '41,  being  juez  at  JS.  Juan  '41-3,  and  regidorat  Mout.  in  '40.  iv.  G.")2-3,  GO  I; 
V.  (i3().       A.  (Rafael  R.),  1791,  contador  in  Malaapiim's  exjied.   i.  490. 

Armas  (Ikiltasiir),  1002,  piloto  in  Vizcaino's  exped.  i.  98.  F.,  1'.,  and  J, 
AniiiLs,  named  as  at  Honolulu  from  Cal.  in  '48. 

Arnienta  (Cristobal),  sirviente  at  Sta  Clara  1770.  i.  306.  A.  (.Toa(|.), 
solil.  at  S.  Diego  1775-0;  later  at  Los  Ang.  i.  250,  ."JOS,  401.  A.  (.lose  M.), 
grantee  of  I'unta  de  I'inos  rancho  '.33,  '44.  iii.  078.  A.  ('  Tio  '),  retired  soldier 
who  kept  a  shop  and  sometimes  a  school  at  Mont,  in  '11-20.  ii.  3S1-3,  -120. 

Armijo  (Antonio),  native  of  X.  Mex.,  atS.  Jose  in  '41,  age  37;  wife  Maria  J». 
Duarte;  child.,  Antonio,  Jesus,  Fcjlix,  Matias.  Probably  same  as  the  Francisco 
Armijo  who  was  a  >S.  F.  militiaman  in  '37;  and  perhaps  same  as  Antonio  M. 
Armijo  who  settled  in  the  ISuisuii  region  in  '43,  vas  in  trouble  '47  for  outrages 
on  Ind.  V.  509,  010;  and  ilied  in  MO.  A.  (Francisco),  at  S.  Mateo  in  "35;  al- 
calde in  the  contra  coata  '.37.  iii.  705;  at  S.  F.  '47.  S/xar,  J'(i/>.  A.  (Jose 
F. ),  grantee  of  Tolenas  rancho  '40.  iv.  074.  A.  (Jesus  M.),  at  Sonoma  "14, 
age  IS.  A.  {.Juan  F.),  at  Sonoma  '44,  age  42.  A.  (Salvador),  iiL  I.os  Aug. 
'39-40.  I  have  not  been  able  to  obtain  much  deiinite  information  about  any 
branch  of  the  Armijo  family. 

Arnion  (Cliaa),  1830,  at  Mont.,  named  in  Larkin's  books. 

Armstrong  (James),  1842,  com.  of  the  United  Ufates;  and  of  the  S'dvointah 
in  later  visitsot  '44-0.  iv.  307-S,  .301,  313,  4.-)9,  509.  A.  (.John).  1.S40,  Amer. 
rancliero  in  the  Mont,  district;  exiled  to  S.  Bias  with  the  (Jraham  party,  iv. 
18,  120.  Li  '40  he  wrote  a  letter  against  Larkin,  which  appeared  in  a  St  Louis 
paper,  causing  L.  to  get  statements  in  hi.s  own  defence  from  several  prominent 
men.  A.  (.John),  in  '40  at  Monterey,  and  in  47  employed  on  Larkin'.s  Sac. 
rancho.  I'ossibly  same  as  preceding.  Arnand,  1848,  nirof  the  Co/*  (/c  VaZ/xi- 
ra'tKO  from  Honolulu  for  S.  F. 

Ariiaz  (.Jose),  1841,  Span,  supercargoof  thcClnra  inVirmond's  employ,  iv. 
102;  and  later  in  Aguiri'e"s  JiJrcit  (riii/)ir.roniia.  In  '44  he  opened  a  stoic  at  Los 
Aug.,  sufTering  much  from  depredations  of  the  cliolos.  iv.  ,3t)4:  and  in  "4") 
leased  the  mission  estate  of  8.  Huen.,  which  in  '40  he  purchased,  as  lie  claimed, 
but  was  not  permitted  to  retain  possession,  iv.  5.'j3,  5.">8,  501,  045;  v.  400.  032, 
043,  (i(i5.  He  still  retained  considerable  property,  however;  and  1  fmind  him 
in  "74  living  at  his  Sta  Ana  rancho  near  S.  Ruen.,  a  genial  gentleman  of  54 
years,  who  then  and  later  gave  me  100  pages  of  his  interesting  /I'lriiirilux  on 
the  life  and  customs  of  the  traders  and  raiicheros  in  early  times.  Probably 
living  in  '85.  In  '47  he  married  Mercedes  A vila,  who  died  in  '07,  leaving  several 
children.  His  2d  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Juan  Cainarrillo.  Arnold  (Robert), 
1828,  Scotch  turner,  age  20,  at  Mont.  '28-9. 

Arrieta  (Sebastian),  1820,  Span,  iiitendente,  com.  of  the  royal  order  of  Isabel 
the  catholic,  who  came  from  I'eru  with  the  king's  license  to  live  in  Cal. with  a 
pension  of  is3,000;  imt  died  at  S.  Juan  IJ.  in  '21,  ago  54. 

Arrillaga  (Jose  Joa(juin),  1793,  Span.  capt.  and  lieut-gov.  of  the  Cals  at 
Loreto  '8.3-92;  gov,  ad  int.  '93-4  at  Mont.;  lieut-col  and  lieut-gov.  at  I^. 
'94-9;  gov.  ad  int.  18(X)-4;  gov.  of  Alta  Cal.  from  1804— coming  to  Mont,  in 
1800 — to  1814,  when  he  died  at  Soledad  at  the  age  of  04.  Arrillaga  was  an 
efficient  and  honest  ofiicer,  of  most  excellent  private  character,  and  a  model 
governor  so  far  as  the  performance  of  routine  duties  was  concerned.  See  bio:;. 
in  ii.  204-7;  i.  list  of  auth. ;  also  mention  in  i.  471,  482,  484,  488,  .■)01-29,  531- 
6,  574,  002,  Oil,  031,  637-8,  0.58,  001,  00.3,  071,  729;  ii.  2-204  pa.ssim,  2ii!), 
301-5,  380-7,  41(>-17,  .500.  Arriola (Josi5  F.),  blacksmith  instructor  in  1792- 
5.  i.015.  A.  (Maria),  .vifc  of  .J.  V.  Lawrence,  ii.  496.  A.  (Rafael),  settler 
at  Los  Ang.  from  17?*      ..  000;  ii.  350. 

Arroita  (Francisco  Jose^,  1780,  Span,  friar  at  rurisima,who  left  Cal.  in  '90. 
See  biog.  notice,  i.  075;  mcut.  i.  388,  423,  425,  459,  575-7.       Arroyo,  1795.  i. 


ipi 


704 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INT)EX. 


2r)3.  A.  (Ign.),  exile  of  1842.  iv.  (ioH.  A.  (Joaquin),  grantee  of  Tncho  MO. 
V.  (537.  A.  (Joa(5),  1792-5.  i.  f.l.l.  A.  (Jos6  Alan.),  i.  2J0-3.  A.  (Joso 
Jpidro);  at  iMont.  '.30,  age  53,  nat.  of  S.F.;  wife  Isabel;  cliild.  Ignacio,  Vnti- 
rin.T,  .Joaijuina,  Concciicion,  Maria  P.       A.  (Victor),  1820-.39.  ii.  382;  iii.  587 

Arriiyo  (le  la  Cucsta  (Felipu),  1S08,  Span,  friar,  serving  chiefly  at  San  .Jiiaii 
Vj.  ;  (1.  at  Sta  Int'S  in  '40.  Noted  for  learning  aa  well  as  piety;  author  of  several 
works  on  Ind.  lang.  See  biog.  in  iii.  (iC2;  list  of  auth.  i. ;  ment.  in  ii.  140,  154, 
159-60,  284,  316,  3.38,  .394,  492,  520,  655;  iv.  03.  Sec  also  'Cuesta.'  Artea-a 
(Ignacio),  1777-80,  Span.  com.  of  explor.  and  transport  ships,  i.  296,  .323,  3i>!l. 

Arther  (.James  P.),  1829,  German  mate  of  the  Brooklyn  in  '29-30.  iii.  1.38- 
9,  140,  179.  Master  of  Bryant  &  Stiirgis'  liostun  ship  California  on  4  or  5  voy- 
ages to  Cal.  in  '34-46.  iii.  381;  iv.  101,  564.  Mr  of  Thou  Perkivs  in  '47.  v. 
511,  580.  Often  called  .James  \).  Arthur,  but  I  have  many  of  his  autograph 
letters.  A  skilful  mariner,  though  close-fisted  and  not  very  popular  on  the 
coast.  Said  by  Thomes  to  be  still  living  in  Alass.  '84. 

Aruz  (Domingo),  settler  at  Los  Ang.  1790-1810;  not  allowed  to  devote  all 
his  prop,  to  masses  for  his  soul.  i.  460;  ii.  107.  A.  (Jos(^'),  elector  and  meuib. 
of  the  dip.  at  Mont.  '22-4.  ii.  454,  402,  513,  .530,  616.  Arzaga  (Manuel),  sec. 
of  ayunt.  at  Los  Ang.  '34-5;  sec.  of  vigilantes  '36.  iii.  418,  631,  635,  6.38. 

Ascension  (Antonio),  1002,  friar  with  Mzcaino.  i.  98.  I  have  his  autograph. 
Ashley  ((Jeo.  H.),  1849,  native  of  Mass.;  memb.  of  S.  Joaquin  Co.  pioncei's 
'84  (?).  Ashniead  (Geo. ),  1840,  Co.  C,  1st  U.  S.  dragoons;  killed  at  S.  Pascual. 
v.  340.  Ashton  (A.  B.),  1846,  clerk  on  the  Dale.  A.  (Geo.  H.),  1847.  Co. 
]),  N.Y.Vol.;  killed  by  Ind.  in  S.  Joaq.  Val.  in  '47.  Asken  (VVm),  1840, 
Engl,  pilot  of  the  Xiiifa;  at  Mont.  '41.  Aspiroz  (.Salvador),  1814,  teacher 
with  Gov.  Sola.  ii.  426.  Quarrel  with  (iuerra '17.  ii.  382.  Asuncion  (Fr.  An- 
dres), 1002,  with  Vizcaino,  i.  98.  Atanasio,  Ind.  executed  at  Mont.  '31.  iii. 
190.       Atensio  (Gregorio),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  v.  308;  also  Ign.  Atensio. 

Atherton  (Faxon  Dean),  1836,  native  of  Mass., who  asa  boy  went  to  Valpii- 
raiso;  memb.  of  a  firm  engaged  in  the  hide  and  tallow  trade.  Visited  Cal.  in 
'36-7,  and  later  kept  up  a  corresp.with  Larkinand  others.  I  have  many  of  his 
letters  on  personal,  political,  and  business  affairs,  sometimes  signed  Feliz  1). 
Atiierton.  Wentto  Honolulu  and  Boston  in  '38-9,  but  returned  in  '41.  iv.  91, 
103,  117-18,  141.  Said  to  have  sent  descriptions  of  the  coast  to  Wash.,  and 
to  have  had  a  corresp.  with  Welister  about  Cal.  Visited  Cal.  again  in  '49-.")0 
to  make  investments,  and  became  a  resident  in  '59.  Besides  being  the  owner 
of  a  large  estate  in  San  Mateo  Co.,  he  was  prominent  in  building  railroads, 
banking,  and  various  financial  enterprises.  Died  at  Fair  Oaks  in  '77,  leaving 
a  widow — native  of  Chile,  still  living  in  '8.5 — and  7  children.  Three  of  his 
daughters  married  respectively  Wm  Macondray,  Maj.  Rtithbone,  U.  S.  A., 
and  Edmunds  of  Valparaiso. 

Atherton  (Geo.  1).),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499-518).  A.  (Robert), 
1847,  brotiierof  Faxon  D.,  who  came  with  a  letter  of  introd.  to  Vallejo,  'para 
jirobarsu  fortunaenCal.;' and  was  employed  as  a  clerk  by  Larkin.  A.  (Wm), 
1845,  nn-  of  Parrott's  Star  of  the  West.  iv.  568.  A.  (Wm),  1846,  Mormon  of 
the  lirooklijii  colony,  with  wife.  v.  546.  Lot  at  S.  F.  '47;  also  at  N.  Helv. ;  in 
the  mines  '48.  In  later  times  a  pressman  on  the  Oakland  Tranncript. 

Atillan  (Pierre),  1841,  French  sailor  married  to  a  native  at  Mont.  Cox- 
swain of  the  custom-house  boat,  and  tax  collector.  Attiickcd  and  mutilated 
by  the  cholos  in  '44;  got  a  pension  from  the  Mcx.  govt  till  '47,  when  (tov. 
^lason  was  not  able  to  continue  it;  and  Pierre  was  supported  till  his  death  by 
charity,  iv.  279,  339,  .364.  414,  615,  653. 

Atkins,  1846,  mr  of  the  Jennette.  Atkinson,  1848,  a  physician  at  Sac. 
according  to  Burnett.  Atkin.son  (Chas  A.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499- 
518).  Called  a  'judge'  at  S.  Jo8(5  '77;  d.  at  Mariposa  in  '82.  A.  (James  or 
John),  1843,  Amer.,  who  after  an  adventurous  career  in  Texas  and  Mex.  came 
to  Cal.  accord,  to  newspaper  sketches  at  a  date  varying  '40  to  '46,  but  appar- 
ently with  the  Chiles- Walker  party  of  '43.  iv.  392,  399.  Known  as  Old  Wheat 
for  hi.i  reputed  reliability;  at  Mont,  in  '45;  served  with  Stockton  in  '46-7;  long 
a  resident  of  Los  Ang.;  in  '71  pensioned  as. a  veteran  of  1812;  died  in  the  (S. 


ATKINSOX-AVILA. 


TO.-; 


^ac. 

!)9- 

or 

IllC 

jar- 
eat 
.iig 
(S. 


.Toaq.?)  county  hospital  in  71  at  tlie  ai,'u  of  abmit  SO.  Atnay,  ISIO,  kaniika 
sailor  arrcsttil  at  tSta  15.  ii.  'i?.''.  Altcrvillo  (.laiiK-s),  Ks40,  (l()iil)tl'iil  iiaiuo 
in  Farnliam's  list.  iv.   17.       AulieiiH  (X.),  1848,  pais,  from  llonoliilii. 

Aulick  (.J.  II.),  1S4I,  win.  of  the  U.  8.  YorLiniru,  at  .Mont,  anil  S.  F. 
iv.  ;}iS,  .jTO.  Later  a  coniinodoru.  Auntroy  (.John),  1840,  arrested  at  Loa 
Ang.  in  the  (jlrnhani  allair.  iv.  14.  Aiirelio,  1797,  neoiih.  who  killed  his 
wife.  i.  G.-)9.  Aurweller  (John),  1847,  Co.  C,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  at  S.  F. 
'82;  called  also  Auwaortcr. 

Austin,  1822,  mr  of  the  P(iiit.'.P):  ii.  474.  Austin,  1S47.  mid.  on  U.  S. 
Indt'pi iidence.  A.  (I.)avid),  184(1,  Fauntlcroy's  driijjoons  (v.  '2.'J'2-47).  A. 
(Henry),  1838,  Canadian  carpenter,  naturalized  in  '41,  when  he  was  at  S.  Jost?. 
iv.  119.  A.  (Horace  (J.),  1840,  on  roll  of  I'ion.  Soc;  error  in  iv.  ."587.  A. 
(,lo.sepli  C),  1848,  on  roll  of  I'ion.  Soc.  A.  (.Julius  (J.),  1840,  Mormon  on  tlio 
Jlrooklyiu  with  wife  and  ."J  children,  v.  r)40.  Ment.  as  a  lawyer  at  S.  IVrnardino 
in  '81 ;  also  as  in  Utah,  '84.  A.  (.1.  Wcmys),  1848,  of  Findley,  John.son  &  Co. 
atS.  F.  Still  at  S.  F.  '.U.       A.  (W  ni),  18-JO.  nu-of  the  Mircury.   iii.  148. 

Avalos  (Joaquin),  tanncr-instriictor  179'_'-.").  i.  01.").  Averctt  (Klisha), 
1S47,  in  com.  of  a  party  of  Morm.  J5at.  on  the  return,  v.  4!)!!.  Avery,  184'J, 
lieut  with  Com.  Jones,  iv.  308.  A.  (Flihu),  1844,  lioy  on  a  whaler  at  .S.  F. ; 
mr  of  Lci/al  Teiulci',  'S'J,  accord,  to  a  newsp.  sketch.  Avieta  (.Jost-  Ant.), 
1S.']4,  witii  a  party  from  N.  Mex.  iii.  390. 

Avila  (Anastasio),  son  of  Cornclio;  settler  at  Los  Ang.  1799.  iii.  349;  re- 
gidoriu  ISIO, '19,  alcalde  in  'I'O-l.  ii.  110,  337,  3.-i0-l,  .•r)4,  .").")9;  grantee  of  Ta- 
janta  in  '43.  ir.  O.S.").  A.  (Antonio),  18"2."»,  Mex.  convict  sent  to  Cal.  for 
i-ohberics  and  murder  in  I'liebla.  In  the  .Solis  revolt  ot  '29,  and  in  the  Zaino- 
rano  regime  of  '32  he  aided  the  govt,  in  the  hope  of  getting  a  release;  hut 
had  to  remain  and  serve  out  his  time  till  about  '38.  iii.  10,  70,  83-4,  230,  009. 
Another  Ant.  A.  in  '37-9  apparently,  iii.  004,  (]39. 

Avila  (Antonio  Ignacio),  178.3,  son  of  (Jonielio;  native  of  Sonera,  who 
R'.itt'.ed  at  Los  Aug.;  in  1804  married  Kosa  lluiz  at  Sta  15.;  in  '20-1  regidor; 
grantee  of  Sanzal  lledondo  in  '22  and  '37;  juez  de  canipo  most  of  the  time  in 
'.■i.V48;  !ind  always  prominent  in  the  pursuit  of  Ind.  horse-thicvos.  ii.  .349-.'>l, 
3,')3,  r),")9,  oOO,  Oi)4;  iii.  390,  .")0.j,  02(i,  0;!2~7.  He  died  in  '.'jS,  aged  74.  A. 
((Jornelio),  1783,  settler  Los  Ang.  from  Sonora,  with  his  wife  lsal)el  Urqui- 
d;M  and  8  children,  i.  003  A.  (Bruno),  son  of  Cornclio;  setvler  at  Los  Ang, 
'1.");  later  claimant  of  Aguage  del  ('entinela.  ii.  349-."iO;  iv.  034.  A.  (Fn- 
riquc),  prob.  son  of  Anastasio;  2d  alcalde  at  Los  Aug.  '47;  cliimant  for  Ta- 
janta  rancho.  iv.  03,");  v.  020.  A.  (Francisco),  a  'hard  case'  at  S.  F.  anil 
S.  Jose  1783-1800.  i.  .350,  484,  040,  710.  A.  (Francisco),  drov»ied  in  the 
1'ulaies  1790.  i.  001.  A.  (Francisco),  son  of  Cornelio;  iri  Lm  Ang.  region 
1:04;  alcalde  in  '10;  applicant  for  dif.  ranchos,  and  grantee  of  i  i^ncgas  in  '23, 
'31.  He  h.id  i)robably  been  a  sold,  at  Sta  ]5.  ii.  110.  110,  172,  349-.">0,  .3.")4, 
5j.j,  ()04;  iii.  033.  A.  (Francisco),  rcsid.  of  S.  Jose  '41,  age  44;  wife,  Maria 
Ant.  Alviso;  child.,  Franei.sco,  Kncarnacion,  Geroninia,  and  Viviana.  A. 
(Fran.),  resid.  of  15rancif.  '4.'),  age  40.  A.  ((Uiadalupe).  i.  17.").  A.  (.Ja- 
nuario),  ])rob.  .son  of  Francisco;  reiridorof  Los  Ang.  '.'54-9;  claimant  for  (Jicne- 
ga.i.  iii.  033-0.  A.  (.Jose),  at  Los  Ang.  ',Si»-40.  '  A.  (JosO),  settler  at  S.  F. 
1791-  ISOO.  i.  000,  710.  A.  (.foaijuin),  lS42,  sulidieut  of  the  batallon.  iv.  289. 
A.  (-lose  .Toaijuin),  surgeon  of  the  Cal.  foices  1774-83.  His  wife  died  at  S.  F. 
in  "79.  Pror.  St.  /'ajK,  v.  .")7-8. 

Avila  (.lose  Maria),  son  of  Cornelio.  Alcalde  of  Los  Ang.  in  '2.").  In  the 
b;itt]e  of  '31  he  killed  ('ai)t.  I'iichcco,  and  was  himself  killed.  See  biog.  iii. 
20;)  9;  ment.  ii.  0.59;  iii.  190.  200.  A.  (Jose  de  Sta  Ana),  son  of  Corne- 
lio; niaj.  at  Sta  15.  1801-0.  ii.  120;  mar.  Maria  .Tost^.i  Osuna.  A.  (.los^ 
de  los  Santos),  sec.  of  ayunt.  at  Urancif.  '.34.  iii.  090.  i^.  (J.  S.),  colegial  at 
Sta  lues  '44.  iv.  420. 

Avila  (.Juan),  son  of  Ant.  Ign:  eye-witness  of  the  fight  near  Los  Ang.  in 
'31.  iii.  208;  grartee  of  Miguel  raneho  '42.  iv.  0.3.");  jnezdc  campo  at  Los  Aug. 
'44;  juoz  at  S.  Jian  Cap.  '4().   iv.  033;  v.  023;  in  '47  carried  a  flag  of  trncc  for 


Stockton  to  the  people  of  Los  Anj,. 
Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  II.    13 


V.  390.   Uc  married  BoledaJ  Yorba;  una 


706 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


t1au[,'litcr  mnrried  M.  A.  Forster,  nntl  niiotlicr  Piuil  Pryor.  Don  Junn  vns  a 
iiiuii  of  c'xcelli.'iit  icpiiti',  who  avoideil  political  coiiiiilicatioiis,  but  liiul  godil 
powers  of  olisurvatioii  and  iiitinory.  At  S.  .luuii  Cai).  in  77  he  gavo  iiiu  Lis 
ivci)llcctioii.s — Xo/ax  <  'n/i/ontiuiian—oi  early  tiiiica,  including  valuable  testi- 
mony ()!i  several  niattei's. 

Avihi  (Miguel),  son  of  Jos<'!  Sta  Ana;  b.  at  Sta  B.  in  170G;  educ.  at  S.  ]■'. ; 
served  us  copyist  at  Mont.  In  'Hi  he  enlisted  in  the  Mont,  comp.;  and  in  ''Jl 
was  corporal  of  the  escolta  at  S.  Luis  ()!).,  having  a  (jiiarrcl  with  the  pa(hc. 
ii.  .")l(i-i7,  010;  .siudico  at  .Mont,  and  alf.  of  militia  '.'(o-O.  iii.  447,  474,  (i7;'."l. 
In  '"-'(j  he  liad  mairied  Maria  Inoecnta,  daugiiter  of  Dolores  Pico;  and  in  ''M 
lived  at'  Mont,  witii  .">  cliild.,  Kafaela,  .lesua  Domingo,  Francisco  de  Paula, 
Jo.se  Ant.  11.,  Jofxfa  de  los  Ang.  !Ment.  in  "M,  '41.  iii,  501;  iv.  0.")."?;  grantee 
of  .S.  Miguelito  in  '42,  '4(t,  and  Lagnna  in  '4.">.  iv.  (i;{7,  (i4"_',  0.")tj.  Also  nicut. 
in  '45-8.  iv.  4111 ;  v.  '.i2\,  (>:)'.).  Alcalde  of  S.  Luis  01).  in  '40.  He  had  a  fond- 
ness for  preserving  doeuinents,  but  most  of  his  collection  was  burned  witii 
his  house.  Died  in  '74,  leaving  his  S.  Miguelito  I'ancho  to  his  widow  and 
children.  Dofia  ^larfa  Inocenla  gave  mo  not  only  her  own  recollections  on 
old-time  Cosa'i  (fc  <'uh,  ii.  'ZVl,  4"27,  but  also  the  remnant  of  Don  Miguel's  /Vo''. 
Jllst.  (Jul.,  containing  uevcral  important  pajiers.  A.  (Pedro),  juez  de  campo 
at  Los  Ang.  '44.  iv.  it,\?i. 

Avis  (\\'m  P.),  KS4-J,  Boston  m.in  from  Honolulu,  with  letters  from  Peine 
&  Brewer,  to  go  into  business  as  a  comnu.ssion  merchant. 

Ayala  (Carmen),  at  .Sta  15.  '45.  iv.  042.  A.  (Cris6gono),  ranchcro  at 
Sta  B.  ';H7-50;  gi'antee  of  Sta  Ana;  m;ij.  of  S.  Bucn.  in  '42-4.  iii.  0.")();  iv. 
044-5.  His  wife  was  Barbara  Vanegas,  and  tiiey  had  5  chihlren.  A.  ((icr- 
vasio),  juez  de  policia  at  .Sta  B.  '4H.  v.  Olil.  His  wife  was  Kafaela  Morag.i, 
1  child  before  ';>7.  A.  (Joacjuin),  owner  of  land  near  Sta  \nCs.  v.  (i.;j. 
A.  (.Jos(^),  invalido  at  Sta  B.  '32;  wife  .Juana  Felix;  child.,  Maria,  H:ifad, 
.luan,  Prudencio,  Antonio.  A.  (.Jose  M.),  soldier  at  8ta  B.  '32;  wife  Kmedia 
X'alencia.  A.  (.luan  B.),  1775,  lieut  and  com.  of  S.  Curios;  explorer  of  S. 
F.  bay.  i.24l,  21,J-7.  A.  (.hum  :Man.),  1778,  com.  of  .Va»^iuf/o.  i.  328.  A. 
(.Juan  Ne[iomuceno),  1834,  Mex.  clerk,  age  20,  who  came  with  the  II.  &  P. 
colony,  iii.  203;  took  part  in  the  revolt  against  Alvarado  in  '37.  iii.  523-5. 

Ayala  (.luan  Pablo),  sergt  of  St.a  B.  coiiip.  '35.  iii.  0.50;  lieut  '38-9.  iii. 
.-S3,  (i51.  Admin.  S.  Luis  Ob.  '.•!0-40.  iii.  083;  acting  com.  Sta  B.  '45;  iv. 
041 ;  capt.  of  dcfensorcs  and  2il  jue:',  '40.  v.  140,  031 ;  proposed  revolt  in  '48.  v. 
580.  A.  (Paljlo),  admin.  S.  F.  Solano  '37-8.  iii.  720-1.  A.  (Wm),  1832-3, 
mr  of  the  Ruxana.  iii.  .384.  Ayals  (Manuel  M.),  1837,  Span,  physician  in 
Alameda  Co.  '70,  said  t"  have  eonic  in  '37  (?).  Alain.  Iliit.  Atlas. 

Ayer  (Franklin  H.),  1848,  Ar.ier.  carpenter  who  arr.  on  the  Sabhir  in 
May  from  Boston  at  S.  F.,  and  went  to  the  Mormon  Isl.  mines.  Mcnt.  by  Co\-. 
Mason  as  having  farni:;hcd  gold  specimens  for  Wash.  In  '52  an  advertisement 
for  him  from  his  bro.  in  China  ami  parents  in  Somervillc,  Mass.,  appears  in 
the  A/la.  In  '72  he  wrote  me  a  letter  on  his  Pcrxonal  Adventures,  from  Gray- 
son, Stanislaus  Co.  A  letter  to  that  address  in  '82  brought  no  reply.  Ayot 
(Alexis),  1S44,  perhaps  came  to  Cal.  with  Fremont,   iv.  437. 

Ayres  ((Jeo.  Wash.),  1812-13,  mr  of  the  Mrrrury,  captured  at  Sta  B.  ii. 
208-70,  205,  304,  302.  In  '20  he  was  iiitercsted  vvitli  Abel  Stearns  in  obtain- 
inir  lands  in  the  Sac.  Val.  for  a  settlement,  but  prob.  did  not  revisit  Cal. 
Jiei^t.  net:,  :MS.,  viii.  .38.  A.  (R.  B.),  1847,  lieut  Co.  F,  3d  U.  S.  artilleiy 
(v.  518).       Azeona,  lieut  on  the  Morelos  '34.  iii.  209. 

Babcock  (Benj.  E.),  1848,  on  the  roll  of  Pion.  Soc,  died  before  '81.  B. 
(.T.),  1848,  sup.  of  the  Mara.  Baccy  (Jauics),  1831,  one  of  Young's  trappers; 
perhaps  did  not  come  to  Cal.  iii.  388.  Bachelor  (Fred.),  1841,  Amer.  cooper 
of  the  WoiUman-Rowland  party  from  X.  Mex.;  went  east  iu  '42,  iv.  278,  but 
ret.  to  Cal.  in  later  years,  living  at  Noon's  ranclio,  where  ho  died  in  '7*). 

Baclielot  (Alexis),  18.32,  French  missionary  prefect  of  the  Sand.  Isl.  in  cx- 
ilo;  served  at  S.  Gabriel  in  '32-7;  rot.  to  t!ic  Isl.  in  '37;  died  '38  on  a  voy.  to 
the  South  Sea  IsL  iii.  317-18,  364,  384,  408,  043;  iv.  102.       Bacon  (.J.),  1840, 


BACOX-r.ALDWIX. 


707 


Co.  B,  Cal.  Bat.,  artillery  (v.  .IJS).  Badwui  (Francois),  184-t,  one  of  Frt- 
inuutH  L'aiiadiaiis.   iv.  4',^. 

IJadcii  (.lames  Culiins),  1847,  Co.  V,  M  artill.  (v,  ')|S);  clerk  and  copyist 
for  the  coinp.,  enninmndant,  and  dept.  to  'ol,  not  deserting  like  niust  ot  iiis 
comrades;  later  a  teacher;  d.  at  Watsonville  "(KS,  aged  aO.  He  Man  a  bon  of  :i 
colonel  in  U.  S.  8L'rvie(^  and  b.  at  lialtiniore.  Ment.  liy  (ien.  Sherman,  Mi  in., 
as  his  clerk;  obituary  in  Sta  Cruz  Si-iiliiii't,  Sept.  'OS.       IJadcr  (('hristojilp'r), 

1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  4'.ll});  a  miner  at  Coloma  and  elsewhere  'tS -."/.';  hct- 
tled  later  in  Butte  (.'o.,  and  lived  for  many  years  at  Cherokee,  where  lie  was  in 
'82,  but  died  before  'S.'),  loavinj.;  a  widow  and  I)  children,  most  of  them  >,'rii\vn. 
One  of  the  sons,  II.  F.  Badcr,  writes  me  from  Cherokee  April  '8.'>.  B;id;^er  ( Wm 
O.B.),  1848,  pass,  on  thc.S'rt/<(«c  from  Boston;  atthe  Morniou  Isl.  mines.  I'm- 
dillo  (Francisco),  \H'2'>,  Mex.  convict  who  continued  his  lawless  career  in  Cal.; 
wife  liafaela  Garcia,  4  child.;  lynched  in  '00  with  one  of  his  sons.  iii.  10,  r>l!>, 
O.'fi.       Baewdsxig  (?),  mr  of  the  iV/7.o/«»  in '40.  iv.  lOo.       Bagley  (Alden  S), 

1848,  part  owner  of  the  Coloma  mill  iu  Dec. 

Bailey  (Addison),  1S47,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  409),  rcenlist.  at  L.  Ani,'. 
]].  (.lames),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.;  made  bricks  at  S.F.  B.  (.leli'erson), 
1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.,  perhaps  same  as  the  Jell'.  B.  who  had  a  farm  iu 
Sta  Clara  Co.  ',"0-74.  ]$.  (Theodorus),  1847,  lient,  com.  of  IIk;  I'.  S.  J,).c- 
iinjlou;  rear-admiral  in  the  war  of  '01-5.  v.  578.  Portrait  iu  the  Ciiiliiiij, 
April  'So.  B.  (\Vm  J.),  18;!4,  Kngl.  sailor  at  Mont.,  age;  'Z'r,  dnjvo  calllo 
to  Dr.  ';{7;  perhaps  the  Wm  Bailey  exiled  iu  '40.  iv.  18,  S."),  41'_'.  liaiilio 
(Thomas),  1844,  com.  of  the  J^ugl.  Modcsle.  iv.  507.  Bailoa  (I'aseiial),  178.', 
corporal  killed  on  the  Colorado,  i.  304.  Bails  (Jonas),  lH'.Hi,  Anier.  tailor  at 
Los  Aug.  from  N.  Mex.,  age  "2!). 

Baker,  1845-0,  nirof  the  Moiitczumn.  B.,  1848,  of  the  firm  S.  II.^Villiam3 
&  Co.  at  S.  F.  B.  (Andy),  1840,  Co.  G,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  ;{5!-,);  at  Stockton 
with  Weber  '47-8;  also  employed  as  a  builder  iu  '47,  at  Mont,  in  '47;  called 
also  Antonio  B. ;  ment.  at  N.  Helv.  '48;  very  likely  the  'Antonio'  employed 
by  Larkin  at  S.  F.  B.  (Isaac  Munroe),  1840,  nat.  of  Md,  b.  iu  '20;  mai  iiio 
on  the  U.  8.  Dulv  '40-0;  one  of  Marston's  men  in  the  Sanchez  campaign  (v. 
S70).  Being  discli.  iu  N.Y.  he  came  to  S.  F.  in  '50-05;  in  the  cast  '05-8;  owner 
of  a  place  at  La  Honda,  Sta  Cruz  mts,  from  '04,  but  iu  the  grocery  buaines  i  iit 
S.  F.,  '75-85.  Married  Mary  A.  Sniitli '75,  has. "{ children '85.  Iu  aii  interview 
he  gave  many  items  about  S.  F.  iu  "40-7.  B.  (John),  1840,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S. 
dragoons  (v.  3,30).  B.  (John  F.),  1848.  I'assport  from  Honolulu.  B.  (Uni), 
1845;  Anier.  sailor  at  Mont.  Balderrania  (Jose).  1708.  i.  000,  7.i;j.  Should 
be  written  Valderrama.       Baldomero,  grantee  of  Corral  de  I'adilla  'ISO.  iii.  077. 

Baldridgc  (Wni),  1843,  Tenn.  niill-wrigiit,  b.  in  '11,  resid.  of  Mo.  fnim 
'20;  ovcrl.  immig.  in  the  Wrlker-Chiles  party,  iv.  .■{02,  ;S!)0.  After  working  at 
his  trade  iu  different  places,  in  '45  he  settled  on  a  Xap:v  raucho  as  a  jiartner 
of  Ciiiles;  in  '40  a  member  of  the  Bear  organization,  v.  iii.  170,  ISO,  ami  later 
served  as  lieut  of  Co.  C,  Cal.  liat.  v.  301,  4.34.  Then  he  resumed  his  trade  Utv 
a  time,  and  I  have  a  contract  signed  by  him  in  '47  to  build  a  saw  -mill  for  Salv. 
Vallejo.  From  '52  Baldridgc  lived  on  his  rancho  at  Oakvilie,  always  commaml- 
ing  the  respect  of  his  neighbors.  His  Dnjiit  o/'JfO,  w  ritteu  in  '77,  is  an  interest- 
ing part  of  my  collection;  and  in  the  testimony  given  by  him  at  various  tiuiis 
for  newspapers  and  books  there  is  to  be  noted  exceptional  accuracy.  Ne\  er 
married.  Still  living  in  '81,  and  I  think  iu  '85.  A  good  sketch  of  his  life,  and 
portrait,  iu  Naiia  I'o.  Ili.^t.,  387,  20. 

Baldwin  (Alfred),  1840,  native  of  N.Y. ;  overl.  immig.  to  Or.  in  '45  and  in 
'40  to  Cal.  V.  .'")4C.  Served  at  S.  Jose  under  \Vatniongh,  and  went  soDth  with  the 
Cal.  Bat.  (v.  .3.")8).  Besid.  of  Sta  Cruz  '47-85.  His  wife  was  Fannie  Witlard, 
whom  ho  married  in  '00.  B.  (Charles  H. ),  1840,  passed  mid.  on  the  U.S. 
Coiifireiifi,  left  by  Stockton  in  com.  of  a  guard  at  Mont.  '40-7,  until  the  coming 
of  tlie  artill.  comp.  v.  290,  519;  lieut  iu  war  of  '01-5,  and  com.  of  a  gunlioat  in 
the  I'acilic;  later  an  admiral  in  com.  of  Xorth  I'ac.  station  at  Marc  Isl. ;  iu  Cal. 
'83,  as  was  also  a  son.  B.  (James  M.),  1814,  Eugl.  sailor  left  at  Mont,  by 
tho  Inaac  Todd.  ii.  272.      B.  (Jumes  11.),  1847;  Co.  B,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499). 


; 


703 


riOXr.KR  REOISTKR  AXD  IXDKX. 


II  {.Toliii),  IS'll,  nt  TiOs  Aiij;'.  from  tlie  Ji>nn  Johi!,  but  required  to  depart.  H. 
(.)«.  inli  L.).  1S.J7,  Co.  I,  X.V,  Vol.  (v.  41)!»);  d.  at  S.  Jobc:'  MO.  15.  (Timothy), 
)S47,  Co.  K,  X.Y.  Vol. 

ISiilii  (I'MWiird  Tiinicr),  18.37.  I'-nyl-  surgron,  who  hindod  from  a  vcssiil  nt 
Mdiit.,  a','o 'Jil.  ii,  117-lH.  For  '>  or  (i  yejirs  hi- i)i'actiHe<l  modiciiiu  at  ,Mont., 
l>.iii^'  ill  '•4l)-.'(  Hurg.  of  thcCal.  forces  hy  (!i,'ii.  \'nlh'jo'n  apjMiinlniciit,  ami  hiiv- 
ii';  iiiiin'icil  Maria  Igiiacia  Solieraiics.  IJalc  was  a  iiiaii  ot  i^ood  cdiicatioii,  liiit 
nlwiiVH  more  or  less  in  troiihlo  on  account  of  his  ilchtH  and  personal  (jiiarrcls. 

III  '4  )  lie  opcni'd  a  li(juor-nhop  in  a  room  hired  (f  Larkin  for  a  drng-store,  and 
uaH  arrested  in  the  residting  complications  with  tlio  authorities.  I  have  many 
original  documents  written  liy  and  about  him;  Imt  have  no  indention  of  eata- 
1  I'Miing  his  trouliles.  In  '41  he  was  naturalized  and  got  a  /rrant  of  the  Cariic 
llumana  raneho  in  Xapa  valley,  where  he  went  in  '4Ii,  though  his  family 
lived  for  a  time  at  S.  F.  with  John  Fuller,  iv.  (iC!),  (i7l;  v,  (i7H-!t.  In  '44.  !ia\- 
ing  been  whipped  by  Salv.  Valkjo,  he  attempted  to  shoot  the  l;ittcr,  was  pu*' 
in  jail,  and  narrowly  saved  his  life.  iv.  444-5,  (i7S;  tlic  rumored  intention  <  t 
Uk;  Kelseyi^  and  other  foreigners  to  rescue  the  d()ct(jr  also  caused  much  excite- 
ment. In  '4(»  he  built  a  saw-mill,  and  in  '47-'S  did  a  largo  business  in  lumber, 
the  increased  value  of  his  land  niakiiig  him  a  rich  man;  Imt  he  dic^d  '4!)  or  '.")((, 
leaving  a  widow — still  living  in  'S.')—  •_'  sons  and  4  daughters.  His  son  lOdwanl 
vas  commissioned  in  '()4  capt.  of  Co.  1),  1st  ISat.  Xat.  Cal.  cavalry;  and  in  "71 
was  in  business  at  Xapa.  IJalc  (\Vni),  ISIll,  Engl,  carpenter  at  Ljs  Aug.  in 
'.!(j,  ago 'JO.   iii.  40.").   Possibly  Wni  '  Bailey,' q. v. 

IJall  (FrankliuK  1847,  Co.  K,  X.Y. Vol.  (v.  4!)!));  blacksmith  at  Sta  Cruz  in 
Xov.  Ballard  (.John),  1847,  Co.  C,  X.  Y.  Vol.  iJallcnback  (Wni),  hS4(i, 
marine  on  the  ])cde,  acting  as  baker  at  S.  F.  in  '47;  in  the  mines  later. 

IJallcstcros  (Carlos),  killeil  at  Cliino  raneho  '4G.  v.  3I.S.  15.  (Felipe)  iind 
15.  (Francisco),  at  L.  Aug.  '40.  I  (Juan),  regidor  at  L.  Ang.  '-'a,  ",V1,  ";!•>: 
I  rantcc  of  Itosa  del  Castillo  raneho  .'11.  ii.  TwO;  iii.  (ililJ-O.  He  was  prob.  J,,,  n 
Ant.,  son  of  ,1.  do  Dios.  15.  (,Juan  do  Dios),  Corp.  of  the  Sta  15.  eonip.  1787; 
com.  (if  escolta  at  S.  Ant.,  S.  Luis  Ob.,  and  S.  ■luan  15.  17!)l-7.  Also  named  at 
L.  Aug.  1700,  ISIO.  His  wife  was  Teresa  Sepiilveda,  and  liis  sons  Juan  .An- 
tonio, b.  '87,  and  Fran,  .lavicr  Ant.,  b.  '07.  Before  'SlJ  he  had  been  a  sergt,'lmt 
was  reduced  to  tlio  ranks  for  desertion,  i.  r).")7,  718;  ii.  .'UO,  .'5.")4. 

Balllians  (Fred.),  1840,  (icrman  iinmig.  (v.  5'2fi),  with  Hojipo  and  Harlan: 
in  Cal.  B.-it.  (v.  3.")8),  at  the  X'atividad  light,  and  in  Co.  B  artiU.  in  tlio  sontli; 
worked  at  S.  F.  and  X''.  Hclv.  '47-8;  in  the  ndncs  much  of  the  time  '48-(:(l; 
married  Katrina  Franck  'j.l;  to  Frazer  Hivcr  '08;  from  '01  at  S.  F.,  brewir, 
vegetable  gardener,  and  man  of  property;  still  living  in  '8'!,  age  00,  with  wife 
r.nil  ;i  children.  He  has  kept  a  diary,  and  tells  no  end  of  interesting  details  of 
liis  Cal.  ONperienees.  Baltasar,  18'24,  Ind.  executed  at  Purisima.  Balteco 
(lolm),  1840,  Fauntlcroy's  dragoons  (v.  'J3'2).  Balygin,  1808,  mrof  the  XiLt- 
liii.  ii.  80. 

Bancroft  (Jerry),  1811,  sailor  at  Drako'.s  Bay.  ii.  95.  B.  (.Tohn),  KS.'IO, 
mr  of  the  Convoy,  iv.  103,  118.  In  '37-8,  mr  of  the  Lor'tot  and  Llamn;  killed 
by  Ind.  at  the  Sta  B.  islands,  iv.  90.  105;  iii.  052-3.  His  wife,  fatally  wounded 
nt  the  same  time,  was  a  half-breed  Hawaiian,  Miss  Holmes,  a  sister  of  Xathan 
Spear's  wife. 

Bandini  (Jos(''),  ISIO,  Span.  b.  in  Andalucla  1771;  came  to  Amer.  '93;  a 
mariner  whose  homo  was  at  Lima,  where  he  married  twice  and  hail  7  children 
living  in  '28,  only  one  of  them  ever  know^n  in  Cal.  In  '19  as  nil'  of  the  Sp.an. 
Iiciiia  (!<•  /vOx -4  »(/(■/(.'<  he  brought  to  Cal.  fr.  S.  Bias  a  cargo  of  war  supplies, 
making  another  trip  in  '21 ,  and  doing  a  little  in  contraband  trade,  ii.  253,  201 , 
439-40.  t)n  returning  to  S.  Bias  he  raised  the  Me.\.  flag  on  the  I'vhta,  which, 
as  he  claimed,  was  the  1st  vessel  to  fly  independent  colors  in  all  the  reimblic. 
For  this  and  other  services  Don  Jose  was  m.adc  by  Iturbidc  capt.  of  militia, 
and  in  '22  was  retired  with  that  rank,  the  fiicro  militar,  and  right  to  wear 
the  uniform.  A  few  years  later,  being  a  widower,  and  suflcring  from  gout, 
he  came  with  his  son  to  S.  Diego,  where  he  built  a  house  and  spent  the  rest 
of  Ilia  life,  taking  the  oath  of  allegiance  required  by  the  law  of  '27.  iii.  51,  170. 


I5ANI)IXr. 


7C9 


In  ''27  111'  wrote  a  lonj;  Ciirtu  lll-i^riai  1/  /h  mri/ilirn  ilr  ('  :l  to  Kustaco  Uarn  n. 
i\'.  IT)!.  ]')i  roiiLiiiisly  attriliuli'tl  ti>  his  8011  in  tliu  1st  rd.  of  vol.  i.,  iiDt  of  lauli. 
JIo  ilii'tl  lit  till-  Sta  Anil  rani,lio  in  'U. 

Itanilini  (.hum),  I.V.U.  hoii  of  .lost',  )>.  at  Liniii  in  I.SdO,  and  I'lluc.  tlioi-o. 
'J'lu' exact  dutu  of  arrival  in  not  known;  lint  in  I)l'c.  '"JM  lii.s  I'atiiri'Statid  llialliu 
l:ad  4  child.  Iiy  hi-i  ( 'al.  uifu.  It  is  i<  •  -lihle  that  hi'  ciinie  with  hiti  father  in  'ID 
or  '"Jl.  Hiu  imblic  life  began  in  '"JT-'Sas  nienil»cr  of  the  diimtacion;  '"JS-il-J  snli- 
eoniisario  of  revenues  atS.  1).;  suiilento  eoiij,'rcHsnian 'Itl-'J.  Mention  in  tldn 
jiart  of  his  career,  ii.  .")4;»,  r)4(i-7,  ."i4!»,  .'.»);(- 4;  iii.  Ilti  4l',  .'id,  (>l-.'>,  S(i,  l_'(;,  l;i(l, 
'-'17,  •l()7,  'I7.'i  )i.  In  '.'tl  he  took  11  leading  |uu't  in  fomenting  tin-  revolution 
against  (iov.  N'ietoria,  ami  in  o|i]io:sing  Zamorano's  eounter-iivull  of  °,'tj.  iii. 
l.SH  !),  1!)7,  -JOO  1,  •-'(«-4,  'J(MI,  -JIO,  2-2.\  In  '.•{.'t  lie  went  to  Mexico  a.s  niemlier 
of  con;,'reHs,  hut  came  hack  in  ';i4  as  vice-jiresident  of  llijaranil  I'adn  s';,'rantl 
colonization  anil  commercial  eo.,  MU|)ercai'go  of  tlii!  eo.'.s  vessel,  the  Mnldlhi, 
ni\t\  iusiicctor  of  customs  for  ( !al.  'J'lie  ilif-astrous  failure  of  the  colony  .scheme, 
and  tile  refusal  of  ( 'al.  U>  recognize  his  authority  as  inspector,  were  re|;ardiil 
liy  l)on  .Juan  as  the  most  serious  misfortunes  of  hi.s  wiiole  life  and  of  hi.i 
udojited  CI  '"titry's  history,  his  failure  being  rendered  the  more  h\iuiiliating  by 
the  detection  of  cerUiin  smuggling  operatiuns  in  which  he  had  engaged,  iii. 
'J4-',  '.MO,  •J(iO-7,  '-'i»7,  ."W."),  a70-:i,  :is;{,  (Ji;!,  ti7().  in  '.'U)  H  Handiid  was  in  wiv- 
oral  respects  the  leading  spirit  of  the  southern  opposition  to  Alvaiudo's  gov  t; 
at  each  triumph  of  the  iirribenos  he  was  lucky  enough  to  escape  arrest,  and 
lost  no  tinu;  in  fomenting  new  levolts.  His  positi(jn  was  a  most  unwise  one, 
productive  of  great  harm  to  (al.;  his  motive  was  chielly  personal  feeling 
against  Angel  Kauiire::,  whom  he  regarded  as  iulluential  in  the  new  adminis- 
tration, for  lie  hail  been  a  personal  tViend  of  the  northern  lead,  is  and  a  sup- 
porter of  their  general  views;  and  his  record  as  a  politician  throughout  the 
sectional  troubles  was  neither  dignilied,  patiiotic,  nor  in  any  way  ci<'ditablc. 
Under  Carrillo  he  was  nominally  still  in  charge  of  the  S.l),  custom-house,  iii. 
41.-),  41!)--20,  4-j;j-4,  4S0,  4S-J-;t,  4.SS-'.)0,  .")l.-)--JI,  .j;i!),  .VIS,  ,V)(!,  .-).')«,  .-)()4-(!,  .-)7«, 
(iO'J,  01 1;  iv.  OS.  He  was  the  owner  of  the  Tecate  lancho  on  the  frontier,  whicli 
was  sacked  by  the  Ind.  in  ';{7-S,  IJ.  and  his  family  being  reduced  to  poverty 
and  serious  want;  but  (jov.  Alvarado  made  him  admin,  of  S.  tiabriel  mission 
';!S-4(),  granting  him  also  in  ",SS  Juru|ia,  in  ';>!}  llincnn  and  Cajon  d(^  .Mnscu- 
piabe,  and  laml  at  S.  .luan  Cap.  '41.  iii.  Gil',  (i.'W,  ((44.');  iv.  (iS,  iCJ,  •-",)7,  (i'Jti. 
lie  was  appointed  fiscal  of  the  tribunal  superior  '4()-"_',  was  comisionado  at  the 
new  pueblo  of  S.  .luan  de  Argiiello  in  '41,  and  sindico  at  L.  Aug.  '44,  taking 
but  slight  part  in  the  troubles  with  (Iov.  Micheltorena.  iii.  0().5;  iv.  l!»(i,  ■Jidi, 
o(J.">,  411,  Gi'4,  (i'J()-7,  (ilW.  In  '4.')  (i  I)on  Juan  was  Gov.  I'ico'ssec,  and  a  /.e.d- 
ou.'j  supjiorter  of  his  admin.,  j)articularly  in  mission  all'airs  and  opposition  to 
("astro,  being  also  a  mendier  of  the  assendjly  and  originator  of  the  projected 
consijo  general,  iv.  .")ll,  511),  5;J0-'.',  540,  .14!);  v.  .'15,  ;{7,  .'W-IO,  44-5,  4S,  51, 
Gti,  "204,  27^,  5.59.  Later,  however,  he  espoused  the  U.S.  cause,  furnished  sup- 
plies for  Stockton's  battalion,  was  oH'cred  the  coUectorship,  and  named  as  mem- 
ber of  the  legislative  council  in  '47,  and  alcalde  of  S.Hiego  in  ■4S.  v.  "JS-J,  ;j_'s 
.'!(),  3.5G,  433,  OlS-l!).  In  '41)  he  declined  a  judgeshi[i;  is  saiil  to  li;ive  iiup.iircd 
his  fortune  by  erecting  a  costly  building  in  '.")')  at  S.l).,  where  lie  ke])t  a  store; 
and  subsequently  appears  to  have  gone  across  the  frontier,  wliei'c  the  estate 
of  ()uadalu))e  had  been  granted  him  in  '4(i,  resuming  his  .Mex,  eitizenshij)  and 
serving  as  jucz  in  '.j'J.  He  still  dabbled  to  some  extent  in  revolutionary  ])!ili- 
tics,  and  as  a  supporter  of  Melendrcs  had  to  ijuit  the  country  with  all  his  live- 
stock in  '.55.  lie  died  at  Los  Angeles  in  '5!).  It  is  evident  from  the  preceding 
resume  of  what  is  for  the  most  part  more  fully  tohl  elsewhere  that  .luan  liau- 
dini  must  be  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  iirominent  men  of  his  time  in  (Jal. 
He  was  a  man  of  fair  abilities  and  education,  of  generous  impulses,  of  jovial 
temperament,  a  most  interesting  man  socially,  famous  for  his  gentlemau'.y 
manners,  of  good  courage  in  the  midst  of  per.sonal  misfortunes,  and  always 
well  liked  and  respected;  indeed,  his  record  as  a  citizen  was  an  excellent  oue. 
He  also  performed  honestly  and  elliciently  the  duties  of  his  various  ollicial 
positions.    Ill  his  grander  attempts  as  a  would-be  statesman,  Don  Juaii  waa 


w  ,'l  ? 


'  -'1 

••1 

'I. 

j:;|li||:  • 

1 

710 


nOXEEIl  REfilSTER  AND  IXDEX. 


Ies3  fortuuaic.  His  i<lcns  wore  good  cnougli,  never  absurd  if  never  hi-illiaiit; 
l)iit  wlion  once  nn  iden,  becaine  tixed  in  his  hrain,  he  never  could  understand 
tlio  failure  of  Californiau  ail'airs  to  revolve  around  that  idea  as  a  centre; 
and  in  liia  struggles  ayainst  fate  and  the  stujiidity  of  his  compatriots  he  heeanu! 
a))sur<lly  diplomatic  and  tricky  as  a  politician.  He  was  an  clot[uent  speaker 
and  lluent  writer,  though  always  disposed  to  use  a  good  many  long  words 
when  a  few  i-hoi't  ones  wonld  better  serve  the  pni'pose.  I  have  hundreds  of  his 
original  conununications,  ollicial  and  private,  in  various  private  archives,  he- 
.sides  the  valuable  collection  of  Dor.  Jli.tt.  ('<tl.  left  by  liandini  and  given  nin 
by  his  widow.  IJy  the  kindness  of  the  sansc  lady  I  also  obtained  an  original 
-^.S.  J/in/oiiri  tie  VaUforiiia  left  by  Don  Juan  at  his  death,  whicli  though  lirit  f 
i ;  important,  especially  when  supplemented  and  explained  by  the  author's 
jrivate  corresiwudcnce.  ]Jandini'H  1st  wife  was  Dolores,  daughter  of  ('apt. 
Jose  ^I.  Estudillo,  who.sc  children  wei'e  Arcadia — Mrs  Abel  Stearns  and  later 
Mrs  Uobt.S.  linker;  Isidora,  who  married  Col  (,'avo  J.  Coutts;  Josefa,  the  wife 
(  f  I'edroC/.  Cari'illo;  Jose  ^laria,  whose  wife  was  Teresa  Argiiello;  fi!id.Iiiaiiito. 
I  lis  'Jil  wife  was  Kefugio,  daughter  of  Santiago  Argiiello,  whose  chiklren  were 
Juan  de  la  Cruz,  Alfredo,  Arturo,  and  two  daughters,  who  married  ('has  li. 
Johnson  and  ])r. fames  15.  \Viiiston.  IJandinis  daughters  were  famous  for  lluir 
biauty;allor  most  of  his  children  still  live  in  .southern  Cal.  in  'So,  some  wealthy, 
all  in  comfortable  circumstances  and  of  resjiectable  family  connections. 

iJane  (C),  bSiio,  mr  of  the  I'nnuivvra.  iii.  SS3.  IJan'ks  (Archib.ild),  1S3.'?, 
Scotch  carpenter  at  Mont.  ';j;i-fi;  d.  at  S.  F.  '.'tS.  40!).  J5.  (J.  II.),  1.S4S, 
]iassp.  fr.  Honolulu.  liannard  (t!eo.),  1847,  Co.  K,  X.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  4!)0l. 
J<antain  (In'o. ),  l)S4(i,  Amer.  sailor  on  the  Cijaiir;  in  Stockton's  bat.,  wounded 
at  the  S.  Cabriel  Jan.  '47.  ^■.  .'J.'"".  ]5aptisto  (.lean),  1S40,  I''ivneh  fr.  N. 
Mex.,  survivor  of  the  Donner  pai'ty  perhaps,  v.  r).'!l-41;  at  X.  llelv.  '47-S, 
and  one  of  the  earliest  miners.  There  arc>  .several  of  this  name  not  to  be  iden- 
tiiied.  See  also  '  Bantista.'       JJarajas,  sirviente  at  Sta  Ci'uz,  l7!to.   i.  41)(i. 

15arber(A.  H.),  1S4.S,  of  X.  Y.:  vet.  of  the  Mex.  war;  settled  at  Sutter- 
viUe;  lived  at  (Jhieo  from  '."il  to  his  death  in  '(ill,  age  51.  il.  and  sous  at 
?.'ont.  '47-8.  (.'oiitiitl.  Arr/i.;  perhajis  the  following.  B.  (John  and  John,  Ji), 
1  i47,  at  Mont,  and  in  thu  -edwoods  '47  K.  15.  (John),  1S4S,  n;it.  of  (^lnn., 
l:',i'mer  in  Xapa  \'al.  to  '.'>',].  Xiipa  Co.  l}(  jinrlfr.  IJ.  (.Matthew),  KS17.  fa  run  r 
near  Maitine.'.  in  '(>().  when  lie  testilied  in  S.  F.  that  he  was  public  admin,  in 
')7-!>.  15arl>osa  (.lose),  .sett'erat  I'.rancif.  17!t7.  i.  ')(!<).  1!.  (.Mariano),  I.^IS, 
s;;iloi' who  tanvht  Cal.  boys  to  ma!;e  hats.   IJarbot  (.M. ),  1S4S,  at  S.  Josu'M. 

r.arbour  (-lohn),  1847,  lot-owner  at  S.  F.  l'erhai)s  'Barlier,'  cpv.  11. 
(Xatlian),  lS4(i,  nat.  of  X.Y.,  migiating  to  Ivv,  J.a.  !Mo.,  ami  finally  overland 
toCal.  (v.  r>"2()),  with  his  wi.i'e  N'.mcv,  ilanghter  of   L'-,ndy  Alford.    He  served 


in  Co.  15,  Cal.  I'.at,  (v.  ;US):  had  a  'Cal.  e! 


of  S-_'.".(); 


il  in  '47  settled 


at  IJenieia,  where  he  built  seveial  houses,  fieing  in  the  landier  business  with 
Alford.  V.  4(i7,  117-.  His  daughter  Amelia  was  t!ie  1st  child  liorn  at  iSeniiia, 
:nd  ho  had  (I  otiieiv:.  In  oO  tlu;  f:imily  moved  to  a  farn  in  Suisun  Valley, 
v.liere  the  wife  ilied  in  '(')8  ami  the  husband  in  '82,  age  (iil.  13.  (liosweli). 
livK),  brother  of  Xathan,  whom  he  socnis  to  have  aceompanie.i  in  all  his  Cab 
e::periences  uiitil  his   leatli  in  '71. 

liarcelo  (.Inain).  bS'.'d,  nn-  of  the  M<'rn.  r'oubtful  record,  iii.  148.  Bar- 
cena  (Jose),  17(18.   i.  (Mi.       Bareenar  (( luadalupe),  drummer  at  S.  F.  'l'o-.'II. 

liarcenilla  (Isid(n'o).  17!f7,  Span,  friar;  founder  of  the  S.  Jose  mission, 
who  left  Cal.  in  1S()4.  Se(>  biog.  ii.  114;  nu'ution  i.  r).Vj-(),  577:  ii.  Kil,  b<7, 
15<)-0l).       Barnetnar  (.\ugnstus),  1847,  Co.  D,  X.Y.Vol.  (v.  4!»!n. 

B  ger  (W'm  \\ .).  I.S17.  Co.  I),  .Morm.  B:it.  (v.  40!)).  At  Suttei's  mill  when 
gold  Mas  disco\t'red;  said  to  have  be(Mi  the  first  man  to  whom  the  discoverer 
showed  the  nutal.   Went  to  Utah  later.   Often  calleil  James  B. 

Baric  (Cluules),  1S:U,  French  from  Mex.  in  the  H.  &  P.  colony,  iii.  2fi:i, 
4I'2.  For  10  years  itr  more  a  trader  at  l,os  Ang. ,  being  '11  years  old  atar- 
I'iv.il.  ancl  marrying  in  Cal.  In  ■.■!7  aidi'd  IJandiidto  capture  the  town.  iii.  518; 
in  "!0  had  charge  of  Aguirre's  business;  iuterestrd  in  the  S.  l''rancis(piito 
mines  '4'2;  iv.  •207,  <J;>1;  in  '44  owner  or  nn-of  the  /'rimanni.  iv,  408. 


BARKER  -BART  liROP. 


Til 


Barker,  1838,  nirof  the  Iicts-^chi'i.  iv.  10.").  BiM-kcr  (porluips  Vacn),  l'i-l(i-7, 
mr  of  i\m  Jorcii  (idi/tuzvuai/a.  v.  578.  Barker,  1848,  on  tlie  Smja  l<:l(o<'  fr. 
HoiujIuui.  B.  (John  (^.),  1817,  mr  of  the  Kdininl.  v.  .')77.  B.  (IVtcr), 
]8;il,  ICngl.  carpenter  woi  king  for  Kiiiliick  lit  ^lont.  B.  (Rohert  S.),  ls;;2. 
Amor,  who  joined  the  eonip.  cxtranjera  at  Mont.,  iii.  '11\,  408,  and  uho.se 
imnu'  aiii}ears  on  Larkin'.s  I'ookri  to  '.'iO,  getting  a  lot  in  '.■>.">. 

Bamoro,  18J8,  mv oii\\o S(t<i(ulahor .  v.  580.  Barnai'il,  lS4(i,  nu'of  the  Ahi- 
(ja'l.  V.  ."»7(i.  ]i.  ('Major'),  1840,  doubtful  mention,  v.  111.  Barnea  (.lohni, 
I.S47,  (.'o.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518),  v.lio  de.serted;  also  named  as  a  laborer  at 
JIont.,;ind  ncnt.  by.Sliernian.   Mim.  i.  \\\.       Barnes,  18"2"2,  nn'of  Orion,  ii.  47!. 

Barneto  (Elias),  1841,  Auicr.  immig.  of  the  Biirt'ebou  jiarty.  iv.  "270,  '27.">, 
271).  Jjived  with  Yount  till  '43,  then  settled  in  I'op'^  Valley,  m.ui'ving  the 
v.idow  of  "iVui  I'ope.  Xnpn  Co.  Uhst.,  55-0.  Had  a  luuiis  ■  in  the  8ae.  \'alley 
'40,  .".ce.  to  Bryant  and  Laneey:  also  seems  to  have  si;.:ned  a  doe.  at  L.  An^;. 
ia  J;:ne  '40.  D.jit.  St..  Pup.,  vii.  05.  Served  in  Co.  K,  (Jal.  J'at.  (v.  358);  and 
had  a  'Cal.  ei.rini'  (v.  40"2)  of  .^135.  Returning  to  his  Xaparaneho,  he  sjieut 
tlio  rest  of  hi.j  life  there,  dying  shortly  before  '50.  J5.  (H.  P.),  1848,  from 
Or.  in  -Maj'  on  the  Mxr:/  Ann,  and  afte'r  good  luck  in  the  mines  went  baek  for 
hio  family        liarney  (\Valter),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  401)). 

Jlarnum,  1S43,  in  the  Hastings  jiarty  from  Or.  iv.  .'/JO.  I'rob.  went  )}aek 
soon.       B.    (Kilgar  M.),   18-17,  Co.  I,  X.Y.Vol.  (v.  4!)!));  died  at  Mont.  "47. 

B.  ((ieo.),  1845,  nir  of  a  vessel  at  Mont,  and  S.  F. 

Jiaroiia  (Jose),  1798,  ."^pan.  friar  at  S.  Diego  and  S.  Juan  Cap.,  m  here  ho 
died  in  1831.  See  Itiog.  iii.  ()'J5;  ijientiou  i.  577,  (i54-5;  ii.  107,  110,  150,  .",45, 
34s,  304,  553,  555,  05.);  iii.  00,  310,  351.  Baioue  (;)sear  de  (iiande),  1845- 
53,  doubtful  reeord.  iv.  5S7. 

B.irrau'an  (Burbaro),  Mex.  .soldier  age  28,  nnirdered  at  INIont.  '30.  iii.  075. 
15.  (Manuel),  settler  at  the  Colorado  pueblo,  killed  by  lud.  1780-1.  i.  3.".0-0-_'. 
Barrena  (Jose),  jaez  de  eampo  S.  Dieguito '41.  iv.  028.  B.  (Taileo),  <litto. 
Harreneehe  (Juan  Ant.),  1770-80,  1''raneisean  missionary  of  the  tilueretaro  eol- 
ler^'e,  ivilled  at  the  Colorado  River  missions,  i.  357-0.3.  Barrens  (Jo;3e  M.), 
killed  at  Bos  Ang.  '45.  iv.  4!)-_'.       B.  (Juan),  lesid.  of  Los  Ang.  '40. 

Bai'.ctt,  1815,  iinniig.  fr.  Or.  in  McMahoii-Clyman  party,  who  prob.  wont 
bae!;  in  '40.   iv.  57-',  .".87.  ,",20.   Perhaps  James  B.       B.  (Franei.i  H.),  IS '7,  Co. 

C,  X.Y.Vol.,  at  S.  F.  '48.  B,  (Jame.^),  1840,  elaimant  for  supplies  to  Fro- 
inont,  and  owner  of  S.  F.  lot  '47.  v.  070.  JS.  (W'm  J.),  1847,  aecideutally 
killed  at  Sac.  '80;  said  to  have  eome  with  Stevenson's  rcg.  Sir.  Jlri'.  Bar- 
leto  (Fabian),  1S27,  grantee  of  lY'^eadero  "30;  a  Mex.  I'esid.  of  .Mont.,  age  20, 
wife  Carmen  <iareia,  ehild.  Manuel  l''ruetuosoaud  ^laria  Juliana.  The  widow 
had  a  'Cal.  elaim'  of  .'?2,582  v\  '4ii  7.  v.  402. 

Barron  (.\.),  1845,  contractor  at  Mont.;  in  '58  pass.  fr.  Honolulu.  B. 
(Charles),  1840,  Co.  H,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  3.58).  Barroso  (Leonardo  Die/),  1830, 
Mex.  liout  sent  to  Cal.  aud  ])iumoted  to  eapt.  iii.  54;  emi)loyed  in  an  invcsti-. 
gation  at  Los  Aug.  '31.  iii.  100;  in  com.  at  Paso  de  Bartolo  and  Los  Ang.  ".">2. 
iii.  227;  ileparted  fur  Mex.  ".33.   iii.  305. 

Barrowman  (.lohn).  IS47,  Co.  B,  Moini.  Bat.  (v.  40it);  tried  by  court-mar- 
tial for  .sleeiMiig  on  guard  at  S.  Die,:;o;  a  I'tah  fai'iner  in  'SI.  Barriis  (Ihiel), 
1847,  lieut  Co.  B,  !Morm.  Bat.,  also  of  the  re.nlisted  eo. ;  in  com.  at  S.  Luis 
Rey;  senteneed  by  eouit-martial  to  5  years  (red.  by  gov.  to  1  year)  of  hard 
labor  for  ])assiiig  eounterfeit  coin.   v.  -177,  405,  010.  025.  A  Utah  fanner  in  '81 . 

Bariy  (llciij!),  IS17,  Co.  K,  N.Y.  \ol.  (v.  400).  ]'..  (P.  Iv),  1.S41,  acting 
mr  of  the  U.  S.  ,S7  Loiii-i.  B.  (Kiehai'd),  1S2S-!),  mr  of  the  Viifliirp.  iii.  141- 
2.  140.  B.  (\\.  ]).),  1845  (?),  inimig.  from  Mo.  at  Sutter's  fort.  iv.  578,  587; 
at  Sta  ( 'lara  "50-70. 

Bartel  (\Vm),  1845,  .\mer.  immig.  fr.  Or.  in  MeMahon-Clvninn  party,  iv. 
572,  .587;  served  '40  7  in  tiie  Cal.  J!at.;  still  in  Cal.  "40.  Bartels  (Lewis), 
1847,  Co.  1),  X.Y.Vol.  (v.  40!)).  Batthelow  (J.  .M.),  1818,  doubtful  reeor.l. 
Bartliote.  1840,  at  L.  .\ng.,  doubtful  record.  Barthrop  (Fdward),  1847,  Co. 
A,  X.Y.Vol.;  resid.  of  S.  F.  '7L85;  asst  sup.  of  the  Industrial  seliool;  nat.  of 
London;  miner  in  'J'uolumne  to  '01;  soldier  in  2d  Cal.  cavalry  during  the  war 
of  "01-5;  4  children  in  '85. 


i.'      ,f 


I 


I 


712 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AXD  INDEX. 


Bartlcson  (John),  1S41,  capt.  of  the  1st  regular  ininiig.  party  that  crossci 

tlie  Sierra  to  Cal.  He  returned  to  Mo.,  where  he  died.  iv.  2(J7-"ii,  ">i'2,  ()S4. 

Uartlett  (A.),  1.S48,  iiir.  at  Honohihi  on  the  JtilUtn  fr.  S.  F.       B.  (Chas  H.), 

1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.VoI.(v.  499),  died  at  S.  I'.   '81;  a  Boston  man.       B.  (.!.), 

1848,  pas.'^p.  fr.  Honolulu.  B.  (.John  A.),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.Vol.;  nat.  (f 
Mans.,  b.  in  '28;  at  .Sonoma  and  S.F.  after  his  disch. ;  went  to  Nie.  with  VValkir; 
in  Boston  '.")8-(}l;  a  vol.  in  the  war  of  '01-5;  at  Canibridgcport,  Mass.,  in  'S."). 

Bartlett  (Washington  Allen),  1845,  lieut  on  the  U.  S.  I'ortK>iwiil/i  '45-8; 
alcalde  of  S.  V.  in  '40-7;  captured  by  the  Califoriiians  wiiilo  out  on  a  raiil 
for  cattle.  He  performed  the  routine  duties  of  his  position  in  a  satisfactory 
manner,  having  the  advantage  of  a  knowledge  of  Spanish.  See  mention  iv. 
587;  V.  I'-'O.  li'S-9,  1:57,  295,  :i79-S(),  ;i83,  539,  044-5,  048,  054,  059,  080.  Later 
h  commanded  a  vessel  in  coast  .survey  service  in  the  Pacific;  was  sent  to 
Europe  on  a  miusiun  connected  with  lighthouses;  and  wJiile  .serving  on  the 
Afi'ican  coast  in  '55  had  his  name  stricken  from  tiie  rolls  of  the  navy  by  the 
retiring  board.  In  Canvirn  Star  of  (he.  West,  278-344,  is  an  elaborate  defence 
and  eulogy  witli  favorable  testimony  from  many  naval  olliccrs,  also  a  portrait. 
His  daughter  was  the  heroine  of  the  famous  'diamond  wedding'  of  the 
Cuban  Oviedo.  Bartlett  died  I  think  between  '70  and  'SO. 

Burton  (.James  R.  or  H. ),  1845,  at  L.  Aug.,  serving  in  the  Micheltoi'eiia 
campaign,  iv.  495.  Lieut  in  theCa).  Bat.  '40-7,  serving  under  Stockton,  v. 
205,  300,  435.  Later  a  resid.  of  L.  Ang. ;  killed  in  '57  by  the  '  Manilas '  while 
acting  as  sheriff  in  their  pursuit.  B.  (Win),  1839,  Amer.  sailor  on  the  C'ali- 
joriiiu:  one  of  the  exiles  of  '40  to  S.  Bins,  but  retui'ned  with  a  claim  for  dam- 
ages; at  Sta  Cruz  '43.  iv.  18,  21,  33,  1 19.  3.'>0.  Bartow,  1842,  chai)lain  witii 
Com.  Jones,  iv.  310.  Bartram  (Win),  184;!,  Scotchman  who  worked  at  tljc 
N.  Almaden  mine  in  '40;  a  witness  in  later  litigation;  testifying  that  he  was  ;it 
S.  F.  in  '4.3,  and  at  Sonoma  in  '30-7.  I  met  him  near  S.  Luis  Ob.  in  '74.  i\ . 
.3!)9.       ]]avtuscc  (Zama),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  ai'till.  (v.  518). 

Basadrc  y  Vega  (Vicente),  178(),  Span,  commissioner  for  estab.  a  fur-tradu 
between  Cal.  and  China,  i.  438-42.  Basilio,  1824,  mr  of  the  l}imk.  ii.  5H). 
Basilio,  l:i47,  in  Sutter's  employ.  Bassett  (Xatlianiel  S.),  1831,  nn*  of  the 
Murois.  iii.  3S.3. 

Bassham   ',  Win  R.),  1845,  Kentuckian  immig.  of  the  Grigsby-Idc  partj'. 


age  23.  iv. 


.")."i7.  He  ^^•as  a  clerk  at  L.  Amr.  for  Daltoii  in  '40;  and  fi 


Leidesi'iorfF  and  later  llowai'  1  &  Melius  at  S.  F.  in  '47  9,  being  also  the  owner 
of  several  town  lots;  a  nicndicr  of  the  Cal.  senate  in  '49 -.50;  later  a  resid.  of 
S.  Jos(i  and  in  business  witli  Belden.  In  '55-0  ho  was  ii  witness  in  tiieSanti- 
llan  case,  but  I  liiid  no  later  rei'ord  of  idm.  Bastian  (.James),  1848,  Englisli- 
nuin  fr.  Honolulu  who  died.it  S.  F.  in  Oct.  Basualdo  (Francisco),  1828,  Mex. 
artilleryman,  later  sergt  at  Sta  l>.  and  .S.  Diego;  killed  by  the  lud.  at  I'auma 
'40.  iii.  78,  (iI5,  017.  Batan  (iJesiri'),  1845,  mr  of  the  Eyjiadoii.  iv.  505. 
I'atcliclor  ((k'o.),  1847,  drum-major  N.Y.Vol.   v.  503;  ttied  before  '82. 

Batenian  (E  B. ),  1847,  Amer.  innnig.  fr.  Mo.;  niend)er  of  the  1st  legisla- 
ti'.re  '4!t-5ll;  a  ])iiysician  at  Stockton  '75,  and  perhaps  later.  B.  (Loren/o). 
l;;-t(),  i'atintleroy's  dragoons  at  Mont.  (v.  232-47).  Baten  (Wm),  doiditful 
name  in  a  Brancif.  list  of  '45;  Amer.,  age  37.  Bates,  1840,  purser  of  the  St. 
Lnidi.  Bates(l)r),  184'),  had  an  acct  with  Larkin;  in  '47 -8  often  numt.  at 
N.  Helv.,  somotinics  as  a  physician,  oftener  on  the  sickdist,  and  finally  pros- 
pecting for  goM  and  riuicksilver.  I'o.ssibly  same  as  K.  B.  'Batennui,'  (|.v. 
B.  (Asher  B),  1 848,  New  Yorker  who  came  round  the  Horn;  d.  at  S.  F.  ■7.3, 
age  ()3.  B.  (l''i'ank),  1848;  alcalde  at  Sac;  vice-pres.  of  a  public  meeting  iu 
Jan.  '49;  nuMit.  by  Coltou  as  owner  of  Ve-non.  Perhaps  same  as  the  'doctor.' 
B.  (Manue'),  182(i;  nn*  of  the  Sta  Apoloiiln.  iii.  148.  Bathgate  ((Jeo.), 
1848,  Co.  F.  N.Y.Vol.   (v.  499);  d.  before  '82. 

Baugh  (Theo<lore  ]■].),  1845,  of  firm  Sweeny  &  15.,  wlio  built  an  observatory 
on  Telegraph  Hill  in  '45  (?).  and  in  '.52  opened  the  1st  telegraph.  A  Pennsyl- 
vanian,  who  died  at  S.F.  in  'SI,  age  58.  S.  Jost'  Plan. ;  iv.  5S7.  l>auiu  (.lohn), 
IS4S,  overl.  innnig.  fi\  Ohio  to  Or.  '47;  and  to  the  Cal.  nunes  '18;  returning  to 
Or.  in  "50.       Bausford  (.lohn),  1829,  Irish  sawyer  at  S.  F.  '40,  age  ,30;  came 


BAUSFOIID-BECKWOURTII. 


ri3 


by  Roa  in  '29;  alias  'Solis.'  Diriiir'/c,  Biuitista  (Tuaii),  ISIO,  Mexican  sur- 
vivor of  the  Donner  party,  saiil  to  be  stiil  living  in  "SO.  v.  iJ3l,  't'.Wu  541. 
I'eiiiaps  he  was  of  French  l)l()0('  .n.  ".  named  '  Jiapliste,'  (j.v.  Bau/.;l  (I'elipe), 
17'J1,  scientist  of  Malaspina's  e.Xi.^a.  i.  490. 

IJawden  (J.),  1S48,  connriission  nierclmnt  at  S.  l'\;  ailvcrt.  in  Star.  Bax- 
ter (J.  (}.),  184 J  (?),  Mass.  farmer  in  Sta  Clara  '74  (i.  iv.  r>.s7.  Baxter  {Win 
Owen),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.Vol.(v.  4!t9);  of  J'^ngl.  birth;  ;>0  years  in  the  mines; 
living  at  Sta  Monica  '8.'),  age  .">8,  with  wife  and  4  children.  Hay,  1S48.  named 
in  the  Calif oniiuii  as  a  member  of  the  Sonoma  council.  Bayley,  1848,  (?),  at 
Coloma.   El  ])ora<lo  Co.  11  int.,  177.       Ba/aid,  1S47-8,  at  Sta  Clara. 

Beale  {Edward  F.),  184(i,  passed  mid.  and  acting  master  of  the  U.S.  Con- 
ijtras,  serving  in  Stockton's  battalion.  With  Cillcsspie's  party  sent  in  Dee.  to 
meet  Kearny,  and  sent  back  toS.  1).  with  despatches  after  the  tight  of  S.  I'as- 
cual.  V.  340,  3J0,  402.  In  Feb.  '47  he  was  sent  east  with  despatches,  v.  4;!0, 
•i'M;  and  at  the  end  of  the  year  was  a  witncF-s  in  the  Fremont  emnt-inartial. 
V.  4.7)0.  lleturned  to  ( 'al.  in  time  to  start  east  again  in  ,Tuly  '48  with  despatches 
respecting  the  gold  discovery.  Soon  left  the  navy,  and  in  '52  -4  was  supt  uf  Ind. 
all'airs  in  Cal.,  and  subsequently  surveyor-general  of  the  state.  Becoming  the 
owner  of  large  Californian  estates,  in  later  years  (Jen.  Beale  became  a  resident 
of  Washington,  where  he  still  lives  in  "85.  He  was  at  one  lime  U.S.  minister  to 
Austria.  "  B.  (Thos  W.),  184G,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons,  (v.  534.)  B, 
{ Wni),  1845,  overl.  innnig.  of  the  Swascy-Todd  party,  iv.  57(1.  At  \.  Hclv.  '40. 

Bean  (.\rchi),  1810,  sail  nii.n.er  on  the  Li/ilia  iit  Sta,  \i.  ii.  275.  15.  (Rob- 
ert or  ^Vnl),  trapper  with  Dye  and  Xidever  in  '30;  not  clear  that  ho  came  to 
Cal.  Beard  (E.  L.),  1840-7  {':),  settler  in  S.  Joh6  valley.  Beardsley  (.Vmos 
I''.),  1848,  New  Yorker  who  came  by  sea;  died  at  S.F.  "09,  age  49.  15.  (!'.), 
1848,  came  from  Honolulu  on  the  SS  in  .Jan.,  and  ret.  on  the  Jtilktn  in  Nov.; 
possibly  same  as  preceding. 

Beasley  (Jesse),  1843,  perhaps  an  iminig.  of  the  Chiles- Walker  party,  iv. 
393;  member  of  the  Sonoma  town  council '47.  v.  (i08.  In  comp.  with  Cooper 
"4S;  had  a  Sonoma  rancho  '49;  living '7 1  at  Stony  Creek,  Colusa  Co.  Mcattio 
(I5clden),  1847,  Co.  H,  X.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  atS.F.  '49.  Beaulieu  (Olivier). 
1844,  Canad.  of  Fremont's  1st  exped.,  left  in  Cal.  iv.  437,  4.39,  45.'!.  He  lived 
at  Sonoma  '45-7,  being  occasionally  ment.  at  N.  ITolv. ;  apparently  claimant 
in  '5,3  for  the  Cabe/a  do  Sta  Uosa  rancho;  still  living  near  S.  .losi'  in  '81  ace. 
to  .S'.  J.  Pioii.,  March  19,  '81,  Becerra,  soUlier  at  Mont.  '28.  ii.  (il5.  B. 
(Filar),  1824,  Mex.  convict  lilitrated  in  '.35. 

Becher  (Fred.  («.),  1835,  tJerman  a.ssoc.  in  business  with  ^'irmond  of  .Mex., 
su])ercargo  of  the  CiifaliiKi  and  Ltoiiar,  who  spent  most  of  his  timi'  in  C"ul.  I'r. 
'35  to  '37.  A  young  man  of  many  accompli.shnu'nts,  linguistic,  connni'icial, 
diplomatic,  and  ecjuestrian.  Very  popidar,  Ijut  in  troidilu  with  .Mvarado's 
govt  on  account  of  his  Mex.  inteiests  and  symiiatliics.  His  name  appears  in 
mission  accounts  of  "39-40.  Vischer  tells  us  that  15.  became  head  of  a  lirni  at 
.Mazatlan,  anil  died  there  at  the  aire  of  37.  .Ment.  in  iii.  2S,S,  3SI,  :!s3,  413, 
429,  459,  512:  iv.  102.  ]5ecker  (.b)hn),  1847,  Co.  A,  X.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499i;  .'it 
X.  Helv.  fr.  S.  .Joaquin '48.  F.eckstead  (( Jordon  S.>,  1847,  Co.  A,  Morn-. 
Bat.  (v.  409);  reenlisted;  living  in  Utah  'SI.  B.  (Orin  M.),  1847,  Co.  .\, 
Morm.  ]5at. ;  rei'nlisted.  Beckwith  (Seth  Lee),  1.S4H,  nat.  of  Cimn.,  w  hoeame 
from  Honolulu  on  tha  Kduir.'inmiliK  nntl  went  to  the  .Vmadur  and  Calivcia  i 
nnnes;  from  '."iO,  as  before  '4S,  a  traveller  in  many  parts  of  the  world,  but  re- 
garding S.F.  as  his  home,  where  he  still  lives  in  "85,  at  the  age  of  (i4,  \\ith  a 
son  and  daughter. 

Bcckwourth  (Janies  1'.),  1844,  nudattf)  of  Va,  who  be(;.ime  in  t!ie  great 
west  a  famous  hunter,  guide,  Indian-tightei',  chief  of  the  ('rows,  and  horse- 
thief.  Xo  rcsunu''  can  do  justice  t(j  Ins  adventures,  nor  can  the  slightest 
faith  b(!  put  in  his  statements.  See  Jioiiii('i'.<  Lifi'.uf  lii'fkivinirth.  He  came  to 
Cal.  from  X'^.  Mex.  "44.  iv.  453,  495;  and  was  one  uf  the  mount.iineers  sei  \  iug 
against  MicluUoi'eiui,  at  the  'battle  of  Cahuenga'  in  '45  (v.  494,  5();i),  uf 
which  he  gives  an  absur<lly  false  account,  ISel'ore  the  troubles  uf  'K!  he  left 
Cal.  with  II  large  drove  of  stolen  horses  to  continuu  his  career  in  X.  ..Mex. 


714 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


and  on  the  pluins.  Returning  after  'iS  to  take  part  in  no  eml  of  stii'rin;;  events 
in  ilic  flush  times,  lie  discovered  the  pass  tliat  bears  Ids  name,  opcniiiL;  in  \V2 
a  liotel  and  trading-j,oj;t  in  Ikekwourth  Valley.  Tlierein  he  dictated  to  lioii- 
ner  the  events  of  his  life  as  published  in  '.JS.  JJut  Jim  was  accused  of  divers 
nnlawlid  acts,  and  besides  was  unable  to  content  himself  long  in  one  jdace; 
so  he  icturned  to  his  old  life  of  trapper  and  trader  on  the  plains,  and  dinl  in 
the  North  Platte  country  in  '07,  age  about  TO.  IJedibey  (Frank*,  bSM,  of 
the  Workman- Rowland  party  from  N.  Mex.;  did  not  remain  in  Cal.  iv.  27.S, 

Redwell  (Franklin),  1840  {':),  Tennesseean  who  ^^ent  to  Mo.  witli  his 
parents  in '19;  for  many  years  a  trapper  in  the  Rocky  ]Mts  and  great  basin, 
tVcm  t!ie  Yellowstone  to  .Sta  Fe,  v.ith  the  usual  adventures  of  his  clas;;.  iv. 
117,  1-3.  Aec.  to  the  Sonoma  Co.  Jlis/'ri/,  with  portraits,  he  eanic  to  (.'al.  in 
'lJ-1;  continued  his  trapper  life  for  several  years,  occ.'asionally  visitiu;,'  tiio 
settlements,  and  working  a  while  in  tlic  Sta  Clara  redwoods;  but  about 'J.') 
settleil  on  a  Russ.  River  rancho  bought  of  Cyrus  Alexander  (':);  jcjincd  the 
Pears  in  '40,  being  ajiijarently  with  Ford  at  Olompali;  went  south  witli  Fi'ij- 
niont,  being  with  Cilkspie's  garrison  at  L.  Aug.,  and  later  one  of  Stockton's 
a:iny;  returned  to  his  nineho  after  the  peace;  went  to  the  mines  in  '4S-!); 
and  linally  settled  permanently  iu  his  Russ.  Jiivcr  homo.  All  this  may  bo 
accurate,  though  it  seems  strange  that  of  so  early  a  man,  taking  j.art  in  so 
n:any  events,  1  find  no  original  or  contemporary  mention  before  '4S.  In  '4S 
or  '4',)  ho  seems  to  have  met  iu  Cal.  his  mother  and  brother,  froi'i  v.  hum  lie 
had  been  scpaiatcd  many  years.  In  '.■)S  he  married  Selina  .McMinn  of  Tenn., 
l.);it  had  no  children.  Pedwell  was  still  living  in  'S',i,  and  probably  in  '85,  hale 
and  Ir  'rty,  though  over  70  years  of  age. 

Pee  (Ilenry  .laldlee),  1830,  Engl,  sailor  and  blacksnuth  who  left  the/'z-ycc/ 
at  ilont.  iii.  ISO;  joined  the  eonij).  extranjera  in  'IJl.  iii.  '22\;  and  jicrliaps 
went  to  S.  .Tos(j  as  early  as  '.S.'i,  though  his  houie  for  some  years  seems  to  have 
been  near  Mont.,  an<l  his  occupation  that  of  guiding  strangers  about  tlic  coun- 
try; baptized  as  l']nri(pic  Ascension,  and  married  in  ';i8  to  (.'lara  Moreno, 
lli.i  name  appears  on  Parkin's  books  and  vai'ious  other  records  nearly  e\ery 
year,  Iu  ';iO-7  Pee  was  one  of  (iraham's  'rillenien.'  iii.  401,  ')2'>;  and  in  .\l- 
varado's  service  performed  more  than  one  feat  of  valor,  if  we  credit  his  ov.ii 
ver.  ion.  In  '40  he  w.is  arrested  but  not  exiled,  iv.  !t,  17,  -.l;  moving  .'^ooii  i 
Sta  Cruz;  and  living  iu  '43  at  Verba  Pueua,  where  he  got  a  lot,  iv.  ()(i;(,  ;:  .,d 
r.nolhcr  later.  In  '40  he  carried  despatches  from  Sloat  to  I'rcmont,  v.  '2\~,  as 
iippears  from  his  i-eceipt  of  July  iL'tli,  for  J^IOO,  including  the  value  of  Ivo 
horses  killed  in  the  service,  in  Moid,  (.'oiixiil.  Arch.,  thouidi  there  lu'.s  been 
come  newspaper  controversy  on  the  subject,  lie  subse(jucntly  served  tn;(Lr 
Vt  almougli  at  S.  Jose;  A\as  constable  at  the!  pueblo  in  '47;  went  to  the  inii:!  s 
i:i  'IS;  served  as  elei'k  in  a  store  till  ',"0;  raised  potatoes  for  a  few  years;  ai'd 
worked  as  carpenter  till  '00.  Fie  lost  his  wife  in  'oD,  his  son  in  'tJO,  find  i.t 
the  Kiiue  time  a  leg  iu  an  encounter  vith  the  desperado  IVlipe  Ilernaudcz. 
In  '77  he  dictated  his  Ji'tcol/ii-tioim  for  my  use;  and  has  furnished  inimy  rem- 
iairjcences  for  the  Pluixcr  and  other  papers.  Hai  ry  is  inclined  to  di'aw  some- 
\.li;it  liiavily  on  his  iKiaginatioii  for  historical  cletails;  but  there  is  generally 
a  substratum  of  fact  underlyin;,'  his  yarns.    Piving  in  '8.'!,  and  I  tliink  iu  ';;.'>. 

Pcebc  (J.  W.),  1847,  named  as  the  1st  Ainer.  lUiigistrate  at  S.  Puunav.  n- 
t.;ra.  S'ajiKil.  Perhaps -nmc  as  the  follow  ing.  P.  (Wni  P.),  1847,  nat.  (f  N. 
v.;  one  of  the  1st  supervisors  at  S.  Puis  Ob.;  later  county  judge;  ,';lill  livi:;g 
i;i  '8;j.  .S'.  Lui^  Ub.  Co.  JliM.  I'eecliJiy,  1810,  doidjtful  name  in  Farnliam"s 
lijt  if  airestcd  foreigners.  Picechey  (Fied.  Win),  18'20,  com.  of  the  IJrd.  ex- 
ploring vessel /<7o,s.so«(,  and  authoi- of  a  A'")V«'.'re  of  the  exploration,  iii.  IJ!) 
-.i,  nil,  140;  i.  ■iWl;  ii.  r.88,  .WO.  olrj,  .V.);)-000,  OO:),  010,  (il4  10.  ]'..  (llich- 
ard  P.),  KS'Jd,  nud.  (ju  the  JVu^:m,i.  \'\\.  Vl].  Pci  ner  (.lol)n  S.),  1847,  .idvii- 
ti.ics  lo.'bof  a  ])ocket-book  between  S.  Joaip  and  S.F.  in  Sli<r\  still  at  SI",  in 
'.>1.  Uetre  (\Vm),  1848,  eabinet-uiaki  r  at  S.F.  v.  t:8L'.  Peers  (\\\\\),  b^l7. 
Co.  E,  ?iIorm.  ViiX.  (v.  4(iO).  IJceson  (Henry),  1840,  elaiiuant  for  .supplies  lo 
rrc'Liiont  (v.  4011).  Perhaps  this  wr.s  '  Dee,'  i|.v, 

Beggs  (Peter),  1847,  negio  servant  of  Capt.  A.  J.  Sndvh,  accused  of  lub- 


BEGGS- BELLOW. 


715 


l)cry  at  L;.s  Ang.  Bclin  (T.  lui),  1041  (?),  imtise  of  Bailcn, accredited  by  Wil- 
s  ,;i  if)  the  Woikman  liirty  fi-.  >.'.  !Mex. ;  Imt  not  in  ];o\vluiKr.<  li:.t,  ;;nd  nut 
iMr.ciiibc'ixd  liy  Given,  iv.  -JTS-'.).  Ai;pe;.rsiii  the  rccoida  fr.  '4  li::^otLOl•-lulut(■l• 
an^l  trader  at  l.os  Ang.  Ho  quit  business  in  '53,  and  died  'OS,  leaving  several 
cliildren.       Bejai',  sei;  'Vejiir.' 

Iklchcr,  18-J8,  i!ir  of  the  JA/jv/  at  S.F.  fr.  ColumI  ia  Kiv.  B.  (Edward), 
]'V2{>,  lieut  on  the  JJlris.tom  in  Becc'aiy's  exped.  iii.  I'Jl;  in  '."iT-O,  coin,  of  tlio 
S.'l/i/iiir,  and  author  of  a  Narratirc  u{  the  expetUtion.  iii.  ()14,  070,  (i!)ii;  iv. 
0.".,  1C(1,  14"J-G.  B.  (Lewis  r.),  1847,  at  Mont,  in  company  with  Aram;  in 
the  giild  mines  '48;  about  '."0  a  large  deider  in  cattle.  An  eccentric  chanscter, 
ii.'itive  of  X.Y.,  v.ho  ac((uired  a  large  propertj'.  Murdered  at  Mont,  in  '."^(j, 

Leiden  (.losiali),  1841,  nat.  of  ( 'onn.,  b.  in  '15,  v.ho  after  a  vnried  commer- 
cial experience  in  X.Y.,  La,  and  Miss.,  came  to  Cal.  in  the  1st  inimi;,'.  party 
miller  ('apt.  ]3artlcson.  iv.  "JGT,  -70,  '2~.'>,  '2~',).  Going  to  Mont.,  ho  took  chai'go 
for  LarUin  of  a  branch  stiire  and  hnnbci  busincs  at  Sta  (.'rnz  in  '42  4,  taking 
pa  it  in  the  I'aising  of  the  U.S.  ilag  at  the  time  of  the  ( 'om.  Jones  afVair.  iv.  'M'2, 
;il().  (i.')l,  (!()'2-4.  I  have  many  of  his  original  letters  of  these  and  later  years. 
Li  '41  he  obtained  naturalization  jiapers,  and  a  grant  I'f  the  LarraneaColorada 
nnicho  in  the  8ac.  Valley,  iv.  G70.  The  lirm  of  15.  &  (Jliard  appears  at  Mont, 
ii  "44-");  B.  took  some  part  in  pic-erving  order  during  Gov.  .Michcltorena's 
i.b  cnce;  and  in  Dec.  '4.')  went  up  to  his  rancho,  returning  in  !March  '4(i.  N. 
Ill  'i\  Ji'diry,  22,  37.  I'or  sonic  months  in  '4(1  1).  took  charge  of  a  store  for 
(':;;;t.  I'atyatS.F.,  v.  (182,  and  later  in  '4G-7  woikcd  as  clerk  and  collector 
f.,;-  Win  H.  Davis,  obtaining  lots  at  S.F,  and  Lenicia.  v.  ()72,  G7G;  also  inter- 
er.Led  in  a  (piicksilvcr  mine.  I.arLiit'K  JJoc,  v.  Miil.  Li  '4S  he  opened  atS.  .losi5 
i'.  branch  store  of  ^Melius  &  Howard,  but  s.oon  followed  his  customers  to  the 
i.:ines  fora  few  weeks,  leaving  the  store  in  chai •;,'c  of  Branham.  In  '4!)  he  closed 
Kiillie  business,  and  married  Miss  iSarah  ^L  .lones,  a  pioi'.eer  of  '4G.  In  '.")()  ho 
v.a  :  the  1st  mayor  of  S.  Jos(5,  being  later  member  of  the  council,  and  in  '7ii  a 
i\l  ](  gate  to  the  republican  national  convention.  Fortunate  juirehases  and  judi- 
eious  management  of  IS.  K.  real  estate  nia<le  Leiden  a  capitalist.  He  conlip.ued 
t  )  reside  at  S.  Jose  with  his  wife,  two  sons,  and  three  ilanghters  until  about 
',;!,  V.  hen  lie  changed  his  residence  to  Xew  York,  where  he  still  lives  in  '8.'). 
A  ;oo<l  sketch  of  his  life,  with  portrait,  is  found  in  the  I'r.iitciiip.  lii'i/.,  i.  24(i; 
r.;;d  in  '78  ho  dictated  for  my  use  his  llixlorir<d  Sldttuviit,  a  MS.  of  70  pp. ,  just 
sucli  a  narrative  as  might  be  expected  from  a  clear-headed  man  of  business. 

Ikll  (.Vtex.),  1842,  nut.  of  Pa,  who  since  '211  had  li\ed  in  .Mex.  i>rovince.s, 
bcrdniing  a  citizen.  He  came  from  Sonora  on  the  i^.-nm ndiiti,  iv.  ;i4l,  settling 
;:'„  Los  Aug.,  where  he  married  Nieves  Guirado  in  '44,  and  cngageil  in  trade 
fwr  many  years.  Ha  was  prominent  in  '4.">  among  the  foreigners  who  oi'.pos'd 
jMiilieltorena  and  Sutter,  iv.  49.">;  in  '40-7,  being  sindico  at  L.  An,".,  v.  (!2.'>, 
f  erved  as  capt.  in  the  Cal.  Bat.,  v.  liOit,  ap])arently  (|uittiiig  the  town  with  Gil- 
1,'  jiie  an<l  returning  with  Stockton;  and  he  had  'i  'al.  cl.iims'  of  about  !i,-3,o(.IO 
(v.  4()2).  Y\\  '49  Lell  built  a  warehouhe  at  S.  I'edro:  and  in  later  years  \va3 
]iroiiiiiU'nt  among  the  vJL'ilantes.  He  .seems  to  have  retired  from  trade  aliout 
'.';4,  but  continued  to  re:;ido  at  Los  .Aug.  till  his  death  in  '71,  age  70.  ]5. 
((!eo.  W.),  184."!,  doubtful  n.-inie  of  an  overt,  inimig. ;  jierhaps  went  to  Or. 
iv.  .')78.  15.  (John  11.),  1831,  mr  of  the  U'/ialch<>ii"i/,  ,';aid  to  lia\e  discov. 
oysters  in  S.F.  bay.  iii.  GW.  B.  (Iticliard  H.),  1817,  Go.  F,  3il  U.S.  artill. 
v.  ")iy.       B.  (Wni),  184.'t,  nameil  at  Los  .Aug.,  ]ieihaps  by  error. 

Bellomy  (Geo.W.),  1843,Viiginian  fr.  Or.  in  tiic  Hastings  party,  woundeil 
by  Ind.  on  tiic  w,-:y.  iv.  ;>!I0-L  3110.  In  '4t  lie  got  a  carta  de  seguridad,  .uid 
next  year  had  a  sliop  at  S.  .lose',  where  he  complained  of  be  iiig  robbed,  and 
signed  the,  call  to  foreigner.s  i"  March,  iv.  .VJO.  Ho  does  not  seem  to  l.avo 
served  in  the  (,'al.  l!at.  '4ii,  bu^  had  a  claim  of  !?12,  v.liich  was  paid;  in  '47 
was  imprisoned  for  disobedience  to  decrees  of  Judge  Burton's  court;  in '4S 
ov.ner  of  the  Sta  Clara  Hotue,  ,:till  in  1  ■■';il  troubles.  His  wife  from  '4.")  was 
Maria  do  Jesus  Bern.nl,  liter  wife  of  ,1.  T.  I'eiez.  Bellomy  -<ir  I'xllamv  — 
;■>  1',,  11.  „i-  (.1     >i 


.bed 
of  L 


m  '(I 


II,  wno  wr.s  ion 


I'cllow  (.1.  Mitch.),  184G,  said  to  have  com 


til 


o  navy 
ipiiliceman  at  S.  Jose,  and  died  in  '7'.'.   ■>.  J.  I'l" 


nat. 


I'liU 


p^[ 


710 


PIOXEER  REGISTER  AND  IXDEX. 


Belt  (Geo.  Gordon),  1847,  Q.  M.  scrgt  X.Y.Vol.  v.  n03;  alcaMc  at  Stock- 
ton MO;  bctauiu  a  ricli  trader,  and  Avas  murdered  at  Stockton  by  Win  Ucniiis 
iix  '(J'.).  lieltran  (Nicolas),  corporal  1770-81,  killed  on  tlio  (.'olorado.  i.  ISO), 
IVi'.i.  Iklty  (Wni),  1841.  Gerinnn  innuig.  from  Mo.  in  the  IJjirtlcson  party, 
iv.  "JTO,  127'),  271).  Some  say  lie  went  back  and  died  in  the  east;  but  a  niiiu  of 
t!iL'  same  name  served  in  Co.  A,  Cal.  Vint.  (v.  .l.xS);  is  named  on  Larkiii".-! 
book.s  at  Mont,  in  '47-S;  and  ace.  t'>  Dally,  who  helped  to  bury  him,  was 
killed  by  a  fall  from  his  horse  in  the  mines  in  '48. 

IJen,  1840,  negro  servant  with  Gillespie,  v.  24.  Benavides  (Elias),  1817, 
at  X.  llelv.  B.  (Jos(:0,  soldier  at  S.  F.  '44;  grantee  of  a  lot  '40.  v.  0--0. 
15.  (.lo.;i5  M.),  settlor  at  S.  F.  1701-1800,  prob.  father  of  the  preceding,  i.  710. 
B.  (!Maria),  1847,  had  bonnets  for  sale  at  S.  F.  Sfar.  B.  (Miguel),  soldier 
at  S.  F.  '27-31;  in  '41  living  at  S.  Jo.sc,  age  20;  wife  Josefa  Garcia;  child., 
Patricio,  Jos6  Ant.,  Concei)eion,  Aiitonia,  Xanita.  Trinidad.  Benedict  (C 
L. ),  1S47,  owner  of  a  house  at  Benicia.  v.  072.  Bengaehea  (Joso  Ign.),  Kct- 
tleratthc  Colorado  Riv.  pueblos  1780-1.  i.  ;{.'n,  ;502.  Beiiitcz  (Jo«(5  M.), 
ll^'Jo-7,  surgeon  of  the  forces  at  Mont.  ii.  140.  Benito,  neoph.  rebel  at  .Sta 
B.  '24-0.  ii.  .'532,  037. 

Benitz  (Wni),  1841-2,  German  in  Sutter's  employ.  Arrived  Oct.  '42  ace. 
to  rolls  of  the  Soc.  Cal.  Pion. ;  but  in  applying  for  naturalization  in '44  ho 
claimed  to  have  come  in  '41.  iv.  341.  After  being  for  a  tinio  in  ciiargo  of 
Hock  farm,  in  '43  lie  took  charge  of  the  Ross  estate  for  Sutter,  succeeding 
BidwcU.  iv.  180,  070.  in  '44  grantee  of  the  Briesgau  ranelio  in  Shasta  co.  iv. 
070;  in  '4,')  he  rented  the  Ross  rancho  from  Sutter,  and  later  bought  a  part  of 
it;  bondsman  for  some  of  the  tJrigsbyldc  imiiiig.  iv.  070,  044,  .'JSl.  Ueait/. 
is  said  to  have  been  the  man  vho  wns  swindled  to  the  extent  of  80.001)  by  the 
Sutter- Muldrow  claim.  He  lived  at  Ror;a  till  '07;  then  moved  to  Oakland;  and 
in  '74  went  to  the  Argentine  Republic,  where  ho  had  a  brother.  Ho  died  there 
in  '70,  at  the  age  of  02,  leaving  a  family.  Benjamin  (Kordyee  J.),  1840,  Co. 
H,  X.Y.Vol.  (v.  400);  alcalde  at  X.  Helv.  '48;  at  Sonoma  '74. 

Bennett  (A.  B.),  1840,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.,  enlisting  at  S.  Juan  Oct.  (v.  .358). 
B.  (Charles),  1847,  at  Sutter's  Fort  fr.  Or.;  at  the  Ojloma  mill  in  '48  wIkii 
gold  was  found;  said  to  havj  been  killed  by  Ind.  in  Or.  about  'oo.  B. 
(Dennis),  1843,  prob.  son  oi  Vardamon,  fr.  Or.  in  the  llastingn  party,  iv. 
300,  300.  X'ame(t  in  a  S.  F.  padron  of  '44  as  an  Amer.  carpenter,  ago  10. 
B.  (Jackson),  1843,  brother  of  Dennis,  age  17  in  '44,  said  to  have  been  slightly 
wounded  at  the  *  battle  '  of  Sta  Clara  in  '47.  iv.  300,  4!)0;  v.  .381.  B.  (Xar- 
eiso),  grantee  of  land  at  Sta  Clara  ni  '4.");  perhaps  another  son  of  Varda- 
mon, who  came  in  '43.  iv.  587,  073.  B.  ('fhonias),  1810,  sailor  on  the  Lydin. 
ii.  2").       ]$.  (THus),  1847,  Co.  G,  X.Y.Vol.  (v.  400). 

Bennett  (Vardamon),  1843,  nat.  of  Gn,  who  went  to  Ark.  '30,  crossed  the 
phiiiis  to  Or.  '42,  and  came  to  Cal.  in  the  Hastings  party  with  a  large  family, 
iv.  300,  300.  After  a  brief  stay  in  the  Sac.  Valley  B.  went  to  S.  F.,  where  ho 
appears  in  the  padron  of  '44  as  an  Amer.  carpenter,  ago  40;  where  he  appcai'3 
in  other  records  of  '4j-7,  including  a  petition  for  naturalization  in  '40;  and 
where  he  kept  a  grog-shop,  bowling  alley,  ct".  v.  08.");  being  also  owner  of  a 
Benicia  lot.  v.  072.  Ho  died  at  S.  F.  iu  '40.  His  wife,  Alary,  was  a  good 
woman,  but  one  of  masculine  attributes,  who  had  a  '  mind  of  her  own,' 
and  body  also,  iu  many  respects  head  of  the  family.  In  '4.')  she  asked  for  a 
separation,  complaining  to  the  authorities  of  her  husband's  failure  to  provide 
for  herself  and  8  children.  In  '40  she  and  some  of  the  children  were  living 
at  S.  Josi'',  having  a  'Cal.  claim'  (v.  402).  She  marrieil  Harry  Love,  and  died 
near  Watsonvillc  iu  'OS,  age  00.  B.  (\Vm),  184."),  doubtful  name  of  an  ovcrl. 
immig.  iv.  i")78.  B.  (Win),  1844,  immig.  fr.  Or.  in  the  Kelsey  iwrty.  iv. 
444,  4")3.  Seems  to  have  settled  near  S.  .lose',  where  ace.  to  Hittell  he  was  a 
wealthy  man  in  '00;  perhaps  same  as  Win  H.  on  the  rolls  of  the  Soc.  Cal. 
Pion. ,  ixii  having  arr.  !MarcIi  '44. 

Bennett  (\Vinston),  1843,  aon  of  Vanlanion,  whom  ho  accomp.  to  Cal.  in 
the  Hastings  party,  iv.  .300,  403.  He  is  n;i'Med  in  th  •  S.F.  pailion  of  '44 as  25 
yeans  of  age;  but  he  did  not  remain  long  at  S.F.  or  in  any  other  place;  roam- 


bexnett-ri:rxal. 


7i: 


ing  from  tlic  Sac.  Valley  to  ilai'iii  Co.,  Verba  Ihicna.  Sta  Clara,  and  Rtaf'ruz, 
ami  taking  Home  sliuiit  part  in  the  troultlcs  with  Micheltoicna  in  '4.").  iv.  4S0 
-  7.  Jn  '4(>  he  enlisted  in  Co.  <i,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  .V)S),  took  part  in  the  light  at  Xiiti- 
vidad,  and  went  to  L.  Aug.  with  Fremont.  In  '4S-9  he  had  an  adventurous 
career  in  many  places  as  miner  and  trader;  lived  at  Sta  Clara  and  Sta  Cru/,  in 
'."iC!-,'{,  Ix'ini,'  eonstahlu  and  deputy  slierifF part  of  the  time;  f)n  a  ranciioat  I'es- 
cadcro  '')3-().");  at  Sta  Clara  vith  his  mother  'G.")-7-;  and  again  on  his  rancho 
fr.  '7'-',  having  married  Maria  J.  I'erez  in  71.  His  I'iauffr  of '4.i,  a.  uarriitiyo 
ot  his  overland  trip  and  experiences  in  Cal.,  was  jirinted  in  the  .S'.  Jusc  I'io- 
vrir  of  '77,  containing  many  interesting  details.  Hc^eems  to  have  Iteen  a  very 
unlucky  man  in  respect  of  accidents,  the  breaking  of  a  leg  or  arm  being  by  no 
means  a  rare  occurrence;  and  it  appears  that  this  luck  with  his  old  )iro[)ensity  to 
roam  is  still  retained;  for  as  I  write,  in  '.S."»,  the  papers  announce  the  accidental 
breaking  of  his  leg  at  Silver  City,  N.  Mex. 

IJensclioten  (.Jolni  \V.),  ISKS,  New  Yorker  who  served  in  the  Mex.  war, 
coming  to  Cal.  prob.  with  ( I raham'-s  dragoons  (v.  Tf2'l)\  woiked  in  the  yuinea, 
and  iinally  settled  in  S.  .loacpiin,  where  he  married  Jessie  McXiiy  in  'tiO. 
]]ens(in  (Ciiristian),  1.S47,  pei'haps  one  of  the  X.Y.  Vol.  nniler  another  name, 
j;.  (Ceo.),  iS47,  Co.  F,  3d  U.  S.  artill.  (v.  .JIS).  IJ.  (.John),  1.S40,  Amer.  sailor 
<  t  the  Moi-Ke  at  S.F.,  to  be  shipped  on  the  Don  Quixote.  Bent  (Silas),  184S, 
mr  ol'  tlie  Prchlc.  IJentley  (.John),  1M7,  Co.  E,  JMorm.  But.  (v.  o44).  Ben- 
ton, 1848,  firm  of  Hess,  B.  &  Co.  at  S.  F. 

Bercier  (Fiancis),  1847,  Fngl.  at  X.  llelv.  Berdle  (.John),  IS.*)!],  arms  in 
liis  po.sscss.  seized  at  L.  Ang.  Berenback  {.-\ntoine),  1847,  Co.  F,  Hd  artill. 
(v.  oiS).  Berier,  1847,  at  X''.  llclv. ;  proli.  same  as  'Bercier.'  Bei'istain, 
1847-8,  nn' of  the  Coiicc/tcioii.  v.  577.  B.  (Maximo),  182!),  at  S.  Diego,  iii. 
1  n.  Beritzholf  (Alex.),  1847,  named  in  a  newspaper  as  mate  of  the  Jot-on 
(I'liijiuzwuiii.  iv.  r)87;  went  from  X.Y.  to  Val])araisu  on  ship  Zfiioliia.  From 
\'al.  to  Mont,  on  brig  TIum  II.  Jiciiton  in  '47.  Owner  of  Stockton  Iinhjicndciit 
'ii.")-7i).     Later  U.S.  storekeeper  int.  rev.  at  S.F. 

BernuuUz  (Antonio,  Atansio,  l)olores),  at  L.  Ang.  '4(1.  B.  (Domingo), 
1832,  at  Sta  15.  B.  (Francisco),  ISo'i,  soldier  at  Sta  B.,  wife  Concepcion 
Pico,  2  child.  B.  (.Josi'),  at  J.,.  Ang.  'l,")-'_'8.  ii.  ;i4'J,  o.VI,  .")(iO;  two  or  three 
of  the  name  at  S.  Bci-nai'dino  and  S.  (iabriel  '40.  15.  (.lose),  at  rancho  na- 
cional.  Mont.,  "M,  age  "28,  wife  Ana  M.  Martinez,  child.  Jos(i  and  ^lartiana. 
Bei'nabe,  1S24,  rebel  neopb.  at  Sta  B.  ii.  532,  537.  Beinaci  (.Juan),  17!)1, 
lieut  in  Malaspina's  expcd.  i.  4!I0. 

liernal,  1820,  majordomo  of  S.  Jos(5.  ii.  .509.  I  am  unable  to  trace  deli- 
I'.itely  the  dif.  branches  of  the  Jjcrnal  family  in  Cal, ,  but  name  many  individ- 
r.als.  Sec  list  of  those  in  ("al.  before  1800  in  i.  734.  B.  (Agustin)  soldier 
jit  S.  F.  '19-27;  in  '37  lieut  of  militia  at  S.  Jost''.  iii.  732;  in  '41  at  S.  ,Jose, 
a:,'e  .'iO;  wife  Maria  ,Fuana  Iliguera;  child,  .lose  b.  '25,  (Uiadalupc  '29,  I'resen- 
tacion  '32,  Abelino  '34,  Xicolas  '37,  Juana  '39;  in  '40  juez  de  campo.  v.  (i(i2; 
V)3  claimant  of  Sta  Teresa  rancho.  iii.  713:  prob.  son  of  .Joaquin.  B.  (Agus- 
tin, Jr),  pon  of  the  preceding,  b.  '48;  mar.  Francisca  Si.ito  in  Alameda  Co.  '78. 
r>.  (Ana  Maria),  mar.  1784  to-Gabriel  Moraga.  ii.  571.  B.  (Antonio),  sol- 
<'ier  at  S.  F.  '41-3.  iv.  0(i7;  still  at  S.  Josi5  "50.  B.  (Apolinario),  born  in 
Cal.  17S0-1K);  rcgidor  at  S.  Jos.5  1802;  killed  by  Ind.  '13.  ii.  134,  .339.  B. 
(I'asilio),  grantee  of  Sta  Clara  cmbarcadero  '45-8;  also  claimant  in  "53.  iv. 
373;  V.  005.  B.  (Bruno),  in  '41  at  S.  Jos^',  age  39  (prob.  older);  wife  Aiito- 
nia  Ortega;  children,  Antonio  b.  in  '25,  Dolores  '27,  Francisco  '31,  I'cdro  '33, 
Josi^  and  (lertrudis  '35,  Cuadalupe  '.'iO,  Itulina  '37,  Luis  '.39;  Cal.  claim  f)f 
.^10,000  in  '40;  claimant  for  Alisal,  ib)nt.  Co.  iii.  070.  B.  (.Jesus),  juez  do 
caPiipo  at  S.  ,Jos6  '41.  iv.  084.  B.  (.Toaipiin),  soldier  of  S.  F.  at  Sta  Cruz 
1795.  i.  490;  inviU.  '19-.32;  grantee  of  Sta  Teresa  rancho '34,  being  then  !14 
years  old.  iii.  713.  B.  (.fos6),  soldier  at  S.  F.  '19-30.  B.  (.lost^  2d),  sol- 
dier at  S.  F.  '19-24.  B.  (,JosO),  born  at  S.  Jos6  in  '23;  married  Alta  Ci'acia 
lii'.'iicra  in  '55;  10  children:  living  in  Alameda  Co.  in  '80.  B.  (.losi'-  Ant.), 
iridic,-  at  S.  F.  '29-'42.  B.  (.Jose  Ant.),  farmer  at  S.  .Jose  '41,  age  25;  wife 
(ji.udaliipe  Butron;  children,  Juan  and  Trinidad.       B.  (Josti  Cornelio),  regidor 


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713 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


of  S.  JcM  '28.  ii.  CO.";  grantee  of  land  at  Mission  Dolores  '.14;  elector  and  iiiili- 
tianian  at  S.  F.  "M.  iii.  70.");  grantee  of  Rincon  do  (Salinas,  etc.,  and  liincuii 
do  IJiiUena  ".'W.  iii.  C'S,  712;  in  '42  at  S.  F.,  ago  -Ki,  wife  Cariueii  Ciij;iaii, 
.son  JosJ  do  Jesns  1).  '20;  still  living  'iui-i.  His  widow  lived  at  the  niisaioii 
until  after  '07.  i.  293.  ]J.  (.Tos6  Diouisio),  soldier  of  the  Sulcdad  escoita. 
17!)I-18(;0.  i.  40!).  13.  (.Jos6  Jesus),  grantee  in  '30  of  the  Canada  dc;  J'ala 
r;:neho.  iii.  711;  in '41  farmer  at  S.  Jos(5,  age  31;  wife  Maria  Ant.  Iligui'iM; 
cl:ildren,  Jose  (iabriel  h.  '34,  J(.'sus  M.  '3.">,  JosO  J(!sus  '37,  Diouisio  '37.  i'». 
(.Juan),  cattle-owners  in  S.  F.  district  1703.  i.  707.  1>.  (Juan),  soldier  at  S.  1". 
'2')-3y;  elector  and  militiaman  at  S.F.  '37.  iii.  705;  grantee  of  Laguna  do  i  Vio.s 
C  )1.  in  the  contra  eosta  '35-41.  iii.  712;  iv.  071;  in  'II  at  S.  Jose,  ago  38;  wife 
I'ncainacion  Soto  (who  as  a  widow  was  owner  of  S.  F.  lots  fr.  '4  i.  iv.  (i.;i); 
V.  085);  children,  Guadalupe  b.'31,  Nicohis  '35,  Aiiolinario  '37,  Juan '40.  ]J. 
(.Juan),  farmer  at  8.  Jose  '41,  ago  31;  wife  Rafacla  Fcli.x;  cliild.,  I'rancistu 
1>.  '35,  .Tu.an  '.38,  Guadalupe  '30,  Refugio  '40;  jue/  dc  eaiupo  '44.  iv.  085.  15. 
(Juan),  son  of  Joa<]nin,  at  .S.  Joscj  iu  '77,  age  07,  wiio  gave  me  hia  Mcmoria  of 
several  old-tinic  occurrences;  pcrliaps  same  as  preceding.  15.  (.luan).  dc- 
scrihed  by  Larkin  iu  '45  as  a  man  of  some  wealth  and  local  influence  at  Sta 
Cruz.  B.  (.Maria  D.  Castro  de),  at  8.  JosO  '41,  ago  52;  children,  Juau  b.  '2J, 
Ciregorio  and  Francisco  '27,  Ramon  '30. 

licrnier  (iJaiitiste),  1844,  one  of  Fremont's  men.  iv.  4.37. 

R^rrcycsa  (Antonio),  son  of  Nicolas,  who  in  '77  at  S.  Josd  gave  mo  his 
lidurioii.  of  l!iu  r.uiidcr  of  his  undo  by  Fr(5inont'.s  men  in  '4(i  (v.  171),  and  of 
the  troubles  of  hi.s  father'.'j  family  with  the  stjuatters  and  land  lawyers.  i>. 
(Felix),  soldi  .•  at  8.  F.  and  musician  '31-42.  li.  (Francisco),  soldier  at 
iS.  F.  '37;  sergt  '30;  grantee  in  '40  of  Canada  dc  (japay  and  Rincon  do 
iMusuIacon.  v.  0()0,  075;  claimant  for  Rincon  de  Esteros  '53.  iii.  712.  15. 
(.loyu  Ign.),  atS.  Jose  '41,  ago  34;  children,  Jesus  .Maria,  JosoJesus,  Adelaida, 
Maria  Los  Angeles,  and  (iabricla;  grantee  of  Cliiniles  rancho  '40.  v.  009. 
15.  (Jose  Jesu.s),  coldicr  at  S.  F.  '32-3;  sentenced  for  stealing  horses  at 
Mont.  '35.  iii.  074;  at  Sonoma,  age  28,  in  '44;  grantee  of  Las  Putas  '43,  and 
Yacuy  "40.  iv.  072;  v.  000.  15.  (.Jose  de  los  Rej'es),  nat.  of  Cal.,  son  of 
Nicoh'w,  I).  al)out  1787;  sold,  at  S.  F.  10-20,  sergt  from  '30;  also  employed 
Hi  fi  teaeiier  at  S.  F.  i:i  '23.  ii.  501,  584;  iii.  Ill,  701;  in  '31-5  sec.  of  ayunt. 
at  iS.  Jose.  iii.  729-30;  in  '41  at  S.  Jose;  wife  .Maria  S.  13ernal;  children, 
Domingo  b.  '22,  Francisco  '20,  Fernando  '28,  Kncarnacion  '30,  Dcmesio  '33, 
jSIadclina  '34,  but  tlicre  were  several  others  older;  in  '42  grantee  of  S. Vicente 
rancho.  iv.  073.  In  Juno  '40  while  on  his  way  to  vi.sit  his  son  at  Sonoma  the 
olil  man  was  murdered  at  8.  Rafael  by  Fremont's  men.  v.  171-4.  B.  (.Juto 
do  los  8antos),  son  of  Jose  Reyes;  sergt  8.  F.  comp.  at  Sonoma  '40-2.  iii. 
702;  iv.  078;  grantee  of  Alalaconies  rancho  '43.  iv.  071-3;  in  '40  alcalde  at 
Sonoma,  v.  124,  1.54,  150,  008;  in  '55  a  witness  iu  the  Santillan  case.  15. 
(Maria  do  la  Luz),  mar.  to  Joaq.  Soto  1803,  the  1st  marriage  at  S.  Jose.  ii. 
138.  15.  (Martin),  sold,  at  Sonoma  '42.  15.  (Nasario),  corporal  at  8.  F.  '19- 
2k  B.  (Nicolas),  settler  at  8.  F.  1777-1800.  i.  297,  710;  wife  Gcrtrudis 
Pcralta,  children  Gabriela,  Maria  dc  la  Luz,  Jos(5  dc  log  Reyes,  Nauario, 
Nicoliii!,  Juau  Josc^,  ace.  to  S.  Jos(i  padron  of  J793.  B.  (Nicola?),  son  of  pre- 
ceding; sold,  at  S.  F.  '19-30;  grantee  of  Milpitas  '34.  iii.  712;  regidor  at 
.S.  Joso  '.'iO-7,  iii.  730;  at  8.  Jos6  '41.  age  51,  wifo  Gracia  Padilla,  children, 
Jose  b.  'IS,  Nicolas  '22,  Francisco  '20,  Jos6  '28,  Antonio  '31,  Mariano  '.'!i, 
Agustin  '30.  The  nmrdcr  of  hia  In-other  Reyes  and  tlic  plundering  of  hia 
cattle  by  the  battalion  in  '46,  the  later  lynching  of  his  brother  Demesio,  tlie 
continued  stiugglo  with  squatters  and  laud  la\\yers,  in  which  all  lus  property 
was  stripped  from  him,  drove  the  old  man  to  madness;  and  several  of  his  sona 
also  became  insane.  He  died  in  '03.  B.  (Rudesindo),  ment.  in  '42.  iv.  240. 
B.  (.'Santiago),  at  .S.  .Josi!  '41,  age  37;  wife  Maria  Roaario  Valcnei.i,  child 
Maria  .Josefa.  B.  (.Si.xto),  soldier  in  8.F.  comp.  '38-42;  grantee  of  Las  Futas 
'43.  iv.  072. 

]5erry,  1848,  from  Or.,  one  of  the  Ist  nn'nera  at  Grass  Valley.  Xcr.  Co. 
Hht.,  52,  04.       B.  (Daniel  K.),  IS-IC,  ovcrl.  immig.  from  ^lo.  with  liis  famiiy. 


EERRY-IJIDWELL. 


710 


V.  r)20;  SL-n-cd  in  Co.  C,  Ciil.  Diit.  (v.  a^S);  fr.  '18  one  of  tlio  Ist  settlers  of 
Snisim  Valley,  wIktc  ho  still  lixi'd  in  "(JO.  IJ.  (.laiiii'i  Jticiianl),  l.S;i(i,  Irisli- 
111. '.n  who  liad  lived  Inn;;;  in  Si  an.  iirovintes,  a  j;icat  traveller  and  a  man  of 
many  acedniplisiunents;  f^ranti'O  (;f  I'linta  (Ic  IJeyes  in  ',';(!.  iii.  7I-;  iv.  IIS; 
o.viiei'  c;f  lots  at  S.F.  '41-4.  iv.  (itj!l;  v.  (J79;  at  Sonoma  in  "44,  aged  .VJ.  1  iind 
no  later  record  of  him.  IVrlodano  (Cosme),  17SI4-<>,  Span.  com.  of  the  l'ali/<  .<, 
Arllr:i,  Araiizuzu.  i.  ,V2;3-4,  .■|40.  ISertran  (Luis),  Mex.  at  Mont.  ';!(!,  aj,'e  40, 
wife  Toniasa  C'arrillo.       JJcrtiand  (ihnile),  KS47,  Co.  (J,  N.  V.  Vol.  (v.  4!)!)). 

Ijeslon  (Tlio.s),  1847,  at  X.  Jlelv.,  with  family;  ajipiirentiy  nn  innni;,'.  v. 
.''i.VJ.  liestor  (Norman  S.),  1840,  assistant  to  Lient  Kmory  with  Keainy'a 
force.  V.  ,3.'i7;  at  Mont.  Feb.  '4S;  had  a  store  at  C'olonia  '4S- '.).  S/nniKiii, 
Meuscman  ((.'hris.  .M.),  1817,  I'ru  sian  in  the  Itnss.  .service!,  noMo  of  the  4tli 
e!a."s;  nir  of  the  Chlrth-of,  and  Jlxihil.  'il-!i>,  'iV.  S.  ii.  '21)8,  ;{!•_',  048;  iii.  i4«. 
Hcvcrley  (McKenzie),  1847,  owner  of  .S. I'',  lot;  murderer  of  Diirnte;  later  a 
desjicrado  at  lar!,'e.  v.  HSO,  (;4G,  (iC.'J,  (;7(i,  (J84. 

15ianchi  (Nicholas),  18:14"),  mr  of  the  Hum.  iii.  :!.S4.  J'.ielioU  (.John), 
184;!,  Amer.  in  cliarj,'e  of  Sutter's  cattle  at  Hock;  naturali;:ed  '44.  iv.  40U; 
name  written  '  Hi^'nol'  and  also  'llignoU.'  J'.ickniorc  ((iili)ert),  1847,  Co.  A, 
Morin.  l!at.  (v.  4(ii)).  ]]id(lle  (.lamcs),  1847-8,  com.  of  the  I'ae.  si|nadron  L'. 
S.  X.  on  the  ColniiiliiiK.  v.  4.'j7-8,  4.")0,  .")77.  Bideler  (Thos),  IS.'fl),  Amer., 
douhtfnlnameatLos.  An^'.  Jiidilton  (.Tohni,  l8'JS-!t,  Imij^I.  catholic  at  .Mont. 
Bidwell  (.John),  1841,  nat.  of  N.  Y.,  boin  in  1SI!»,  who  went  with  his 
parcnty  to  I'enn.  and  Ohio;  a  school-teacher  in  Ohio  and  Iowa;  au  iintniji.  from 
Mo.  to  Cal.  in  the  jjartleson  party,  t'or  an  accmnit  of  this  party,  ineludinf; 
much  about  IjidwcU  personally,  and  about  his  diai-y  sent  east  and  pnbli.shecl 
a ;  ^1  Joiiriii  1/  to  Cali/oniht,  now  of  great  I'arity,  see  iv.  ■2(i(i-7<i,  •J7r>,  ;!4(i-7.  I 
h.ive  the  ori^'inal  bond  si},'ned  by  Thos  (i.  liowen  in  II.'s  favor  on  Nov.  18,  '41. 
J!o  entered  Sutter's  employ,  and  in  '42-.'{  was  in  eliaru'e  of  the  lloss  estate  at 
Jlodeira.  iv.  ISO,  2;i;},  GO."),  070;  in '43-4  at  Hock  farm.  1  have  much  of  liia 
original  corrc^p.  of  these  and  later  years.  Jn  '44,  visitin;.;  .\Iout.  with  a  reconi- 
iiiend.  from  Sutter  to  the  gov.,  he  obtainetl  naturalization  ]iapers  and  a  grunt 
of  the  Ulpinos  ranclio.  iv.  074.  In  return  liidwell  was  active  in  suj'port  of 
Mieheltorena,  going  south  with  Sutter's  army,  being  taken  prisoner  at  tho 
'battle'  of  Cahuenga,  and  oven  having  something  to  say  40  years  later  in  de- 
fence of  that  most  unwise  movement  of  the  foreigners,  iv.  300,  47:'-8."{,  48j- 
0,  oOS.  Keturning  to  X.  Jlelvetia,  lie  continued  in  Sutter's  service  as  agent  and 
clerk,  being  the  writer  of  portions  of  the  X.  J/ili:  J)}iirii,  and  his  movement.^ 
from  day  to  day  being  recorded  in  other  portions;  also  grantee  of  the  Colus 
raneho  in  '4").  iv.  510,  071.  His  travels  in  t!ie  valley  .-md  foothills  were  exten- 
sive, and  he  had  many  narrow  escapes  from  iiudving  the  grand  discovery  of 
gnld.  I'^arly  in  '40  he  made  arrangements  to  ojicn  a  s;.hool  at  Mont.,  JAtii.iu'.i 
Doc,  iv.  o4;  but  circumstances  occurred  to  prevent  this,  lie  did  not  at  lirst 
take  an  active  part  in  tho  settlers'  revolt,  being  ;i  Mex.  citizen  and  a])p;aciitly 
not  v.armly  in  sympathy  with  this  most  scnsele:;s  filibustcrism;  but  ho  was  at 
one  time  in  charge  of  the  prisoners  tit  the  fort,  and  in  .luly  was  sec.  at  tlie  f.M- 
mal  organization  at  Sonoma,  v.  100,  Vl't,  128,  171».  He  went  south  with  I're- 
mont;  was  put  in  com.  of  S.  I.nis  l!ey  in  Aug.,  and  made  a  perilous  trip  by 
sea  from  S.  IJiego  to  S.  I'edro  for  sup[ilies  during  the  l'"lores  revolt;  lauLing 
as  eapt.  in  the  (,'al.  But.,  and  serving  as  i(nartermaster  with  rank  of  iu;;ji.r 
under  Stockton  in '40  7.  v.  -JSO,  317-18,  :!24  ,">,  .•!i;i,  ;!8.'),  4_'0,  Oil;)--.'.  Ik'tuni- 
ing  to  the  Sacramento,  Bidwell  continued  his  labors  as  Sutter's  agent  and 
surveyor  in  dittcrent  jiarts  of  the  valley  until  the  discovery  of  gold,  when  lie 
became  tho  ])ioncer  miner  on  i'eaiher  Itivcr,  where  llidweU's  Bur  w.is  iiann  d 
for  him.  Of  his  mining  experience,  as  of  hisoliicial  career  in  later  \ear.-,  1  ...lia.! 
have  occasion  to  say  something  in  vol.  vi.-  vii.  of  this  work.  Becomiir,'  owner 
of  tho  ArroyoCliico  ranclior)  granted  to  Iiickeyand  Farv.ell,  he  made  here  I. is 
permanent  home,  site  of  the  town  of  (.'hico  from  '00,  becoming  a  man  <jf  greit 
wealth,  and  one  of  the  nio.it  prominent  agriculturists  of  the  state.  He  v,  as 
chosen  as  a  member  of  the  constit.  convention  of '40,  thougli  not  Kci'vin;;;  a 
senator  in  the  1st  legislature  of  ■4'.,-50;  a  delegate  to  the  national  demociuiio 


i   1 


720 


noxi^Ei:  r.iXii  TiJi  and  index. 


convention  of  'CO  nt  ('Imrleston;  iipiKiintcd  brigadicr-gcn.  of  tnllitia  ii  'Of>1iy 
(lov.  SiiiiiloKl;  ik'lugivti!  (>)  till;  iiulional  union  convention  in  '(A;  nnd  i  nicin- 
l)ur  of  congress  '04  7,  l>'.'in,';  in  '")  a  (h.fc'utc'i],  non-pai'tit^'in,  !inti-in>  nojioiy 
caniliilato  tor  gov.  of  Cal.  Jjut  it  is  to  tlit'  agiicnltural  luul  inihistrial  dt  vcKii)- 
ment  of  iiia  eonnty  and  statu  lliat  lie  lias  given  Inn  chief  attention,  and  it  i.i 
Ilia  success  in  this  direction  tliat  has  evidently  given  him  most  satisfaeti(;i\ 
His  record  is  in  all  respect  i  tliatof  an  honorable  as  well  as  successful  man,  <^nc 
of  the  c'aief  testimonials  ii,  his  favor  being  Iho  flimsy  natiwe  of  the  incvital  !c 
cl:ar,;;e:)  made  again.'it  him  as  a  eundidntu  for  ollice.  His  position  as  the  lead- 
ing representative  of  his  elt.ss,  that  of  immigrant  farmers,  will  be  <picstioned, 
r.a  his  success  will  be  begrudged,  liy  none.  Jiis  I'alij'ornid  in  '.'/l-'^'t  -i  ^J^^'  <j' 
2!;;!  p;  ges,  was  dictated  for  my  Uoo  in  '77,  and  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  iik,  ;t 
valiudtle  volumes  in  my  c  llcetion  of  pioneer  reminiscenees.  lie  has  also  in 
lalcr  eoirespondence  furnished  Many  useful  items  for  this  register.  Jn  '08  l.u 
iii:;ri'i('(l  Miss  Annie  Kennedy  of  Washington,  D.C. ;  has  no  children;  still  le- 
siding  at  Chieo  in  '85. 

Ijiggerton  (Susan),  1845,  illegally  married  at  Sac.,  so  wrote  LeidesdorfT.  iv. 
587.  'Big  Jim,'  1830,  Irish  trapper  of  Young's  party,  killed  by  lliggin;!. 
iii.  174.  liiggs  (Matthew  H. ),  1848,  mining  man  from  Valparaiso  with  let- 
ters iVcm  Atherton;  named  also  by  Brooks  at  Mormon  diggings. 

Biglcr  (Henry  \V.),  1847,  Virginian  of  (_'o.  B,  Monn.  Bat.  v.  478,  40.'?,  405. 
His  father  was  formerly  a  Methodist  preacher,  moving  to  Mo.  in  'o8.  After 
the  nuistering-out  of  the  bat.,  B.  entered  Sutter's  employ,  and  was  one  of  the 
men  working  at  the  Coloma  mill  when  gold  was  found.  His  It'uiry  of  a  Jlor- 
moil,  copied  by  himself  in  '7-,  is  not  only  an  excellent  narrative  of  the  maich 
of  the  battalion — one  of  Tyler's  chief  authorities- — but  is  one  of  the  bc.<t 
authorities  extant  on  details  of  the  gold  <liscoverj\  (Soon  after  the  mining  ex- 
citement began  Biglcr  returned  to  Ltah,  where  he  still  lived  at  St  Ceorgc  in 
'81.       Bigley  (.John),  184",  owner  of  a  IS.  F.  lot;  witness  in  a  lawsuit  of  '05. 

Bililcr  (W'm),  1848,  (icrnian  butcher  from  Baltimore  round  the  Horn;  fol- 
lowing his  trade  at  S.  F.  '48-50;  on  a  Sonoma  rancho  '.'il-!);  on  a  Lakcvillo 
ranclio  '50-80,  being  ii  largo  land-owner,  giving  particular  attention  to  the 
breeding  of  bloodstock.  Soiiomu  Co.  IliM. 

Bill,  several  men  known  only  by  this  name,  most  of  whom  cannot  be  iden- 
tified, and  none  of  the  others  rerjuiring  notice.  Billings  (Orson),  1847,  Co. 
B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  400).  'Billy  the  Cooper,'  1845,  I'^ngl.  failorfroin  a  whaler 
at  Mont.;  killed  at  the  Natividad  light  in  Nov.  '40.  iv.  587;  v.  o71.  Ace.  to 
Swan,  his  full  name  was  never  known  in  Cal. 

Biiic!)  (Robert),  1840,  Fiumtleroy'.s  dragoons,  (v.  '2,32-47.)  Bingham  (Eras- 
tus*!,  bS47,  Co.  B,  Monn.  Bat.  (v.  40!)).  B.  ((icorgc),  1842,  somewhat  doubt- 
fully iccordcd  as  fi  boy  on  one  of  Com.  Jones'  vessels  at  Mont.;  returning  to 
Cal.  ill  '40;  policeman,  niiiur,  «aloo:i-kcepi  r,  and  soldier  to '70,  when  he  lived 
at  Vallcjo.  Solano  Co.  llh-t..  :]:j2-:5;  iv.  .'Ml.  B.  (Thos),  1847,  Co.  B,  ■Slorm. 
Bat.       Binley  (Jolm),  1847,  .Mormon  of  Kearny's  return  escort,  v.  45;{,  402. 

Bird  (David  T. ),  1S44,  overl.  imuiig.  of  the  Kelsey  party  from  Or.  iv.  41 1- 
5,  45:?.  Also  c-dlcd  David  S.  and  David  F.  In  '45  one  of  Sutter's  men  in  the 
Miclieltorcua  campaign,  iv.  480;  perhaps  the  Burt  arrested  !)y  Castro  at  S.  Jos'i 
in  Jr.ly  '!0.  v.  1,30;  Ir.tcr  liciit  of  Co.  E,  Q:\\.  Bat.,  enlisting  at  Sonoma  in  Oct. 
v.  r.OJ.  lie  settled  in  Yolo  Co.,  and  v.-as  still  at  AVoodland  in  '70.  B.  (Wni), 
luw,  Co.  r.,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  400);  in  '81  at  I'aris,  Id.  Birnie  (James),  lSr.7, 
Seotili  (jliicer  of  the  H.  B.  Co.  at  Vancouver,  who  came  on  the  Llama  to  buy 
cattle,  iv.  8.5-0,  00.  In  '47  his  name  appears  in  a  S.  F.  list  of  uncalled-for  let- 
ters.      Ii.  (Bobcrt),  18.32,  Amer.  who  got  a  passport  in  Aug. 

Einiie  (liobert),  1841,  sou  of  James,  liorn  in  Or.  '24;  came  on  the  Cowlitx 
08  clerk  for  I!ae.  iv.  217,  270;  left  the  vessel  and  H.  B.  Co.  at  Honolulu  i:i 
'42,  Imt  returned  and  worked  as  clerk  ut  Sta  B.  and  S  F.,  and  supercargo  of 
till  Jt'dii  ,/o^e  till  '45;  his  part  in  the  capture  of  Sutter's  gun  '44.  iv.  48.3;  in 
Or.  '45  -7,  returning  to  Cal.  '48;  clerk  for  Forbes  at  N.  .Mmadeii  '40-50.  After 
engaging  in  mining,  farming,  and  various  other  occupations,  Birnie  became  a 
real  estate  agent  at  Oakland,  where  ho  still  lived  in  '72  with  his  wife  and  three 


BinXIE-BLASDnLL. 


l'2l 


dau^'htors.  lie  gave  nie  a  nnrrative  of  h's  /'<  rfoiiiil  AiIrvntinrR.  "ni.slidp  (Sto- 
lilicii  A.),  lS4(i,  Co.  (',  IsL  L'.  S.  (liagoon  .  (v.  ."IK!).  J:i-sic,  1S4S,  iiuimd  i-.s 
a  l'"rfucliiimii  lmi);_'i'il  at  JIaiiytowii  in  .laM.  'W  for  rohlitiy  on  tlii'  Stanislaus 
in  '-18.  Black,  I  SJ7,  iianinl  as  one  of  the  Jod.  Sniiili  imrty.  iii.  KiO.  U. 
(David),  IS47,  with  tlio  Moiiii.  iJat.  (v.  4o!)i;  a  .ntcp-sou  of  ('a[(t.  I'.rown. 
15.  (.James),  1,S47,  Co.  1,  N.  V.  Vol.  (v.  490);  ownci-  of  lots  at  S.l''.,  ortlii.s  may 
liavo  bct'M  the  following. 

]ilack  (James),  Ls.'tL',  .Seoteli  Hailor  left  nick  at  Mont,  in  .Inn.,  a^'e  aljout 
'J.'».  V.  408.  Other  accomit.s  lepresent  liim  as  having  ilcsorted  at  .>.  F.  In  ii\i\  ly- 
ing for  •'at'..iali;:;it'')n  in  Sept.  '43  he  elaimed  10  years'  r'-idcnce.  For  a  year 
or  two  he  hunted  otter  with  Mcintosh,  hiing  named  in  !.arkin'.s  hooks  liom 
'.'(4.  A  witnes.sat  Sonoma  in  '.SO;  met  liy  Edwards  neai- s.  iJafael  in  ';>7.  iv.  8J. 
Ahoiit  '40  he  perhap.s  settled  on  the  Jonive  raiieho,  which  after  his  natiirali.:;4- 
tion  and  muriiage  in  '4;{  \vas  formally  granted  him  in  "4.'».  iv.  1 17,  <)7I ;  ni.ir.ed 
in  a  Sonoma  list  of  '44  as  SI  years  old;  iM  alcalde  of  S.  Kafacl  in  '4.'i.  iv.  077. 
15.  seems  to  have  taken  no  part  in  the  political  troubles  of  '4.">-fi.  About  '48  l:o 
exchanged  his  Jonive  estate  for  that  of  Xicasio,  where  lu'  spent  th''  rest  of  hid 
life,  lie  was  a  judge  in  '."lO,  and  asso.s.sor  in  '."rJ- .'(;  evidently  a  man  of  indus- 
trious habits  and  good  character  for  one  of  his  cla.s.s,  though  a  hard  drinker  in 
tlie  later  years.  Died  in  '70,  leaving  a  large  estate  about  whicii  there  was 
mncli  litigation  resulting  from  an  attempt  to  break  his  will.  His  first  vifo 
was  Agustina  Sais,  who  died  in  '04,  leaving  a  daughter,  Mrs  I'.urdell,  who 
was  living  in  '80.  In  '0,')  ho  married  tiie  widow  I'aeheco,  who  survived  him. 
lil.ick  (.loseph),  |S4."),  hatter  at  X.  Helv.  '4r)-7;  often  named  in  the  IHdnj.  iv. 
r);-;7;  lot  owner  at  S.  F. ;  on  the  1st  jury  at  S.  Jose  "48;  perhaps  his  name  was 
'lllock;'  or  there  nuiy  have  been  another  Block.  B.  (Win),  1814,  com.  of  the 
lliirroon.  ii.  'I'l,  304,  373. 

Blackburn  (\Vm),  184."),  Virginian  cabinet-maker  born  in  1814;  overl. 
immig.  in  the  .S«asey-Todd  party,  iv.  ")70,  587.  He  wen  U>  work  at  I"''ta 
Cru;;  as  a  luinbernian,  being  a  witness  at  the  trial  of  Williams  for  killing 
Naile  in  April  '40.  v.  071;  but  after  serving  a  while  in  Fauntleroy's  dragoons, 
he  joined  the  Cal.  Bat.  and  was  made  '2d  licut  of  Co.  A,  artillery,  v.  301,  4;;'. 
Keturning  to  Sta  Cruz,  but  also  obtaining  a  lot  at  .S.  F.,  B.  opened  a  .ston  ; 
and  served  '47!)  as  alcalde  by  the  governor's  appointment,  v.  (iH-'J;  being 
also  county  judge  in  '."iO  after  a  brief  experience  in  the  mines.  The  decisions 
of  his  court  are  famous  for  their  originality;  but  if  technically  somi'what 
irregular,  they  were  always  in  accord  with  common  sense  and  justice.  He  is 
sai<l  to  have  built  a  schooner  at  .Sta  Cruz  in '48.  v.  ,kS1;  and  was  chosen  a 
member  of  tlie  convention  of  '4'J,  though  not  serving;  clainiani  of  the  Aras- 
tradero  rancho.  iv.  Coo.  Blackburn  was  an  intelligent,  shrewd  fellow;  lionest 
and  straightforward  in  his  dealings;  always  jovial  and  popula-  whether  drunk 
or  sober;  in  a  small  way  a  leader  among  his  companions.  After '.")1  he  gave 
up  politics  and  gave  his  attention  to  agricultuic,  lirst  t.)  raising  potatoes,  for 
which  he  got  a  premium  at  the  N.  V.  fair,  and  later  to  fruit  cultirre,  his 
orchard  being  for  many  years  one  of  the  chief  attractions  of  Sta  Cruz.  He 
died  in  '07,  leaving  a  widow.  .Several  of  his  brothers  came  to  Cal.  after  "48. 

Blair  (Chasl).),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  4!)!l).  B.  (Nicholas),  1847, 
ditto;  d.  at  Los  Ang.  '.w.  B.  (Win),  ISSO,  <loubtfid  name  in  Taylor's  list, 
from  N.  Mex.       Blaisdle,  1837,  doubtful  name  at  I't  Reyes. 

Blake  (B.),  1.S28,  agent  of  a  Manila  lirm  at  Mont.  B.  ((tco.  C),  1840, 
com.  of  H.  B.  M.  S.  Jmio.  v.  ",\\.  B.  (Homer  C. ),  1847,  oHiccr  on  the  U. 
S.  Vrehlc;  connnodore  '7!*;  died  '80.  B.  (V.  m),  183'2,  doubtful  record  of  a 
carpenter  in  Solano  Co.  '0',)-77.  iii.  408. 

Blanca(J.),  1841,  tnr  of  tha  Ayacnrho.  iv.  nOS.  Blaiichard,  1848,  at  S. 
¥.  from  Honolulu  in  Nov.  on  the  Cnrri'iiri/  Za.s.s'.  B.  (Ira),  1848,  in  the 
nuncs;  furnished  gold  specimens  to  (iov.  Mason;  corporal  of  S.  F.  guards. 
B.  (Wm),  1811,  mr  of  the  ('al/icriiie.  ii.  !)0,  207.  Blanco,  at  S.  1).  and  Los 
Aug.  '30-40.  B.  (Juan),  1798.  i.  000.  B.  (Miguel),  at  S.  Cabriel  '40.  B. 
(Thos),  grantee  of  land,  Mont.  '44.  iv.  C'lG.       Blanks,  see  'Banks.' 

Blasdell  (Lewis),  1848,  passp.  from  Honolulu.  B.  (Wm),  1842,  German 
Hist.  C.\l.,  Vol.  II.    lij 


iiilli: 


722 


PIOXKKR  niXJISTKR  AND  IXni'-X, 


at  .Mont,  on  tlic  ('uHjoniin  from  Koiiululii;  pciniittcil  to  lanil;  a  Mackuniitli 
ago  .'I!).       ]i\u,»i  ('lliuniiiH),  l<S4>'i,  ilouliLi'iil  iiumk;  of  a  trailci'. 

Dli'a  (llaliu'li,  ISiO,  at  l.os  Aii;^'.  iinil  S.  Jjci  luiiilino.  lUicksniitli,  (Leo- 
liol(l),  IHIT,  «'o.  n,  X.  V.  Vol.  (V.  41ilt).  lUuviiiM  (Alex.),  Is4:{,  .loui.tful 
iic'\VH|ia|i(  r  nii'Mtion, 

'  JJUiul  Toiii,'  lt>.'j;»,  Engl,  sailor  iit  S.  .loHt5.  Sht  Chm  Co.  f/isl.  liliii.l- 
enhory  ( L  li.),  JS.'CJ  ;{,  nir  of  tlic  t'lliml.  iii.  HSl'.  lUiini  (.lolm),  is.'id,  mr 
of  tliu  Luii'.t  ';iti-7.  iv.  10."i;  iiif  (.f  t'lc  Clam' III  lull  '.'!!•  and  jiass.  on  IJu!  A/rii'/n . 
iv.  100,  lO'i;  nir  of  tlie  Mmiifaiid'-W,  in  «liicli  yuar  ln'  tliiil.  iv.  'J(J7,  otiT. 
r>lirkiii  (Wni),  lH4(t,  iloubtfiil  name  in  lainlKini'M  li.st  of  airtstc'<l  foieivMiiT.s. 
IJIia.t  (llobcrt.S.).  |>S47,  Co.  J!,  Morni.  liat.  (v.  4(i:i).       lllotU,  sec  'lilack.' 

lilooniticM  (Wni),  lt>40,  ono  of  llic  txiliil  foni/ncis.  iv.  IS.  lilossoni 
(•I.  W. ),  1S48,  at  .S.  F.  fi'om  Honolulu  on  the  Smindd/ioc.  '  BUit  .luckit,' 
l;>4(i,  iiicknauio  ot  one  of  the  ;,'uar(l  at  Sutttr'.s  I'mt.  v.  IJ."). 

lUunio  (I'rcil.  (iustavu.s),  I1S4'_',  (Jorman  Bur;,a'ou  of  the  uliak'.sliip  ^j/c.r. 
yjV(/T/a// at  .Sauzalito  IX'c.  '4:.'-Maivh '4;j.  iv.  .'!4I.  Late  in '4(i  ho  canio  hail; 
t'l  ( 'al.  on  the  Ciirrciiiij  Lhhh  from  Honolulu  with  u  .stock  of  ;40(m1»  suhl  at  S, 
]'. ;  and  a<,'ain  in  April  '47  on  the  (leu.  luarini,  thin  time  to  htay,  (i]h  nini,'  a 
Ktoio  at  .Sononui  with  M.  J.  Haan.  In  '4>S  ho  niovi'd  to  a  tancho  in  the  lioilcu'a 
leLjii.n,  near  Fri'L'.stone  and  lUoomlield — the  latter  named  f(ji'  him — wiiere  in 
'41)  he  nmii'ied  tli(!  widow  Maria  Ant.  C'aeeie.s  de  Haw  son.  IJotli  were  li\ii:;; 
in  'SO  without  children.  Hr  U.  held  several  local  oliicts,  and  ia  jiostma.strr  ;;t 
I'reestone  in  "S.').  Jlis  poitrait  is  fcnind  in  Sonoinn  Co.  ll'tnl.,  L'80,  IJhiry 
(.\rtluir  dc),  ISIO,  Fauntleroy's  dra;,'oonn  (v.  'l',>l-\~). 

lloardiiiL'n  (.John),  1S4H,  overl.  imnii;j;.  of  the  (  hile.s-W'alker  party.  i\'. 
3!):2,  400;  witnesh  to  ii  doc.  at  .Sonoma  '47.  '  lioh.'  or  .luan  (/ristolial,  Isjd, 
tlie  pioneer  negro,  icft  by  Capt.  Smith  of  the  AllKiira-s.  ii.  24S,  '277,  ;>■'.'<. 
'  liol),' Irish  servant  of  C'olton  at  Mont.  '48,  who  nuide  his  fortune  ia  the 
mines.  '  Hob,' a  tattooed  Marquesan  in  the  mines,  ment.by  Hulium.  ISobn, 
(Zarah),  1840,  <  o.  C,  1st  U..^  dragoons,  (v.  SliO).  15(jcalon  (Agustin),  l.'v.W, 
com.  of  the  Coiiceprioii.  ii.  87.  Hochon  (I'roeopi),  1847,  Co.  H,  X.Y.  \'ol. 
(V.  400).       Hode  (Nicholas  F.),  1847,  Co.  F,  IM  U.  .S.  artill.  (v.  oKS). 

Hodcga  y  Cuadra  (Juan  Francisco),  1775,  Span,  lieut  in  com.  of  the  exjilor- 
ing  vessel  iS'ojiOiv/,  discovering  and  naming  Hodcga  bay.  i.  •241-H,  ")KS;  ii.  ;il; 
in  1770  cfim.  of  the  I'avorila.  i.  IJiJO;  in  1702-;^,  com.  of  the  S.  Bias  naval  ( .i- 
tiiMislnnent,  and  conunissioner  to  settle  the  Nootka  troubles  with  I'^nglanil, 
visiting  Cal.,  and  dying  in  '1)3.  i.  'lOO,  noO-PJ,  .">  10-20,  .")J2-4,  .j;;n,  C.s2.  .^ee 
also  Hist.  X.  W.  Coii/tt,  i.  Bodio  (Waterman  .S. ).  vai;uely  alluded  to  as  having 
come  in  '48.       Uogurt  (Henry),  1847,  ('o.  E,  N.V.Vol.  (v.  4!)!)). 

Hoggs  (Albert  G.),  184(i,  son  of  Lilburn  W.,  and  overl.  iaimig.  with  his 
father  and  brotlu^rs  (v.  520);  later  a  prominent  citizen  of  Xupa,  and  county 
treasurer;  still  living  in  '81.  15.  ((iuadalupo  Vallejo),  son  of  Wra  M.,  born 
at  Petaluma  Jan.  4,  '47,  often  nauied  incorrectly  as  the  1st  child  of  Anur. 
parents  born  in  Cal.  H.  (Lilburn  W.),  1840,  Kentuckian,  b.  in  1708;  overl. 
imuiig.  with  wife  and  8  children,  v.  528.  Ho  lived  many  years  in  Mo.,  ;\here 
he  was  a  very  prominent  man,  as  pioneer,  tradei',  and  public  olliccr,  bi.'ing 
elected  gov.  of  the  state  in  '30.  He  took  a  prominent  part  in  tiie  expulsion  of 
the  ^lonnons,  to  wboiio  vengeance  is  <ittrii)uted  a  later  attempt  to  murder 
him  which  was  very  nearly  successful.  Spending  the  v  inter  at  I'etaluma  and 
(settling  at  Sonoma  he  engaged  in  trade  witli  Scott,  and  was  appointed  alcalde 
to  succeed  Nash  from  '47.  v.  433,  009-10,  008-0,  081;  holding  the  ollice  till 
'40,  and  being  elected  a  member  of  the  constitutional  convention,  though  uot 
serving.  Hi  '52  he  moved  to  Napa,  where  lie  died  in  '01.  His  first  wife  was  u 
dauglitcrof  Silas  Hcnt,  and  the  second,  who  accompanied  him  toCal.,  agrand- 
daughterof  Haniel  I'oone,  dying  in  Napa  in  '80  at  the  age  of '07.  A  good  sketch 
of  Ex-gov.  Boggs'life  is  found  in  the  A'apaCo.  Hid.,  373;  and  a  portrait  in  Mini'- 
fee'.i  Hkctchbook,  204.  Many  of  his  descendants  still  live  in  Cal.,  but  respect- 
ing most  of  them  I  have  no  detinito  information. 

Boggs  (Wm  M.),  1840,  son  of  Lilburn  W.,  b.  in  Mo.  '26;  member  of  the 
same  immigrant  party,  of  which  he  was  captain  during  part  of  the  journey — 


ISU«;(!S-  UONIKACIi). 


7-3 


hiH  briiliil  tour,  Ik!  Iiiivin;^  iDunii'i!  .*>ipii(iru  Ilickliii  jut  Ixf'irc  (lie  ••tint.  Ho 
took  HKiiic  slinlil  imit  ill  tlif  liiwil  cainpai;;!!  (it  tli<^  wiir  iiiriiiiist  >iiiil'Ii(/  in  '411- 
7.  V.  ;{.SIi;  ami  atti'i' all  iiil\iii;iiroii«  iMK  ir  111  llii'  iiiiiit  m  sfttltil  at  Napa,  v  luiu 
in  "7-  Ik'  wi'jti'  fill'  11.1.'  Ills  III  iiiiiiisf  .III n  of  iialy  lift'  in  Mo.,  his  fa'.licr's  lift', 
tlio  tii|i  to  (,'al.,  ami  his  cxfifiiciKU's  in  '4li-.S.  His  '/'/•('y/  nn-n-s  Ihf  I'l'thiM,  in  tlui 
IifivspaptMs,  covers  m.'aily  tlio  saliii'  (^Idliml.  lie  lias  (Hciiiiicil  hi\ cial  olli(  i:il 
jK.bitioiiH,  and  lias  raiscil  a  faiiiily  of  livi'  sons — ( luaiialiipc  \  ,,  Li  11  m in  W  .,  .Ir., 
Anuiis,  .liU'cison,  anil  Win,  ami  a  ilaiij^litt  r,  to  wliosr  idination  Niiciial  caro 
liaa  lii'L'll  ckvotuil,  Hcvcliil  of  tlit.Mii  lifill;,'  ttMcliuls.        [{.ilioiqilL'S,  si'f  '  ll()joi;;(s.' 

15oingor  (l-'wl.),  KS47,  Co.  (1,  N.V.  Vol.  (v.  4it!i).  Hois  (.liian),  1'<'-'S, 
nir  of  the  Wilmmtk.  iii.  14!».  JJoisst'  ((ialnicl),  17!IS,  MoNtoii  .sailor  at  '>. 
])ii!:,'o.  i.  (14't,  tj.')4.  ilojoigts  iiioro  jiroiicrly  wiitti'ii  Itolioniiii'M— (Aii;,i'l), 
iitS.F.  '.S7-!';  (it  , -Sonoma  '44,  iigu  .'!;(.  J{.  (l!artolo),  w>ltlifi  at  S.  F.  'IK;  inva- 
liilo  ■:J"2-4I;  icgitlor  at  S.  .JosO  '-lA-'i;  I'k'ctor  at  S.I'".  'Il.">.  ii.  (iO.'i;  iii.  ~'\,\', 
giantoi!  of  Layiiiiailo  S.  Antonio '4."),  ami  claimant '.■)4.  W.  ()7H.  I».  (( li'iaiiio), 
at.-'i.F.  ";{7.  15.  (HurniLnc'giltlo),  sohiitTof  tliu  S.  .lost' cscoltii  17il7-l'''»<.'i'.  i. 
.Vili.  \\.  (Ignutio),  BolilitT  tif  tin;  S.  I''.  coni|).  '.'t,">--4'J;  ut  Sonoiihi  '44,  ajc  '.'(l. 
]{.  (Jo.-iti  Jlainon),  (.nrporal  of  tho  Stii  Ciaiii  oscolta  177<)-7;  iiniil.  at  S.  .Icisi^, 
1701)  IN'-I.  i.  -".lt»-7,  :{0(i,  47S;  hid  wife  was  I'Vumisca  Koimro;  tlicir'J'J,  W. 
(.Juan),  Mihlier  of  .S.  F.  I'onip.  'i'.'i-,'il ;  at  Sononia  '44,  agi^  {{."i.  iv.  'M'.\.  In  '77  nt 
Sta  ('lai'ii  liu  ;;av(i  inc.- his  Ji'criii  rilos  ui  Intl.  fanipaigns.  15.  (I'cilro),  scltlif 
at  S.  F.  I7'.H  ISOO;  ivgiilor  at  S.  .lostj  1810.  i.  7l(i;  ii.  i:t4.  15.  (l'otlio>,  at 
S.  v.  ':i7;  lit  Sononia  '41,  u,^o  '-'4. 

J5olan  (A.  J.),  1S».'),  at  Snttoi-'H  '4.">-(),  ncc.  to  the  X  /A /r.  DJiirii;  iv.  ."17^. 
llolaiios  I  Francisco).  I,")!i."),  one  of  (."cnncfion's  men  at  I't  Ufycs;  also  witii  \'i/> 
caino  in  l(i(('J.  i.  !((],  !IH.  lioUicda  (Louis),  lt>'J(i,  French  trap[iii'  of  ,11(1. 
Smitii's  luirty,  who  rem.  in  Cal.  iii.  I(i0,  170. 

Uolcof  (.Jo.sc^  Antonio),  LSI.'),  the  earliest  Russian  aettler;  native  of  Kaiii- 
eliatUa,  who  lift  his  vessel  at  Mont.,  a^'c  about '.'().  ii.  '2~4,  ',i'J',i.  Jii  '17  lie  was 
liaptizeil  at  Soleilail.  or  at  least  had  hisdrcek  church  haptisiu  •nililied;'  in  '22 
r.iarriet'  10  Caiitlida  Castro,  iintl  peiliai>s  iiiaile  a  trip  to  Mex.  ii.  471';  in  "-' 
arnstcd  for  simiggling,  and  from  that  time  ttften  named  in  local  ricords  of 
Bianci forte  and  Sta  Cruz.  ii.  i'lUl.  .TJ'J,  (i'J7;  iv.  117,  r)44;  in  '2')  iiained  a.n  a 
s!iocr..aker  of  ;;ootl  eoniliict;  in  '.'tl  olitaineil  lands;  naturaliiail  in  ",V.i;  alcalde  at 
Liaiieif.  ':U,  also  ';{!)-4'.',  '4.V(i.  iii.  i><X>-l;  iv.  (i(J'2-4;  v.  .'u,  (iH-'J;  being  iilsn  ia 
charge  of  the  ex  inis.sioii  from  ''i\);  grantee  of  the  Itefiigio  rancho  '41.  iv.  (i.".-|. 
In  the  JJraiicif.  piidrou  of  '4.''>  15.  is  iiamctl  with  his  wife  and  1 1  children  as  fol- 
luwji:  Amadeo  b.  '2."),  l''i'aneisco  '21,  Jnaii  '2'.),  Kncarnacion  'U'J,  (luad;iliiiio 
';{(>,  Josefa  '.'!!),  Carnien  ':i7,  Jose  Ilanion  '40;  Josii  iJulore.s  "41,  Maria  Ant.  '4J, 
anil  Mari'a  de  Ids  Angeles  '44.  He  took  no  part  in  the  political  troubles  of 
'4.")  7,  bntiii  '4Sciigagiil  in  mining  with  his  sons,  bcini?  very  suceessful;  but  not 
content  to  let  well  enough  alone,  and  imbibing  somewhat  too  freely  the  new 
spirit  of  progress,  the  old  man  fell  a  victim  to  sharpers,  gradually  lost  his  lanthi 
and  money,  and  tiled  in  poverty  in  'GO.  1  have  no  rccortl  of  his  sons  aftt  r  '4."i. 

Holes,  see  T.owles.'  Bollou  (Jo.st5  Maria),  1S.'54,  rortugiicst;  at  .Mont. 
Lolton  (.James  K.),  IS47,  trader  at  Mazatlan,  having  some  coinniercial  relations 
with  Cal.,  whieli  country  he  visitetl  for  the  first  time  in  •liino  '47  on  the  /.ii  y 
Shall'  Slnraff.  In  later  jears  ho  became  known  as  the  principal  elaimanl  for 
the  Mis.sion  Dolores  estate  in  the  famous  Sautillan  case;  in  'So  a  capitalist  re- 
siding at  S.  I"'. 

]>on  (.Folin),  IS29,  mr  of  the  ]V'tlmin(]ton.  iii.  140.  'Bonaparte,'  bS,"!!, 
Frenchman  with  Yount  in  Xapa  Val.  15ond  (Tlios),  ISH.S,  named  as  on.'  of 
Walker's  party,  iii.  {{id.  Ii.  (Wni),  LS47.  Co.  D,  X.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  4!),).) 
litjiiechu  (Louis),  LS'J4,  French  viiieyardist  at  L.  Aug.  '40,  age  .")7,  claiiaiiig 
to  have  been  10  years  in  Cal.  lioiica  (.John),  LS'JI.  Irish  carpenter  at  S. 
!Migucl  '"JO-.'SO,  .'jI  years  old,  and  9  years  in  Cal.  ii.  444;  [los.sildy  'iUiiiis.' 

Jionifacio  (.Juan  B. ),  IM'J,  Italian  or  Austrian  who  landed  from  the  Johti 
Be;/;/  with  tho  governor's  permission  and  was  employed  by  Hartnell  as  Hte\c- 
dore.  ii.  ■l~S:  an  illiterate,  honest  fellow  about  'J4  years  ohl,  who  inarrieil  Car- 
men Pinto  in  'l27;  naturalized  in  '-Ji);  'Jd  in  com.  of  the  coin)),  extranjera  "32. 
iiL  221,  223,  225;  died  about  '34,  leaving  a  widow  and  3  children. 


7-24 


riOXEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


Bdiiillii  f.Tosi''  Mariano),  1834,  Mex.  liiwycr  and  toacher,  who  came  with  the 
II.  &  L*.  colony;  iiMplitatt.'tl  in  tlic  Aiialiiti'^'ni  revolt,  l)iit  not  .sent  away.  iii. 
'20.'{,  "JhU.  A  man  of  liio  saiiu;  nanio  Mas  ni<  niher  of  tiie  Cal.  junta  in  Mcn.  '2.")- 
7.  iii.  ■'{.  A  young  man  of  'J7  on  lii.s  arrival,  well  (.(hicati'il  at  tlio  (^olcgio 
National;  tcaciui- at  Sla  15.  ';>■">.  iii.  ().")7;  cUmU  and  see.  in  dif.  pulilio  olliou.s 
';i(i-40.  iii.  4(i;{,  (iO."),  (is.");  ailmin.  of  S.  Lui.s  Uli.,  and  auxiliary  juoz  '4"J.  iv. 
81(1,  1)57- S;  grantee  of  Hueriiui'io,  or  Huerfano,  rancho  in  '42-4.  iv.  (m.">-G; 
jiarti.san  of  ^lielleltorena  in  "4.");  see.  ami  a|ipointed  liseal  of  vlio  tribunal  sujie- 
rioi'.  iv.  i>'A'2;  jnez  ami  ale.dde  at  S.  J.nis  '4(!-S,  I'eing  at  one  time  arrested  by 
1  remont.  v.  OIkS  !>,  ."{7.");  suh-jjiefeet  -IO;  later  county  judge,  di.striet  attoiney, 
and  su.]iervisoi'.  lioiiilla  wa.s  a  man  \\\m  always  eoUiniandeil  i'esj)(!et,  though 
not  always  in  sympathy  with  thi'  ( 'alifoinians,  and  one  whose  adviee,  by  rea- 
tion  of  his  sn]ieiior  edueation,  was  always  in  demand.  In  '.■}7  he  married 
Dolores,  dauuiiter  of  Iiioeeiite  <  Jareia,  who  in  '~H  gave  me  tlie  Bonilla  collec- 
tion of  J>o<\  J /Is/.  Cal.   Jle  died  in  78.        B.  (I'atrieio),  at  Los  -Vng.  '4(i. 

I'lonnet,  1S44,  irn-  of  the  Linn  '44  .">.  iv.  M"!;  iii.  .S>S'_'-.'{;  also  in  "4(1;  possibly 
in  "."!.").  iJonne^y  (.larvis),  l;j4."),  .Amei'.  innnig.  of  ( liigsby-Ide  party,  with  Ins 
family,  iv.  .")7S,  ."•Sf!;  v.  ■")•_'(».  Jl<^  iiuried  two  ehiidren  at  N.  Ilidv.  .Mai'eh  '1(1, 
and  ill  Apiil  went  to  Or.,  v  iiere  he  was  in  .luni;.  !>.  (Trunum),  IM,'),  prob. 
:.  brother  of  , larvis,  whon.  he  ae(.'om[i.  to  Cal.  and  to  Or.  with  his  family,  v. 
!'uS.  lie  also  lost  a  son  at  N.  llelv. ;  and  Ids  daughter  was  mariiecl  in  l''el).  '40 
to  A.  Sanders.  Next  yeai'  a  man  named  IJonny,  very  likely  one  ')f  this  family, 
was  met  ou  his  way  alone  from  (h.  to  the  states.  /In/niii,  \:\7.  liu.my- 
eastle  (.lohn  C).  IS47,  lieut  and  adj.  N.  Y.  Vol.  v.  :>0:\;  'later  lie>'t  of  41h  Lf. 
I-.  infantry  '4S  (ii;  at  Louisville,  Ivy,  'S'J.  IJons  (Wni),  1S4(),  arres'.ed  at 
Lianeifoi'tc,  having  no  e:'.;La.  ISonsall — or  IJousell — (Jacob),  184S,  ov.'uer  of 
a  ferry  on  the  S.  .loaijuin  with  Dctak. 

Loiiker  (Henry),  1S44,  .Vmer.  named  in  Larkin's  accounts '44-5  at  Mont.; 
living  on  tin'  Sae.  "40.  TtiKlin.  .loining  the  Hears,  ho  was  the  messenger  who 
tallied  lde"s  proelaiuation  to  .Mont.  Later  in  the  year  he  went  south  with 
I'lenKuit;  was  probably  (jiie  of  (iillespie's  gari  iaon  at  L.  Aug.;  with  .Mcr- 
\  ine"s  force  defeated  at  S.  I'tdro;  one  of  .Stockton's  men  at  S.  Diego;  one  of 
the  party  sent  to  iceiiforee  Kearny:  and  linaliy  killed  at  .S.  rascual.  iv.  -ioW; 
V.  ll(»,  l,")'.),  :>4().  I'erhaps  no  other  man  in  Cai.  had  so  varied  an  experience 
iu  this  most  eventful  year 

l>ooth(.l.;,  1S47,  atS.  r'.  on  ilwCurrcnni Lnnniwnw  Honolulu.  IJ.  (Win), 
1847,  --aid  t(j  lia\  (>  settled  at  Sta  Clara  with  his  family.  Sin  Clmyr  <'o.  Hist. 
r.orlio.sa,  settler  at  Mont.  ISOO.  i.  ()7<).  I'.orden,  1S47,  mr  of  the  lloinlUi-h. 
V.  ")7(l.  Lore!,  iS47,  at  N.  Helvetia.  Lorenback  (Antoine),  IS47,  ('o.  i'', 
")d  artiil.  (v.  ■")1.S),  ace.  to  Lancey;  not  on  the  rolls.  Borgas  (.lose  M.),  grantee 
(.f  i'ajaro  in  '4.'{  (N'argas  ':). 

Lorica  (Hiego),  17V4,  Sjian.  colonel,  gov.  of  Cal.  from  Oct.  '!)4  to  .fan.  1*3, 
1S(H(;  dying  at  Durango  in  .luiy  1S(H).  "See  i.  ."i.'iO  :i  and  7'-(i-;W,  with  intc  - 
veiling  [lages,  passim,  for  the  events  of  iiorica's  rule;  also  list  of  autli.  in  vol. 
i.  He  w.is  one  of  tlie  ablest  and  best  rulers  the  country  ever  had,  always 
striving  for  progress  in  diU'erent  directions,  avoiding  controversy,  and  jerson- 
ally  interesting  himself  in  the  welfare  of  all  classes;  a  jovial  b<  n-vivant, 
kiMglit  of  iSantiago,  and  man  of  wealth.  His  wife,  who  accompanied  him  to 
Cal.,  was  Lona  .^lagdalella  de  Uiqnidcs.  15or':  (Louis),  184,">,  Engl,  who  got 
a  pass  for  Sonora  at  Los  -Aug.       li.  (Manuel),  lS4r>,  ditto. 

Loronda  (.lose  Cainito),  son  of  Corj).  Manuel  B.  and  his  wife  (Jcrtrudis 
Jliguera,  b.  at  S.  V.  170'-;  soldier  of  ^Iollt.  coiiip.  from  1812  in  the  eseolta  of 
S.  Antonio,  S.  .Miguel,  and  S.  .hiaii.  ii.  'IW'l;  in  the  S.  1.  'oinp.  '2(1-7:  in  "28 
alcalde  of  Branciforte.  ii.  (127:  wife  Fraiieisea  Castro,  eliildren  Maria.  Con- 
cepcion,  Antoiiia,  .iuan  .lost'',  and  Francisco;  grantee  o'  land  in  .Mont,  district 
'4.'<.  iv.  (;.")();  j lie/,  at  S.  ,luaii  B.  '44.  iv.  (idl.  f'l  '7!-  'ic  was  living  with  his 
daughter  Conce])cioii — grantee  of  the  I'otrero.  iv.  (ij.") — .;ear  S.  l.,uis  Obisjio, 
and  diitated  for  me  iiis  Natitsoi  old-tinu!  adventures,  ii.  ',\',\\\  44(i.  B.  (.losii 
Lusebio).  perhaps  a  brother  of  Canuto,  in  '.'{(i  majordomo  of  the  Verjele.i 
lauclio.  iii.  07'.';  age  "JO,  wife  Josefa  Buelua,  children  Josi^  tie  los  Santo.s  and 


BORONDA— BOTTS. 


V-'a 


Maria  iU'l  CYnnit'ii;  in  '4  )  ;;i'aiitc(!  of  lliiicoiiada  ilcl  Zaiijon.  iii.  (i7H,  and  jucz 
aiix.  "41.  iv.  li.");!;  still  living' at  Saliiiiio  iu  '77.  l>iit  \i\»  A;,i-.ili:'<  Hi-^iOrh-iK  was 
very  l)iii;f  and  uiiiiiipoi'taiit.  B.  (.j(is(''  Manmll,  prol).  scpii  of  Mamul,  at 
Salinas  lantiiu  ';!.")-(),  I,cii:y  \\\vv.  do  lani;  ■  iii.  074,  ()7S;  a;.'(;  ;>.'!,  wil'i-  .Itiana 
Cota,  ihildrcn  .JiiiiM  lie  Mala  i).  'iJI ,  ( -ailota  1.'2,  .Jn.scfa  "J."),  Isalu  1  "JS,  Ascinsidii 
'iJO.  Franii-iii  '."il,  Juan  'WW,  .losi'^  Maninl  iUi,  urantcM' of  J.os  La  iriK's  in  '.'ill.  iii. 
()(i7'aiiii  |Hiliai).s<)l"l\u'li((  in ';>.").  iii.(J7!t;  «till  li\  in.  mViO.  B.  .luando  Mat:), 
jiU'Z  at  S.  Carlos  '4(i;  named  a.s  tin.'  man  wiio  UillL'd  ('apt.  ]>uii-oii,L'ii.s  at  Xativi- 
dad.  V.  .'i70,  (i;!7;  son  d  .lost'  Mai.'iil.  J'>.  (.Manaul),  t  upoial  and  tarpintii', 
tcailior  at  S.  V.  and  .Mont.  ]7!K)  isjS.  i.  (i4:!:  A.  7S,  ;;n;{.  4-_*7.  1!.  C'liaj, 
voman  w  lio  kept  a  littli;  .shop  at  Mon'  'Si  1-  .'Ui,  perliaps  a  sisti.T  of  Maniiul. 
ii.  4Jil.  (il4;  iii.  4."»l   ,"). 

!>oirt'L,'o,  ISJ'J.  Mex.  priest  who  ji.nK.  a.s  a  companion  of  (anoni'^o  l*"einan- 
diz;  not  of  llu.  Ih'sI  repnlatio':  }'e;'!ja[is  a  nieluiaiiie.  ii.  4.")S.  llorris  (.lames 
Will),  I  Sl'I),  .Veu  Yorker  \\  ho.-.e  father  was  I'aigl.  and  mother  |)uteli;  l>a[)ti/:ed 
in  Ji  and  emjiliiyed  liy  ( ':i|)t.  lie  la  (luerra  as  a  pliysician  for  tin-  troops  at 
St;i  I),   ii.  411.1,  7yH).    \'ei  v  hkeiy  his  name  was  ljiirr>,i  ;_'!is. 

Jjiiseaiia  ((liTonimoi  ISOO,  Sjuni.  friar  who  served  in  the  south  until  his 
du!  th  at  S.  (ialiiiel  in  ';il;  a  man  (jf  learniiiL',  whose  treatise  on  the  Ind. 
I'lii  iiilichhik'l:  -wn^  puhlisl'.ed  i.iter,  Imt  whose  conduct  wa.s  not  in  all  respeetn 
ixemplary.  liioLC  iii.  041  •_';  ineiit.  i.  list  of  aiith.;  ii.  I"_';!,  I. "ill  (id,  ;;!.";  S, 
iVi.Vli,  »)"(),  :{!I4.  48S,  .■)I7,  .")li7,  (i.Vi;  id.  !l(i,  lOJ,  ;{|(),  :i."(l;  iv.  ;!4  I  .">.  Bos,(» 
(•lohn),  1S47.  \iitii  the  .Morin.  l!at.  (v.  4(i!l),  in  the  fam.  (;f  C.'apt.  Hunt.  Hose 
(duo.  A.),  I.S48,  (ierman  fanner  in  Sia  Clara  \'al.  "70.  liosipie  ('riionia.  ), 
KS47,  Co.  (1,  X.  V.N'ol.  (V.  4'.ti»);  d.  at  L.  Anii.'47.  IJostwick  ( l.imesC.),  Isi;. 
Co.  I),  \.  V.  Vol.  I'.otaires  (I'asiiial),  ISJ.ii,  Cal.  claim  of  ><'M>  (v.  KiJ). 
Botello  (.loai|iunl,  tailor  instrmtor  at  Niont.  I7'.l-   ISOI.   i.  01.">;  ii.  174. 

liotello  (.Varcisol,  ISIi.'i,  .Mix.,  native  of  .Mamos,  Sonora,  who  came  with 
.lohn  I'orster  liy  land,  and  ajrain  with  .lames  Johnson  iit  '.'!4,  aL,'e  '1\.  ijro- 
neoii.Tily  named  as  sec.  at  Los  .Vng.  in  'i!0.  ii.  Mi).  At  lirst  1>.  tended  Kicc':; 
liilliiird-sidoon,  and  .soon  opened  a  trrocery  at  L.  Aug.  Sindico  of  theavunl, 
''.\.<\  .sec,  of  the  ayunt.  from  ";>(),  taUinic  a  jironunent  part  in  ninny  public  mat- 
ters, csjxcially  in  the  southern  opposition  to  .Alvai.-.do  in  '^lO  S.  iii.  4III,  .">I.S- 
l!l,  '\'M,  r),"!."),  ."i.'iS,  ■"lO.'i  0,  (!.■{.■)  1);  sec.  of  iirefcctuic  '.')I)-4.'{.  of  the  tiihunal  .si- 
pcrior  '4'2,  and  jiiantci^  of  Land  at  S,  .luan  < 'ap.  "41.  iii.  OO."),  040;  iv.  (i2(i,  {V.Vl 
-.'{;  vocal  of  tlie  asscmlily  "4;{  (1,  taking'  a  leadiTiL;  part  in  all  deliheiations  of 
that  hody,  aUi  no  of  tiie  lessees  of  S.  jiueii.  mission  '4.'i.  i  v.  , '{Iii,  410  I  1 ,  4 _'.'), 
4!l.'i,  .")•_'!,  r)40,  .").i.  ."i.-i.^,  IU,");  active  aiiainst  the  .\nier.  invasion  .lune -.Vul'.  '40, 
and  also  as  ab-enilil\ man  and  .sec.  of  ( iov.  {''lores  in  '40-7,  hut  did  n  it  ^'o  w  itli 
F.  t-  Mex.  as  he  wished  to  <lo.  v.  .'{7-8,  .-)»),  •_'04,  ,'{•_'!  "J,  40.S.  02."i;  f;i'anteo  <if 
La  Ci'iM'ga  "4li.  ln"4S  ."iO  U.  niiide  several  not  very  successful  at cmpts  at 
pild-miniiii,',  also  eu^'a-inu  in  ti.ade  at  L.  Ang.  anil  S.  .luan  15.;  ir.  '  iter  yeart 
justice  of  the  peace  and  not.iry  ptddic.  Il<,'  was  a  man  of  gnod  aliilit.iMand  fair 
•  ■ducatioii:  always  a  ])artis:in  of  his  country,  Mexico,  against  Cal.  ard  the  L'. 
S.,  as  also  of  the  soutii  against  the  north.  In  '78,  living  at  the  Sta  .Miiria 
r;incho  near  S  |)iego  in  great  poverty  -it  the  age  of  (ill,  IJoLello  dictated  fur  mc 
his  J/iii'cs  i/il  Siir.  a  very  valnahle  narrative  of  the  politii  al  and  otiier  com- 
plications of  his  ('ill.  expeiienee.   lie  liai'  no  family. 

Jiotero  ( I'alilo),  ISi)|,  piiosjiective  settler  at  ISraliciforti'.  ii.  171.  Ilntillei" 
(.\nastasio).  lit  Los  Ang.  "40.  H.  (Francisco  and  \'icente),  dittn.  I>.  (loii- 
(piin),  teacherat  Los  .Aug.  '.'{I),  ii.  .■')i)4.  IJ.  (.losi'  .\nt.),  at  Los  .\ng.  I!',  anil 
S.  Antonio  rancho  "lilt.  ii.  ;(,"i4,  010;  in  ".'{(>  at  Mont.,  age  .'il),  w  ife  .Maria  dc  la 
1..U/  Morales,  child.  .Fo.se  de  .lesils  li.  14.  I'eregrilio  "'24 -employed,  liy  Larkia 
as  a  courier  "40 — .lose  .loiup  '20.  I>.  (losi' di  1  CiirmenI,  I.S4'_'.  i\.  O-'iIi.  I>. 
(Xarcisi  ),  eiMirier '40.  v.  7"-.  Botta  d'aolo  l'',niilio),  I.S'_'7,  Ital.  scientist  on 
the  //tiros  '\l~-b;  author  of  On<irnr.ii,;ii.  i.  list  of  auth.;  ii.  ").")! ;  iii.  LJS  ,"10. 
Bottene,  1S40,  nir  of  the  i'nhhiit  at  .'<.F. 

1)  itts  (Charles  'V.\.  IS4S.  Virginian,  who  I'liiiic  on  the  M'll'd'J'i  with  ;in  ap- 
j'oiiitmcnt  as  I'.S.  navid  stondieeper  at  Munt.  I  have  the  leltei' of  intiiid.  to 
Larkin  w  hicli  he  biought  from  Com.  .8'loat,  as  We.l  U3  many  na\al  aceouuta 


'I . 


'k  % 


■■'^ 


20 


PIONEER  REOISTER  AND  INDEX. 


siirncd  hy  B.  lie  went  to  the  iiiincs  witli  ("olti/ii;  was  ;i  iiicinljpr  of  tlic  consti- 
t'.il  ioiiiil  coiivciitiuii  in  '4!);  inciiiliti'  ut  a  li  ailing  law  linn  in  S.F.  fiNjni '."/();  lioni 
'■j6  a  S.Ki'aiiic'iito  jouinalist,  im])\iti\nu'^i\niSI(i,i(l(n'il;  .state  jirintcr  in  '(11 ;  ;ilso 
(lislrict  juilycM.f  Sac.  di^Urict.  AfttT  tlic  war  iio  spent  sonio  yi;ar.s  in  IIk!  f;(j'.itli, 
I, lit  ruluriic'il  to  till!  praetici!  of  lii.s  profcs.sion  in  ('al.,  residing  cliielly  at  ():ik- 
laud,  \\  here  he  died  in  'S4  at  the  age  of  7.").  lii.s  wife,  who  outlived  their  el.il- 
drcn.  died  a  few  yeara  1/eforc  lur  liu.shand;  Imt  ]>.  left  two  {.'randdaiighte.s, 
dacghler.s  of  \)r  .Vylette  of  Stockton.  Judge  ]lott.s  Mas  a  brother  of  .lohn  ?d. 
]jotts,  the  fanioii.s  \irginiau  politician,  and  wa.s  hinisi  If  a  politician  of  the  liettcr 
.sort,  a  successfid  lawyi  r  of  uuuked  ahiiity,  and  a  citizen  of  wide  inllueiice. 

IJouehaltz  (I'heodoie),  1M7,  Co.  A,  N'.V.  Vol.  (v.  41)9);  d.  at  Marii.o.sa '8.^. 
I  oueliard  (liypoiitc),  ISLS,  1  renell  com.  of  the  IJuenos  Aires  insiii-gents  <:n 
the  Cal.  coast.  See  ii.  •J-JO-l!),  'J.")'J,  .'US,  ;W3,  ;JS!).  Nothing  is  kno\ni  of  his 
curlier  or  later  career.  Luuchet  (Louis),  ly_'8,  French  cooper  with  .Mex. 
pa>-.-i>.  at  ^lont.  L!S-!I.  ii.  .").")8;  iii.  178;  owner  of  a  vineyard  with  \\'.  L.  Hill 
at  Los  Ang. ;  iiatur.-dized  in  "Ijl,  and  soon  married;  one  of  the  vigilantes  '■'>(! 
(iii.  Joii);  ""^t  hy  ^lofras  in  Ml.  who  calls  him  W'ni,  also  called  liauchctand 
Lanehot  in  .sonic  records.  He  signed  a  proclamation  against  Castro  in  '10;  and 
ace.  to  Lox  AiKj.  Co.  //ifif.,  .S.'i,  died  Oct.  '47;  but  1  tind  his  naino  in  an  origi- 
nal list  of  '48.  i)Oiidii;ct(\V.  !•;.),  1847,  owner  of  a  S.E.  lot.  l>(Hiet  (lean), 
1848,  French  trader  at  Los  Ang.  ago  .'JO.  I  )oul)tful  record.  Bonlanger  ( Fran- 
cis), 1847,  Co.  1),  X.Y.  \<>\.  (v.  4!i!)).  lloiisol,  lS4(i,  came  to  S.  .lose  Valley, 
J  hill.        IJonzet  (V,.  <lc),  184!!,  com.  (jf  t!ie  French  corvette  Urllkmlo.   v.  iui). 

liowdcn  (.lohn  If. ),  IS4S,  from  ilmiolulu;  kept  a  hakery  and  owned  a  lot  at 
8.F.  liowcii  (A.sa  M.),  184(1,  Co.  C,  ist  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  ,'),'i(j).  who  took  part 
i:i  the  lialtle  of  S.  I'ascual,  on  which  he  furnislied  me  in  '7(J  a  Stulrincnt.  Still 
at  S.F.  '81-.'),  and  in  serious  trouble  with  the  oliiecrsof  justice.  lloweii  (Thoi? 
(i.),  18;»4,  Aiiier.  trappir  from  N.  Mex.;  settled  at  S.  .Jose  from  "."(I.  iii.  117; 
iv.  41'_'.  He  kept  a  di.-iillcry,  and  his  name,  variously  written,  ajipcars  iu  Lar- 
kin's  hiioks  and  other  records  fr(>ni  year  to  year;  one  of  (iraham's  rillcmcn  '1^(5 
(iii.  4.J7);  grantee  of  Canada  de  S.  Felipe  in  '.'il),  having  heiii  naturaii/cd  and 
married,  iii.  (177,  711;  ai:csted  but  not  exiled  '40.  iv.  17;  in  "41,  being  a  S. 
.lo.ii';  trader  age  'Itii,  with  one  child,  ho  becainc  security  for  .some  of  the  ilartle- 
joii  imniig.  iv.  '1'7>,  (184,  (i8(i;  failed  in  business  '44;  signed  the  call  to  foreign- 
ers'4.").  iv.  ;")!)!).  J  tind  110  record  of  him  after '4(1.  J5.  (Tl.os),  184(1,  prob.  a, 
i'on  of  the  preccdiiiir,  named  by  Fremont  as  a  Mild  young  fellow  of  S.  Jose, 
v.hose  mother  (ivvned  laml  at  the  ndssion.  I>.  (W'm),  lS44-."),  .'^ailoi'  from  the 
ijVi /•/(//;/ at  .Mont.  iv.  587.  H.  (Win  J.),  1847,  came  fnjiu  Honolulu  on  the 
(.'urn  iiri/  /jd.t.i;  later  miner,  and  Iiinibcrman  at  JJodega:  part  owner  of  tlie  .S''(- 
/'."/((■,  making  several  \ oyages,  mariie<l  at  Sidney,  In  '82  he  had  for  many  years 
been  a  resident  if  I'leikelev.   ^'cl•y  likely  same  as  preceding. 

J'.owcrs  iJamcs  IL),  1847,  Co.'j),  N.'V.Vol.  (v.  4!t!));  later  hotel-keeper  at 
Stockton;  died  at  S.  F.  70.  IJowim,'  (Henry),  1S47,  florin.  I5at.  (v.  4(i!»); 
rei'iilisted  fit  Los  Ang.  Jiowlcs  or  Jioles  (.loseiili),  ls;i8,  Anier.  on  l^arkin's 
books  at  Mont.;  .seinewhat  prominent  in  the  tJraham  all'air  of  "40,  and  exiled 
to  .S.  IJlas,  lint  came  back  in  '41  after  a  visit  to  N.V.  to  urge  his  claim  for 
damages,  iv.  18,  .SI,  :i:{,  II!).  On  the  Alir/  at  St.i  Ii.  "42;  pcrjiaps  at  X.  Helv. 
'47.  n.  (Samuel),  IS48,  ovcrl.  immig.  with  Allsopp,  ^^  hose  partner  he  was 
iu  .1  S.  F.  boardiiig  house  till  '."lO;  when  he  went  to  the  mines.  rxiwinau 
(  loa(|nin,  .loseph,  or  (iilbcrt),  182(1,  Keiitnckian  tiiipperof  .led.  Smith's  jiaity. 
ii.  .")oS;  iii.  I,")."),  1(10,  17(1;  settled  at  S.  Oabricl  as  a  aiiller,  and  still  lived 
there  in  '44  at  the  age  of  (l.'t. 

Hoy  (John),  1817',  owner  of  lots  at  S.  F.  Bovce  (Oeo.  W.),  1847,  Co.  D, 
Morni.  Bat.  (v.  4()'.));  at  Salt  Lake  City  '82.  I5oy<l  (Win),  1847,  Co.  I  >,  Morm. 
Bat.  B.  ((let).),  1818,  jicrhapsat S.  F.  B.  (R.),  I84S,  passji.  from  1  loiiidnlu. 
Boyer,  1848,  mrof  the  /'ir^eirraiirc.  v.  .")7!).  Boyers  ("\Vlii),  IS47,  (.'o.  1'',  X. 
Y.Vol.  (v.  4'.)!l);  at  S.  F.  "82.  Boyle  (l)r),  184."'),  doubtful  nami-  of  an  immig. 
iv.  .")78.  B.  (Henry  (i.),  1847,  Co".  C,  Morm.  liat.  v.  481,  4!H1;  in  Utah  '.S2, 
cha|ilaiii  of  the  legislature.        15.  (.Iiime<^,  |Sl(l,  Ainer.  car]ienterat  Mont. '40-8. 

jjrackcnbeny  (Biiij.  ]>.),  1847,  C".  i'>,  Morm.  Bat.  (\.  401)).        Iliaekeiiriilgo 


BR  ACKEXRIDG  E-BRAXX  AX. 


t27 


(.1.  T>.),  IRll,  lintani-t  of  U.  S.  px.  cxped.  iv.  241-2,  24."i.  Biaekctt  (Jolui 
Ely),  IS47,  licut  2(1  L'.  S.  aitilliTy:  caiit.  Co.  (',  X.V.Vi.l.  v.  r)04;  coin,  of  tlio 
.Son(iina,L;aniii(iir47  N.  \ .  til'!*  10,  (iOT.  (JliD;  latiralawyi'r.ln'invjaTmiiiliiifif  tlio 
Irgislatui-f  of  '4! •  .")(),  and  niajor-^'cn.  of  Cal.  militia,  llf  iVwA  at  llink  Islaml, 
Hi.,  .Ian.  '5.").  His  .son  Of  liiiitliui- — fori  liavi>  lust  tlii'  icfcrinoe — Col  Alln'rt 
(I.  J'rackctt,  toni.  of  tiic  mil.  ili.'^tiiot  of  Xcvaila  "IK!,  fnrnislud  mc  in  '~(i  a 
,V'■'^7(  (;/"  Ihi-  /si  Rkj.  \.  Y.  Vol.,  and  sever.il  otlici-  MSS.  con  tain  in;,'  uscfnl  in- 
fn'niation.  Sec  i.  list  of  ant  h.        J'ladfoid  {\Vini,  lS4li,  lifiit  on  tliu  CS.  ]yiinr>i. 

Hradli'y  (Thomas  Wcstlyt,  1S4;!,  'rciini'ssccan  inimi,Lr.  fiom  Mo.  in  tlu'  ( 'Inlcs 
Jiarty.  iv.  ;{!I2,  4(10:  employed  a  while  hy  Sutter,  luit  in  '44  !)  lived  in  Na|ia 
\  alley,  joining  the  lieais.  v.  Ill;  lait  not  apparently  ;.'oin,if  t.onth  \\itii  the 
liattalion,  and  mairyinn  Jielieeca  Allen  of  Mu.  in  ]  )ee.  '4(i.  Finni  "4!(  he  lived 
i:i  Conir.i  Costa  eonnty,  and  in  'S.j  uas  still  (Hi  his  farm  near  J-af.iyette  with 
a  lar;ie  f.imily.  Of  his  .six  sons,  .lames  Warn  n  was  li.  in  "47  and  .lulin  W'illard 
i:i  '4S;  there  weic  4  daaghters.  .'!  of  them  mariied  In  lore  "S.">.  Portrait  in  <.'(iii- 
frn  CoKld  Co.  Hi"!.,  2'.l(i.  liiadlcy,  1.S41  (';),  a  man  w  ho  aeeonijianiiil  IhiMjks 
—  Four  Moiilhs,  etc.-  in  his  ^'oUl-hnn' 'lig  tour  (jf  '4S,  heinii  named  on  nearly 
every  paL'e:  elaiined  to  havi!  Iieeii  in  t'.d.  eiu'ht  years,  to  h.ive  lieen  iin  ollii  c  r 
of  viilunteers  in  the  war,  and  to  lie  a  fiiend  of  Cajit.  I''(;lsoin.   iv.  27!'. 

Uradsliaw  (.l(jhn),  1S27,  one  of  the  best  known  l'i<Jston  traders  on  llio 
coast;  ni.'ister  of  the  FrriiiUiii  in  '27  S.  of  the  PurnhoiiluH  "M  2,  j'.nd  of  the 
L-Kjoda  '.'U-.").  Often  in  trouble  with  the  anthorities  nn  aeeonnt  of  hi.s  smii.;- 
}:!ing  exploits,  as  elsewhere  narrated,  ii.  .'•.'il;  iii.  I.'i2  4,  1 47  S,  l(i.")-7,  l7(i-7, 
2ll>.\"W2  :{.  Capt.  B.  never  leturneil  to  Cal.  after  '.T).  hut  I  havi-  his  letter  to 
('apt.  Cooper  in  ".'{(i;  and  a  letter  nf  .Ian.  '84  from  his  daughter,  Mrs  11.  ]•;. 
lioundy,  informs  me  that  he  ilied  at  his  home  in  Ikverley,  .Si ass.,  .May  "SO,  at 
the  age  <jf  !)4.  ]!.  (.lulian),  1S4."),  overl.  iuuuig.  in  the  ( irigshy-lde  p'lrty; 
I; mils  given  by  Yount;  prol).  went  to  <.)r.  in  '4:i.  iv.  't'H.\,  7~,A.  W.  (.Samnc  1), 
ISjH,  in  the  mines  with  Uvooks;  formerly  eari)enter  ou  a  whaler.  ]>.  (Wui 
I).),  1S4(I,  lient  Co.  D,  Cal.  IJat.  v.  30l';  had  a  Cal.  elaim  (if  .'■•!;!2(v.  4()2). 
Biady,  KS48,  with  Xewell  k  (iiU.ert.  J'.,  (.fames),  184(1, at  .\.  llelv.  in  .l.m.; 
]ierliaiis  siime  as  preceding.  H.  (.f.ames),  1847,  < 'o.  K,  X.  V.\"(jl.  (\-.  4!);)). 
B.  (.lohn  Iv.),  1847,  Co.  H,  "X.Y.\'ol.;  died  at  Stockton  after  '.">(). 

P.raham(A.),  184."),  at  X.  Ilelv.;  jiroh.  '  Brnheim,' (pv.  Bralee  (Thomas), 
r-li'i,  l']ngl.  sailor  disch.  from  t\w  Snrdiinah:  a  lusid.  of  Mont.  ;ind  ('.'irmelo 
\a!.,  excejit  2  years  at  the  ndues,  to  77  and  later,  luiing  a  daiiynian,  with 
two  sons  and  a  daughter.        Brali'V  (.MhertI,  I84"i,  mate  on  the  J/o/v '^ 

l)iaiuli  (l'"raniis  Ziha),  bS.SI,  trapjier  <if  the  W'ulfskill  jiarty  fnmi  X.  Mex. 
iii,  .■is7,  40.'i;  a  nat.  of  X.  V.  After  a  few  yeai's  nf  hunting  he  opeuc(i  a  stoiMs 
iiud  lioai'dingdiduse  at  St.a  15.,  though  often  engaging  in  a  hunt,  to  k(,'ep  up 
memories  of  old  times,  lie;  married  Mannela  Cailon  in  ";!.").  iv.  117:  and  the 
^y|\n  (if  ";{(1  .shows  tliat  he  had  then  one  son.  .Selliu','  his  store  in  ".■i7,  he  .ip- 
I  in  -obtained  in  '.'ill — and  got  a  grant  of  t!ie  Sta  .Mannela 


]i:ii!ron  o 

i'iie(ltornaturalizati''ii-,;inniii,'i  m  ...  >  — n  n.,  ^,^i^  u  ^I'lxi^ '.»  i.i'-  i-ki.  ..■>,iiti,iik 
raneho  near  S.  JiUis  Obispo,  iii.  (i7ll;  iv.  (m.'i;  where  he  spent  the  icst  of  hi.s 
life,  a  rich  man  of  good  repute.  Jle  died  in  "74  .at  the  age  of  72.  leaving ni.iny 
(•'.lildren  and  grandchildren.  ][is  portrait  is  given  in  .S'.  Liiix  oh.  (\>.  IJi^l., 
:M().        Brand.i  (.liian),  at  Sonoma  "44. 

ISninder  (Wm),  18.'!;l,  .Scotch  carpenter,  2!l  years  old.  at  Mimt.,  hi->  name 
appearing  often  (in  Larkin's  Imoks  and  othei-  lecords  in '.'!.'!- I.'i.  iii.  4llil:  ai- 
rested  but  not  e.siled  in  '40.  iv.  17;  got  a  carta,  and  in  '41  ~2  was  a  Inndier- 
man  near  .Sta  Cruz.  In  Oct.  '4.")  he  was  found  dead  on  .\nu%sti's  raneho,  be- 
lieved to  have  been  killed  by  Ind.   iv.  .")4.'). 

Ihanham  (Renj.  F. ),  1S4I!,  son  of  Isaac  and  overl.  innnig.  at  the  agi;  of 
one  >■(  ar;  shcrilV  of  Sta  Clara  Cn.  'S.').  H.  (Isaac),  I84(!,  Kentnckian  immig. 
(v.  .")2(l).  with  his  wife  Amanda  A.  Bailey  aii'l  son  Benj.  F.,settUng  at  S. 
.lost'',  where  he  was  .a  nieniber  of  the  town  C(i\Micil  "4t)"7.  v.  (i(i4;  and  when! 
he  still  livedin'81.  I'drtiait  in  .S'/f(  r/(//vf  r„.  //;-/,.  .'((Ij.  He  had  as m  <  harlen 
1>.  '.i4,  and  a  daughter  Mary  b.  '(iO;  besides  4  children  b(irn  belorc  he  came  to 
( 'al.  Br.-.nisan  (  Fluria),  1.S4(J.  pass,  on  the  (luijii':  ■umii'  from  (  al'.an.  IJanks 
(Uobert),  18-18,  \isited  >.  1'.  fioiu  lloiioialu  on  iUuJu/idii.       ]jrannaii  (IVtci), 


PIONKER  REGISTER  AXD  INDEX. 


184G,  Irish  brickl.iytT  who  sorvud  in  the  Ciil.  15:it.  at  the  Xativitlad  fight; 
hitcr  workt'il  at  his  tiailo;  in  the  mines  '48;  soon  alr.ei' ihowned  at  S.  F.  Siruii. 
rerhajw  liis  name  was  llreniinn. 

Iji'annun  (Samuel),  IS-iO,  Mormon  ehler  and  chief  of  tlie  colony  sent  from 
N.Y.  on  the  /JrooLli/n.  See  full  account  of  the  colony,  v.  .")44  ct  se<j.;  nicntitiu 
V.  471,  (i44-J5.   IJ.  was  liorn  at  Saco,  Me,  in  "l!l;  learned  the  printer's  trade  in 
Ohio  from  'o3;  travelled  as  ii  printer  throut,'h  many  parts  of  the  country;  anil 
from  "42  putilished  the  X.  )'.  J/(>.-(«;/' )•  and  later  the  J'rc/ihff,  as  organs  of  the 
Mormon  church.   Of  his  conversion  and  early  experience  as  a  latter-day  saint 
not  liiueli  is  hnown,  the  suhject  hein^;  avoided  hoth  liy  himself  and   his  old 
associates;  bat  he  was  eleai'Iy  a  leadin;.!  .•spirit  in  the  church,  anil  was  just  the 
man  to  take  charge  of  the  (.'alifornian  .scheme.    There  is  no  good  reason  to 
ilouht  his  devotion  to  the  cau.se,  but  it  was  his  tirin  intention  to  huild  up  his 
own  fortunes  with  those  of  his  .sect;  he  was  gi-eatly  displeased  with  President 
Young's  change  of  jdans  respecting  Cal.;  and  having  failed  during  a  visit  to 
Salt  i^ako  to  modify  the  president's  views,  it  re(jinred  hut  few  years  to  divest 
himself  entirely  his  of  o'd-tinie  religious  fi.rvor  and  become  an  apostate.   Mean- 
while, at  S,  V.  he  was  a  leading  spirit  from  the  first,  preaching  eloi|uently  on 
Sundays,  publishing  the  Sidr,  buying  town  lots,  taking  part  in  political  con- 
troversies, working    ealonsly  for  the  advancement  of  the  town's  educational 
and   other  interests,  always  aggressive  but  liberal  in  his  views,  showing  no 
signs  of  sectarianism,    h'or  mention  in  this  pai't  of  his  career  '4(i  7,  see  v. 
404,  'J4;)-.")l,  titiO  S,  (iSl  •-'.   in  "47   he  established  the  lirm  (jf  C.  C.  Sunth  & 
Co.  at  Sac.,  later  ISr.'innan  &  Co.,  in  which  Melius  &  Howard  and  Win  Stout 
weie  partners.   The  immense  pidlits  of  his  store  after  the  discovery  of  gold  in 
'4S-!>,  with  his  mining  operations  at  Mormon  Island,  and  the  im.Tease  of  S.F. 
real  estate,  made  him  a  little  later  the  richest  man  in  (  al.    Of  his  career  after 
'4S  something  will  be  found  in  vol.  vi.  of  this  wo;'k;  also  in  my  l'(jj/iilti.r  Tr'i 
!iiiiii(/<.  r>.  having  been  prominent  in  connection  with  tlu^  vigilance  coiannttees. 
I  do  not  attempt  even  to  outline  his  most  renuirkalile  career  a.-i  ca|)italist  and 
si)eculator.   In  many  [)arts  of  the  state  and  even  beyond  its  Hunts  he  aci|uireil 
innnense  interests,  sliowijig  in  their  management  the  ability  and  energy  so 
characteristic  of  the  man.   He  probably  did  more  foi'S.F.  and  for  other  places 
than  was  eU'eeted  by  the  eondjined  etl'orts  of  scores  of  better  men;  and  indeed, 
ill  many  icspccts  he  was  not  a  bad  man,  being  as  a  lule  straightforw  ard  as  \\  cU 
as  shrewd  in  his  dealings,  as  famous  lor  his  acts  of  charity  and  open-hand'd 
liberality  as  for  his  enterprise,  giving  also  freipicnt  proofs  of  personal  bravery. 
In  '.')!)  he  purchased  the  (.'alistoga  estate,  in  connection  with  the  improvement 
of  which  his  name  is  perhaps  most  widely  known.    Here  he  established  a  dis- 
tillery on  a  gi'and  scale,  and  here  in  "(JS  he  received  eight  1  -diets  and  neiirly 
lost  his  life  in  a  ipuirrel  for  possession  of  a  mill.   Meauwinle  he  had  given  him- 
self u])  to  strong  drink;  for  "JO  years  or  more  he  was  rarely  sober  after  nnon; 
and   he  became  as  well  known  for  his  dissolute  habits  and  drunken  freaks  as 
he  had  been  foi'  his  wi:altli  and  ability.    l>oniestie  troubles  led  to  divoree  from 
the  wife  married  in  '44,  who  with  their  child  had  come  with  him  in  '40  and 
li  irne  hiui  other  ehildiin  inCah;  division  of  the  estate  was  followed  by  r,n- 
huky  speculations,  and  Ihannan's  vast  wealth  melted  gradually  away.   In  the 
days  of  his  prosperity  he  had  liberally  supported  the  cause  of  .Mexico  against 
the  I''rench  invasion  and  its  tool  Maximilian,  and  just  befoi-e  bSSO  he  obtained 
iu  return  a  grant  of  lands  in  Sonora,  embarking  with  somewhat  of  his  old  eii- 
«  rgy  in  a  grand  scheme  of  colonization,  which  has  thus  far  lu'oved  a  total  f.dl- 
nre.    I'or  the  last  year  or  two  down  (o  "N.")  I  Iran  nan  has  li\  cd  at  (Juaynias  or  i>n 
th(!  fi'ontier,  lemarried   to  a  ^h'xican  woman,  a  sorry  wreck  jihysieally  and 
I'nancially,  yet  clear-headed  as  evir  and  full  of  courage  for  the  future.   Thou- 
sands <if  ]iioneers  in  Cal.  remeudier  this  erratic  genius  with   the  kindliest  of 
feelings,  and  hope  that  he  may  yet  add  a  brilliant  clusing  chapter  to  tlu^  record 
of  one  of  tlu^  mo>t  remarkable  characters  in  Califoi'nian  annals. 

l>rant  (Henry),  IS4,"i,  one  of  Ficniont's  nu'n.  iv.  a,s;{.  Ihashei'  (S.  M.), 
IS!  I,  mid.  on  the  .S7  /,„),;>■.  Itrass  (ISenj.).  ls-17,  Co.  A,  .\b)rm.  I'.at.  (v.  4(i!)); 
rcciilisted  at  Los  Ang.       iJrasseau  (Chas),  KS47,  at  N.  lielv.       Lraun  (.lean 


BRAUX-r>RJ:\VER. 


729 


Louis),  1831,  FrencUinan,  id  yciir.s  oM,  from  X.  Mox.  piiiluilM  vith  ^Volfskill 


.lacks 


li 


(CIkls 


J.  W.i,  1,S}.- 


IJrauii   (I'liiliii),    l;:47,   Co.    H,   N.  V.   Vol.    (v.  AW)). 


)f  1- 


ICIllOllt  S  llU'll.    IV. 


MX 


culc;i:allv 


(1  to  ik'iUli  ill  i;i  |)o|-;ul()  Ci 


■'.). 


til 


(David),  s(ililiL'r  at    Mont. 


v'c  4;j. 


11.  (.ii 


do  Di: 


ls;i2. 


nil).  <-'Ntraiiii  ra  at  -Moat,  iii,  "JJl;  ix^iilor  at  Lo.i  Ai 


.!.).   1)1.  ().>.) 


]i.  (luan  X.),  KSlL' 


,il)-i 


i(uit  of  tliu  liatalliiu  lijo.  iv.  '.'SO.       1!.  (.Manuel), 


1S4_',  iliito.  iv.  "jyi).       Jj.  (-Marculiiio),  in\iil.  at  Jji'anci 


[){). 


liray  (Ivlnuiml),  IS44,  Iri.- 


tl 


lit 


ic  Stevins  ])arty,  agi-  .'IT 


44." 


an  cniployL'd  liy  .'-^uttcr  frc/ni  '4.'),  .serving'  in  tiir  SlicliLltorcii'i  c-. 


l)ui,L;ii.   iv.  4.S(J;  winit  to  tliu  luiucs  in  '4!ri.   He  was  disahled  !i 


fall 


.1 


in  '72  Iiad  hccn  f(jr  (i  vjars  in  the  Sa 


liis  .1/ 


t'iniiir,  an  cveu 


Hunt 


ity  lio.sjjital,  wIkto  ho  wroti'.  for  iiio 


narrative  of  the  jomiiey  overiaiid 


IJ.  (K 


-l), 


1347,  i;ir  of  the  llvnnj.  v.  .'iTtS;  owner  of  a  S.  !•'.  lot. 


Ker-t  f 


K,  -Mt 

jf  t 


IJat. 


\  I  t\    lH'ol).    I 


lid 


•ax.ier  (Kicliardi,  IS  17, 


I  party  or  trajipei'.-^  between   \t'l 


aiK 


I  "40. 


not  come 


to  Cal.       J 


Jrea''"  r,  witli 


Jjreeli  (James  Win),  IS'2!)-I!0,  Ijuston  man  who  pci  iiaps  visited  Cal.  o'\  a 


ii.' 


wlialer,  anu  possilily  remauie 


I  at  tl 


it  tune,  u. 


3,  iii.  17:>,  tl 


he  eaniu  baek  from  Jloiiohilu  in  ';>7  t<i  I; 


ion;,'li  some  .-iay 


v.herc  he  married  and  hail  l 


d 


.cVlso  nameii  as  owner  o 


naiiy  eliudrei 


ec.imc  a  permanent  resid 


.still  liv  iiiL'  iu  '70  at  tli 


vta  li 

.f  7<i 


anelio  near  S.  Luis  Oh 


uid  as  an  otter-hnntcr  m 


'41 

L.),  IS4.1 


liif<.irmation  about  him  is  very  unsati.slaetoiy.        lireekeiiridge  ('I  lionias 


>f  !■' 


its  men,  seiviiiL'  in  the  ( 'al.  l!at. 


mil  as  one  < 


if  tlr 


!Sta  15.  ij;arrison  '40.   v.  .'iOli,  4.').'),  .'.S,');  liad  a  Cal.  claim  (v.  40J)  of  ;>-J0,  and  was 
lit  WasliiiiLjtou  -May  '4S  to  testify  it  tlie  eourt  uiartial. 

Brei'U  (I'atriek),  IS4(i,  Irishman  v.dio'caiiie  to  Aiiur.  in  ':!S,  ami  from  Tom  a 


ovcrl.uid  in  the  Donner 


iiy 


UH'  named),  with  his  w 


party  (V.  .-..•'.0-44, 


wi.ere  a 


11  ti 


le  nienibers  of  this  tam- 


Ife  .M, 


iriraret  an 


dren,  the  whole  fain 


i!v  sur- 


\ivin,u'  theperilsof  thatterrihle  journey.   IJreen's  original  h'lnrii of  Ihr  I >oini< r 
Puiiii  is  one  of  the  most  highly  prized  treasures  of  my  Lil.raiy.   The   Ijrccns 


liv 


e;l  at  Murphy's  on  the  (. 


dsiimiK's  till  Sup; 
■when  they  settled  at  .S.  .luan  11.    Here  I'airii 
"74.    Portraits  and  hio''.  sketehes  of  the  faniil 


'47,  then  at  S,  ,)ose  till  Feb.  '4S, 
died  in  "(i.S  and  his  widow  ii 


The  1! 


jiveiis  liave  always  l)een  regan 


lied  as  hoU( 


11    MrChl.l,. 
d 


Ih, 


(lulward  .1.),  1S4II,  son  nf  I'atriik. 


Hi 


iin 


lanl-workiiig  peo] 


r  r 

lie. 


nil 


oil 


tl 


le  ovei-laii(l  trii)  were 


aggiava 


ted  1 


lya 


l.rol, 


en  leg;   In  ing  at 


ilren.        li.  (Isabella),  1840,  irfant  daughter  of  I'atriek;  married  Tl 


luan  in    S.)  with  "Jd  w  ite  and  .)  eliil- 

MeMa- 


lion '0!);  at  llollister ',Sj.       B.  (.lames  F.),  ISIO, 


'41 ;  ediieated  at  Sta  Clara  eolle' 


iwver  at  N. 


,Ii 


.f  I'at 
Ik 


b.   in   Iowa, 
e  has  been  ilistriet 


nek. 


attorney,  asseinblyinaii,  county  Judge,  and  from  ■7!>  superior  judge 


s.  n 


liito.   .Nlarried  in  '70,  and  living  in  ".S.")  with  wife  and  twoehildri'ii.        1>.  (.lolin 
1840,  ohle.^t  son  of   I'atriek,  14  years  old,  and  strongest  of  the  family  except 
the  mother,  yet  baiely  eseapi 


ith.   In  th 


at  Ml 


Isl.  "48.  .ind 


tir 


iter  built  a  house  wli 


1' 


ille  st(jod  later.   Returning  to  S. 


FA. 


and  buying  the  old  reside:ice  of  (leii.  Castro,  he  married  ;i  daughter  of 
mith  in  '.■.: 


d 


"8.-»  stiil  lived  tlier 


ith  w 


ife  and  !)  ehildrtn.   In  his 


.1/, 


r. 


has  contributed  an  interesting  nan;itiv< 


.f  SO 


my  collection.       l\.  (I'atriek,  .Ir),  1840, 


.f  !' 


ilru-l 


1» 


p.  t. 


di 


tanner  at  S.  .luan,  niairied  in  '0.".,  ami  living  in  "N.')  w  ith  w  ift 


years  old  on  an  n  a 


am 


I  4  chil- 


li. (I'eteil,  1840,  son  of  Patrick,  a  child  in  '40;  vlied  unmarried  iu  '70. 


15.  (Simon   I'.),  1840,   son  of   Patrick;  li\ing'S.->  at  S.   .luan  .\  ith  wifi 


lildr 


a  w  iilow  ami  eliiii 


11.  (Win  M.),  IS48,  son  of 
1- 


■k,  b.  at  S.  .luan;  <lied '71,  having 


lireiiard  (Sam. ),  1818,  namei 
V.  040.        Urenerd  (T.K  1848.  at  Mont. 


.f  tl 
R 


iinlerers  of  the  Heed  fainilv. 


reun.Ul,  see 


'15 


lir 


1st.'.,  ;a  .Mont. 


jrestone  (1 


ely 


18  tl,  at  Sta  1? 


.■rt),  ls;!8,  named  in 


Aert^ 


r.iewer  ((Jharles),  ls;{'2,  mr  of  the   \'lf/orii.   iii. 


.18-t.   A  I 


loston  man  < 


IJlVl- 

■f  the 


Ibk 


nown  linn  o 


f  P 


it  15.  at  Honolulu.    Pevisited  Cal. 


;>  wi;u  111* 


duughter;  liv; 


111' 


at  .1; 


iinaic 


ii  riains,  Mass.,  at  the  age  of  ,Sil  iu  "84,  wIku  h 


!  ^; 


7S0 


riOXEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


also  piintoil  furliis  faniily  asnmll  vul.  of  nemiiihrdiriii,  of  vhich  Jic  presented 
a  cojiy  fur  my  collection.  1!.  (< ',  "iil,  (1.  ^V.,  luul  11.  ]>.),  llSlS,  jiass]).  from 
ll(mo!i:lii.  linwdtou  ((ico.  L).),  18-17,  lieut  Co.  ( ',  X.N'.  \dl.,  trail;;,  to  Co. 
K.  V.  ."01;  vent  east  in  '4.S  witli  (,'arHi'ii'.s  l^aity  to  X.  Mex.  (sec  Brnn lioii'.-i 
Hide,  in  i.  list  of  autli.);  later  lieut  l.st  L'.8.  infantry;  colonel  in  7S;  liviii;^ 
in  N.y.  '7^.  Jireuster,  IS'Jl),  said  to  have  been  master  of  the  whaler  Jl- 
viiifi  {':).       li.  (F.  :M.),  1.S4S,  on  the  Jutinii. 

Brian  (Henry),  KS47,  Co.  F,  .'id  L'..S.  artill.  (v.  .■')1S).  Briant  (John  S.), 
1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  4lil));  reiidisted  at  Los  .Aug.  ]5ridg(;r  (.lames), 
l8f].')  (':),  noted  trapper  of  the  ])lains  and  mountains.  It  is  not  clear  that  he 
Tisited  Cal.  before  '4'.),  but  he  is  likely  to  have  d(;ne  so.  iii.  4i;J.  Bridvcs 
(f.  (.'.),  184.'!,  Kentuckiaii  imiiiiL;.  from  Or.  in  the  Hastings  party;  empluycd 
b'y  .Sutter  and  perhaps  by  .'^mith  at  Jiudega.  but  died  in  the  winter  of  '4;i-4. 
i\'.  .•«».!,  {too,  4UJ,       Brien  (1).  L.),  1847,  lisst  sur;,'.  U.S.  Coliimbii.f. 

]3iT.jgs  (lS4t)),  in  .Sutter's  employ.  B.,  bS;!2,  mr  of  iho  I'/ialie,  reported 
as  deail  the  .same  year.  B.  (C.  1'.),  1844,  sailor  at  S.F.  from  tiie  Mokh.  iv. 
AitW;  later  in  l^eideiidorfT's  employ;  and  perhaps  one  of  the  Bears  in  '40  (v. 
101);  but  idl  seems  to  rest  on  his  own  statement  in  '7-.  He  was  jierhaps  the 
V.  A.  Brigi^s  v.ho  joined  Co.  ( !,  (,'al.  Bat.  (v.  li'iS),  at  S.  .los,'  in  Xov;  and  the 
C.  r.  A.  Brigys  married  at  .*>.F.  '47  to  Catherine  Coombs.  (See  i.  list  of  autli.) 
B.  (Calvin  T.),  18;J7  (?),  oveil.  immig.,  iiat.  of  Vt,  died  '08,  aged  (jl).  Sf.c. 
Pio)i.,  records;  also  reporte.l  to  have  come  in  '."j'j  on  a  whaler,  to  have  been  a 
trapp(  r  on  the  coast,  and  later  resid.  of  S,  .foa{piin.  S.  F.  Examiner,  iii.  4tS. 
B.  (Ca.-.tor.  or  C;:spar),  1817,  <'o.  K,  X.Y.Vol.  (v.  49',));  at  S.  F.  '74-82.  B. 
(Chai'li's),  1847,  sittler  at  Benicia;  B.  &  llusscU,  lumber  dealers,  v.  07'-.  15. 
(Francis),  184."),  perhaps  one  of  Fremont's  men;  in  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  .'5")8);  one  of 
Talbot's  garrison  at  Sta  B.  iv.  ."18.".;  v.  ,'',10.  B.  (Geo.),  1847,  mr  of  i\w  I.<>(- 
lid'd.  \.  ,")11.  Briii^s,  l8iS,  of  sloop  iS'/o(7,'/o(;  running  from  .S.F.  to  .Sonoma. 
V.  CAG.  Brigham  fi;.  B.),  1847,  Co.  15,  X.Y.Vol.  (v.  4;)9).  lirincken  (Wil- 
liclm),  1840,  cui.' of  the  (iraham  e.xiles  who  did  not  return,  iv.  18.  ISringas 
(luia  ^L),  meiit.  in  connection  with  J.  M.  lleirera's  trial  'i!7.  iii.  01  2. 
Briusiiiaae  (A.  A.),  1848,  at  S.  F.  August-Sept,  treasurer  S.  !•'.  guards. 

Brioues  (.Vi;toiiio),  ci)ri)oral  at  '>.  Juan  Cap.,  killed  by  liid.  i.  .Sb").  B. 
(Antonio),  soldier  and  Jnd.  lighter  1810;  smugf^der  'JO-1.  ii.  'Jl,  411,  410-1, 
.■';04.  15.  (Cannto),  S.  F.  militia ';}7.  B.  (iJesideri  j),  ditto;  at  S.  F.  '41; 
wounded  l)y  Ind.  '."19;  juez  do  campo  l'^.  Jose  '4."!.  iv.  70,  08.').  B.  (Fcli)ie), 
regidnrat  S.  Jose 'i!0.  ii.  ;578;  on  S.  Mateo  ranelio,  electors.  F.  '.').").  iii.  704; 
kilUd  by  ind.  '40.  iv.  70.  B.  (Gregorio),  soldier  of  i*^.  F.  coinp.  '10-'_'7.  ii. 
371;  mililiaman  .'^.  F.  ';i7;  alcalde  contra  costa ';'i.").  iii.  704;  rcgidor  S.  F.  ';iO. 
lli.  70.1;  alcalde  S.  Mateo  '.'IS.  iii.  70."'>;  owner  of  lots  at  S.  F.  '41-.-).  iv.  009;  v. 
083;  at  Sonoma  '44,  age  47;  juez  at  .'-i.  liafael,  and  grantee  of  Bauiines  "40.  iv. 
077;  V.  009-70.  B.  (.luana),  mentiom^d  as  a  widow  at  .'<.  F.,  and  also  as  the 
wife  of  Apolinan'o  Mii'anda,  nottxl  for  her  kindness  to  sick  and  deserting  sail- 
ors; had  an  adobe  house  in  the  North  Beach  region  in  '30;  owner  of  lot  '41-."). 
iii.  709;  iv.  009:  Liter  claimant  for  Furisima  ranelio,  St.i  (.'laia  Co.  iii.  71-; 
still  living  at  Maylield  '78  at  a  very  advanced  age.  B.  (Manuel),  soldier  at 
S.  Jiuia  B.  before  1800.  i.  iioii.  B.  (Mauuela  \nlencia  de),  witlow  at  S.  .Jos6 
'41,  agv^  47;  ehildim,  IJamoii  b.  "l.'f,  Desiderio  'l(i,  Isidora  'liO,  Casimiro  '24, 
Felipa  'is,  Maria  A. it.  'l  ,',  Angela  '.'{(),  FiiLarnaciou  '32,  Mareelino  '34,  Vicente 
'3;!,  C.irmcn  '38.  ]>.  (Marcos),  soldier  at  Soledad,  inval.  at  ISraneif.  1791- 
1800.  i.  499,  r)7l ;  coinisionado  at  Bramif.  1812.  ii.  390;  still  living  at  .S.  .losj 
'41,  a  native  of  Sinaloa,  age  87.  B.  (I'ablo),  in  .Marin  Co.  and  Sonoma  from 
'37,  proli.  son  of  ( Jregorio.       B.  (Ram.Hi).  soldier  at  S.F.  '37,  '44. 

Bristlcr  (.Joliii),  1841),  bugler  in  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  330).  Bris- 
tow  (llUj.di),  184.'),  an  old  Kentuckiaii  at  X.  llclv.  iv.  .")78;  an  overl.  immig. 
a:id  called  by  soaic  a  Mormon.  .).  H.  Blown  says  that  B.  came  with  himself 
i;;:d  in  the  Grigsby-lde  party.  Wintering  at  the  fort,  m  here  he  was  badly 
hill  t  !iy  lieing  thrown  from  a  horse,  he  went  to  Or.  in  '40.  v.  r)20;  wliere  ho 
di.il  ill  '72.  //(^',  Or.,  i.  .■it;8  9.  Brittoii,  184""),  ;it  X.  HeU  .  Dee.,  perhaps 
nu  ermr.  B.  (  W.  1".  >,  184S,  ],assp.  from  llouoluhi.  l!ii/zee  (Henry  \\'.), 
1^47,  Co.  1>,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  409);  reeul.  at  L.  Aug.;  in  Arizona  '82. 


BROADIIURST— BROWN. 


731 


RiTmilliurst  (Stephen),  184S,  oveil.  immii,'.  fidin  Mo.  •^ith  hiswifcj  in  Mer- 
ced ( 'd.  '7;5.  ]>1(>l1v  (Hlislia  Iv),  IS-IS,  \'ii-^'i!)iiiii,  ovcrl.  iiiiinig.,  acooiiip.  I)y 
his  laiiiily;  a  mini  r  on  tiie  Yniia;  favimr  at  Sta  (,  lara,  anil  frmn  '(i'J  near  (lil- 
roy,  wlurc  lie  (lieil  in  '(i!).  ][i,-M\  iddw,  i;ii::a  .S.  I)ay,  snrvivnl  iiiin;  tliefe  were 
{)  eliildren,  3  of  tluin  horn  in  (/al.  !!.  (Hiram),  Ks4(!,  Cah  l!at.  'Kl-T  iv.  :!.")^); 
in  S.  .loaq.  Valley  'IS.  JJioekeo  (dovepli),  1817,  Co.  K,  N.V.V(j1.  (v.  4!)!l); 
drowned  in  Staui^huis  Riv.  '47.  iJrixh'r  (Andrew  ][.),  I.'i47,  Soe.  (.'al.  I'icjn. 
rolls.       Rrohan  (Jolm),  lS-17,  Co.  A,  X.Y.\'ol.;  died  at  Stoekton  '."lU. 

ISrolaHki  (Henry  J^ynns),  lSll,<iverl.  iMiiiiii;.  of  the  ISartleson  party,  iv. 
2(',7,  •_'7(),  'J7"),  :i4-_';  at'.Mont.  Fel>.  '4'2,  Imt  .sooi>  saileil  for  Caliao,  from  wliieli 
jilaee  he  writes  in  '44  to  Larkiu  and  '1'.  II.  (Ireen.  He  .siieeeeded  his  l)rotlicr 
in  hasiness  at  Caliao  for  three  yeai's  from  '41;  at  St  Louis  Sept.  '4S,  anxious  to 
eonie  to  Cal.  and  estahlisli  a  .saw-mill;  hut  .said  to  have  lueu  livin;;  in  Mo.  as 
late  as  '70.  lie  sometimes  sii^ned  lirolaskey.  Ih'ooks  (.S.  S.),  1S4S  ('/I,  storc- 
kci  ]ier  at  Colinia.  El  Danidu  ( 'n.  Hisf.  Brookir  (.Mex.  \.).  1  S4(),  at  .S.  ,Jose; 
in  '47  di(:t,'inga  eellar  for  Larkin  at  S.F.  JSrookey,  oveil.  iinmiLT.  with  l>ry- 
aiit.  V.  o'J.S;  nient.  hy  Sherman  as  a  worthless  fellow  at  S.F.  '47;  proh.  same  as 
jireeediuLT.  lirooknian  (Israel),  IStO,  douhtful  mention  .'is  a  Rear  Flaic  man 
livin,'  in''(;2.  lirooks  (Clias  \V.).  i,S47,  Co.  K,  N.V.Vol.  (v.  41)11).  U.  (Kd- 
Maul. I.),  1S47,  (,'o.  I,  X.Y.Vol.  R.  (Geo.),  1S4S.  j.assp.  from  Honolulu.  I!. 
(H.  L.),  1S4S,  ditto.  R.  (.J.  Tyrwhiti.),  IS4S,  lai.;!.  physieian,  who  eame  hy 
sea  Ironi  Or.,  anil  nuide  a  tour  in  the  ndne:;;  autlmr  of  I'mir  Mtmllia  (uhuikj  the 
liiii'd-Fiinlcrti.  ]5.  (W'mS. ),  1H47,  on  the  U.S.  Prclib';  later  in  ;.;o\  t  emjihjy 
at  S.F.  and  iMare  Ish,  whero  he  was  in  '70;  twice  nmrried  with  fS  ehildrcii. 
Sol  mo  Co.  J  list.,  .'i.'ft. 

Kroteliie  (W'ni),  1S.'J7,  Fngl.  master  of  the  f'luJIioro,  Lhiiii",  Xii(l(f,  and 
Coii-IU-^  on  thv  eoast  '.■]7-4'J,  in  service  of  H.  Vt.  Co.  from  Vaneouver.  iv.  101, 
1U.">.  .')04.  Rrotliers  (L'.),  to  Honolulu  from  S.  F.  on  the  J'raiicis.'d.  Rrough- 
toii  (Wrn  Rohcrt),  i7!t2,  eo;n.  of  the  H.  R.  M.  S.  C/mt/tam:  and  of  the  I'ror- 
vl,  „,■('  17!l().  i.  ."ilO-Ki,  ");}S-II.  (is,");  authorof  I'oi/.  of  JJImoi:  to  l/ir  Xorth  Par. 
(>■•".■//,  Lond.  l.S(»4.  R.  (Sam.  (,).),  I,s4(i  7,C,,.  !!,  c'al.  ISat.  (v.;!.")S).  I'.rower 
((ho.),  IS4.'>,  at  :Mont.  from  X.  V.  Jirowett  (Haniel),  lS47.  sergt  Co.  K, 
Jlorni.  Rat.  (v.  477);  in  Sutter's  employ  ■47-S  as  carpenter  and  hoat-huilder; 
killed  hy  Ind.  on  his  way  to  I'tah  .luly  '4.S.  v.  41)(J. 

Rrovai,  179.'!,  nu'  of  aji  Kngl.  vessel,  i.  .">14,  7(t.">.  R.,  1S0:{,  mr  of  the 
Jh.,ytii(l(:r.  ii.  I'J,  1,")~17,  1)4,  10.!,  lOS,  l.'iO,  144.  R..,  1S:J I,  deserter  from  the 
J<iiiii;/.  R.,  1,S4.'),  cook  for  Sutler  from  Oct.  R. ,  '4()-S,  often  named  at  N. 
][elv. ;  may  he  the  i)reeeding  or  one  or  more  of  the  following.  ]5.,  1S4S, 
e.irac  with  I'eter  .1.  Davis;  lamily.  J>.,  I84S,  mining  at  Colcima.  ]$.,  1S47, 
froiu  Honolulu  to  S.  F.  on  the  ii'ii'/iirxofinn.  Rrown  (Alhert),  1844,  Atner. 
•iS  years  old  at  S.F.  R.  (Alex.),  1.S47,  Co.  C,  Morni.  Rat.  (v.  4(i!l);  in  '82  at 
Lyime,  Utah.        15.  (llenj.),  18;>-,  named  in  a  hoard  hill  at  .Mont. 

Drown  ((Jharlcs).  ls;j;{,  nat.  of  X.  Y.,  h.  in  '14,  who  deserted  from  the 
whaler //(7(('/;».s  at  S.  F.  iii.  4')'.>,  li-iJ;  ii.  500-1.  In  hiter  years  Rrown  always 
elaime(l  to  have  come  iu ''2!);  hat  tlie  archive  evideiu'O  is  conclusive  against 
the  statement,  hoth  hiiiiscdf  and  his  comrade  deserters  testifying  in  early 
years  and  in  ilitVerent  doc.  that  they  eamo  in  '.'iH,  to  .«ay  nothing  of  the  fact 
that  the  llili-('tiii.<  docs  not  appear  in  the  lists  of  '2!1.  IK;  liveil  for  a  time  at 
I'in. lie  with  l''eli|)i'  Hriones;  .'-erved  I*.  (>uijas  at  S.  Rafael;  wi'Ut  t(J  S<jnoma 
with  the  H.  &  V.  colony;  ^'ot  a  land  grant  in  '.'il  in  Xapa  \'alley,  which  ho 
sold  to  1  'apt.  Stoke-;,  iii.  712;  was  sc\erily  wounded  in  an  Ind.  eN|ied.  to  the 
iiiirih.  ii.  3(10;  and  forked  at  shiiigle-making  for  (ieo.  Y'ount — all  this  hy 
hii  own  account  helore  the  end  of  '.'{.'i,  hut  most  'if  tluse  events  are  jiroh. 
anledatei).  The  1st  original  evidenie  of  his  priscnce  is  a  permission  to  cut 
timher  g  ven  hy  Vallejo  in  May  ';!7;  in  ".'IS  he  was  hapti/.ed  hy  1".  (^tuijas 
as  (.'.irlos  de  .Icsus,  and  aliout  the  same  time  mai'ried  a  dauu'hter  of  Antonio 
(Jaiclao.  S.  .!(  se;  arrcstt  1  in  '40  hut  not  exiled,  hcim,'  at  that  time  at  work 
in  the  redwoods  of  .Sta  Clara  Co.  iv.  !l,  17.  2;i;  naturalized  in  '41,  claiming  0 
years'  residence;  in  '44  named  in  a  S.  F.  list,  owning;  lot  at  the  mission,  iv. 
(;7o.  (i7.'>,  in  '4.')  tiok  part  iu  the  ilioheltorena  campai^.i  1)y  exchanging  him- 


m 


ii 


:;::!l 


If 


7n'2 


riONEER  lli:(;iSTKR  AND  INDEX. 


si'lf  as  ii  iiri.sonci'  for  Mumu'l  Castro,  iv.  487.  'I'o  about  '49  he  lived  on  a 
raiiclii)  liuiir  .SciusvillL',  and  later  at  tlie  Mission  Dolores,  where  in  "iH  lie  ^'ave 
nic  Ids  iiai  rative  of  Karl;/  Eniils,  and  w  here  he  died  in  "SI!  at  the  a^'c  of  (iil. 
Jlis  seeond  wife  was  Uosalia  de  JIaro,  widow  of  A.  A.  Andrews,  who  siirvi\  cd 
Idni  with  .si'veral  grown  ehildren,  and  who  1  tliink  still  lives  in  ".S,").  Ihown 
(;  ha.i),  l>S4r>.  iv.  oS7;  real  name  '  l)ittniann,' (j.v.  15.  (Clias),  1847,  Co.  K, 
N.'S'.Xcd.  (v.  4!»n).       D.  (('ha.s),  1848,  at  Sta  Cm/  '81.  .S'.  J.  I>i<,ii(ii: 

IJr.iwn  (Eliene/er),  1847,  sergt  Co.  A,  .Morni.  Jjat.  (V.  400);  at  .Mont.  '48, 
V>.  (Ivlmimd  J^ee),  I;i47,  sergt  (,'o.  E,  Morni.  i>at.  v.  49.");  reeiil.  at  Los  Ang. ; 
a  X'u'giidin  who  remained  in  Cal.;  alealde  at  S.  Die,'.)  and  in  eharge  of  the 
liiission  '47-8.  v.  018-'_'0;  elaimant  for  Laguna  de  Santos  Calle  runeho.  iv.  (i71 ; 
died  at  Davisville  "7-  age  (18. 

ISiowii  (l]lam),  184(),  iiat.  of  \. '^'.,  1).  in  1797,  moving  to  Mass.,  Ohio,  III., 
.Mo.,  and  linally  (jveilaail  t(j  Cal.  with  his  ehildren  in  ii  party  of  which  he 
v,as  eai)tain.  v.  .")J8.  lie  went  to  Sta  (.'Ir.ra;  .served  in  Aram's  eonip.  (v.  ■S78); 
vias  named  for  the  pi'oposed  legis.  council  iu'47.  v.  4;)l);  lioiiglit  the  Acalanes 
ranelu).  iii.711;  and  was  juez  (jf  the  contra  ecta  in '48.  v.  (ili'J.  In '49  he  was 
a  iiiend)er  of  the  constitutional  convention,  and  also  of  the  first  two  legisla- 
tures. Eiom  '48  to  \S."),  being  now  88  years  old,  lirowu  has  lived  <jn  his  (.'ontra 
Costa  farm,  a  rich  man  and  resjiecteil  citizen.  Jlis  second  wife,  married  in  '47, 
Was  .Mrs  Margaret  Allen,  who  died  in  '84  at  the  age  of  89.  His  daughti.'r  .\lar- 
geline  became  the  wife  of  \a])oleoii  15.  Smith,  antl  was  still  living  in  Contia 
C;j;taC.>.  '8.').  His  .sons  were  Thomas  A.,  Warren  .1.,  and  Lawrence  M.  The 
I'oiilni  (\i!ila  Co.  Jll^t.,  .")!.■),  contains  Brown's  reminiscences  of  his  overland 
trip  and  Calinjrniaii  experirnee,  in  which  as  is  eomnioii  with  "4(1  innnig.,  an 
exaggerated  im|)ortanee  isattaelied  tothe  Sanciie/,  campaign  of  StaClara.  Seo 
also  list  of  auth.  vol.  i.        Brown  (E.),  1818,  |iassp.  from  Ibjnolulu. 

Jliown  (Francis),  1S47,  Co.  B,  iMorm.  Bat.  (\.  409).  B.  (Ceo.),  1844, 
Anii'r.  sailor  on  the  Adiniitanrf,  discharged  .sick  in  '4r).  B.  (.James),  1847, 
ea])t.  Co.  (',  -Morm.  J5at. ;  left  bi^hind  in  X.  Mex.,  but  came  to  Cal.  by  tiie 
T;  uckee  route  before  the  end  of  '47.  ^ .  477,  4S'J,  494;  delivered  an  oration  at 
a  battalion  leuiuon  at  Salt  Lake  (,ity  ".").").  IJ.  (James),  1847,  returned  v.illi 
Stockton  or  Ercmont;  a  witness  at  \"i'ashington  Jan  '48.  v.  404;  possibly  >ame 
as  ]iree,'diiig.  J),  (.lames),  1847,  ('o.  \),  .Morni.  J]at.  (v.  409).  B.  (James 
S.),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morni.  Bat. :  in  Sutter's  eni[)loy;  at  the  ( 'oloina  mill  \\  hi  u 
/;old  was  discov.;  at  Salt  Lake  City '82.  J5.  (.lames),  18;)7,  named  in  J.ar- 
kin's  books;  t  jok  on  the  Cali/onua  in  '40.  B.  (.lell'ery),  iS.'jti,  on  Larkiii's 
liook.'s  ';J0  40;  arrested  at  Los  .Vng.  in  '40.   iv.  14,  118. 

Jb'own  (.loliii),  IS'JS  (?),  Swede  known  as  Juaii  Elaeo  or  'lean  John.'  and 
famous  for  his  liile  from  Los  Aug.  to  Mont,  with  tlespatches  in  ■41!.  iii.  I7'i; 
V.  liO;)  4.  JLe  claimed  to  have  come  on  a  Mex.  vessel  in  'JS  after  an  advriit'i- 
rous  career  in  the  I'ngl.  na\y  and  the  service  of  Bolivar  in  S.  Amer. ;  also  to 
have  been  one  of  (iraham's  men  in  '.">(J-7  (iii.  4.")7).  and  one  (jf  Sutter's  men  in 
the  campaign  of  '4  t-,")  (iv.  47(i);  lu'  died  at  Stockton  in  '09.  I  find  no  origins,! 
evidence  of  his  ]iresencc  before  '4(j;  but  there  was  a  .John  Brown  on  Larkin'.s 
books  'o7  9;  a.Jean  Ijouia  Brauii  at  l.os  .\ng.  ';>!!;  ami  a  .lolin  'Moreno,'  liutdi 
.sawyer  at  S.i''.  "4l!.  B.  (.lolui),  1S04,  negro  deserter  from  O'Cain's  ship  at 
S.  D".  ;  .sent  to  S.  Bias.  ii.  •_'().  I!.  (.John),  18-2J-7,  mr  of  the  Jonn.  Taiin,-  (■;). 
iii.  149.  B.  (.fohni,  I84(i,  Co.C,  1st  U.S.  .Iragoons  (v.  WM).  B.  (John),  IMT, 
Co.  A,  Morni.  15at.  (v.  409);  Utah  farmer  "81.  B.  (John  G.),  1841,  in  U.S. 
ex.  expcd.   iv.  241. 

Blown  (.lolm  Henry),  184;i-."),  Engl,  .-^ailor  who  came  to  Amer.  about  '.'iO, 
wandered  westward,  and  about '40  went  to  livewitli  the  (Jherokee  Jnd.  In 
'4;!,  with  a  jiarty  of  Cherokee  far-tiadcr:'.  under  Dan  Cootlcy  the  halfJjrced.  ho 
crossed  the  country  by  the  Humboldt  and  Truckce  route,  spending  the  winter 
at  wliat  was  later  .Johnson's  raricho— not  visiting  Sutter's  fort,  though  somo 
of  the  Ind.  did  .so — returning  in  the  spring  of  '44  eastward,  and  meeting  the 
Stevens  party  (iv.  44."))  on  tiie  w;iy,  Aftci'  ni.aiiy  adventures  in  the  great  liasiii 
and  Texas,  Brown  came  back  to  Cal.  in '4.")  w  ilii  the(irigsbylde  party  (iv.  ,"78). 
All  this  rests  .solely  on  his  own  statement;  but  there  is  little  doubt  that  hu 


BROWX— BRUXER. 


7:!3 


cnme overland  in  '4"),  in  a  jmrty  that  was  with  the  rii'i','s1)y-T(1o  part  of  tlio  wny, 
pn<l  about  Nvhicli  thfie  is  nnuli  loiifiision  tliat  i  am  iinal  In  to  cU'iir  iqi  (iv. 
57s,  .")!S7).  Jle  may  liavi;  ln^eii  the  15.  eiiipldyt'il  by  Siittcf  as  eixjk  in  Oct.  "I'l; 
but  the  1st  <leliniti!  record  is  thatot'  his  dcpartuie  fiimi  .\.  Ilelv.  forS.  F.  .I;in. 
14,  '40.  At  S,  F.  he  was  a  well-know  11  ehaiaeteras  liar-teiidtT  and  hotrl-k('i'|iei' 
'4tj-.")(t.  At  1st  with  Ividley;  kejit  the  I'ortsniontii  House  tVoni  Oct.  ■4(!;  the 
City  Hotel,  lor.  Kearny  and  Clay  streets,  S(pniitiiiu's  ktiov\uas  lJro\\ii's  Hotel, 
at  diU'erent  times  in  ■47-">'t;  nominal  owner  of  a  dc/in  eitv  lots  or  more  in  '4>S. 
V.  G7-',  (ISO.  In  Dee.  ■4(i  he  marriid  Hetty  ('.,  daughter  ilf  K.  Ward  I'ell,  ami 
in  Ajiril  '47  advertised  her  as  liavinj,'  left  him:  Init  he  soon  married  a;,'ain 
and  iuiil  ehililren  by  his  'Jd  wife.  In  '■")0-SI  lu'  lived  at  Sta  < 'rn/,  and  then  ic- 
turudl  toS.F.,  where  in  '8.')  he  keeps  a  grocery,  being  7">  yiars  old.  John 
1  li'my  is  one  of  those  who  <'laiin  '  to  know  more  than  any  otiier  live  man '  about 
tarly  times  in  S.F.,  and  one  of  these  days  lu'  is  going  to  publish  w  iuit  he  know  s, 
thus  gaining  no  end  of  fame  and  money.  He  gave  me,  however,  some  useful 
items.  B.  (.1.  11.),  1S47  S,  nunht  a  trip  to  Honolulu  on  the  Jhtri/  Ann,  re- 
turning in  I  )ee.  '4.S;  pui'haps  .same  as  the  prt'ceding. 

Brown  (Lawi-enee  M.),  184(1,  son  of  Flam;  dii'd  in  Contra  Costa  Co.  '77, 
leaving  a  widow  and  '2  children  still  living  in  '8.">.  B.  (Martin).  ISl,"),  iunnig. 
from  Or.  in  the  MeMahon-Clj'nuin  party;  ))i-obably  ri'turni'd  to  Or.  '4(i.  v. 
57-',  .V2().  B.  (IMiilij)),  1,S47,  lot-owner  at. S.F.  v.  (i7(i.  B.  (H.),  ISIS,  passp. 
from  Honolulu.  B.  (IJichard),  KS4."i-7,  a  Helaware  Ind.  of  l'"rcmont"s  eomp. 
B.  (llobert).  1S47,  (.'o.  F,  .^d  U.S.  artill.  (v..')lS).  B.  (Uobt),  IS-JS,  'Roberto 
el  Baleado,'  a  horse-thief  operating  in  Cal.;  the  reference  may  be  to  I'eg-leg 
.Smith  or  to  Juan  Flaeo.  B.  (.'^am.),  l!)4(i,  overl.  innnig.  of  (lernian  descent 
who  in  '47  built  houses  for  Larkiu  at  Benicia.  v.  (171;  in  \apa\'alley '4S;  went 
to  Oi'.  about  '')(),  becoming  a  farmer  at  French  I'rairie,  and  a  candidati;  for 
the  state  senatt;  in  '(i(i.  B.  (Talbot),  1S44,  Amer.  at  Mont.,  w  ho  got  a  pass- 
port for  one  year.  H.  (Thomas),  IS.'il),  named  in  Larkin's  books  ';iy-40;  said 
to  have  eome  in  '34.  Sta  Clara  Co,  I/isl.  AfhiK. 

Ijrown  (Thomas  A.),  is  17,  son  of  Klani,  b.  in  111.  ''2?>,  overl.  inunig.  to  Or. 
'4:?,  who  visited  Cal.  '47.  In  '48  he  eanu;  to  Cal.  to  stay,  settling  at  Martinez 
in  '4i>.  In  Or.  a  sm'veyor;  in  Cal.  at  1st  miner  and  trader;  holding  sever.d 
town  ajid  county  otlices,  and  becoming  a  lawyer;  married  in  ".")!  to  Caroline 
Camron.  County  judge  '.")(i-()4,  and  '74-80;  assemblyman  '(i.')-8;  candidate 
for  U.  S.  senate;  judge  of  the  superior  eouit  of  Contra  Costa  fiom  'SO;  still 
living  '8."),  with  wife  and  'A  sons.  Portrait  in  Contra,  Costa  Co,  I  list.,  .lO.  W. 
(Warren  J.),  1847,  son  of  lOlani,  b.  in  111.  '"Jti;  started  with  his  father  in  '4!!, 
but  was  left  sick  at  F't  Bridger  and  went  to  Or.,  coming  to  Cal.  in  Sept.  "17. 
Lund)ernian  and  miner  '47-8;  storekeeper  '4!)-.")()  at  Martinez,  where  he  lived 
till  '71,  having  married  Laura  A.  Hastings  in  KA.  He  held  the  othces  of 
county  surveyor,  assenddyman,  and  sherilb  F'rom  '7.")  he  lived  on  a  farm  at 
Lafayette,  where  he  was  still  in '8.');  no  children.  B.  (Wm),  1844,  sail-malar 
on  the  Vaiulalia,  implicati^d  in  ai'obbcry.  B.  (Wm),  1847,  witness  at  Wash, 
in  Fremont  court-martial  .Tan.  '4S;  perhaps  went  east  with  I'',  fir  Stockton,  v. 
4:)4.  B.(W.B.),  1847,  in  listof  letters  S.  F.  B.  (WniH.),  1847,  X.  V.V<d., 
under  another  name;  at  Oakland  '74.  B.  (W.  H.K  ISH,  acting  lieut  on  U.S. 
,St  L.jiiis.       B.  (Wm  W.),    1S47,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  |v.  4(i!l);  reenli.sted. 

Brownell  ( Russell ('.),  1847.  unisieian  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  4ii!)).  Brown- 
ing (.lohnW.),  1847,  Co.  K,  X.Y.Vol.  (v.  4'.)!)).  Brownlea  (J.  .1.),  1841,a.ssist 
surg.  on  U.  S.  St  Louis. 

Bruce  (David),  184.")-7,  sail-maker  on  the  U.S.  I'ortsmouth.  Ih-ucon  (.Tohn), 
IS-IO.  Amer.  dcscrterfrom  the  .l/o;->r,  age  l!»,  at.S.  F.  Ih-uen  (lohn  H  ),  Is  17, 
perhaps  of  X.Y.Vol.  under  another  name;  died  at  S.  l.sidro '78.  Brulieim 
(Adolf),  1842,  (Jernian,  age  '21,  who  eam(  on  t\w.Catifiirtiia  from  Hon.olulu  as 
servant  to  a  passenger,  being  permitted  to  remain,  iv.  '.\\  1 ;  went  to  X"^.  Heiv. ; 
employed  by  Cordua  on  leather  River '4.")-(i;  and  named  as  one  of  the  1 -t 
Donner  relief  party,  v.  'tW'.);  no  record  of  him  after  '47,  but  I  thiidi  he  lived 
at  S.  F.  in  later  years  under  another  name.  Bruncr  (Christian),  lS4ll,  oveil. 
immiy.  with  his  wife  and  brother;  employed  by  Sutter  '47,  also  owning  a  lot 


t.  1 

1 1 

''t;i 


;••■  If 


ill 


l^i 


riuxKKii  rj;t;isTi;ii  and  ixdfa'. 


fit  S.  F. ;  in  '."i7  iit  S.  !•'.  ln'  wiis  .scntciucil  Id  Htatc;  piisoii  fur  11  years  f^r 
liiiirdci' coimnilUil  wlnii  in  lii(liof.  S.  /•'.  lliritld.  \'i.  (.huoli),  IS-ll),  liiotlifi- 
(it  tin:  iiroc*'iliiig;  scltluil  at  .Sonotiiu.  iW'uiisoii  (Clinloii  1>. ),  IfSlT,  ('".  A, 
MoMii.  liat.  (v.  Kiil);  in  L'tali  'hi.  IJruslc!  (.lacksmi).  ISIT,  Co.  K,  N.Y.V<.1. 
(v.  4'J!»J;  (1.  Coiitni  ('i..slii  Co.    o4.       15.   (Wasli.),  1847,   Co.  K.  N.V.Vol. 

l>iy:iii  (AliiKi),  l.Sl.'i,  at  \.  JIclv.  '1.')  (1;  iv.  i~,^,  ."((ST;  tcstilit'il  l/cfon;  tln' 
liiiid  ciiin.  aft<'i'  '.'lO.  I  am  iiiloriiicd  l>v  1).  Ji.  Ailaiiis,  wlio.'-o  iiKjtiiti'  li.  iiiiir- 
lii'il,  tliat  lie  is  Htill  liviiii,'  'fS.')  in  Stii  li.  Co.  li.  (J.  \V',),  1S47,  farmer  in  Sta 
Claia  (,'o.  '47- 7<);  a  native  of  Mo.  ]>.  (Win),  1S4S,  at  Monterey;  perliajn 
'  liryunt.'      liiyant  (A.),  |S47,  actinu;  mr  of  tlio  U.  8.  Jhik. 

liryant  (Ivlwin),  1n4(),  nat.  of  .Mass.,  anil  a  journali.st  of  Ky,  who  eanie 
overland  at  tlie  head  of  a  party,  v.  .ill  'M'l.  ll(!  took  a  ))roniinent  part  in  en- 
listing men  for  tiie  (,'al.  I!at.,  in  wiiieli  lie  served  a.s  lieiit  of  Co.  II.  v.  ;i.'i!l, 
.'i.il;  alcalde  uf  S,  1'.  F'li.-May  "47,  also  lot-owner,  v.  (MS,  ()7<!;  retuilud 
ea.st  \\  illi  ( !(ii.  Kearny,  ainl  testified  at  tlie  I'remont  court-martial.  \.  l.'ij, 
4.")(),  ri4H.  He  eanie  liaeli  across  the  plains  in  '4!),  and  was  for  4  or  .")  yiar.i  a 
prominent  eilizen,  property  (nvnt'r,  and  ).oiitii'ian;  also  visited  Cal.  .several 
times  after  lie  went  east  to  live;  died  ;.t  Louisville,  Ky,  in  'o!(  at  the  ajo  if 
(il.  His  What  I  Snir  hi.  ('a/.,  ptihlished  just  after  his  1st  visit,  is  a  stanila.d 
aulliority  on  event.s  of  '4(i-7.  15.  (Xtithauiel  C.),  1810,  mid.,  acting  maslur 
(if  tiie  I'.  S.  />((/(■.  II.  (Stephen),  ISI'J,  Anier.  cook  on  tlie  sclir  ('(il'/riniiu, 
1!.  (Will),  IS4(!,  overl.  ininiig.  aecompanied  liy  lii.s  wife  Lucy  Ann.  v.  o'JS;  at 
Jliiiicia  "47  8,  V.  iicre  he  liuilt  houses  lor  l.arkin.  v.  (17-;  in  tlie  mines  fixjni  end 
of  "48,  and  dieil  of  cholera  in  ".")0.  According  to  testimony  in  later  litigation, 
he  was  the  owner  of  Mare  l.^land,  living  on  it  in  '47-8.  His  widow  married  a, 
man  named  ( Irissom,  and  in  "77  was  living  in  .Sonoma  Co.  IJryeii  ((Jco.),  I84(i, 
Co.  C,  1st  U.  S.  (Irag'ions.  v.  :VM. 

liuciialas,  I81(i,  doiihtfiil  name  of  !;n  immig.  v.  rf20.  ]5uehanan,  184,"), 
Amer.  iinmig.  from  Or.  in  t!ic  McMahon-Clyman  party,  iv.  07-,  r>87;  per- 
haps at  X.  Jlelv.  "47  8.  15.  (.lojin),  IS47,  "Co.  J),  Moini.  15at.;  at  Manii, 
Utah,  '8'J.  15.  (.loliii  C.),  1840,  Kentnckian  immig.  with  15ryant's  parly,  v. 
r>2H;  of  tlic  (iiin  .Mel)onald  i*c  15.  at  S.l".,  auctioneers,  .Ian. -May  '48;  o\rncr 
of  many  city  lots;  alcalde's  clerk  '47.  v.  048,  (i.")l,  07(),  (i8j-:j.  I'erliaps  a 
resid  of  S.  1''.  ill  later  years.  J5.  (McKean),  1840,  nat.  of  I'eiin.,  purser  (/f 
tlie  U.  S.  /)nlr  "40-7;  died  in  Mass.  '71 ;  father  of  the  actor  of  the  sann^  iiaiiic. 
ISuck  (Xicholas),  1847,  sail-maker  on  the  U.  S.  /iidejicndeiicc.  Jiuckhee 
(Flavins),  1847,  Co.  D,  X.Y.Vol.  (v.  4!I0). 

liiiekelew  (Beiij.  1!.),  1840,  Xew  Yorker  and  overl.  immig.  with  Hojipo 
and  Harlan,  (v.  Tii-'O);  ke[)t  a  jewelry  and  watch-maker's  shop  at  Clark's  I'oiiit 
S.  F.  '47-8,  being  also  puhlisiicr  of  tlio  CitUl'onihui,  owner  of  many  lots,  and 
meiidier  of  the  town  c(juneil.  v.  (i4S-!),  O.'jS,  07-,  084.  Ho  was  interested  in 
.several  newspapers  and  was  engageil  in  trade  after  '4!).  Claimant  of  the  Pt 
Quintin  raiicho.  iii.  7I-;  and  owner  of  part  of  the  Nica.sio  ranelio.  Died  in 
Marin  ( 'o.  '.">!)  at  the  ago  of  ,S7,  leaving  a  I'ainil}'.  Liucklaiid  ( Alondtis  I ).  L, ), 
1810,  of  the  Mormon  colony  with  family,  v.  r)4G;  one  of  tlio  founders  of  \cw 
Hoi>e  on  the  Stanislaus,  which  he  was  the  last  to  leave,  settling  at  Stockton 
in  "47  8,  and  later  Imilder  of  the  ISiiekland  House  in  8.  F.  15.  (Hannah  I).), 
1840,  mother  o.  Aloiidns.  v.  .■j40;  owner  of  S.  F.  lot;  in  Utah  "84.  Bueklo 
(Robert),  1847,  Co.  K,  X.Y.Vol.  (v.  4'J!));  owner  of  a  lot  at  ,S.  F. 

Buckle  (.Samuel),  l8'2l-;5,  luigl.  .sailor  and  laborer  at  Mont.  '20,  claiming 
0  ye:irs'  residence,  age  "JS;  in  'WA  u  contractor  to  furnish  lumber;  in  '40-1  dc- 
scrilied  as  an  I'lngl.  .sawyer,  age  4.5,  and  residence  1!)  years;  naturalized  in  "41, 
wIk'ii  he  lived  at  l!rancilorte,  having  been  baptized  us  Josd  tSamuel,  often 
called  Manuel,  and  his  name  being  written  also  15oc,  Boele,  liockel,  Bokle, 
Jingle,  aiul  ISiichel.  ii.  44."),  49.");  iii.  180.  In  '4,"j  named  in  theBraneif.  padrou 
as  a  bachelor  aged  .")0.  Xo  more  is  heard  of  him  by  the  name  of  liuckle;  but 
he  seems  to  ha\  e  bcca  the  .Samuel  Thompson  who  appears  often  in  Larkin's 
books  and  eorresp.  as  a  limiberman  at  .Sta  Cruz  from  '15.1  to  '48.  The  news- 
papers tell  us  how  Sama(d  sailed  for  many  years  in  .search  of  his  I  irother  Wm,  but 
gave  up  the  search  and  settled  at  Mont. ,  soon  meeting  his  brother  accident.dly 


IlUCKLK-liLlFUM. 


at  St.'i  f'ruz;  Imt  al>oiit  iliitusmul  ilct.iils  nf  tin's  Ktr.'iii^,'(' mcitiii'^  tlicn'  is  nmdi 
coiili!  ion.  Xor  liav  <^  I  any  clew  tn  tlif  niciti\  t-  ot  llio  twu  li>f  n  -in:;  i\\  n  nnnic-i, 
lliukic  jiMil  'I  liiinii>Min.  Siiniuil  dicii  at  tin,'  1uiiij*l'  of  C'lias  Martin  in  tiic  Sta 
C'rn/,  MtH  in  "7-. 

I'.iii  kir  (W'ni),  l.S'J.'J,  lia|iti/f<l  ;is  ,Uisv  (iniilirino,  liiotli(.'i'  of  Sannui,  at 
Mont.  ''2:K  a!,'('  '2't,  and  nianicil;  al,-o  ilainiin,'  III  years'  nsidi  luc  in  '."I),  wlan 
Ijo  was  naturalized,  liii\  inj,'  moved  «  itii  Ids  lnotliiT  to  IJiancifoi'lc  and  olitniliod 
the  /,'i'ant  of  Im  Calujneia  in  ':>S.  ii.  ^!l.');  iii.  077;  in  '4:!  lie  sii^Micd  a  doe. 
nL'uinst  (iiidiani,  iv.  'AM.  and  oUtnined  ii  liicnso  to  huild  a  vessel  ot  ,'{.")  tons. 
la '1.')  lie  is  naniid  in  the  liriineit'.  ])adron  as -I.*  years  of  aue;  wife  .\ntonia 
(/a.^tro,  ehildr^n  (luilkiino  li.  ',■>;!,  .losi'  Ant.  ';!.'i,  Maria  'IVresa  01,  M.in.i 
Sehola  (?)  '."!(!,  I'raneisco  "M,  (iiiillernia  '.'{!•,  Josef.'i  '10,  and  .Maria  .hsns  '14  - 
nil  li.  at  liramit'oite.  Jt  was  at  his  house  that  ilenry  Naile  was  killed  in  '4ii. 
V.  (141.  1  here  is  no  latei'  reeord  of  IJueUle,  liut  Wni  'llionjpson  aiipears  in 
Larkin's  aeeounts  and  other  reeords  from  '.'!.'(  to  '47:  \v;is  (Jiie  of  the  fore  i'.'ueis 
ai'res;e<l  in  '40;  and  was 'Jd  jnez  at  Sta  ( 'ru/ in  '4i!.  Hi' died  ahout  Tilt.  ii.  47!'; 
iii.  4(.!l;  iv.  17;  v.  IWI.  Ilurkler,  IM.'),  a  settler  in  the  Sae.  \'al.  Huekhy 
(Newman),  1M7,  ' 'o.  K,  .Morm.  liat.  (v.  4()i)i;  a  Kcjok  au'ent  in  .*^|)iin','\  ille, 
Utah,  \S'J.  Jlnekner  (Tlios  .M.),  IS4s,  Kentuekian  nuner  fi'oni  Or.;  at  S|i:in- 
i.di  I'ry  l)i,!.'gin^s,  I'M  I  (iiado  Co.,  \Si'.  Huiliiii.'ton,  IS-i;!  4.  n.r  of  the  W'lit 
('.  X,'/'r.  iv.',')70;  in  ('onn.  's-J.  Mudd  (('has  K.),  1S47,  Co.  I),  X.  V.Vol.  (v. 
4H));  in  Sonoma 'lis.  liuel  (I'"rederie),  l.S4l,said  to  have  visited  Mont,  iiy 
sea  liefore  '41).  >)(i/./iniil  Ihiiin  Jour.,  Xov.  1,  '7.'!;  said  also  to  h.ivc  ser\  cd  .dter 
graduation  at  Yale  on  the  whaler  linnjiiii-Ai.  Wood'.^  Uicull.,  ;i!l;  and  thisi  ves- 
sel was  on  the  eoast  in  "41.  v.  •27!).  ]j.  was  a  preshyterian  elergyiiiiin,  a^'ent 
for  the  Anier.  UiMc  Soe.  on  the  I'ac.  coast  for  '_'()  years;  d.  at  Oakland  '7.'{. 

lUielna  (Antonio),  Mex.  soldier  before  I7SU;  in  the  Soleilad  eseolta,  settler 
at  S.  1".,  holder  of  a  raneho  near  Mont,  before  ISOI.  i.  4!);i,  (IS.'!,  7lii,  7;>4;  ii. 
171 ;  teacher  at  Mont,  and  S.  ,Josi5  ISlS-'Jl,  '■-'9.  ii.  .•!7S-!»,  427,  (iO.'i,  CI.'!.  ]J. 
(Antonio),  pei'liajis  son  of  the  preceding,  also  u  soldier  ;it  one  time,  possihly 
confounded  w  itli  his  fatlu'i'  or  another  Antonio  in  some  records;  memlier  (if 
the  diputacion  fi'oni  'L'S.  iii.  .'{(>,  41  ;>,  .">0,  (!■'?;  alcalde  of  Mont.  '.'!l.  iii.  |S7, 
1!I4,  "Jl'J,  (17'J;  dip.  again  in  '.'J.Vi);  com.  ef  S.  .Josi'  troops  in  .Mvarado's  icvolt, 
sent  to  the  south  as  eomisionado  ':i7.  iii.  -!ll,  4.')4  ."),  4.')7,  4(iO,  4(i:i,  4M,  4!i|, 
50(1,  ."/S."),  (J!I2;  grantee  of  S.  Cregorio  and  .s.  Francisunito  in  '.'l!*.  iii.  ('i7.S,  71.'); 
in  com.  of  exjied.  against  Ind.  and  foreigners  ".'>y--40.  iv.  "I'l,  'I'M.  In  "41  at 
S.  Jose,  age  ."iO,  wife  Conce[)eion  X'alencia,  children  .Iiuiii  b.  'Hi,  Coneepcion 
'38;  jnez  de  ]  az  at  Sta  Clara  '41-'2.  iv.  (JSIl-(i;  but  died  in  "4"J.  Though  .'ome- 
vliat  iirominent  as  Sihown  above,  V>.  was  a  \ery  ignorant  and  conanonplace 
man.  ]>.  (I'L),  prob.  son  of  Ant.,  and  claimant  of  .S,  ( Iregorio  in  '.")•_'.  iii.  ()7S. 
15.  (Felix),  rcsid.  of  S.  .Jose  from  '.•}7;  I'd  idcald<'  ';!:>,  '44,  '4.").  iii.  7.'!l;  iv.  US.",; 
in  "41,  age  l27,  Viife  liernarda  SepiUvedii,  iliihl.  .Iulianaa:;d  Mari:'.;  "lo'Jd  juez. 
V.  (i()4;  .sid)-pref!  i.'t  "4!(;  moved  to  Mont.  ''A.  lie  funashed  a  ..Vd/vvf' /';»  tor  my 
use  in  '70.  ]».  (.foa(|uin),  brother  of  Antonio,  wiiter  <]f  various  verges;  ■  nud- 
sionndct  at  r>rancif.  IMS.  ii.  •JM-."),  ;j'j;!;  teacher  at  S.  Jose  "Jl .  ii.  (iOI^;  alcahle 
or  juez  auxiliar  at  Urnncif.  "-JO,  '',V2.  '.'IS-D.  ii.  <i'J7,  (iIlli-7;  grantee  of  S:iy.inte 
raneho  ";i;{.  iii.  070;  S'C.  ayunt.  ".'!0.  iii.  0!)7;  juez  a.ix.  at  I'ilareitos,  Jiciugio, 
etc.  "40-'_',  '40.  iii.  070;  iv.  O.").'!;  v.  {]',\;.  ]!.  i.b.se  F.),  elector  at  S.  .Inse''i;i. 
iv.  .'llil,  OS,").  ]>.  (JosC'  Jiainon),  grantee  of  I'otrero  y  llincon  de  .•^.  I'edro 
'.'!S.  iii.  07S;  alcalde  at  lirnncif.  '4.-).  v.  004;  age  ;!0,  wife  Itafaela  I'erez,  eliiid. 
Guadalu])e,  IMatilde,  and  Juan.  B.  (.hum),  at  .S.  F.  iind  Mont,  from  ''JO.  ii. 
Gl"_';  in  '41  at  S.  .Jose,  ago  4!(,  wife  Ascension  JJeriud,  child.  'I'rinidad,  Antonia 
M.,  Fi'ancisco,  and  Alta  tiraeia.  1!.  (Marui  Antonia),  teacher  at  Mont.  'IS 
24.  JJ.  (Kamon),  .soldier  before  17S0;  .settler  at  Los  Aug.  from  '!i:!-lMO;  rcL'i- 
doriulSOJ.  ii.  1 10,  IMil-oO,  ;J")4.  liuenaventura  (.lose),  I S-J!),  Irislnnan,  fam- 
ily name  not  known;  at  Loa  Ang.  with  eertif.  of  good  character,  age  47. 

Dullin,  1S4."),  possibly  in  the  (Irigsbv  Idc  party,  but  prob.  went  to  Or.  iv. 
678-!).  Bullum  (F-dwaVd  Could),  is47.  lieut  Co.  15,  N.Y.Vol.  v.  o04;  having 
been  previously  connected  w  itli  the  X.  Y.  J/craltl.  After  his  disch;irge  went 
to  the  iniues  iu  '48,  and  iu  '■i.'J-oO  was  a  reporter  ou  the  Allu,  serving  also  as 


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PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


sec.  of  various  piihlic  mcctincs.  Then  he  went  cast  and  puMished  liis  W.r 
JSIoiilhn  in  the  Gold  Miikh,  I'hila,  1S.")().  licturninf;  to  Cal.  '53,  lie  rejoined  the 
Alta  corps,  acting  at  times  us  editor,  notal)ly  during  tlio  time  of  the  vigilance 
com.  of  '.')0;  niendxT  of  tlie  Icgisliitiirc  '."•;>;  went  in  T)?  to  Paris,  wi)erc  ho  wrote 
letters  for  the  Aila  and  iV. }'.  J/iruhl,  and  wliere  lie  committed  suicide  in  '07, 
at  the  age  of  about  4.").  He  was  a  man  of  good  cluiracter  and  abilities.  Unhuc 
(H.  H.),  1847,  Danish  mate  of  the  Chmi'iitinc,  wlio  came  back  in  '49,  and  from 
'»(»  was  a  pioneer  of  Humboldt  Co.,  where  he  still  lived  in  '82  with  wife  and 
n  chihlrcn,  a  ])roniinent  man  of  business.  Portrait  in  l/iimh.  Co.  I/ir't.,  I(i4. 
Uujan  (Antonio),  18-14,  a  militiuman  at  S.  P.,  called  Iluyano,  aged  2r»,  and 
Mex.,  but  he  was  a  foreigner  who  came  earlier,  perhaps  in  '42,  witness  in  tlie 
Nantillan  case;  in  later  times  he  kept  a  wayside  inn  and  saloon  in  Visitucion 
Valley,  S.E.,  where  he  still  is  perhaps  in  'S.'t. 

null  (.lames  II.),  1844,  at  S.  V.  IJull,  1848,  mr  of  the  Ol;/n.  Bnllord, 
1840,  owner  of  a  Los  Ang.  rancho  (?).  BuUen  (Newell),  1S40,  of  the  Monn. 
col.  with  wife  and  3  children,  v.  540;  owner  of  a  S.  P.  lot  '47.  v.  080;  died 
in  Utah,  where  his  family  resided  '84.  IJullock  (Ezekial),  1S47,  Co.  E,  N.  Y. 
Vol.  (v.  4JI0);  at  S.  V.  '74  82.  IJ.  (.James  D.),  1848,  mid.  on  tlic  U.  S.  IK(/r- 
reu.       liidtice  (Vincent),  1847,  Co.  (i,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  49!));  died  before  '82. 

Bund  (.John),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  4!)!));  at  H.iwkeye,  Calaveras  Co. 
'71-4.  Bunker  (Benj.),  1841,  gunner  on  tiie  U.  .S.  St  Loui»,  and  in  '47  on 
the  ImhpvudfUCf.  B.  (Alex.),  1822,  mr  of  the  Oulmio.  ii.  474.  B.  (Ed- 
ward), 1847,  Co.  E,  Monn.  Bat.  (v.  409);  a  bishop  in  Utali  '82. 

Burch  (Chas  H.),  1840,  claimant  for  supplies  to  Fremont  (v.  402)  to  the 
extent  of  $;«»;  at  N.  Helv.  '47  8;  went  to  Or.  and  ret.  in  '48.  Burger 
(Chas),  (Jerman  of  the  Donner  party  who  died  in  the  mts.  v.  .^Sl.  o'.^4. 
Burgenian  (Emil),  1847,  Co.  C,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  409).  Burgess,  1840,  immig. 
with  Bryant;  perhaps  did  not  couie  to  Cid.  B.  (Edward).  1847,  Co.  B,  N. 
Y.  Vol.,  transf.  to  Co.  O  (v.  499);  owner  of  a  S.  K.  lot.  v.  (i70;  went  to  Hon- 
olulu on  Ihc  Julia  '47,  ret.  in  '48;  at  Honolulu  71.  B.  (Thos  11.),  184."), 
Iv-  ntuckian  innnig.  in  the  Oigsby-Ide  party,  iv.  r)78,  587;  joined  the  Bears, 
with  Ford  at  Olonipali  in  '40.  v.  I(i7;  ''  '  hiim  of  63.">  (v.  402);  went  south 
with  Premont;  with  (Jillespie  at  Los  ind  at  S.  Paseual.  v.  347,  3.">0;  at 

N.  Helv.  "47-8.       Burhcll  (llichard).  Co.  B,  Cal.  Bit.  (v.  358),  enlisting 

at  S.  Jose"'.       Burke  (.las),  1847,  ('o.  .\,  .>.Y.Vol. ;  died  on  the  Stanislaus  '51. 

Burke  (.Tames  W. ),  1824,  Irish  trader  from  S.  .\mcr.  on  thoJiifeii  Turfai; 
who  settled  at  Sta  B.  in  '28,  ii.  520,  573,  being  then  30  years  old.  His  name 
— often  Santiago  and  Walter— appears  often  in  eornniercial  and  other  records 
from  '.30;  married  Josefa  Boronda,  and  in  '.30  had  0  children,  being  then  regi- 
dor  and  an  applicant  for  lands,  iii.  420,  054.  Still  living  at  .Sta  B.  "70,  but 
seems  to  have  died  a  year  or  two  later.  liurkins  (.lames),  1847,  Co.  P,  3d 
U.  S.  artill.  (v.  518).  Burling  (.Joseph),  1795,  Irish  sailor  at  Sta  B.  desir- 
ing to  remain,  but  sent  to  Spain  '!MI.  i.  .538-40. 

Burnett  (Horace),  1848,  nephew  of  Peter  H.,  with  whom  he  came  from 
Or.  ami  engaged  in  mining.  B.  (Peter  H.),  1848,  nat.  of  Tenn.,  b.  in  1807; 
a  trader  and  lawyer  in  'I'enn.  antl  Mo.;  overl.  imniig.  to  Or.  in  '43;  fanner, 
member  of  legislature,  and  judge  of  supreme  court  in  Or.;  came  to  Cal.  by 
land  alter  the  discov.  of  gold,  and  worked  in  the  mines  for  a  month  or  more 
in  '-I8.  In  Dee.  he  came  to  N.  Helv.,  and  became  agent  for  young  Sutter  in 
settling  the  captain's  complicated  liusiness  and  the  sale  of  town  lots,  thus 
paying  olT  old  debts  and  laying  the  foundation  of  a  handsome  fortune.  His 
family  came  from  Or.  in  May  49,  and  his  management  of  Sutter's  business 
ceased  in  July.  He  took  aproiiiinent  part  in  public  meetings  to  secure  a  state 
Kovt;  went  to  S.  F. ;  was  made  judge  of  tiie  supreme  court;  sold  half  his 
Sacramento  property  for  $,50,000;  moved  to  S.  Josi?;  and  \»as  linoUy  elected 
governor  of  Cal. — all  before  the  end  of  '49.  He  was  one  of  the  luckiest  men 
of  the  time.  Resigning  his  otiice  in  .Ian.  '51,  ho  devoted  himself  mainly  to 
the  management  of  his  private  business,  practising  law  to  a  limited  extent, 
residing  at  S.  .lose  except  in  '."i2-3  at  Sac.  and  several  long  visits  to  the  east. 
lie  was  judge  of  the  supreme  court  iu  '57-8;  in  '00  publishe«l  'J'hf  Path  Wnuh 


BURXETT-BUilTON. 


737 


Lnl  n  Protestant  Lawyrr  fo  Ihr  CnthoUc  Chinrh;  nnd  from  '63  was  presiJent  of 
tho  I'acilii;  IJiink  at  S.l-'.  His  /I'c-ollfr/ioiin,  w  MS.,  wcie  copied  for  my  Library 
ill  '7S  und  publislicd  in  'S!».  Still  living  m  '!>.">,  ijossessin^'  great  wcaUii  and  a 
good  ri'pntation.  Burnett  liaa  never  liceii  credited  with  any  brilliant  abilities, 
nor  eliarged  with  any  great  weakness;  lacking  force  and  decision  in  otiicial 
positions;  an  honest,  industrious,  kindhcarted,  tliploniatic,  lucky  man;  of 
many  but  harmless  whims  in  private  life.  His  wife  died  in  'oS;  but  he  has 
several  sons  niid  a  married  daut,'litcr. 

Burnie,  lcS2J),  mr  of  tiic  Aini.  iii.  140.  Burns  (Daniel  M.),  1840  (?),  sec, 
of  state  in  '80;  native  of  'I'eiiii.,  age  4!l  in  '70;  said  in  newspaper  sketches  to 
have  come  to  Cal.  at  the  age  of  10.  iv.  TJO;  his  name  is  in  a  list  of  letters 
at  S.  F.  in  '48.  B.  (James),  1S40,  in  Farnliani's  list  of  arrested  forci-ncTB. 
B.  (John),  1830,  Amer.  atS.  Miguel,  iii.  180;  joined  the  conip.  c.xtranjcra  in 
",V2.  iii.  2'2I ;  was  perhaps  the  Jnlm  Byrnes  1)11  l.ai  kin's  books ';{4.  J5.  (1*.  T.), 
1S47,  in  Sutter's  employ  at  X.  llclv.  B.  (Win),  18.19.  ICngl.  who  came  with 
Sutter,  iv.  1 10,  l.'JS;  in  '40  he  iisked  for  a  piis'*  to  ipiit  N.  Jli'lv.  and  .setth-  at 
StaCruz;  in  Farnliam's  li.'-t  of  arrestctl  foreigners,  iv.  17.  l>ui-(|ue!  (IVdro), 
soldier  at  the  Colorado  Biv.  jiueblos  1780  1,  killed  bj  Jnd.   i.  ".">0,  .'>(i'_*. 

Bnrr  (Chas  (.'. ),  1840,  f>f  tlie  florin,  colony  with  wife  and  child,  one  child 
having  (lied  at  sea.  v.  .^Ifi;  owner  of  S.  F.  lot  '47.  v.  (i7S;  in  Ttah  '84.  B. 
(Xathan),  1840,  of  the  Morm.  eol.  with  wife,  father  of  (has.  (". ;  died  in 
Utah  before  '84.  v.  .540.  Burrell  (Chas),  184(i,  sailor  on  the  U.  S.  />(if<;  h)iig 
a  resident  of  S.  F.  in  later  years.       B.  ((JnthbertI,  184(i,  at  (iilioy  "78. 

Bun-oughs  (Chas),  1840,  ajiparently  an  iinniig.  of  this  year;  prominent  in 
raisin"  men  for  the  Cal.  I'.at.,  in  which  he  seems  to  have  ranked  as  cai)Laiii  - 
or  peiTiaps  was  to  have  been  made  captain.  Chief  in  coin,  at  the  light  of  N'ati- 
vidad,  where  he  was  killed  in  Nov.  v.  3liO,  .'$().'{  71.  I'eyond  the  part  that  he 
took  in  this  ad'air,  nnd  his  general  reputation  as  a  brave  and  popular  man, 
tliou^h  a  g  imbler,  nothing  seems  to  be  known  of  him.  lli;t  name  i:!  of  len  writ- 
ten ]5ur«s  and  Burrows,  and  it  is  not  sure  that  his  name  was  Chai'les  ur  that 
he  came  in '40.  B. — or  Bonis— (Wni),  Amer.  doctor  at  Sta  l».  |S-2;t  4.  ii. 
4',(."),  570.  JJurrows,  1841,  from  t)r.  with  wife  and  child  in  Einmon'a  party 
of  the  U.S.  e\.  c.xped,  iv.  "278. 

Burt,  1840,  doubtful  name  of  a  man  captured  with  Weber  by  Castro,  v. 
1.10;  probably  'Bird,'<i.v.  15.  ( Wm),  1847,  <  'o.C,  Morm.  Bat.(v.  400).^  Bur- 
ton (K.  F.).  1848,  nicm').  of  X.Y.  territorial  pioneers  '78.    i'/z/ai >//'.<  Xofcs. 

Bu''ton  (Henry  S.),  1847,  lieut-ccl  X.Y.  Vol.,  and  for  a  time  in  com.  at  SU  B. 
V.  .')():5,  .^l  I,  'A'A,  0:i0-l ;  in  com.  of  tho  exped.  to  Ba  Ba/  '47  8.  v.  :>fiX  He  w;!S 
a  graduate  of  West  Boint  and  lieut  of  Co.  F,  od  artill.,  of  which  he  to(jk  com. 
as  capt.  on  tho  inustering-out  of  the  regt.  v.  .Tl."),  .VJO.  He  remained  seve!':il 
years  in  Cal..  and  was  collector  of  customs  at  Mont.  '48-0.  He  w;is  promoted 
to  major  in  '01,  and  in  '0.')  to  brevet  1  rigadier-gen.,  dying  in  15.1.  '(il).  His  v.ife, 
who  survived  him  with  two  children,  was  Dona  Ampai'o  Kuiz  of  l^ower  Ca!., 
wliosc  father  and  grandfathei-  were  iirominentin  the  early  annals  of  the  pcnin 
sula,  and  who  has  gained  some  litcraiy  as  wi'll  as  social  ^listinetion.  Ilnr- 
ton(15.).  1847.  lieut  who  raised  and  c oinniainlfd  a  vo!unte<n-  cavalry  conip. 
at  Mont,  in  April,  v.  440,  ."cJl,  (i8(».  I  am  unable  to  say  who  he  w;is.  15. 
(lames),  .T.  B.  &  Co.  ment.  at  .Mont,  in  connection  with  naval  stores.  B. 
(James  ('.),  1847,  Co.  F.  X.Y.  Vol.  (v.  4!»!t). 

Burton  (.Tohn),  IS'J,")  (?),  Amer.,  who  at  S.  .Tose  in  '20  chiimed  to  have  come 
as  master  of  the  Jiiini  llrtfh'i/,  lost  at  S.  Diej'o,  anil  to  li;i\c  liecn  .'!  ycirs  iiml 
.5  months  in  Cal. ;  a  native  of  I'rovincetown,  wlio  left  lionic  in  '22;  thcM  4')ye.irs 
old.  iii.  20,  147.  In 'HO  a  farmer,  also  rngaged  in  trade,  ii.  002;  genei'jilly  ;  aid 
to  have  arrived  in  '.10;  married  in  "M  .Tuana  (Jalindo;  often  named  in  various 
records  from  this  time;  regidor  of  S.  .lose  'Vu.  iii.  7.10;  arrestecl  in  '40  a;  a, 
forniiility,  but  not  e.^^ilt  d.  In  '41.  age  48,  children  .lose  >ligiul,  Juan,  iiiiil  Sjl 
veria;  witness  of  Xaile's  murder,  iv.  OSti;  signer  of  the  call  to  forciu'iiers  i,i  "1."). 
iv.  .lOO;  ulcaldu  in  '40-7.  v.  002.  I  havo  no  later  record  of  him;  perhaps  died 
in  '48.  B.  (,K)hu  B.).  1840,  ,\mer.  mechanic  who  aime  on  the  C't7Ti(//'(.f  to 
Hur.  C.VL.,  Vol.  H.    47 


.    I 

f 


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I 


73S 


riOXEER  REGISTrR  AND  INDEX. 


Mont.       n.  (.Tdsc'pliK  1S4S,  Roston  man  nge  SO,  who  came  from  Honolulu 
in  Au'.f.  ;iii(l  died  at  S.F.  in  dct. 

llurton  (Lowi.s  T.),  IS.'il,  Tcnnesscean  from  X.  Mcx.  with  the  Wf)lf skill 
party,  v.  ;{.S(),  40.");  scttlinj,'  lit  St.k  15.,  and  cnjjagiiig  in  otter-hunting,  trade,  und 
fiiiidly  funiiiiig.  iv.  117.  In  ';!(»  he  doseribed  hinibtelf  a.s  a  catliolic  bacliclor, 
21  years  i-ld,  in  liusincss  wiili  Branch;  in  '.10  he  married  .Maria  Antonia,  daugh- 
ter iif  <  arlos  (^"arrillo;  naturalized  in  '42.  I^rkin  gave  him  a  high  cliaracter  in 
his  XoiiH  of  'J.J;  and  he  liad  a  Cal.  claim  of  §400  in  '40  (v.  4«-J),  304.  Jle  he- 
e.Tiic  a  wealthy  merchant  and  ranciiero;  claimant  for  the  Jesus  Maria  and 
(Jhamizjil  ranchos.  v.  0.">.">,  077;  and  died  at  .Sta  1).  in  '70.  A  second  wife  was  tiie 
da;;glitcr  of  .l(js('!  Ant.  Carriilo. 

I'.uAi  (Iticiiard),  1847.  Co.  B,  Morm.  liat.  (v.  400).  Buslmnc  (Lcandro), 
1S47,  died  at  X.  Hclv.,  formerly  a  corporal  at  tiie  fort,  and  ajipareiitly  an 
l;i'!.;  Otiili  15.  also  d.cd.  iiustaniantc  y  (iuerra  (Jos(5i,  1701,  com,  of  tlio 
Ai nrilii.  in  Malaspina's  exped.  i.  4!)0.  Ihitt'U  (Win),  1.S45,  doubtful  name 
(.f  ail  Aincr.  in  a  Brancifortc  pudron,  age  37.  Hutler,  1840,  bugler  in  Cal. 
IJ:'.t.  V.  374.  Dutkr  (.Vmos),  1847,  at  S.  !■'.  from  Astoria  on  the  J/i-iirij;  in 
list  of  letters  '4S.       K  (Xathanicl),  1847,  at  Mont.  .July. 

IJutroii  (l''elipe),  named  in  '40  in  connection  with  the  (iraham  affair,  iv.  (i; 
leader  in  a  proposed  attack  on  Mont.  '4.').  iv.  .")!."),  being  then  a  capt.  of  aux. 
ea\aliy;  in  40  a  lieut  in  the  Cal.  IJat.  v.  3(10;  in  '47  lieut  in  an  exped.  against 
Ind.  V.  (iO'J.  ]).  (.hum  de  ]>ii)s),  soldier  in  Mont.  comp.  '30,  ago  31.  11. 
(Manuel),  soldier  of  Mont.  comp.  177'">,  married  to  a  neophyte,  and  the  l.st 
givintee  of  hin.l.  i.  311,  008,  010,  083;  a  settler  at  S.  .Josi^  1780.  i.  477.  H. 
(.Manuel),  proli.  son  of  precedim.',  grantee  of  Alisal  '28,  and  of  Natividad  '30, 
''.•'.  ii.  OiO,  ()()4,  (i77;  in  '30  living  at  Xatividad,  a_;e  "18,  wife  Man'a  Ignacia 
Ili^'uera,  cliildren.losefa  b.  1800,  Nicohls  ':2I,  Kamona  '21,  Manuel  '24.  li. 
(Ramon),  son  of  Manuel,  ehiimant  for  Xatividad.  iii.  077.  B.  (Sebastiani, 
settler  licfore  I  '00;  in  'II  at  S.  .lose,  age  01. 

Bntter:icl.l  (.Jacob  K.),  1847,  Co.  A,  .Morm.  Bat.  (v.  400);  at  Taylorville, 
Utah.  '8 1.  Butter.s  (TliomasI,  1841,  Kngl.  sailor  tli.scli.  from  the  Liuiinr; 
Biihvell  mentions  a  Thos  liattus  at  Bodega  about  the  same  time.  Rutton 
(.Moiitgoiiieiy),  I8J7,  Co.  1>,  Morm.  Bat. 

Buzzell  (loseph  Willanl),  1841  (?),  deserter  from  the  M'halcr  Orhnfin  at 
Halfnuion  Hay,  spending  some  time  with  Craham  at  Sta  Crnz,  later  a  trappi'r 
at  X.  Helv.,  till  he  went  to  Or.  in  '43,  where  he  married — apparently  one  of  the 
Kelscy  fatnily.  This  is  his  own  statement  in  newspaper  sketches,  iv.  270.  In 
'44  he  came  fiom  Or.  in  the  Kelsey  party,  v.  444;  .served  Sutter  in  tin;  Mic!i- 
cltoreiia  campaign;  signed  the  call  to  foreigners  at  S.  .lose  '4.').  iv.  ."iOO;  and 
Worked  for  Leiilesdortf  at  .S.  V.  His  name  often  apjiears  in  tiio  X.  Ililr. 
JJifiri/,  and  occasi(jnaIly  in  records  of  Mont,  and  S.  .Jose.  A  daughter  Klh  11  is 
Siiid  to  have  been  born  at  X.  Helv.  '4,">.  In  '40-7  B.  scived  in  the  Cal.  Bat. 
(v.  .3.">S),  under  l''reniont,  (lillespie,  Mervine,  and  Stockton  in  the  south,  itc- 
turning  he  went  to  .Stockton  with  Weber,  acquiring  land  on  which  the  town 
stood  later,  and  building  a  cabin.  Ttnkliam,  (Jurmii,  etc.  A  son  wa.s  born  "47. 
'S'.  ./.  l*i()ii.  His  name  appears  at  Sutter's  fort  '47-8;  daughter  Lizzie  Agnes 
lM)rii  at  Stockton,  Sept.  '48.  Still  living  in  "00;  ace.  to  Yolo  Co.  Uist.  drowned 
at  Halfmoon  Bay  a  few  years  before  '70. 

Bybee  (Hcniy  (i.).  1847,  <.'o.  C,  Morm.  Rat.  (v.  400).  R.  (.John),  1847, 
ilitto.  I'.yers,  1847,  at  Honolulu  from  Mont,  on  tiie  M<iri<t  /IiIciki.  1".. 
(■losiali  Stoddaitt,  181(i,  applicant  for  land  at  S.  .lose;  a  mid.  on  the  U.  S. 
('oii>iri:<s.  S.'a  C/in-d.  Co.  l/i.^l.,  331.  Ryrens  (Allen  T.),  1840,  mid.  on  the  V. 
S.  Diilr,  at  S.  .lose*.  Dec.  Ryrnes  (Kd.),  18.34,  Irish,  in  .Mont.  list.  1?.  ( Wm), 
1848,  at  Honolulu  from  S.  !•'. ;  declined  to  serve  as  alcalde  at  S.  Jose.  v.  002. 


Caamafio  (.Jacinto),  1702,  Span.  com.  of  the  A nuizii'.ii,  engaged  in  northern 
coast  explor.  i.  .'lOO- 1 1 ;  l/i-'t.  A.  II'.C,  i.  207  et  seq. ;  com.  oflhe  Piinn-.^d  in 
1707  an.l  of  the  ( 'aiircprloii  1708.  i.  .")40,  .">43  4.  Caatnll  (John),  1840,  doubt- 
ful name  in  a  Los  Aug.  list.       Caballer,  sec  'Cavalier.' 

Cu'uillero  (Amlres  A.),   1781,  lieut  of   the  escort  to  Cal.  and  return  to 


CABALLERO-CALLAGIIAX. 


739 


Sonora.  i.  342.  C.  (Felix),  1833,  Dominican  friar  of  L.  Cal.;  a  famous  mis- 
bioiiaiy  of  tlic  frontit-r,  who  crossed  the  line  to  Cal.  '23,  '29,  '33,  ami  t]oii)>tleMH 
on  other  occasions,  ii.  4S(»,  AOT;  iii.  !I0,  .V)7.  C.  (Francisco),  Stu  H.  raiichero 
'4j.  ('.  (Maria  Antouia),  grantee  of  ISisquoc  in  '33.  iii.  (ioO.  ("ahello  (Mar- 
tin S. ),  1834,  Mex.  revenue  oHicerwit'i  the  IF.  k  1'.  eolony;  receptor  in  charge 
of  S.  Diego  custom-lionsc  '34-8;  prob.  left  Cal.  aliout  '38.  iii.  207,  377,  4'J'J- 
COl,  (J0!»,  (il3;  iv.  98;  Cabiner,  184G,  mr  of  tiie  /■<(nic  lloirlruid. 

Cabot  (Juan),  1805,  Span,  friar  who  served  for  30  years  in  Cal.,  cliicfly  at 
S.  Miguel,  retiring  to  his  college  in  iS.'},'>.  Uiog.  in  iii.  <J83-4;  mont.  i.  list 
autii.;  ii.  123,  14[),  l.W-UO,  325,  327,  331.  37"),  ;{S4-(!,  3»3,  530,  020,  022,  055; 
iii.  92,  90,  109,  309.  C.  (.Miguel),  I8;}'i,  nephew  of  the  two  friars,  who  came 
to  Cal.  to  receive  the  stipend  due  Ff.  I'edro  after  his  death.  C.  (I'cdro), 
1804,  Span,  friar,  brother  of  Juan,  who  served  32  years  in  Cal.,  chiefly  at  S. 
Antonio,  dyingat  S.  Fernando  '30.  Biog.  iii.  045  (i;  meat.  ii.  152,  159-(iO,  385, 
394,  021-3,  055;  iii.  92,  90,  418,  080.  Cal.ott  (F.),  1848,  j.assp.  from  Hono- 
lulu. Cabrera  (Agapito),  at  Sta  Int5s  college  '44.  iv.  420.  C.  (I'edro), 
I'eruvian,  juez  de  polieia  at  Los  Aug.  '47.   v.  020. 

Cabrillo  (Juan  liodriguez),  1.542,  Portugueiie  discoverer  of  Cal.,  who  dieil 
at  the  Sta  Ii.  islands  in  Jan.  1543.  See  full  account  of  the  voy.  of  exploration. 
i.  09-81;  also  //(W.  A'.  M<x.  Sl<ilc-<,  i.  l.'}3. 

Cacc  (Henry  P.),  1845,  nat.  of  R.  I.  at  Mont;  perhaps  'Ca.se.'  Ciicere.s 
(Francisco),  Siian.  exsergt  of  dragoons,  who  was  regitlor  at  Mont,  in  "28-2;). 
ii.  012;  iii.  51,  53;  and  in  '31  the  only  Span,  in  S.  F.  district,  iii.  399,  099. 
He  is  named  as  a  resid.  and  house-owner  of  S.F.  from  '38,  being  sindico  in  '.S9. 
iii.  705;  v.  084.  He  died  at  Freestone  in  "48  at  the  age  nl  70.  His  wife  was 
Anastasia  Boronda  wlio  dieil  in  '49.  'i"he  cliililreu  were  Antouia,  {'"liincisro. 
CaruK^n,  CJuadalupe  Antonio,  Julian,  l{jifaela,  Ciro,  Helena,  and  Tcri'sa;  all 
dead  before  "85  except  Ciro  and  Francisco.  The  latter  is  named  in  a  Sonoma 
list  of  '44  as  18  years  old.  The  daughter  Antonia  married  James  Dawson  '40, 
and  Dr  Fred.  Blume  in  '49,  dying  in  "80  witJKJut  children.  .Siie  was  the  grantee 
and  clainumt  of  I'ogolomi  rancho.  iv.  072.  Cacho  (llafael),  grantee  of  S. 
(Jeronimo  rancho  '44.  iv.  073. 

Cade  (Jonatiian),  184(i,  of  the  .Mormon  col.  with  wife.  v.  540;  perhaps  liis 
name  was  Kincaid;  sergt-at-arms  in  S.  F.  council  '49;  but  tlied  in  Utah, 
{.'ailel — or  Kadel— (Peter),  |S4(i,  said  to  have  arrived  in  July;  at  N'.  Helv. 
from  S.  Kafael  and  Sonoma  '47-8;  lot-owner  S.F.  '47;  died  at  <.)akland  '75,  ai'e 
01.  C.  (Tobias),  1847,  lot  at  S.  F.;  at  N.  Helv.  '48.  I'adcna  (Antonio), 
1830,  Mcx.  corporal  in  Hidalgo  bat.  at  M(mt.  ago  .'W);  tri.d  for  nuu-ilcr.  iii. 
(J75.  Cady  (Clias  L. ),  1845  ('.'),  said  to  have  been  in  Lake  Co.  a<  a  ininter, 
being  also  there  in  "75.  lAih  jiurt  Ihc;  iv.  587;  in  '4(!-7  niLinberof  the  2d  Don- 
ner  relief,  v.  539;  e.stab.  a  mail  service  July  '47  bet.  S.  F.  ancl  Sac.  via  San.'a- 
lito  ami  .Sonoma.  Cnli/hniiaii,  July  24th;  kept  a  store  at  Colonia  with  Sh:iu 
non  "48-9.  h'l  Dormh  Co.  Ilht.,  177.  Cahill  (Martin),  1847,  Co.  A.  N.V. 
Vol.  (V.  499);  at  Stockton  '71-82. 

Calder  (Lawsou  ^L),  1847,  Co.  K,  X.V.V.d.  (v.  499).  Caldwell  (Artlnir 
S.  C),  1840,  ovcrl.  inniiig.  in  Voung"s  party  wilii  family,  v.  ,529;  wife  .M:ir- 
garet,  son,  and  three  daughters;  in  Cal.  Bat.,  enlisting  at  .Mont.  Nov.  (v.  35s); 
bought  a  liousc  at  S.  .Jose  '48.  /Vo,  hue,  i.  141);  name  1  as  a  wealtliy  iiti/<:i 
in  '00.  C.  (Colohill),  1840,  Cal.  Bat.,  enlisting  at  S.  .luan;  Cal.  claim  of  .■^i» 
(v.  402);  prob.  son  of  preceiling,  or  possil)lv  the  sanii'.  C.  (Matthewi,  1SI7, 
Co.  K,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  409);  Utah  farmer\s2.  Callieart  (Seth).  1827.  mr  c.t 
the  MiixstivhuiK'tlx.  iii.  148.  Calkin  (Milo),  1840,  house  lately  occupied  by 
him  rented  to  another  Jan.  '47.  Calkins  (Ivl  B.),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  lial. 
(v.  409l;reenl.  at  Los  Aug.       C.  (Sylvanus),  1847.  Co.  A,  .Morm.    liat. 

Call  (Daniel).  1810,  Amer.  carpenter,  age  17,  wiio  landed  fi'om  the  Alnl'i. 
at  Sta  B.,  where  in  '.'lO  he  hail  a  wife  and  two  children,  ii.  24S,  2S2,  ,'!l>:>. 
Callaghan,  1840,  three  brothers  in  the  Los  Aug.  region,  iv.  4!>5;  their  iianu's 
ns  signed  to  a  doc.  of  June  "40  seem  to  be  'lOin,'  'Epli.'anil  'Ceral,' but  itap- 
pi'.'irs  that  2  of  them  were  Kvan  and  Itaac.  They  scr\ed  under  (lillespie.  and 
were  among  the  chino  prisoners,  v.  314;  in  '47  one  was  iii  charge  of  S.  Bucn. 


s 


't 


I 


if 


ilJiS 


740 


PIONEKR  RKCISTER  AND  INDEX. 


jnisRion,  hciiij,'  jucz  Av  pa/  in  MS.  v.  ^31:  iiimI  another  had  some  petty  I'lOsition 
ul  S.  IVilro.  Ai-<;.  to  1!,  1>.  Wilson,  Kmw  ('.  canu-toCal.  in '44.  ('.  (.lames), 
IS47,  (Irownt'il  at  S.  1''.".">I;  said  to  liavc  hccii  one  of  the  N.Y.V'ol.,  but  not  on 
tin-  rolls.  ('.  (.Folin),  IS47,  lot-osvncr  at  S.  F. ;  still  there  TiO.  Callahan 
(f'an.his  n.),  1S4(5,  Co.  C,  1st  V.  S.  dragoons  (v.  ;}.%).  C.  (Thos  W.),  1847, 
(  o.  I!,  .Moiin.  ]>at.  (v.  4(iOi;  rci  nl.  at  J.oa  Aug.  Callogan,  I7(i0,  com.  of  the 
.s'.  ./„,«•,  lost  on  the  voy.  to  Cal.  i.  1'.'4.  Callender  (.Mills  I..),  1S47,  Co.  K, 
X.V.Vol. ;  lots  at  S.  F.  '47-X.  v.  G7!»;  sue.  of  town  council  '48;  sfill  there 
■.V_'-4;  d.  Ihdokljn,  N.  Y.,  '71  ("').  Callis  (Eulalia),  17S.'{,  wife  of  Gov.  I'cdro 
I'agis.  i.  38!»-9:{,  4S7. 

Calvin  (Vincent),  1844,  ovcrl.  imnug.  of  Stevens  party,  iv.  44.");  «t  N'. 
l!<lv.  and  S.  .lo^i'^  '4'>  8.  Calzaila  (.lose  Ant.),  1787,  Span,  friar  who  serv<,d 
'.7  years  in  Cal.,  hcing  founder  of  Stji  Int's.  where  ho  died  1814.  Uiog.  ii.  U(18; 
iiicnt.  i.  'ASH,  4j'.t,  iuTt,  ."7,  (>(i4-.'i;  ii.  '-'8  0,  I'J.'l,  !.■.!».  :i!»4.  Calzado  (Dioni- 
.sioi,  at  Ihancifortt-  1S(.;{.   ii.  l.'.C.       Calzado  (.lo.se),  I7'.I8.  i.  GO(i. 

Cam  (Isidro),  ]H'M),  New  Yorker,  rgc  'J(i,  whose  only  known  exploit  was 
to  liyhl  with  Leundry  ahoiit  a  tlog,  lor  w  hich  he  served  a  month  in  tlic  chain- 
fang  at  .Mont.  Caniaeho,  com.  of  transport  vessel  17S.'!-!(0.  i.  444.  I.'., 
killed  at.lamul  '.■?7.  iii.  <>14.  C.  (Ana.^tasio),  .soldieratS.  Diego  177">.  i.  '-'>''. 
C.  (Toniii.s  M.),  soldier  killed  on  the  Colorado  liy  Ind.  1781.  i.  ."G:!.  Cama- 
leiio(Xieoiis),  settler  at  S.  V.  17!»1-1SOO.  i.  710.  Camarrillo  (.luan),  18;i4, 
.Mex.  who  eamc  proh.  with  the  H.  &  1'.  col.  (iii.  '2.">0);  trader  at  Sta  IJ.,  where 
he  was  sindico  and  juez  at  dillerent  times  '40-(».  iii.  G.").");  iv.  4'JO,  G.'!!,  G4'J; 
luovcil  to  S.  Iiuen.  '.■)!),  where  he  hecamo  owner  of  the  Calleguas  rancho.  lie 
ilieil  "80,  at  the  age  of  ()8;  his  wife  was  Martina  Hernandez,  mairieil  in  '40;  and 
lu!  left  7  children,  one  of  his  daughters  being  the  wife  of  Jose  Arnaz.  Portrait 
in  Sta  Ii.  Co.  IIUI.,  .'WJ. 

Candion  (Pedro  Pjcnito),  1770,  Sjian.  friar  who  served  chiefly  at  8.  F.,  but 
was  fiiunder  of  S.  ('ahriel  and  S.  Ihien.,  retiring  to  his  college  '01.  Biog. 
i.  7P-';  ment.  i.  17:1,  17G,  170  SI,  187  0,  10.1-4,  'Jr,.-.-G,  •.'4G,'2.m,*J71, '287,  "-'80- 
00.  L'0-->,  '.'07,  .T.'0-:!0,  :?.-.•_',  37.1,  .TG,  .•!7S,  .nsi,  nss.  :iOO,  4G0,  47.1,  .")7.'>-G.  Cam- 
liuston  (Ilein-i),  1841.  Frenehman  from  Mex.,  who  became  a  teacher  at  Mont, 
iv.  '270;  married  Cal.riela  Soberane.K;  lined  for  smuggling  '44.  iv.  oOC;  quarrel 
at  Mont,  with  Prefect  Castro  ■4(i.  v.  .'14;  at  the  military  junt.i.  v.  Gl;  grantee 
of  lan<l  in  IJutte  Co.  v.  G7."i.  A  man  of  some  ability,  but  often  in  troidilo  on 
acct  of  intemperate  habits;  witness  in  the  Limantour  case;  sent  to  the  .Stock- 
ton insane  asylum  about  '5G,  where  he  died  4  or  .T  years  later.  Camcro 
(Manuel),  1781,  mulatto  settler  at  Los  Aug.;  regidor  in '80.  i.  .148-0,401. 
Cameron,  1848,  at  Sutter's  Fort.  C.  (.lames),  18-15,  doubtful  record  of  an 
overl.  imndL'.  iv..578.  C.  (.John),  1847, Co.  C,  N.Y. Vol.  (v. 409).  C.  (John*, 
real  name  of  .lohn  'tJilroy,' q.v. 

Camp,  18.17,  of  the  Willamette  cattle  comp.  iv.  S.'i.  C.  (.T.  O.),  1847,  Co. 
|{,  Morin.  Pat.  (v.  400).  C.impa  y  Cos  (Miguel),  177">,  Sp;in  friar  of  L.  Cal. 
1700-73,  who  was  ehaplaiu  of  Heeeta's  exped.  at  Mont,  and  on  the  north 
coast  '7.->.   i.  P-'-J-.'i,  104,  --'.T),  •J40--2,  '247. 

Campbell,  1800,  otter-hunter,  ii.  40-1.  C.  (.\nthony),  1840,  Engl,  sailor 
diseh.  from  the  Fhi  at  S.  l'\,  and  killed  by  In<l.  near  St.a  (Mara  on  his  way  to 
Mont.  April  "41.  iv.  |-2(), '2,S0,  (;S4,  (iSO.  C.  (Heiij.).  1840,  Kentuckian  "set- 
tler at  Sta  Clara,  building  a  saw-mill  on  Campbell's  Creek  in  '47-S;  still  liv- 
ing ill  '70.  <^.  (Colin),  1840,  Scotch  sailor  at  Mont.  iv.  120;  pi-esbyterian 
sawyer  at  Aptos  '41  '2.  (".  (.I.Tmes),  1840,  sailor  of  the  < 'oii'ji-i.in  iti  .Stock- 
ton's bat.,  wounded  at  the  Mesa  Jan.  '47.  v.  .lO.").  C.  (James  T.),  1817,  Co. 
E,  N.Y.\'<il.  (v.  400);  d.  S.  F.  'y.i.  C.  (John(!.),  1844,  oncof  Frt'mont'.s  men; 
al.so  in'4."i;  Cal.  lUt.  Co.  A.  iv.  4.17,  .')83.  C.  (Jonathan),  1847,  Co.  K.  Morm. 
Pat.  (v.  400).  C.  (Patrick),  1840,  sailor  on  the  Ci/.iiie,  in  Stookttm's  bat., 
wounded  at  S.  Gabriel  .Tan.  '47.  v.  30.").  C.  (Joseph  T.),  1840,  Co.  C,  1st  U. 
S.  dragoons,  killed  at  S.  Pascual.  v.  340.  C.  (Peter),  1847,  Co.  H,  N.Y. Vol. 
C.  (Richard).  IS27,  said  to  have  come  from  N.  Orleans  to  S.  Diego,  iii.  l(i'2. 
(.'.  (Reuben  P.),  1848,  lieut  of  (iraham's  dragoons,  v.  .')'22.  C.  (.Samuel), 
18.13  (?),  accredited  to  this  year  by  the  newspapers,  and  said  to  have  been  a 


CAMPllKLL— CAPLES. 


741 


rich  merclmnt  of  S.  F.;  d.  Ue.l  IJluir  '70.  iii.  -109.  C.  (Saniueli,  18 17,  Co.  K, 
Morin.  l!at.  (v.  4(i!)).  ('.  (Tli(Hiia«),  I.S4(i.  Kciituckiaii  overl.  iiimiig.  from 
Mo.  witli  his  wiff  ami  her  part'iit.s  ami  brothur.s  nuuiL'd  West.  v.  .VJS.  Kiiou  ii 
a.s  Major  (,'.  on  the  tri|);  one  of  IJurroiighs'  men  at  Natividad  (v.  IMi.'i);  and 
went  KOiith  witli  lliL' (,'al.  IJiit. ;  surveyor  utS.  Jose,  and  iiiendier  of  tlie  eouiu  il 
M7.  V.  lilil;  in  the  mines  '4S-!);  later  resid.  of  .S.  Jose  to  '77  and  later.  (^'. 
(Win),  lS4l',  said  to  have  \>evn  killed,  iv.  (JSO.  C.  (Wni),  1S4G,  api>arent!y 
overl.  imndg.  and  jierhaps  u  brother  of  Thomas;  came  to  S.  Jos(j  with  hi.s 
faniilv;  surveyor  '47.  v.  (j()4.  In  Tulare  '8.'{,  age  00,  veteran  of  1812  and  battle 
of  N.'(h-le:ins:  'J  sons.  C.  (Wm),  1847,  Co.  K,  X.Y.Vol.  (v.  4!)i));  de.serted, 
and  was  h;inged  in  Dec.  '48  at  S.  Jos6  for  robbery  and  attempted  murder,  v. 
(»(i:i  4.  C.  (U'm),  1848,  ovcrl.  with  Lawton  and  Johnson;  editor  of  Si' rid 
JlriiKirraf  and  clerk  of  legislature  'uG;  county  judge  of  Sierra  to  'U.'t;  district 
ntlorney  at,  Virginia  ( "ity,  dying'70.  Xi'vada  Tranncri^'t,  Jan.  28,70.  Canijio, 
see  '  Fernandez '  del  C.  and  '  Perez '  del  C 

Cai.e  (Vicente),  1825,  Span,  sailor  landing  from  the  Anin  at  Mont.  iii.  ."d. 
02  .'!;  permitted  to  renuiin  and  marry  in  '28;  grantee  of  S.  Bernardo  ramlio 
'40;  aiimin.  and  juez  at  S.  Luis  Ob.  '40-1.  v.  G.')7,  083.  Canedo  (Dolores), 
at  Los  Aug.  '40.  C.  (fJeronimo),  settler  at  Los  Aug.  1812.  ii.  SoO.  ('. 
(.lose),  soldier  and  cori>.  '2:J-4.  ii.  S.w-O.  C.  (JosC'l,  sohlicr  at  Stii  15.  ''.VJ, 
wife  l.ui.sa  Valenzuida.  C.  (Jo9(5),  at  S.  .luan  Cap.,  age  rtS,  wife  Maria, 
children  Antonia  b.  '20,  Felipe  '28,  Juliana  "M,  Juan  '.'{7,  Leonardo  '4U.  ('. 
(.lose  Maria),  at  S,  Juan  (,'ap.  '41-0.  iv.  020;  age  .10,  wife  Feliciana.  ('. 
(Juan),  at  Los  An),'.  '40.  C.  (.Juan  X.),  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  '41.  iv.  020.  C. 
(Manuel),  soldier  killed  on  the  Colorado,  i.  'M'.i.  C.  (Kafael),  at  Los  Aug. 
'40.  C.  (Silvestrc),  ilitto.  Canete  (.Joaquin),  sent  to  escort  (Jov.  Fagcs' 
wife  toCal.  17.s:}.  i.  ;»!I0. 

Canli''ld  (Cyrus  (A).  1847,  lieut  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  v.  477;  also  licut  of  t!ie 
rcenl.  men.  v.  40");  collector  of  the  port  of  S.  D.  '48.  v.  GIO;  actjuittcd  on  trial 
for  iKi.ssing  countarfeit  moi.ey.  v.  (MO-ll.  C.  (Geo.  W.),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.Y. 
Vol.  (v.  400);  at  I'hil.  '82.  C.  (O.  F.),  1847,  in  Sonoma  Co.  '50  77.  Soiiu,iia 
Co.  //(■-■<.,  102.  Cauiau  (Wm),  1S.'12,  doulitful  namcof  a  nirof  the  Califunii'i. 
Cafii/iiri's  (.b)se),  I70!t,  pilotin  who  kepi  a  diary  of  lUvera's  e.xped.  to  Cal.; 
com.  of  S.  Aiiloiiio  '7 J,  of  S.  ('lirlot  '70,  being  an  explorer  >[  S.F.  bay  and 
phuiucr  (if  the  jiresidio;  attain  at  Mont.  '84;  com.  oi  Aninzazu  '80.  i.  i;{2,  lltl), 
20S,  22.-.,  210,  2^7,  2S0,  :J20,  410-11,  4:iS,  411,  444.  Canu  (Dan.  ^^),  IS  17, 
Co.  1'',  .'id  arlill.  (v.  TdS).  Lnii'i  i/,  not  on  roll.  Cauuell  (John),  1S47,  lot  at 
S.F.  Canu'.l'ax  (Alistrum  11.).  ISI7,  contractor  at  mission  S.  Jose  to  make 
8hiiigle:<  for  l^irkin.  ( 'aunon  (Mauen;!),  Ks4!i,  one  of  the  Mormons,  who  iir(,b, 
did  not  com"  to  Cal.  v  ,")I7.  Ca:io  (ijd  ),  com.  de  policia  at  Mont.  ''M'>.  iii. 
C7."i;  Mex.,  a^'o  2:5,  wife  .lo.sefa  Soto,  clnhlren  IJafael,  Maria,  Luisa,  Nicola.;. 

Cautau  ((iustavu.i  .\.),  IS  17,  lot  at  .S.F.  Ciutuai  I )oloies),  soldier  of  S.i". 
comj).  "10-27;  uient.  in  'IS.  ii.  2.>2.  C.  ((tuadahii)c),  in  '.'iO  at  tlu;  Cnailalupe 
ranclio,  Mont,  district,  age  .")),  wife  (.'aruu'U  (,'astro,  ehililri'U  Josefa  b.  "Is, 
(Iracia  '20,  .Uanioii  ol.  l!amo;ia  ";«:i;  in  ijordonio  and  juez  do  eamj)o  ';{")  0;  in 
'41  grantee  of  S.  LiiisiU)  near  S.  Luis(d).  iii.  (i74  7;  iv.  O.'iO.  C.  (Ignacio). 
settler  Jit  S.F.  I7!tl  ISOO.  i.  710.  ('.{luan  Ign.),  .son  of  Vicente,  wouudeil 
at  the  Xativid.id  li,:ht  '40.  v.  ;!;i7.  C.  (Julian),  at  S.  Isidro  raneho  "iiii,  ago 
4(»,  wife  Isabel  Ortega,  ehilil.  Manuel  b.  "10,  Manuela  '2;t,  Faustina  '22.  C. 
(.Maniul),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '."{J-O;  at  .Sonoma  "44,  age  2.");  in  Sutter's  sei'- 
vioe  "4.");  militia  alfercz  kille<l  . -it  Olompali '40.  v.  lOli.  C.  (Manuel  I,  snu  of 
Jidian,  at  .S.  .fosii '."lO.  C.  (Manuel),  at  Los  Aug.  '40;  connected  witli  the 
Flores  levolt,  a  good  judge  of  aguardiente,  nicknamed  'g<jvernor'  for  a  time. 
V.  .'U)S,  .".'Jl.  t'.  (Pablo),  soldierof  S.F.  comp.  atSouonui  '42.  C.  (Vicente), 
najordonio  at  Patrocinio  (Ali.sal),  '.'tO,  age  4.">,  wife  .luana  Soto,  child,  .luau 
Ign.  b.  "2S,  .luan  Maria  '."{1,  Maria  Ant.  ';{:].  Carmen  '.'{0;  juez  de  cauipoaiul 
auxiliar  '.'{.'),  '."{0,  '41.  iii.  074-.1;  iv.  0.'>;t;  giantee  of  ranch(j  nucional  ";!0.  iii. 
C77;  admin.  Soledad  '.•fO-JO.  iii.  0'.)1;  Cal.  claim  (v.  402)  of  $;j,(>01  in  "40;  still 


I    ! 


in  Mont.  dist.  '."iO.       Cautwell  (Thos),   184^, 
(James),  1847,  roll  of  the  Soc.  Cal.  Pion. 


in  8.  Diego  district,       Cuplea 


712 


I'lOXERR  REfilSTER  AND  INDEX. 


Carabajal  (nafaci).  at  Los  Aug.  '48.  Canihaiias  (\icol:i;,),  cuijt.  of  tin;  S. 
iiiaii  ('a|i.  I'Hi'olta  I77*>.  i-  'My.\.  I'ainbnnti'H  (Aj;u.stiii),  .si'ttkr  at  Lm.s  .\iig. 
Is()7.  ii.  .■{.")0.  V.  (.^alvailni),  at  Sta  11.  1707.  t'arl)ajal,  .sin-;,  of  the  I'riu- 
'•'.«(.  I7sn.  i.  ;i!l7.  V.  (.losefa),  wifo  of  Surgeon  Diivila,  d.  S.  1'.  17S().  i.  4(;s. 
Carliit  CJ'lioH),  1847,  Haiil  to  liavo  <;onio  witli  the  N.Y.  Vol.,  but  not  on  the 
roll;  .1.  Oregon  City,  Cal.  '01,  age  X,.  S.  /'.  J/<ra/(l. 

< '.ml  ((ico.  H.),  IS4(),  nat.  of  11.  I.,  mate  of  a  trailer— prolMibly  the  .1 /?/•'— 
o!i  the  coast  '40- 'J;  returiieil  in  '4H;  wrote  newspaper  articles  on  lii.s  Cal.  ex- 
]  criences;  d.  at  Stockton  after  '08,  age  74.  iv.  li'O,  I'M.  ("aidenas  (.lu.*), 
IS'J.'i,  ollieer  of  the  .Iv/a;  nn- of  the  Jfovr'^O.  iii.  'J.Vd,  I'JO.  C.  (.Mrlcjior), 
^il\illlto  at  S.F.  1777.  i.  -1»7.  Canlwell  (Ileury),  IS4H,  slierilF  at  Los  Ang. 
V.  (iJd;  perhaps  same  as  foUowing.  C.  (Herman  ('. ),  1S14.  nat.  of  \t  (n 
\'a\  who  eanio  to  Cal.  on  a  whaler,  Kettling  at  Loa  Ang.  perhaps  in  '4li;  in 
C.il.  Hat.  (v.  S-W),  having  a  Cal.  claim  (v.  402)  nmier  name  of  li.  II.  C:  in 
tlic  mines  '48-!(;  nieml).  of  1st  legisl.  '4'.t-.")0;  scrioii.sjy  iiijiireil  in  Vii)  liy  a  fall 
fmni  his  horse;  d.  at  Los  .\ng.  '.">'J.  1  lind  little  aliout  hiiu  except  in  newspaper 
tketches.  Cariaga  (.Saturnino),  grantee  of  lical  do  las  Agui.as '44.  i\.  Oi.'i. 
Carl  (.John),  1847,  at  S.  Hnen.  Carion,  noldicr  killed  in  17!)I>.  i.  4(m.  C. 
(•I(is('>),  inviUido  nt  Sta  15.  '.'W.  C.  (.Sefcrino),  soldier  of  Sta  15.  conii). ;  gratiteu 
<i  .\i-royo  (^Jrande  raneho '41.  iv.  O.m;  one  of  this  family  was  tliuMit'e  (jf  F, 
Z.  I'l'anch.  Carlos,  nco)(hyte  leader  of  rebels  at  S.  Diego  I77.">  •>.  i.  '_'.';t, 
'JliO.  (.'arlton,  1848  ('0,  later  a  judge  in  Tiiolunme  Co.;  d.  '.Vt.  Carlton 
(\V.  IL),  1848,  clerk  for  A.  J.  (Jrayson,  S.F.  Carmen  (.Jose  del),  lud.  cliief 
killed  '44.  iv.  409. 

Carmiehacl  (Lawrence),  LS.'J.T,  Scotch  trapper  from  N.  Mex.,  who  went  to 
Or.  '.'54  with  Young  ami  Kelley.  iii.  .I.^.S,  4U'J;  returned  to  drive  a  band  of  cat- 
tle ti>  the  Willamette ';57.  iv.  8,');  anil  a;;ain  came  back  on  the  Xcniil  \'n\,  Ifon- 
olulu  '.'58.  iv.  lO.'i;  and  settled  at  S,  .lose-.  lie  was  one  rif  the  exiles  of  '40, 
but  r<'turned  in '41  with  a  pass  and  a  claim  for . ^•'7, (XK)  damages  for  interrupted 
business,  iv.  18,  .S'2-.'5,  110.  His  name  often  appears  in  the  records  from '41 ; 
in  ■4.">  one  of  the  jiarty  eajituring  I'refeet  Castro,  iv.  4S7;  in  July  '40  had 
troidde  with  Henry  \aile  about  a  house;  in  Aug.  sec.  of  the  juez  at  Sta  ( 'ru/. 
v.  till ;  and  later  in  '4(5  shot  by  a  party  of  Mex.  for  the  alleged  reason  tl.at  ho 
v.as  bearer  of  despatches  for  the  .\nier.,  but  very  little  is  known  of  tlii.s  atl'air, 
of  which  1  lind  no  contemporary  record. 

Canies  (Henry  S.),  1847,  lieut  Co.  F,  N.Y.  Vol.  v.  504;  collector  of  tho 
port  of  Sta  15.  '48.  v.  r)7">;  later  a  member  of  the  legisl.,  district  judge,  and 
postmaster  at  Sta  15.,  wheie  he  li\ed  in  '70;  at  S.  IJuen.  '8J.  C.  (Tlios), 
IS47,  Co.  15,  X.Y.  Vol.  (V.  4!t<l);  drowned  at  Stockton  '."il.  Caniicer  (iJalta- 
san.  1 7'.I7.  Span,  friar  who  !>crvc(l  chictlv  at  S.  C.irlos  and  retired  in  1808. 
15iog.  ii.  147;  n  out.  i.  iVJO.  M\,  -<",  08(;;"ii.  7,  1 1!»,  l.'.O-OO. 

Caipenter  (IJeuj.).  181"),  Amer.  innnig.  from  Or.  in  tiiu  .McMahon-C^lynian 
party;  prob.  went  l)ai'k  to  (Jr.  '40.  iv.  ;")7'J,  570.  C.  (Chas  11.),  IS17,  (.'o.  F, 
N'.V".  Vol.  (V.  4<.>'.)):  died  in  Cuba '00.  C.  (Isaac),  1847,  <'o.  C,  Moiiu.  IJat. 
(\'.  40!').  C.  (.lohn).  184."),  named  asa  captive  exchanged  f;)r  Manuel  Castro, 
iv.  4S7.  doubtful.  V.  (Lemuel  or  Samuel),  IS.S'J,  Amer.  froia  \.  Mex.  iii. 
."/■'■8,  408;  accredited  to  '.'tl  and  ',"5;!  in  two  lists  of  '.'50;  prob.  eame  in  winter  of 
';'.'J  .'5;  'J2  years  old  in  '.'iO,  "JH  in  '40;  had  a  soap-factory  on  the  S.  ( Jabiiel  liiver 
and  a  vineyard  in  co.  with  Chard;  one  of  the  vigilantes  '.'50,  and  not  arrested 
'1'!;  served  '4.')  against  Micheltorena.  iv.  4!)o;  in  '48  had  an  orchard  ir.'ar  >v 
F.ueu.  Claimant  for  Sta  CJertrudis  '.j.'5.  iii.  0154;  where  on  account  of  f.'iaiicial 
fr.iiibles  he  eonniutted  suicide  in  '.")0.  C.  (Roman),  1S40,  named  on  L;r!;in's 
bsoks;  perhaps  the  'Ronuin  carpenter'  or  'lloniau  the  carpenter.'  ( '.  (Wm), 
r>41,  doubtful  record  at  Los  Ang.  C.  (Wni  M.),  1848,  physician  it  N. 
Hrlv.,  room-mate  of  I*.  H.  llurnctt.  Carpcntier,  memb.  of  legisl.  'o'l,  ac- 
criilited  to  '48  in  tho  Char/. 

Carr  (Overton),  1841,  lieut  U.  S.  ox.  cxped.  iv.  241,  507.  C  (Oriflith), 
lS4o,  Co.  K,  Cal.  I5at.  (v.  :5,'»8),  enlisting  atSonoma.  C.  (Stephen),  1847,  Co. 
A.  X.Y.  Vol.  (V.  400);  d.  Stanislaus  Co. '49.  Carrauza  (Domingo).  1708,  Span, 
friar,  who  served  at  Sta  Cruz  and  S.  Luis  Rey,  retiring  iu  1810.  Biog.  ii.  108; 


CAnUAXZA-CAllKILLO. 


74S 


mcnt.  i.  irS,  .'77;  ii.  I''>t-.',  l.'iMiO,  l!7.  ('iiini.sco  (Josi'^  M.),  Sononm  at 
Muiii.  '."Hi,  ii^i:  ;;;),  hiu^lu;  ui,  Monl.  Mill  (iilit  r  I'lactM  to  '17.  C.  iJuaii),  I7!M, 
coil),  bclir  JJorra^i'ii.-i.  i.  I'.Kt.  ('.  (.Iiiuii),  iial.  of  iSiii'iin.i  Aires,  iiit'aiif,  fi)i;inl 
•Kail  at  Arroyo  Morlio  '.'W.  iii.  7.'l-.  CiuicaL'a  (S.ituniiuo),  IMo,  jucz  at  S. 
Juan  1(.   iv.  <iij-';  hlu  'Caiia^'a,'  |ii'i>l).  tiif  ^^ullKt  iiiaii. 

(■arri.L;aii  ('I'lios).  IS47,  <'o.  H,  N.V.V.,1.  (v.  4!t!t).  Carrigor  (Daniel  .S.), 
I'i4(i,  Cal.  I5at.  (v.  ■"{.VS),  uiilistin^  at  Sonoma.  ('.  (Nicliola!*),  IS-J(i,  Tiiiuea- 
Mi'iaii  iiiiiiiiij.  Iroiii  Mu.  \\itl>  t'aiiiily.  v.  .V.VS;  his  fallur  died  and  a  dau''litur 
v.a.s  liuin  on  the  journey,  lie  Herved  in  the  Sononi.i  j^arrison  anil  as  mail-ear- 
riir  from  Sonora  to  S.  Itafael  during  the  war;  a  miner  in  '-IS-'.t;  farmer  at 
Sononiii  from  '.">(»,  where  lie  htill  lived  in  "SO,  ii;,ed  04,  with  'J  ..ving  eliildien. 
1  olitained  from  liini  a  Inief  yl«^(j//(oi/;'(//(/(i/,-  jiortrait  in  .V/Howtt Co.  ///>/.,  IJI'J; 
a  son,  I'av.  \V.,  \va.s  iiorn  in  "47.       (.'ariilio,  .sirviente  at  SUi  C':-u/,  \~[)o.  i.  I'.fli. 

( 'arrillo  (.\nasta8io),  uon  of  .Jose  iCaim.,  )>.  at  8tu  I!.  I7'SN;  sergt  distiu- 
g\iiilo  of  tho  Sta  r>.  eonip.,  named  in  eonnection  witli  many  Ind.  e\])ed.,  ete. 
I>|.S  ;.U.  ii.  '2',i'>,  X14,  .'{'il,  iVJ.S-lt,  i)(il,  .")7-;  iii.  7S,  lOit;  eoini-iionailo  in  ehargo 
of  i^os  Ang  'l>S-'_Vi.  ii.  ',V)0,  .").'>!);  moinher  of  the  clip.  '"27  f^;  liahililado ''Jri 
'•J!l-:;4.  ii.  .'.71.';  iii.  :{(i-4-_»,  (W;  ';!!-(»  alf.  rez  of  the  conip.  iii.  G.'.O-I,  281;  in 
'.'!J  iiis  family  eon.-iisted  of  his  witc  (.'onee|)ciun  <  iaieia  i.nd  child.  .Mieaela, 
.N.'aiiiulu,  Suledad,  Francisco,  and  l^uis;  his  other  sons  lieing  (iiiiilerinu  ami 
JIaimuiido;  commisiunadu  to  sei'UJarizo  .Sta  IJ.  '.'14.  iii.  340,  0.'>7;  in  ".'50  retired 
from  tiie  army  on  full  |iay;  in  '.'{7  com,  to  treat  with  Alvarado,  majordonio 
at  S.  i'ernando,  grantee  of  I't  Coneepcion.  iii.  .")I9,  047,  O.'m;  'IIH  eomisiirio 
Bub.  at  Sta  15.  04!),  0.'>l;  memh.  of  dip.  '.■l!)-40.  iii.  .")!)0;  grantee  of  Cieneguita 
'4."i.  iv.  04'J;  nul>-piefect  '45-0.  iv.  O.'Jl,  041.  Thus  it  will  ho  seen  that  Don 
Anasta.sio  was  'i  iirominent  man  of  Sta  J5.,  where  he  etill  lived  after  ViO. 

Cirrillo  (Ciirloa  Antonio  de  .Jesus),  son  of  .Jose  Kuimundo,  \>.  at  Sta  15. 
17x;i;  r.oldier  in  the  Mont.  eomp.  from  J7!I7,  and  soldado  distinguido  from 
';i!l;  named  as  clerk  in  a  nmrder  trial  J80<l.  ii.  191;  sergt  of  the  Sta  15.  comp. 
fi'om  Ml  to  ahout 'l'.'),  taking  an  active  part  in  defensive  operations  against 
l;  .uchard  in  '18  ami  the  rehel  Ind.  in  '21.  ii.  S-Hj-l,  '27.'>-(i,  .'JOl,  •.U:%  4!»l',  ,".:U, 
0:17.  .')7-.  (Quitting  tho  military  service,  Don  Carlos  was  partido  elector  in  ''27, 
and  memlt.  of  the  dip.  '2H.  iii.  'A.i,  41,  140,  ."»7-;  being  in  '.'JO  elected  member 
of  eongi-ess  for  "M-'2,  and  working  earnestly  iu  Mex.,  if  wo  may  judijo  by 
liif  own  corresp. ,  for  the  interests  of  his  country,  iii.  i")!),  'JI4,  'J.'f-'-."),  -00,  .'Jl  1- 
l.i,  .'JI'J,  398.  He  worked  particularly  in  favor  of  tho  missions,  drawing  his 
inspiration  from  Capt.  de  la  (Juerra;  and  also  in  tlio  interest  of  Californian  aa 
a'.;ainst  Mex.  f.fficers.  One  of  his  speeches,  the  J'Jx/iosirioii  Hnhrr  vl  Foiuli)  I'ia- 
ilofio,  was  tho  first  production  of  ii  native  Californian  printed  in  book  form, 
liaok  in  Cal.,  he  was  grantee  of  tho  Sespe  ranclio  '.'13,  was  memb.  of  the 
dip.  '34-."),  and  wa8  made  eoniisionado  for  tho  seeulari/ation  of  .S.  IJueii.  in 
■;;ii.  iii.  IMO,  '_»49-.")0,  LV.S,  :U-2,  3.".3,  421,  488,  549,  0.}0,  0(i()-I;  iv.  4ii.  He  was 
a  warm  supporter  of  Alvarado's  revolutionary  govt  in '30,  and  not  as  has  been 
ofien  said  a  leader  of  tho  southern  opposition,  iii.  490-2.  In  '37,  however,  his 
b. 'other  obtained  for  him  in  Mex.  an  iippointnient  as  gov.;  and  Don  Carlos, 
makin;,'  Los  Ang.  his  cajiital,  strovi?  inellectually  in  '37-8  to  assume  the  gov- 
ernorship, which  Alvarado  very  properly  refused  to  surrender.  This  interest- 
in;;  but  somewhat  ridiculous  episode  of  Cal.  history,  with  its  attendant  mili- 
tary campai.trns,  is  fully  recordeil  in  iii.  .")3l-8l,  .")94,  012,  014,031,  ODO;  iv.  47, 
8l,  S!>.  In  '43-5  he  was  member  of  the  junta,  and  in  '45  gninteo  of  SUi  llosa 
Mand.  iv.  l.-)7,  301,  49.5-0,  521.  .".47,  043;  Cal.  claim  of  $14,000  '40-7.  v.  407; 
meuili.  of  tho  Sta  11.  ayunt.  '49.  ( 'arrillo  died  in  '.VJ  at  the  ago  of  09.  In  person 
J); III  Carlos  Antonio,  like  most  of  his  brothers  and  cousins,  was  largo  and  'jf 
niagiiiiiccnt  presence;  distinguished  for  his  courteous  and  gentlemanly  man- 
neis.  In  all  Cal.  there  was  no  more  kinddicarted,  generous,  ]iopular,  and  in- 
oir.uisivo  citizen  than  he.  Kor  public  life  ho  was  much  tootimiil  and  irresolute; 
a<  congressman  ho  was  but  the  mouth-pieco  of  his  brother-in-law  Capt.  do  la 
(luerra;  as  politician  and  aspirant  for  tho  governorship  ho  was  the  softest  of 
wax  in  the  hands  of  his  astute  brother  .lose  Antonio;  as  military  leader  in 
tho  burlesque  child's-play  warfare  of  '38  ho  cut  but  u  sorry  ligurc;  yet  every- 


:«,  I  r 


744 


riOXKKR  RK<,1STKK  AND  IXDKX. 


body  undjrstood  Ilia  cliurncter  ami  lie  Iind  no  cnoinicH.  His  wife  was  Jo.scfi 
Castro,  who  died  in  '.').'{;  lii.sHiinM-loHc,  I'cdro  ( '. ,  uud  Jimi'-  iIckuk;  liixtlungliters 
Josct'a  wife  of  AVni  <!.  l)iinii,  Kncurnia'ion  wife  of  'I'Jioi;  UoIiliinH,  l''run('i.sca 
wife  of  A.  IJ.  'I  h()ni)ison,  Manudii  wife  of  John  ('.  .limi'H,  and  Antonin  wit'o 
of  Lewis  Dm  ton.       t'liriillo  (Dolorix),  at  Sonoma,  a;^(^  -0,  in  '44, 

Carrillo  (l)ouiin^'o  Antonio  Ignacio),  son  of  .Iohi'  Jlaimundo.  1>.  at  S.  I)icf;o 
1791;  soldado  distin^'nido  in  S.  Diego  conip.  from  1807;  cadet  fioin  !«()!»; 
proseuntor  in  u  ease  of  '11.  ii.  ,'141,  :M.'i.  In  IS  he  had  left  the  8(.".'vice,  ami 
Capt.  do  la  (tiierra  wished  to  send  him  to  Mex.  for  a  few  ye:irH;  Imt  failing  in 
tliis  had  him  restorecl  as  Hold,  dieting,  of  the  Sta  It.  cunip.,  and  in  '21  he  was 
trausf.  as  cadet  to  S.  lliego.  Mi'nt.  in  '24-!)  at  S.  !>.,  Humctimesas  revenue 
eiil.  and  hahiiitado,  jji'omoted  to  aifert/.  in  '27.  ii.  oIMi,  M.'i,  047,  o72;  iii.  41, 
134,  141.  In  ';{()  he  Wiw  transf.  to  Sta  H.,  where  he  was  I'lector,  actiii'^  coni., 
and  a  Huopoiter  of  X'ietiii'ia.  ii.  .">72;  iii.  .Vt,  !)!),  22.'<;  in  ",U  prom,  to  lii'ut,  acl- 
niin.  of  I'nri.sima,  and  grantee  of  Liut  Vi'rgenes.  iii.  .'UCi,  'M'.t,  (i;U-.">,  ().">()  1, 
CGo-G.  In  '."{(i  com.  at  Sta  B.,  and  though  having  tr<tulile  with  (iov.  Cliico, 
opposctl  Alvarado  nidike  other  l)arl)arerio.s,  ami  was  I'cmoveil  from  the  coui  ; 
bnt  in  ".'18  he  opposed  (,'arrillo.  iii.  422,  4;Hi,  485,  '>0',),  .")<)."».  I  find  no  reeonl  cf 
Don  Domingo  after  ".■{7,  and  cannot  give  the  date  of  his  death.  Ilis  wife,  mar- 
ried in  1810,  was  L'oncepcion,  sister  of  I'io  Pico;  his  sons  Joa(|uin,  Jose  .\ii- 
tonio,  Francisco,  Alejandro,  and  l'"clipe;  danghteis  Miiria  wife  of  Joa/'  M. 
Covarruliias,  Angela  wife  of  Ignacio  del  Valle,  and  Antonia.  His  widow  in 
'78  gave  mc  a  small  eol.  of  /><«•.  //i<t.  <'al.,  remnant  of  the  fannly  archives, 
including  no  less  a  paper  than  the  original  treaty  of  Cahnenga.  ('.  (l''r;in- 
cisco),  son  of  Anustasio,  who  died  y.)ung.  ('.  (Kiancisco),  son  of  Domingo; 
married  Dorotca  Lugo.  (,'.  ((Juillermo),  17<iO,  corporal  of  the  S.  D.  comp., 
and  later  scrgt;  died  in  1782.  i.  301-2,  S14,  4.">2.  I  do  not  know  that  he  left 
any  descendants.  C.  (Guillermo),  son  of  Anastasio;  married  Manuela  Ortega; 
still  living  in  '7i>. 

Carrillo  (.loacpiin),  nat.  of  Lower  Cal.,  for  22  years  a  soldier,  part  of  the 
time  at  S.  Diego,  where,  having  retired  from  the  service,  he  lived  witli  his 
family  in  '27.  lie  was  probably  a  cousin  of  Jose  Ilainiundo,  but  I  llnd  no  i;i- 
fonnation  about  hispai'cntage.  It  is  related  that  he  played  well  on  the  violin, 
and  was  once  put  in  the  stocks  by  Com.  llniz  because  ho  .was  too  long  tuidng 
his  instrument  for  a  favorite  air.  The  romantic  marriage  of  his  daughter  to 
Capt.  Fitch  in  '27  is  recorded  in  iii.  140-4;  marriage  of  another  daughter  to 
M.  tt.  Vallejo  '.'(2.  iii.  472.  In  '.'t.'t  he  tried  to  get  a  grant  of  the  S.  D.  mission 
estate;  and  the  .same  year  his  wife  called  upon  the  gov.  to  prevent  his  sale  of 
the  garden  given  to  their  chihlrcn  by  Coni.  Ruiz,  their  godfather,  iii.  ()17.  I 
8iippo.sc  he  (lied  before  '40.  His  widow  was  Maria  Ignacia  Lopez,  who  in  "41 
was  grantee  of  the  ( 'abeza  do  Stii  Rosa  rancho  in  Sonoma  Co,  iii.  (j7.'t;  an<l 
for  whom  was  built  aliout  this  time  the  lat  house  in  the  Sta  Rosa  region. 
Among  the  sons  were  Joa(inin,  .lulio,  and  .Josi'-  Ramon;  daughters,  Josefa  wife 
of  lieu.  D.  Fitch,  Francisca  lienicia  wife  of  M.  <!.  Vallejo,  Maria  de  la  Lnz 
wife  of  .Salva<lor  Vallejo,  Raniona  wife  of  Ronuialdo  raclieco  and  later  of  John 
Wilson,  Juana,  and  Felicidad  who  was  elainiant  of  part  of  llie  Sta  Rosa  es- 
tate and  wife  of  Victor  Castro,  ('.  (.'oa((uin),  .son  of  Joarjuin,  at  Sonoma 
'44,  ago  24;  grantee  of  Llano  de  Sta  I'osa  the  same  year,  for  which  ho  was 
Liter  claimant,  iv.  073;  lirst  settler  in  Analy  township.  In  '40  2d  alcalde  '.>f 
Sonoma,  imprisoned  by  the  Ikars.   v.  12!>,  ir>7,  102. 

Carrillo  (.foacpiin),  son  of  Domingo,  who  seems  to  have  been  a  cadet  in  the 
Sta  Ii.  comp.  '28,  ii.  070;  in  ';{.")  or  a  little  later  he  married  his  cousin  Manuela, 
daughter  of  Auastiisio;  maj.  and  later  admin,  of  I'urisima.  iii.  .'{,")3-4,  012, 
000;  grantee  of  Lompoo  '37,  iii,  0."),");  jnez  at  Sta  R,  '40-2,  being  proposed  for 
sub-prefect,  iii.  Ooo;  iv.  041-2;  in '4,'t  lessee  of  Sta  Ini''s,  suplcnto  in  assembly, 
grantee  of  Mision  Vieja  de  Purisimu.  and  S.  Carlos  de  Jonata.  iv.  540,  .Vi3, 
5,'>8,  043,  047;  in  '40  juez  and  asscnd)lyman,  and  purchaser  of  Sta  Iu(5s,  v,  38, 
.321,  501.  0.35,  He  was  a]ipointcd  prefect  in  '40,  was  subsccpiently  county 
judge,  and  was  ilistrict  judge  for  a  dozen  years  from  '52,  being  a  man  of  broad 
views  and  gooil  sense,  and  tiiough  not  speaking  English  and  knowing  but  littlo 


CARIULLO. 


745 


of  legal  tuchiiioaliticM,  he  liml  ;;iiim|  ndviscr.-t  iiinl  left  a  ^oo'I  rcputatiun.  Ilu 
dletl  iit  '08.  V,  (Jimt'i,  8(>ii  of  (\irliis  Aiitiniin,  iiiciit.  in  '-!( iis  pioHpiclivi'  iiir 
of  u  Cal.  aclir.  iii.  140;  hImd  Kicnt.  in  '•'!!.  iii.  •Vi.'i;  ^^raiiti'i' iif  Imh  l'i>/a.s  ';<4. 
iii.  O.m;  t(ti(k  Hoinu  i)urt  in  tlu'  pulitiial  troiililts  uf  '."tT-!*.  iii.  t"».")(t,  ."iSO;  ^.^:^^lt. 
of  auxiliary  cavalry  iind  ai'tiii!,'  com.  at  ."^ta  l>.  'I.'i  li.  i\'.  ."(.'tS-K,  (i4l;  v.  ,').">. 
i^till  liviii<{  in  '•*>()  and  latci'.  ili.s  w  il'c  was  ( 'ataiina  Oi'tc^a,  liy  whom  lie  had 
4  children  hcl'oro  ';<7;  ids  "Jd  wile,  and  widow,  wan  llolorcs  honiinu'nc/,  who 
ill  '78  gave  ino  what  were  left  of  I  Km  Jo.se"s  JJvr.  ll'nt.  CtiL,  iniludin;,'  hcv- 
eral  vahiahle  paiiern. 

Carrillo  (.lose  Antonio  J'!/ci|uiel),  son  of  .lo.si''  liain.nndo,  h.  l7!Hi  at  ,S.  !•', ; 
said  to  have  been  a  tcaciier  at  S.  Oicu'oin  IS|;tand  later,  ii.  WW;  liou.sc-lot 
ut  Los  Ang. ''Jl.  ii.  Ml;  nieinlier  of  di|i.  '•_'•_'  I;  ^;oveinoi'rt  ncc.  'Jli;  alcd  lu  of 
Los  Ang.  'JT-S;  elector  in  '•Jit-IiO,  hut  defeated  I'or  (•on;,'ie..'s.  \\.  4li"J,  .">i;t,  ."illlj, 
000-1,  M',V  A;  iii.  7,  III,  "lO,  (i;{,  !».">.  In  ';tl.  havin.;  a  <|aancl  witli  Alealde 
Sanchez,  and  Iteing  ari'ested  and  exihd,  he  liecaiiie  a  ieailiii;^  insti;_'ator  of  tilt) 
inovenieiit  against  (lov.  N'ictoiia.  iii.  I'.MI  7,  -U.'{-4,  'J(M>-s,  i!;M),  G.V.';  in  '.M 
favored  I'ico  against  Kciicandia.  iii.  "JIS;  in  'X\  \  suph'nte  e.m;^'r>ssnian, 
nicndicr  of  the  dip,,  and  alcalde  of  Los  .\n;,'.  iii.  'IVl,  •_'li!  ."(t,  "J.^S,  •_*7.'>,  .'tJ7, 
.'M'J,  .'100,  \\~',\,  0;J.">,  0;{7,  ()44.  In  ."."•-(i  ('.  was  in  Mex.  as  niemhei-  of  congress; 
otherwise  as  1st  vocal  of  the  di|i.  he  wouM  !ia\c  heen  gov.  ad.  int.  instead  of 
Castro  in  '.'J.');  and  nii;,'lit  in  '.■t(i-7  iiave  given  a  more  forinidahle  aspect  to  the 
sotithcrn  opposition  to  Alvaiado,  iii.  'J.VS,  -Jill  •_',  •_'!»!•.  lie  came  liaik  at  the 
end  of  '37,  and  from  that  time  to  tlie  licL'iniuiig  of  '.'{'.I  engaL,'rii  in  fiiuthss 
etforts  to  rule  (^'al.  hy  making  liis  hrollier  i)on  I'arlo.s  gov.,  iteing  more  than 
onco  a  prisoner,  and  on  on((  occasion  .'^itending  >omu  niontiis  in  captivity  at 
Sonoma,  where  hy  iiis  dii)lomatic  .skill  ho  wcllniiih  wci  over  <Jcn.  Vailejo  to 
his  cause,  iii.  .'"t.'U-l.'),  .")17-!*,  'Vd,  .Vi.'i,  .">.'i.S-!»,  M\,  ,")0(,,  .">70  I,  rj7.'i,  ">7S,  ."iSOj 
nieml).  of  the  dip.,  ministro  of  the  triimn'il  superior,  hilii'ved  to  he  engag.'il 
in  various  plots  '40  :i.  iii.  002,  (;!)4-7,  0:iJ;  iv.  lO.S, -.Nl', --^4,  •_'!»;),:{!!»;  iir4.'{- 
4,  grantee  with  his  hrotiicr  of  Sta  Itosa  Isl.,  capt.  of  J^os  Ang.  defi'nsori's,  and 
not  very  active  openly  in  opposition  to  .Micheltorena.  iv.  W'A,  407,  4(iJ,  47.">, 
04;»;  hut  iinall}'  induced  in  '•!.")  to  join  llu>  revolutionists,  iv.  4'.ll-:f,  .")0(»,  'fll. 
Under  tiio  new  adniinisti-atioii  in  '4.">,  after  declining  the  appointment  of  Ist 
justice  of  tiie  triljunal,  ( ".  become  licut-col  of  miliaa,  comandante  ile  escua- 
dron,  auil  com.  principal  of  the  southern  line.  In  tins  ca])acityas  rcpre-icuta- 
tive  of  Lien,  t'astro  in  the  south  he  became  u  northeiii  partisan  in  the  sectional 
(p.iarrels,  and  was  baliislied  to  tlie  frontier  liy  (_!  )V.  I'ico.  iv.  ."i20,  .">•_'.'{,  ."ilil  _', 
■'j;i8-4l.  Returning  in  "4(i  Ik;  joined  Castro  at  Sta  (,hira,  as  niayorgen.  of  t!io 
Cal.  forces,  and  i-ctreated  to  t!ie  soiitli  in.li;!y.  v.  :!!»,  41.  ."i.'t,  lO.'i,  l.;4-.">.  In 
Flores'  revolt  C.  was  uM  in  com.,  deieating  Mervine,  and  frightening  .Sioihton 
away  from  S.  I'edro;  then  engaging  iu  a  pint  against  Flores,  but  rcstiniing  his 
allegiance  fur  the  final  struggle  against  tlie  invader.-,  and  tinally  .signing  the 
treaty  of  Cahuenga  as  Mex.  eonnuissioner  in  .Ian.  '47.  v.  'MW,  lU.S-'j:!.  .SJt, 
3;n-.'{,  391,  404-.').  In '4'J  he  was  a  mendier  of  tiie  constitutional  eonveiiti m, 
and  this  would  seem  to  have  been  the  end  of  his  pMMic  life.  He  didl  at  .^,;i 
B.  in  '0"2.  His  1st  wife  wils  Lstefana  I'ico,  and  hi>  seconil  .Jacinto  I'ico,  boUi 
sisters  of  Don  I'io.  A  daughter  mariied  Lewis  T.  IJurton,  but  I  know  not'iiug 
of  any  other  children.  Thus  Don  Jose  .Vntonio's  nauie  was  constantly  hi  no 
the  Cal.  public  for  over  'I'l  years,  lie'  was  a  man  of  lemarkable  natural  aiiili- 
ti'-s  for  the  most  part  unimproved  and  wasted.  .Slight  modilications  in  tiio 
conditions  and  his  character  might  have  m;ido  him  the  foremost  of  ( 'alitor- 
inans — cither  the  best  or  worst.  \one  exci'lled  him  in  intrigue,  and  lii^  w.is 
never  without  a  plot  on  Imnd.  Agaudtler.  of  loose  habits,  anil  utterly  careless 
in  his  as.sociations,  he  yet  never  lust  the  privilege  of  associating  with  the  best 
or  the  power  of  winning  their  friendship.  There  was  nothing  he  would  not  do 
to  oblige  a  frh;nd  or  get  the  better  of  a  foe;;  and  there  were  few  of  any  note 
who  were  not  at  one  time  or  another  both  his  foes  and  friends.  Xo  Califor- 
nian  could  drink  so  much  brandy  as  he  with  so  little  elFoct.  \  man  of  line 
appearance  and  iron  constitution;  of  generous  imi)ul.ses,  without  nnicli  jiriu'i- 
ple;  one  of  the  few  original  and  prominent  characters  iu  early  Caliioniiau 


\   1 


no 


ri()M:i;i!  iikcistkk  am»  i\i»rx. 


iiiiijiilr<.  <'.  i.loMi'  Aiitoiiid),  HMii  III'  hniiiiii^'ci,  III  XI  IiimjI  ill  l.iiiin ''J!);  /'tniitin 
III  l.iiiii|Mir ';<7  mill  run  •null  iiusinii  \  ir|ii  ' h>;  iiNii  III  rliiii>;i' iif  S.  Ml>.'lii'l.  iii, 
(i.Vi;  IV.  til.'l,  mill;  lii;i  Will'  Will  I'l  lii'iiliul  <  tiilii  n  i/. 

I '.iiiillii  l.liiHi''  li'.iiiiiiiinln),  I7l>!>,  lilt.  Ill   l.nri'lii,  M  liM  nunc  UN  II  Hiililirr  Mini 

I'l  Ml'   Id  lii<i'll|it. ,  il\  111^  III    ISO'I,     III'  111,1  \   III'  li';.^l|i|ri|  IIS  till'  lull  III  III'  III'  I  III'  I  '.II 
I'llln  llllliily,   W  lliili  lull  'I.    Ill'  I'lill 'lili'li  li    III  arV'  rill    11' 'pi'i'tl  llir  I  'liillli;^'  I'lio    m 


(';il,,  liv  iiaMiiii  iif   llii'   liilliilii  r  mill 


illniirc  iif    lit   liii'liilii  I.I   mill  if   llii 


I'liiiin  rlimi  liy  iiimii  i;i^;i'  Willi  mi   niiiiiv  nl   llir  lir>t.  1111111111-4,  Imlli   mil 


Ml 


|iiiiiii'rr.   Till' i'H|iliiiirii  will'  win 'rniMiiMii   l^iia>  lu  l.ii;'<i;  l>i  1  tun  1  iiinl  rmiii' uf 


\i\H  )'i';iiii|''iilis  nil'   iiaiiii'i 


I  ill  III 


I' 


I1I1   nlilv  il:ill;'lili'i',    M:iri|i    ,\li|n|iiii 


iii.'ii'i  II  il  l','i|it.   •Iimi''  ill'   III  liiii'iiii  V    .Niiiii^ii.    Nil'   liiiiL.''    ii.   'IM    K'l;  iihiiI.  i. 

ii;;i,  iiiii,  ."..ii  •-',  (Hi:..  (iT'.i  v.',  iiii--'  :i",  T'li;  ii.  js,  :;(»,  iiti  I'l.  i  m,  1 1:;  i,  171. 


II  '  ^i"lll'l|   Ills   lllllni'  l!:iyillilM'lii,  ilii>|i|illi';   lllr  .Il 


ll  .Il 


lllllllll 


jilt  S.  I) 


ii'v'").  "  II"  i;' 


II  w 


111  III    .Si'lliiMIII,  .'IJ. 


I  '      ('lllSl''     l>ll!llllh|,     Mill 

lia\  iii;.;r  HIM'  iiiiil  h 


Willi  III  I  imiiIIh  r  II  h'w  \  i':ir:i  III  I'Ki'     In    |ii  lir  w:is  lui  ■  Diri  r  in  riiililln'M  liiiml 
I'l'  < 'ililiii'iii.'iii.'i  Willi  r:i|il  nil  ll  iiiiil   lilli'il  I ''iw  II' mill   low  III'  ilni  111;^  (III-   hrnr 


Itii 


ll.  v.  Hill  1.  ll 
ll 


Wa  I  rl.llllll 


I  l.y  I 


iii'.irir  mill  ll  il  iiiN,  linn  mi 


Lili'l'.  l!:iil, 
III 


11'  iniii'ilrr  w.'iH  I'liniinill)  ll  ii  :  in-l  lii  <  |>rii|r-'l  or  w  i'  limil  lii  i  kiinw  li'i|;.'r.  m 
I  IniM'  no  iriiMiii  III  .sn|i|iiiMi'  lli.il.  Iir  wii'4  in  miy  wiiy  ii's|iiiii.^iMi!  lor  llial  nii- 
f'li  tnii.'itr  iii'i'in  Kill  I'.  Ill'  ji'ini  I  ( ',1  iIi'ii'm  linrriii  Iniil.,  mnl  w  illi  liiniwriit 
Miutli,  lakiii;^  |i:ii  I  w  Itli  liM  r<innlr\  iniii  in  lln'  l;u  I  i'mii|iiiiLn'*  of  IIk'  wm'  'Hi 


:i;is.  :ii'j, :». 


;•-';•. 


:i. 


I'll,  ;i>iN,  ll 


mill  irinaiinil  in  llit!  mmiIIi.    llr  wa.s 


iiMiu'li  mill  niklr.s.i  lillww ,  iiHin  in  !■ 


1   iiii|iiiny,  liii!  nut.  rrt^anlril  in  ii 


liail 


iniiii  liy  tliiiKi'  w'ln  kiH'W'  liini  lirsl.  Mr  w.i:4  i.iril  liy  till'  ciiiii'ti  mill  liy  tl 
vi'iil'iiili''!  Iiil°  iiini'ili'i,  mill  iiri|iiil  li'il;  luitinMin,  in  May  'lii,  lir  was  rlml,  liiun 
lirliiinl  the  tri'i'S  at  < 'nraiiiiiii^;a.  Wlirllirr  (Ins  ninnlii'was  ininlnil  tnl  liy  ii 
\  i'.'ilanti'  nut  iili'iixcil  willi  llic  vi'iiln't,  liy  niinm  nvrii'.,'!'!' nf  tlm  ."^uiiuin.'i  \ii'- 
Inns,  nr   liy  ||.   ]ii'i\;r,n   fni',  was   ni'Vi  r  kimwil.  ( '.  (.Insi'    limiinu),  at  .^-'lll  ll. 

'11;  jnanlcn  of   Miil/Mllai|ni','i.  ran 


lio  'In.   iv.    I!l(l,  ('i:',.'i.    r.rli.ii 


IS  h:iiih!  II I  ini'' 


I'l'iliii'.';  il'  not,  I   li.'iM-  III!  iili'iiwlio  III'  was.        ( '.  (.Iiimi),  Knlilirr  of  tlii'.S.j'', 
('n.ii|i.  at  Soiioiiia  '11 . 

('.Ill  iilii  ('liiliii),  son  of  .liiainiiii.  IiiiiIIiit  of   Ifanioii,  wlioi'iinio  iiiiitli  with 


lirr  iiliiiiil.  ''|!l,  ami  in  'II  is  mi'iil.  in 


SolloliiJl 


li  t  as  I'.l  VI 


of 


In  'Hi,  ;,'oinf,'  to  \i.sit.  Ins  lii'iilli>   '  in  law,  (lin.   X.illijii,  a  |iris(in(  r  at.  Siittir'.s 
l''iiit,  1  •on  .1  lilin  was  liiinsrlf  I'.     )W  ii  into  prison   for  si  viral  iiioiiIIim.   v.   \2\, 


I: 


•JUS  '.);  li.iil  aCal.  liaini  o    .•^IT.-'iKO,   inosL  of  wl 


was  ilisallowi'il. 


•III".    I'loin  'I'.t  III'  was  a  I'tsiilcn',.  i 


if  Sla   I 


n  .1,  w  liclc    III'  was 


tl 


I'  ow  nrr  I 


if 


1: 


tr.'ii'l  of  Ins  iiiot 


ll't'  S  I'.'llll'llo.     l\ 


.  (i7;i;  liiit.  I 


ilii'  most,  of  Ins  I'oniitrvMi'ii 


1  isl   his  Imiil.   .Still  liviiii;  at  Sla  11 
|i;i!(',       {'.  (i.uis),  Mill  of  .\nasli 


'S.'i,  in  poverty.  I'lil  a  man  of  j^oml 


ism;  marni'il    Iii';iil;i.> 


lOrli 


Sta   W.   '17.   V.   (i;tl;  ilifil 


nitii' 


of  I 


lit   l.nina  I 


loi  I': 


to  .s;iv  w  liii  who  waH, 


riy    ti 
).  Slo  r.iin'hi 


M  ah'ai.li!  of 
V.   (.Maria  lii'l   I'i^piritii    .^aiitn). 


Mont.   (list.  ':t:i.   iii.  (i 


la 


111  tnwililo 


('Mi'iillo  (Maiiiiiio),  I7<''''',  hiothi'i'of  (Initlrrino,  niiclr  of  .lost''  I!aini..  hinl 
hrotlii  r  Iviiinmiil.i  w  III)  lu'Vci- caiini  to  Cal.:  tinir  p.'iiriits  wi'ii-  .lumiCar 
rill  •  aiiil   l''.lij,'i'niil  Millar,   ("ainc  as  ii.  nirp.  iiml  il.  as  aU'irt'/.  in    17'^-;  h.'til  im 


f 


niiKV. 


r.ioL:. 


:iS'"i  (i;   iiii'iit.  •-'."._•  :(,  :ii)i.   .'ii.-i  ui.  ."i:!.".  lo,  4'J(»-'; 


(i'l'.lro  (J  I.  son  of  Cirlos  Antonio,  iiliii'atril  at  I  lonolnhi  ami  IJi'stoii;  in'rr.sl('il 
a!  ."^Iii  \\.  liy  Castro  Ms.  iii.  .Vm,  .'"iliU;  (.'i-anti'i' of  .xlaiims  y  .A'-iia  ( 'alit'iitr,  ami 
Caniu'ion 'lit,  mill 'S,  Dic^-n  |sl.  'Hi.  iv.  (i;tl,  (iU;  v.  til'.i;  I'h-itorat  l-(s.  Aiiu;. 
Tl.  iv.  ."ill);  ri'i'i'ptor  at  .S.l).  'Hi.  v.  til.S  |!l.  In  the  tnmlili's  cif  'Hi  7  l>ou 
IV'ilru  favoi'i'il  till"  .\iin'rit'aiis  from  t!io  tint,  ami  was  imnln  colh'i'tor  at  S. 
I't'ili...  S.  Dii",'!..  iiiiil  linally  at  ,Sta  it.  v.  •J(i7,  ■.N7,  H)-'.  4  Hi,  .".7-',  <»-'(>.  <>:<l; 
ali'alih-  of  .Sta   15.  'I.S.   v.  ."i.Sl!  7.  (i^il,  (ill.    lIi-  was  town  smvi'Vnr  of  Sla   15. 


a. Ill   later  jnstieo  of  the  \ 


lit   I. 


Vm;..  wlii'i'c  he  still  ii'siiles  in 


In 


he  allowe.l  me  to  copy  his  eol.  of  />iii'.  //i-7.  <'n/.,  inelniliiii;  his  father's 
original  eonimis.^inn  as  l;o\  .  Mis  wife  wa.s  .In-^efa  15aiuliiii,  and  there  are  sev- 
eral sons  ami  daii/jhters. 

t'.irrlilo  (lliiiininnU').  son  of  .\nastasio;  eh'rk  at  Stjv  1'.  mission  '.'{."i.  nml 
aJiiiin.  ';>l)-S.   iii.  IJ,'>7-{S;  siih-prefect  ■.■{U-40.   iii.  Gi4-o;  iv.  15,  (j41;  sooi'otury 


(.\i:i:mj-()   cAiiTF-ni. 


7i; 


of 


Jill/, 


'II. 


r;;i-J,  Cll;    in  'll  ..-nut.r  .,f  S.   Mi;;in|  imim  lin.    iv.    V,V.'.;   ill  "l.-J 


JMi/  lit  M.i  II.  aiiij  j^iiiiil if  .\ip|iiijiii.    i\.  (il-  ;t;  iii|it.  of  iJifiiiNHK.H  'lit.   iv 

407:  mijilintd  iif  HM|i.  iciiiit,  nriij  r  |i  riiii'iii  ,Sta  II.  'I.l    iv.  .'.'IJ,  ."itO;  in '1.' loni. 

-I  still  livi-il 


Ut  Sl.'i  h.  V.  :i:t(),  4IM),  tl.'lil.  Il«  wifi  iil<:ili|<-<.f  .Sill  It  ill  'III, 
llirii-  ill  TiUniiil  iati  r.  Ill's  wifi-  u.im  I'ulori't  Oi  li^j^a,  iiiiil  liiiii'  wiii'  Hi\<nil 
•  iiil'di  II.  <  'iirrilin  (l!iiliioiiii|,  d  Mijtiilcr  i,f  .iDiKjuin;  ).'iiiiitfc  nf  runclii)  iii  S. 
liiiin  Oil.  'II.  iv.  (m."i;  later  .MiH  WiIhihi;  nijlj  li\iiii,'  in  'h.'i.  ( '.  ('ruiii'n  M.I, 
T'lS,  iiaiiii'il  liy  llnink.i  hh  ii  I'lMur  .-jii.t  liy  |!iiiill(  y.  C  (X'iirnli  ),  Holiin- uf 
.S.F,  conip.  ut  S'ltioiiia  'II  •-'.  r  (\V.),  Isll,  n.it.  of  I,.  Cil.;  in  Scinomii 
Co.  '."ll  77.  Carridii  (Maiiml),  |.«;i7,  I  Diirliiiian  at  Sta  i'ni/,  ilcMiiin;^  to 
many.   iv.  IIH.       ('.,  himihI  nf  tin-  naiiic  at  l.os  .\n^.  'Id. 

<  ',ir  on  (( 'liri.st'i|i|i)'i ),  |s.'|()(ri,  Iv  iitinki.iii  tr,i|i)pir,  j;iiiilt',  ami   liiil.  (i;^lilir, 


lioili    ill    ISO!),    who   riailliril    to   III 


coliii'   to   i  'al 


>ii  !■: 


Willi;  I  <iiiii'_',  aii( 


Miy   likrly  (inl  ho.   iii.    IT'i,  ISO.    .\t  any  rati',  lie  caii  <     in   'H  as  (.miIiIu  ami 


llMllll 


itii    I 


ri'iMont;  ami 


itii  til 


>IIi<' 


III  '11 


r. 


■.s:i. 


liiMiii'lMin  'Hi,  in  I'oiinri'linii  witli  l''.'.s  o|ii'i'.ilioii.s  at '  l.'i.  il.in  in  tli"  .Siut.  \'al- 
1' y,  (III  till!  Or.  froiitiir,  in  tin:  S.  l!afa<l  rani|  .  '.,11  of  ilir  licar  1  ,.,ll,  mo 
im  ntioii' ll  in  V.  .'t,  (i,  I'l  .">,'.»  I,  IJI,  l'_'7,  171  -,  "  .  t;  lin;,' sontli,  '.r  w.iw  h<  nt 
<a'it  «illi  ilcs|iiit«'lii'H  in  Aiij.'.,  Iiiit  ni(  t  Ki-arny  ni  N.  .Mi  .  ui,  i  ntunnil  witli 
jiit  la!>iii;,'  |)ait  ill  tin- S.  I'.i  iiii.il  (i'lit,  amt  MiilpHiiiUiiit 'y  siTvin^'  in  tin;  Los 
.\  t  ',  r.iin|i.ii;'n.  v.  '_'l(i,  'JIIO  7,  "I'lO,  117.  In  M.ilili  '17  In'  u.i"  ii;.';iiii  sent  t<. 
Wa 'liiii;tnii  uilli  ili!s|ialilii's,  ariiiinii.inyiii;^  l.iiia  lii'ilr.  AtWa.ili.  In:  wa.s 
ii|i|i<>inli'il  lit'iit  t]i<in;ili  till' ap|ioinl':ii'nt  \\a  1  nut  roii.inni'il  anil  Mint  liai:k 
to  ( 'll,  anivini,'  in  Mcc.,  irlnrnin;,'  in  'IS,  ami  tlicn  srttli;!/  in  .N.  .Mrx.  .X^uiii 
in  '."i.'t  III:  cum!  to  Cal.  witlia  lIoiU  of  slici'|(.  In  \.  .Mrx.  In:  wan  f.iniiir, 
liiiiitrr,  ami  ;jiiii|i';  an  Iml.  !\'jfiil  fioiii  '.')!;  (olunil  iinil  Ini  vi'L  liri','.ulii'i-;.'i  n.  '.♦' 
voliintiTi-.H  lit  llid  rml  of  till'  war  of  '01  .'1.  ||c  ilinl  at  l-'t  l.yon,  ( '  iloi-ailn,  in 
'lis,  at  tli' a;.!i' of  .V.I.  IIIh  liist  wife  was  an  Iinliiiii  woman,  liywiioni  lie  lial 
a  ilan;;lilir;  llic  "Jil  witV  was  .lo.sif.i  .laraniilio,  wiio  li^rc  liim  :i  iliiMnn. 
J'if'rs'  L'j'i' iiiiil  Ailriii.  iif  Kit  ('iii:^iiii  wa  '  jiiiMislicd  in  '."il<;  .Ih'inH'.i  <  In-lit n- 
jiln  r  Ciir-ini  in  '70.  J\iL  ( 'arson  nmim  ;i  siiiall,  wiry  iii;in,  of  undoiilitiil  l)iavciy 
Hml  .skill  in  all  that,  iicrtaincil  to  hi<  iirotV-'Hion.  iniii|iaralivi'ly  i|iii't  in  iiiaii- 
lii'i-,aml  Kiiimwhat  less  j,'.irrilloiisani|  lioastfiil  than  many  of  tin:  iVontiii'simn; 
yet  till!  (lilliiciicf  lictwi'rn  him  ami  others  of  lii-i  (■l,■ls^  in  cii.'ij.'ictir  ami  skill 
waaliy  no  nie.iiisso  iii;n  kiil  as  has  Inen  riprescnteil  iiM'ii'o;_'isti»;  liiog.  sketclns. 
Ko  one,  however,  lie;,'nii!;;iM  Kit  the  f;,!ne  his  liio'.^r;i|iheis  have  frivcii  him. 
It  is  till  i  relist  0111,  ij,'noi  iii;^'  f..iilts,  to  eoncentrate  in  oii"  traiiper  all  the  \i  if  lies 
(if  his  (  !iss  for  (Irainatic  elicit.  ( 'iirsnn'.s  sl.'iteinents  on  his  <  'al.  experience  were 
iiof  iiolii/calile  for  their  accuracy;  his  connection  «  itii  the  llaro-l5errey(;'iamnr- 
(Icr  llioiiL,'li  he  (lonlitless  olieyiil  (iidcr^  -  is  not  ereilitiMe;  and  I  Hn]i|M)se  his 
inlhieiice  to  have  had  much  to  do  with  Fremont's  Ktiiiiid  folly  of  the  (iavilan, 
mill  Kearny's  disaster  at  .'S.  I'ascii;il. 

Carson '(.lames  II.),  |SI7,  iiat.  of  \"a;  serirt  in  Co.  !■',  %\  artill.  v.  .".I!)  -JO; 
in  the  mines  'l.S;  an  active  iinL^iieetor,  who  j^ive  his  liaiiu!  to  several  'dij,'- 
>.'in,L!s,'  ami  wliose  little  li^ik  i/irhi  Ui,i,U.  n/lh''  Miinn  -was  puli.  at  Stock- 
ton in  ','>•_'.  lie  died  in  '."),'l,  his  w  ife  and  clii'd  airi\iii','ii  little  l;iter,  liut  retiirii- 
iii;.,'  to  the  east.  C.  (.lolin),  nwncr  of  S.I'',  lot  '-40;  went  to  I'.S.  C.  (.lose 
Manuel,)  IS  10,  at  S.  (lalnicl  willi  a  Sonoi-.i  pass  to  visit  ( 'al.  C.  ([..ind-.'a), 
1SI7.  settler  in  Kiiss.  Itiv.  Valley,  siill  thdv  after  '.'ili.  Son.  Cn.  //.'.s/.,  ."US. 
Carson  (M(e<c's),  l.S,"!-.',  Iirotherof  Kit,  from  N.  Mex.  with  Fwinij  ^'oiiii'.'.  iii. 
HS,S,  .lOH.  ^l^'.  remained  for  some  tinio  in  the  I^os  An;.',  reuioii,  .'iiid  in  '.'iO  oh- 
tained  a  eertif.  of  10  yfars'  resid.  in  .  "ex.  Ten  itory  and  I  in  C;il.,  Iieing  tliei^ 
.'11  years  old.  In  '1.")  he  went  mirth  to  lake  c]iarL,'(!  of  ('apt.  Kitch's  l.'iiss.  Iliv. 
ramho;  joiii'.Ml  tlio  F'.ears  in  'tO,  and  was  the  messenger  who  announced  the 
capture  of   Sonoma  at  \.    Ifelv.;  jilso  in  (,'al.  li.tt.  ,v.  .TiS),  and  h;id  a  <  al. 


claim  of  .SO."i;t,  not  alh 


ll 


d  (V.  Ki; 


After  his  (liscliar!,'e  ho  rotiuiie(l  to  llealds- 


1  lilt  Hoon  after '50  recrossed  the  continent  and  soon  (lied.       C.  (liichard). 


1817,  sup.  of  the  (\)i)Jh/i  ntf 


to  have  c( 


tl 


lis  year; 


S.  Mateo  Co.  ',->!»-7.S. 


■7.       Carsteiis  (II.),  1848,  (iunnaii  said 


Carter,  1S2J,  iiir  of  tlio  Jura.  iii.  147.       C,  1S4.1,  a  pliysicuiii  atN.  llclv. 


.:   ! 


743 


PIONEER  RECLSTER  AND  INDEX. 


•45-0.  iv.  r.80;  perhaps  Ooo.  C,  1.S48,  inr  of  the  Kamehnmdm  ITr.;  of  C. 
&  Davis  iit  IS.  F. ;  perha|)s  .Joseph  <).  C.  (David),  1848,  at  Mont,  from  Uos- 
tou  v.itli  letters  from  J.  C.  .Jones.  C.  ((.ieo. I,  JSt.'t,  iniinig.  apjiaiviitly  of 
the  Grig.shy-Iclo  party,  iv.  578,  587;  perhaps  the  (!.  S.  Carter  who  servtil  ia 
the  L'al.  Jiat.  (v.  358).  C.  (Ceo.),  18115,  Co.  C,  Ist  U.S.  tlrayoon.s  (v.  ',VM',). 
C.  (Ceo.),  1847,  Co.  15,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  4',»0).  C.  (Henry),  1831,  mv  of  t'.ic  ll'wt 
Little,  iii.  384.  C.  (J.  B.),  184(5,  lieut  on  the  .S'am»Hf(A.  C.  (.Joiin),  ISlt, 
Anier.  sailor  from  the  Tusso;  huulecl  siek  at  S.  D.  iv.  453;  sent  to  .Mont.  <;ii 
the  Admittfttirc;  aided  by  the  consul,  and  shipped  in  '4(5.  C  (.Tohn),  1817, 
Co.  K.  N.Y.Vol.  (V.  41)0).  C.  (.Joseph  O.),  1831,  Amcr.  mr  oiihul'ohiii/rn- 
anrl  llurrUt  lildiic/iard  '31-3.  and  of  the  L'as  (his  '3(5-8.  iii.  382,  3:;4,  4J5; 
iv.  105,  141.  Ilia  wife  and  ehihl  often  nccomp.  him  on  his  voy.  li(;t.  Cal.  a:i<l 
tiic  i.slands.  Went  to  IJositon  on  the  Alcio/ie  in  '40.  iv.  100;  d.  at  llonohdu 
about '51.  His  son  Henry  A.  (_'arter  Wi;s  Hawaiian  min.  at  Wixsli.  '84.  Also 
called  J.  D.  and  John  O. ;  possibly  inorctlian  one  man.  C.  (Philo  .T.),  1817, 
Co.  B,  Monn.  Uat.  (v.  4(50);  reeul.  at  Los  Ang.  C.  (R.),  1847,  Co.  R,  Morm. 
Rat.       C.  (11.R.),  1840,  mid.  on  the  U.S.  Savannah. 

Cartney  (Rarthol.),  1847,  lot-owner  at  .S.F.  Cartwright,  1841,  mr  of  the 
Sii/ijililrc.  iv.  .")(58.  C.  (H.  R. ),  1848,  at  Renieia.  Yuba  Co.  /Iixt.,liii.  Carver 
(M.M.),  IS48,  Kentuckian  from  Or.,  and  member  of  tlie  const,  conventinn 
'40.  Cary  (Lewis),  1848  (?),  in  C'oiusa  '80;  saitl  to  have  come  by  the  i-itliinus 
in '48.  Cul.  Co.  Hist,  y  81.       Casarcs,  sue 'C.iceres.'      Ca.sarin,  see  'Jimcno  C 

Case  (A.  L.),  1841,  licut  U.S.  ex.  exped.  iv,  241.  C.  (R.  A.).  1847,  nat. 
of  Conn.;  settlorat  Sta  Cruz;  died  in  Mendocino  '71.  His  wife,  Mary  Amney 
of  Vt,  taught  at  Sta  Cruz  '48,  and  still  lived  there  in  '80.  Casement  (Win), 
1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518).  Casey  (Michael),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y. 
Vol.  (V.  499).  C.  (Neil),  Co.  R,  N.Y.Vol.  Cash  (A.),  1837,  nn-  of  tlio  Jfar- 
vciif.  iv.  104.  C.  (.James  H.),  1844,  Amcr.  sailor  from  a  whaler  at  Mont.  iv. 
453;  enlisted  Nov.  '4(5  in  Co.  O,  Cal.  Rat.,  and  was  wounded  at  Natividad. 
V.  371;  mentioned  also  in  '48.  C.  (John  C),  1S47,  lieut  of  marines  on  tho 
Cohimhm.  Casper  (Wm  W.),  1847,  Co.  A,  >birin.  I'.at.  (v.  4li9);  Utah 
farmer  and  col  of  militia  '81.  Casscl  (.John),  1847,  perhaps  of  N.Y.Vol.,  not 
on  roll.  Cassidy  (Hugh),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  artill.  (v.  518).  Cassin  (.lohn 
A\'.),  IS-tG,  scrgtCo.  C,  1st  U.S.  dra-,^j()ns  (v.  .33o);  went  east '49.  but  returne  I 
from  Washington  Ter.  ''o'2,  settling  in  Tuolumne;  a  farmer  in  Tehama '()'2-77, 
the  time  of  his  death.  Castauares  ((Jregorio),  regidor  at  Mont.  '44.  iv.  053. 
C.  (.Jose),  jucz  de  campo  .'it  Mont.  '3.5.  iii.  074. 

Cast.-iuares  (.Josii  Maria),  1833,  Mex.  from  Puebla;  clerk  for  tho  admin, 
of  customs  liafael  Clonzalcz,  whose  daughter.  Ana  Maria,  was  his  wife;  "JO 
years  old  in  '3(5,  w-Iien  his  amours  with  Ildefonsa  Herrera  were  tin;  basis  of  a 
causa  eelebrc  at  Mont.  iii.  4.'}ii-9.  He  was  .a  handsome  fellow,  but  arrogant  in 
manner.  He  went  to  Mex.  sx  little  later,  but  in  '40  came  back  on  the  ( 'uluVuni. 
iv.  31;  in  '42  lisoal  and  ministro  suplentc  of  the  tril»unal.  iii.  005;  iv.  299, 
29(5;  in  '43  grantee  of  tho  Arroyo  do  los  Calzoncillos  rancho.  iv.  071:  in  '44 
lieut-ci)l  of  tlie  defensores  and  a  .supporter  of  Mieheltoren:i.  iv.  405,  407,  509, 
051;  in  '45  sent  to  Mex.  by  (Jen.  Castro  on  a  mi.ssion  of  which  little  is  known, 
and  never  returned,  iv.  5,'iO,  (iOl ;  v.  32.  In  '47  ho  appears  as  a  colonel  in  tlie 
Mex.  army.  C.  (Manuel),  1840,  brother  of  .Jose  Maria,  who  came  from 
Mex.  to  take  charge  of  the  Mont,  customhouse,  but  became,  instead,  sec.  of 
the  prefecture  '40-2.  iii.  075;  iv.  31,  020,  052;  in  '42  sent  to  Mex.  by  Alva- 
rado  as  a  commissioner,  returning  with  appointment  as  admin,  of  customs; 
also  fiscal  of  the  tribunal,  iv.  28:'!-5,  20(5,  312,  339,  341,  352,  5(53;  in  '43  still 
admin,  of  customs,  elector  for  Mont.,  grantee  of  Mariposas,  and  linally 
elected  memlmr  of  congress,  iv.  .355,  357,  3(51,  377,  .38(5,  072.  His  labors  in 
congress  '44-5,  as  .shown  by  his  ('olcrcion  dc  JJontmcnton  published  in  '45,  arc 
recorded  in  iv.  412-18,  431,  449-50,  4.')7,  .524-5;  v.  32.  Ho  never  returned  to 
Cal.,  but  in  later  years  gave  testimony  in  the  Limantonr  case,  which  was 
pronounced  false  by  .ludge  Hofl'inaii.  Ho  was  a  man  of  some  al)iUty,  and  more 
popular  than  ids  brother.   I  think  his  family  came  and  went  with  him. 

Castaiieda  (Juan),  1^37,  ilex.  capt. ,  nat.  of  Texas,  and  com.  of  the  L.  Cal. 


CAST-V5fEDA-CASTR0. 


749 


frontier,  who  came  to  Cul.  with  Josd  Ant.  Canillo,  and  took  a  prominent 
part  iu  the  mil.  operations  to  support  Carlos  Carrillo  in  '.18,  until  captured, 
lii,  i"t4U,  5-i!)-50,  oiJIl-j,  .")o9,  (JOl.  In  ".'J!)  lie  was  made  sec.  of  tlio  com.  gen., 
and  sunt  on  a  mission  to  Mex.  ]>y  Vallejo.  iii.  5't'.);  iv.  •2S'>;  returned  iu  '42 
with  Mioheltorena,  or  at  Icait  ahout  the  same  time;  in  'J.'J-G  not  nuich  is 
heard  of  him,  but  he  was  the  grantee,  as  was*  chiimcd,  of  several  pieces  of  land, 
having  a  lot  at  S.F.  iv.  3J'J.  (JUl),  (ill;  v.  41  nOl,  ()(»."),  GSO.  After  '.")0  a  wit- 
ness in  land  eases.   A  man  of  good  manners,  fair  education,  and  little  force. 

Castillero  (Andres),  ISIW,  Mex.  eapt,  of  the  1^.  Cal.  frontier  comp.,  who 
came  to  Mont,  apparently  with  «!ov.  Chico;  at  tlie  downfall  of  (lutierrez  ho 
M-as  not  exiled,  but  chose  to  go  away,  periiaps  to  Mex.  iii.  4(iO  ;<;  iu  ';i7  he 
came  back  as  a  eomisionado  of  the  Mex.  govt  and  induced  Alvarailo  to  sub- 
mit to  centralism,  being  at  once  sent  back  to  Mex.  to  work  for  Alvar.ib/s 
interests,  iii.  521,  520-31,  572,  024.  Successful  again,  he  returned  to  l.'al.  in 
'38.  iii.  574-G;  iv.  101;  in  ",i'J  v.as  grantee  of  .Sta  Cruz  Isl.,  and  went  to  Mex. 
as  congressman  and  habilitado-gen.  of  the  Cal.  companies,  iii.  5.S2,  500, 
0.")(i;  iv.  00,  100,  102,  143.  In  '45  he  came  back  once  moi'e  as  a  comisiouado 
of  the  govt  to  prepare  for  the  reception  of  Mex.  troojis  and  defence  a:;ainst 
Amer.  invaders,  iv.  528,  5,'J5,  5:17,  002-3,  000,  014;  v.  17.  It  was  at  this  time 
that  Castilkro  found  and  denounced  the  famous  New  Almadcn  (juicUsilver 
mine,  for  which  he  ligurcd  as  claimant  iu  the  litigation  of  later  yeai's.  v.  (!0."i. 
He  was  sent  to  Mex.  again  on  govt  business  early  iu  '40  and  did  not  return 
till  after  the  war.  v.  32-3,  577.  I  have  no  record  of  him  after  the  litigation 
of  '49-01,  during  which  he  resided  cliiefly  iu  Mex. 

Castillo  (Ambrosio,  Enrique,  (iabriel,  .Jose  M.,  Loreto,  and  Manuel),  at  Los 
Aug.  '40.  C.  (Felipe),  Sonoran  cigar-maker  and  trailei',  age  2."),  who  took  p:irfc 
ia  the  ApahUegui  revolt  at  Los  Aug.  '35.  iii.  2S2-5;  went  to  Son.  but  returned 
iu  '45.  iv.  572;  grantee  of  Vallc  de  S.  Felipe,  and  sent  overland  with  de- 
spatches to  Son.  '40.  V.  .3.'{2,  019.  C.  (.Jose),  juez  aux.  Mont.  '44.  iv.  053. 
C.  (.lose  Maria),  soldier  at  S.  Jos6  mission  1797-1800.  i.  5,")0.  C.  (los6 
Maria),  regidor  at  .Mont.  '31-2.  iii.  072-3.  C.  (Francisco),  sec.  tos\d)-prcfect 
at  Sta  B.  and  to  prefect  at  Los  Aug.  '39-40.  iii.  040,  054-5.  ('.  (Pedro  del), 
Mex.  infantry  sergtfrom  S.  Bias  about  '25;  elector  at  S.F.  '27.  ii.  5!)2;  regidor 
Mont.  '33.  iii.  073;  receptor  of  customs  at  S.F.  '33-0;  iii.  377,  700.  C. 
(Nicanor  dc  Jesus  Garnica  del),  1842,  came  from  X.  Mex.  in  a  colon}',  and 
after  a  short  stay  at  .S.  Luis  01.  came  to  Mont.,  living  later  at  S.  Jos(\  and 
iiiuiUy  near  Salinas,  where  iu  '77  he  gave  mo  some  AV"»rr(/o-'(  of  events  iu  '44-0. 

Castillo  Bueno  (.Tuan),  1002,  sergt  in  Vizcaino's  exped.  i.  98.  Castillo 
Ncgrcte  (Francisco  Javier),  1S34,  came  from  Mex.  with  the  H.  &  I',  col.;  .cin- 
tlico  and  sec.  of  ayunt.  at  Mont.  '35;  .sec.  of  (Jov.  Chico;  grantee  of  (^uien 
Sabe  and  Sta  Ana  ranches  '.30;  cither  exiled  with  (Sutierrez  or  sent  by  Chico 
us  an  agent  to  Mex.  a  little  earlier  in  '30.  Sec  iii.  4(i0;  also  203,  420,  074,  078. 
C.  X.  (Luis),  18.34,  Span,  lawyer,  brother  of  Fran.  .!.,  wiioalso  came  with  tlic 
colony  as  district  judge  of  Cal.;  a  bitter  opponent  of  Alvarado's  govt,  wlio 
went  away  voluntarily  with  (hiticrrez  in  ''.W;  a  poet  as  well  as  lawyer;  later 
gov.  of  L.  Cal.;  died  iu  '4.1  Biog.  iii.  403-0;  ment.  iii.  203.  207,  277,  .372, 
41.5,  480,  484,  ■'»S0-7,  534,  580.  Castle  (.lohu).  1 845,  deserter  from  the  //'»;»-- 
vll,  at  S.  Diego.  Casto  (.Tames),  1847,  Co.  D.,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  4(i9).  Cas- 
ton(Geo.  R.),  J 847,  Co.  D.,X.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499). 

Castro.  Excejjt  in  tiie  case  of  a  few  of  the  most  prominent  of  the  name,  no 
attempt  is  made  here  to  follow  the  complicated  connections  of  this  family  or 
group  of  families,  doubtless  the  most  numeious  in  Cal.  Castro,  in  a  .S.  F. 
l)adron  '44,  age  25.  C.  (Agustin),  son  of  Mariano,  at  Las  Auinuis ';Ui,  age  24. 
v.  (Albino),  sou  of  Francisco  M.,  age  10,  in  '41;  d.  without  issue  before  ■.")2. 
C.  (.Vngel),  8ul>-maj.  of  S.  Juan  B.  '.35.  iii.  092;  at  S  F.  del  Hosario  rancho 
'30.  iii.  078;  nat.  of  Cal.,  age  45,  wife  Label  Butron.  chihl.  Kam.m  b.  '10, 
Ciuadaluiie  '20,  Josd  '23,  iFosefa  '30,  Concepcion  '32,  Juana  M.  '31.  .lost'-  .loaq. 
'33,  'osefa  '34;  ment.  '40.  iv.  0;  in  '42  grantee  of  Los  I'aioines,  and  com.  of  a 
militia  comp.  at  S.  .TosC' and  Brancif.  iv.  055.  003,080;  juezatS.  .luan  Ii.  "44, 
'40;  family  insulted  by  Frijinont's  men.  iv.  501;  v.  9,  040;  taxpayerin  Mont. 


7.-.0 


riOXEEH  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


'"'o.  '.">0.  r.  (Antonio  Maria),  soMiiT  df  1780,  retired  in  1800;  grantee  of  Vega 
del  IVijaro  ranclio  '"20.  ii.  '.i^'A,  (j(J4;  iii.  (J7!t;  Huplentc  of  dip.  ''2'2,  and  vocal 
'•J.'),  ii.  4(i-;  iii.  IS.  C.  (Antonio),  son  of  Francisco  M.  iv.  71,  r)44,  t)71t. 
('.  ^  .ntonio),  perliajis  son  of  Ant.  .Maria,  or  in  some  items  there  may  be  con- 
fnsion  bet.  liini  and  his  fatlier  and  others;  regidor  of  Mont.  '30-1.  ii.  G12;  iii. 
'2\'2,  (J7-;  conds.  of  S.  Antonio  mis.  "M.  iii.  .S07,  087;  ale.  at  IVijaro  'o5.  iii. 
(i74;  supl.  jue/.at  S.  .hum  15.  'SO,  '4(1.  iii.  ()!).•{;  v.  (140.  C.  (.Vntoniu),  j.os- 
bibly  the  sanu',  or  thi!  son  of  Fran.  .M.,  at  S.  Joso  '41,  age  41,  wife  l)iirl)aia 
Soto,  chihh  Francisea  b.  '"24,  Concepcion  ''JS,  .lose  de  .lesus  ''29,  Maria  S.  ";!(), 
(jlal>riela  'l'2,  JuaC'  "M,  Jos(?  ,\nt.  "M.  C.  (Antonio  Maria),  son  of  Joa(|uiii, 
at  iS.  .lo.s(5  '41,  age  l(i.  C.  (lilas),  son  of  Jose  Ant.,  at  S.  Antonio  rancho  ''M, 
age  -0.  ('.  (Candida),  wife  of  Jos(i  Bolcof.  ii.  479;  grantee  in  '39,  with  her 
sisters,  of  Itefiigio  rancho. 

t'astro  (Ci'ulos),  bro.  of  Francisco,  Ignacio,  and  ^lariano;  maj.  at  Sta  Cruz 
'1-2.  ii.  ;<S8;  supl.  of  tlic  dip.  '2'2-4.  ii.  4(>-2,  .')4:{-4;  shidico  at  S.  Jos6  '28,  also 
supl.  vocal  '"28  9.  ii.  (J0,">;  iii.  4'2  3;  in  '34  grantee  of  Las  Llagas  rancho,  .Sta 
Clara  ('o.  iii.  074,  077,  71'2;  where  he  liveil  in  '.3(!,  age  00,  nat.  of  (.'al.,  wife 
Maria  del  Rosario  (larcia;  su|)l.  vocal  of  juntu '.S9.  iii.  .'590.  Don  Cilrlos  i-i 
tlcscribed  as  an  eccentric  olil  fellow,  wjio  teinpered  his  hospiUility  by  an  all'ec- 
tatiiin  of  abusing  his  gncals.  J5y  a  padron  of  '41  he  was  a  .Sonoran,  age  "Oi, 
while  his  wife  was  a  year  younger  than  in  '30!  C  (Carlos),  ment.  at.S.  Luis 
Rey  ';«).  iii.  ti'2.').  C.  ('Chanate'),  see  'C.  (.Manuel).'  C.  (Crisanto),  son  of 
Mariano,  at  S.  Jose '41,  age  11.  C.  (Cruz),  at  S.  Rern.  '40,  ago  '28.  C. 
(Kvai'isto),  son  of  .lose,  at  Lus  Xniinas  '.38,  age  '2'2.  V.  (Felipe),  prob.  son  of 
Alaiiano,  soldier  at  Mont.  ".30,  agt^  "20.  C.  (Francisco),  piloto  aud  master  of 
transport  vessels  1770-8.  i.  '287,  '200,  .3'28. 

Castro  (Francisco  .Maria),  nat.  of  Sinaloa,  b.  177r>;  prob.  bro.  of  Cilrlos, 
Ign.,and  .Mariano;  for  13  years  artill.  soldierand  eoip. :  settler  at  S.F.  before 
liSOO,  in  v.hicli  year  he  was  alcalde,  i. 710,718.  In '■2'2  elector,  member  of  dip. , 
ale.  at  S.  Jo.se  (':).  ii.  4.")4,  4()2,  ."iS4,  (i04;  in  '23  explor.  exped.  north  of  bay, 
and  grant  of  the  S.  Tablo  rancho.  renewed  in  '34,  where  Don  Francisco  spent 
the  rest  of  his  life.  ii.  497-9,  .■■»94-."),  004;  iii.  713;  \ocal  and  elector  '■2.',  '27. 
ii.  .■>92;  iii.  17-18.  Duhant-Cilly,  Viiui(fi<>  ii.  88-9,  says  that  Don  Francisco 
was  of  French  descent;  I  liiid  no  other  evidence  of  this  fact,  or  of  any  direct 
relationship  to  the  other  (.'astros.  He  died  in  '31,  leaving  a  widow,  tiabriela 
Berreyesa,  who  died  in  '."il;  7  sons — .\lvino,  Antonio,  (Jabriel  Vicente,  .lesus 
Maria,  .Joaquin  Isidro,  .loan  Jose,  and  Victor;  4  daughters — Maria  de  .lesu.s 
who  d.  before  '.)2  without  issue,  Mari'a  (iregoria  who  married  Jose  lianion 
Estradiv  and  died  without  issue  before  'o'2,  Francisea  who  married  Jo.ni. 
Moraga  and  died  before  '.V2  leaving  ."»  children,  and  Martina  the  wife  of  <Jov. 
Alvarado.  iii.  593,  079.  The  iSan  t'ablo  estate  was  left  half  to  the  widow  :ind 
half  to  the  11  children,  and  by  deaths  and  the  mother's  will  Dona  Martina  C. 
de  Alvarado  became  owner  of  l,")-'2'2.  Rut  the  lawyers  got  in  their  work  in  tiio 
distribution,  and  the  whole  family  has  been  kept  in  a  state  of  landed  poverty 
by  litigation,  which  in  '8,"i  is  not  entirely  at  an  end.  C.  (Francisco),  son  of 
Ouillermo,  at  Mont.,  '30-41,  iigc  4-7.  C.  (Fran.),  son  of  Juan  Josi^,  at  S.  .lose 
'41,  ago  8.  C.  (Fran.),  sou  of  Rafael,  at  Hrancif.  '45,  age  '20.  C.  (Fran.), 
son  of  Simeon,  at  Mont.  '30,  age  4.       C.  (Fran.),  Cal.  claim  of  $3,045  in  "40. 

Castro  (Gabriel  Vicente),  son  of  Francisco  M.,  resid.  at  S.  Pablo;  elector 
at  S.F.  '.'15.  iii.  704;  sergt  in  militia  conip.  '37;  jucz  de  campo '43.  iv.  0S5; 
ment.  in  '44.  iv.  403;  lawsuit  '47.  v.  003.  C.  ((inadalupe),  bro.  of  Ihifael 
and  Juan  Jos<5  at  Rrancif.  '45,  age  .30,  single;  jucz  de  paz  '43.  iv.  003.  C. 
((iuad.),  son  of  Angel,  age  10  in  '.30.  C.  ((inacl.),  son  of  Joaquin,  at  Hrancif. 
'28;  claimant  of  S.  Andri^s  rancho  '."12.  iii.  07'^  C  ((iuad.),  son  of  .Inan  Jose, 
at  Braneif.  '4.5,  age  19.  C.  (Ciuillernio).  prob.  son  of  Ciirlos,  at  Las  Llaga.s 
'30.  iii.  077;  lieut  of  S.  .Jose  militia '37.  iii.  732;  grantee  of  .S.  Lorenzo  rancho 
'38-41.  iii.  711,  713;  iv.  073;  in  ".38  surveyor  at  S.  .Tosi^.  iii.  7.30;  in  "41  at  his 
rancho,  age  31,  wife  Luisa  I'eralta,  chihl.  Juan  b.  '31,  Francisco  '34,  .fosii 
Ramon  Simon  '34,  Concepcion  '35,  Encarnacion  '40,  Loreto  '37,  Lui.sa  '.'iS;  in 
'41-4  juez  of  the  contra  costa.  iv.  0S4-5;  in  '45  suplente  miu.  of  the  sup.  tri- 
buuul,  iv.  532. 


CASTRO. 


731 


Castro  (Tgnncio),  l>ro.  of  Ci'nlos,  Fran.,  and  Mariano;  soldier  of  S.F.  IT.sO; 
settler  at  S.  Jo8(5  1780;  alcalde  I7!M».  1S04,  '0,  '10.  i.  477-S,  71<i;  ii.  i:U; 
l)L'i'lia;).s  tlio  same  man  wlio  \v;i8  (Irowned  noar  .Mission  S.  ,Josi''  in  '17.  ii.  ''>X'2. 
C.  (Ign.),  sou  of  Joaquin,  at  lirancif.  '2S.  V.  (Ign.).  sun  of  Mariano,  at  S. 
.lo.s(''  '41,  age  'JO.  ('.  (Isidoro),  his  (lau:,'liti'r  niairicd  Surg.  l);ivila.  i.  400. 
C.  (•Icsiis  Maria),  son  of  Franciscn  M. ;  rusid.  of  S.  l'al)Io;  age  18  in  '41 ;  iuS. 
I'',  militia '37.  C.  (Jesus  M.),  son  of  Juan  Josi'',  at  lirancif.  '"28,  age  13. 
('.  (.Joaquin),  soldier  of  8.  P.  coinp.  1777;  wife  Martina  Botiller;  sfitilcr  at  S. 
Jos(''  17'.'0,  etc.  i.  478,  (517;  iicrliaps  the  same  who  owned  the  l^ueiiuvista 
ranclio  near  Mont.  '!)">,  and  obtained  f^a  Hrea  1801-2.  i.  (i83;  ii.  171,  004. 
C  (Joaquin),  inviilido  soldier  and  settler  at  lirancif.  from  17!'!).  i.  .">71;  mar- 
ried Maria  Ant.  Amador;  maj.  of  Sta  Cruz  '18.  ii.  244-.');  lined  '27.  ii.  027; 
in  '28  at  JJrancif. ,  a  widower,  chihl.  (Juadalnpe,  Ignaeio,  Joaquin,  N'icenta, 
])aria;  I!afael,  and  Juan  Josti  were  apparently  his  sons;  there  h;al  also 
been  a  daughter  J'l.'icida  de  .le.sus,  b.  1803;  ment.  in  '30.  ii.  027;  alcalde 
'31.  iii.  OUO-7;  grantee  of  S.  Andri^^'s  rancho '33.  iii.  078.  C.  (Juatiuiul,  son 
of  pi'eceding;  at  l>rancif.  '45,  ago  2.">,  wife  Eusebia  Valencia,  child,  .lose'' and 
Maieelina.  C  (.foaquin),  proD.  son  of  Joa((.  of  '95;  at  La  Tirea  '.SO,  age  41; 
at  S.  Joh6  '41,  age  47;  wife  Maria  Int^s  Sepulvcda,  child.  Mariano  b.  '21, 
Antonio  M.  '23,  Lugarda  '28.  C.  (Joaquin  Isidro),  son  of  Francisco  M.;  re- 
gidor  at  S.F.  '35.  iii.  704;  lieut  of  the  civic  eomp.  '37.  iii.  701;  grantee  of  El 
,Sobrante'4l.  iv.  073-4;  ment.  '41-.3.  iv.  199,084,080;  Cal.  claim  of  .SS,."'.1()  (v. 
402)  in  '40;  claimant  for  S.  I'ablo,  and  executor  of  his  father's  estate,   iii.  713. 

Castro  (Jos(5),  son  of  Jos(5  Tiburcio,  b.  about  1810;  at  school  in  Mont.  '1.1- 
20.  ii.  429;  his  1st  public  service  seems  to  have  been  as  sec.  of  the  Mont, 
ayunt.  in  '28.  ii.  012;  though  in  these  years  it  is  ditficult  to  distinizuis'-.  iu 
the  records  between  him  and  his  father,  both  called  generally  Josi'.  Arrested 
by  the  rebels  of  '29.  iii.  09,  89;  sec.  in  '30,  also  arrested  again  for  expressing 
contempt  for  the  Mex.  iii.  49-50;  ii.  012.  IJesides  Ijeing  engaged  to  some  ex- 
tent in  otter-hunting  '31-4,  Castro  was  still  sec.  of  the  ayunt.  '31,  also  named 
as  comisiouado  to  secularize  S.  Miguel,  and  a  member  of  the  dip.  w  hich  Vic- 
toria refused  to  convene,  iii.  180  et  seq.,  .307,  374,  .394,  084-5;  7th  vocal  of 
the  dip.  '33.  iii.  240,  249-50,  291;  3d  vocal  in  '.35.  but  acting  as  1st  in  tiio 
absence  of  the  1st  and  2d,  and  thus  acting  gov.  Sept.  '35  to  Jan.  '.30.  iii.  29S- 
300,  414-10,  420;  also  comisiouado  at  S.  Juan  11  in  '.35.  iii.  092.  lie  took 
part  in  the  troubles  with  (Jov.  C'hico.  iii.  424,  440;  and  in  Oct. -Nov.  ',30  w.is 
Alvarado's  chief  supporter  us  mil.  com.  in  tlie  overthrow  of  (Jutierrez.  iii. 
453-75.  From  Xov.  5th,  the  downfall  of  (t..  he  was  com.  gen.  of  Cal.  to  Nov. 
29th,  and  gov. — as  presid.  of  the  dip.  —to  l)m.  7th;  then,  as  lieut-col  of  civic 
militia — under  Vallejo,  who  remainetl  at  the  north  as  com.  gen. — he  went 
south  to  take  charge  of  Alvarado's  cause  in  the  complicated  eam]iaigns  of 
'37-8.  iii.  493,  .501,  503,  505,  .50!»-10,  520-1,  .'>22-3,  520,  540,  .^ll-O,  558  t!2, 
577-8,  580,  .582;  claiming  also  a  grant  of  Verba  liuena  Isl.  in  '.38.  iii.  713.  In 
'39  he  Wtas  commissioned  by  the  Alex,  govt  as  eapt.  of  the  Mont.  comp.  iii. 
584,  071;  w-as  vocal  of  the  junta,  one  of  the  terna  for  gov.,  and  grantee  of  S. 
Justo  rancho;  and  prefect  of  the  Mont,  district  '39-40.  iii.  ,584-0.  5S8,  .'i!)(», 
00.3-4,  075,  07S;  iv.  75.  In  '40  Castro  ai'rested  the  foreignei's  and  went  with 
them  to  S.  lilaa,  being  tried  by  court-martial  and  acipiitted  in  Mex.,  and  re- 
turning to  Cal.  in  '41.  iv.  0,  11-35,  ,37.  193,  202-4;  mention  in  '41-3  as  c.ipt., 
jironuitcd  to  lieut-col  in  '42,  member  of  the  junta,  etc.  iv.  282,  292,  2'.t5,  313, 
339,  .357,  .300-2,  304,  052;  in  '44  lieut-col  of  the  defensores,  and  sent  to  estab- 
lish a  frontier  gnrrison  in  the  S.  Joa<|.  \'al.  iv.  407-9;  a  leader  in  tlic  revolt 
against  Micheltorena  '44-.5,  and  after  M.'s  overthrow  became  com.  gen.  of 
Cal.  iv.  458,  400,  4()3,  483,  485,  488-510;  his  oflicial  acts  in  '45,  eontrdV.rsy 
with  (tov.  I'ico,  precautions  against  foreign  invasion,  tour  in  the  north,  treat- 
ment of  immigrants,  etc.  iv.  518-45,  .550,  558-«)0,  589-90,  001,003,  (KH)  7, 
0.')2;  continuation  of  the  controversy  in  '40,  troubles  with  Frt'Uiont  and  the 
Hears,  negotiations  with  I^rkiu,  operations  at  Sta  Clara,  and  retreat  to  the 
south  in  July.  v.  .5-5.3,  00-1,  72,  78-100,  105-9,  132-3,  185,  230-3,  245.  037, 
COl,  075;  final  operations  in  the  south,  negotiations  with  Stockton,  and  liight 


riONi:EIl  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


to  Mcx.  Aii^'.  '40.  V.  2C.1-7S,  407-0.  Don  .To8(5  cnmo  back  to  Cnl.  from  Sina- 
li):i  ill  'IS.  V.  r>,S,V-(;,  (U(l,  t')',H,  and  lived  an  n  private  citizen  ui  Mont,  anil  S. 
.Iiian  till  '.">.'{,  when  \ii',  went  ii;,'iiiu  to  Mex.,  being  made  8ld)-jefe  ]io!itico  and 
mil.  com.  of  tlie  L.  Cal.  frontieifrom  about '.")G.  In '00,  wliilelioldini;  thisolHce, 
he  v.ii.s  killed  in  ii  dninkeii  brawl— or,  as  Home  say,  assassinated  -by  onu 
M;iniiel  ,Man|nez.  His  widow,  Modesta  Castro,  was  still  living  in  t'al.  as  late 
as  '77.  'rim.^i,  .lost'  ( 'astro  was  the  most  jjrominent  of  liis  name  as  ii  public  nnin. 
No  Californian  has  been  .so  thoroughly  abused  us  he  in  what  has  passed  for 
hi.xtory.  It  siiould  bestati'il  at  tiie  outset  that  nine  tentlis  of  all  that  has  been 
said  a;j;ainst  him  by  American  writers  has  no  foundation  in  truth.  Of  his  eon- 
duct  ill  tlie  sectional  (quarrels  of  '45-0,  there  is  not  much  to  be  said  in  his 
favor,  except  that  it  was  somewhat  less  discreditable  than  that  of  his  oppo- 
nent, Pico;  but  with  his  acts  in  the  contest  with  the  settlers  and  the  U.S.  little 
fault  can  lie  justly  found.  He  did  not  maltreat  the  exiles  of  '40,  as  chargecl 
by  l''ariiliam  and  others.  He  did  not  brcuk  his  pledge  to  Frt'^mont  in  the  spring 
of  '40,  nor  did  he  do  any  (jf  the  absurd  things  attributed  to  him  in  connection 
with  the  (iavihin  afl'air;  but  his  conduct  was  far  more  honorable,  dignilied, 
and  consistent  than  that  of  I'rcmont.  He  did  not  threaten  to  drive  the  immi- 
grants back  into  the  snows  of  the  Sierra,  but  treated  tliein  with  uniform 
Kin<lncss;  nor  di<l  he  incite  the  Ind.  to  burn  Sutter's  grain-fields.  In  the 
southern  negotiations  of  August  he  boreamucli  more  honorable  ]iart  than  ditl 
<Jom.  Stockton.  He  was  Jiot  a  very  able  man,  but  with  ten  times  his  ability 
and  resources  no  resistance  could  have  been  oH'ernd  to  the  U.S. ;  he  was  not  a 
very  brave  man,  but  he  sliowed  no  cowardice  in  the  operations  of  '40.  Indeed, 
his  record  as  a  public  man  in  Upper  Cal.  was,  on  the  whole,  not  a  bad  one, 
II(!  had  much  energy,  was  popular  with  most  das.ses,  was  true  to  his  frienils, 
and  as  a  j)ublic  othcer  fairlj'  lumcst.  About  his  private  character  there  is  great 
difl'eri'iici!  of  oj)iiiion  among  competent  witnesses,  native  and  foreign,  who 
1  .ew  him  well.  He  must  have  had  some  good  qualities,  yet  it  is  clear  that  he 
liad  some  very  bad  ones.  He  Mas  addicted  to  many  vices,  and  when  drunk, 
especially  in  the  later  years,  was  rough  to  the  verge  of  brutality;  yet  a  kind- 
hearted  man  when  sober.  Of  commonplace  abilities  and  education,  in  most  re- 
spects inferior  to  such  men  as  Vallejo,  I<andini,  Alvarado,  and  Carrillo,  he 
was  yet  by  no  means  the  cowardly,  incompetent  braggart  that  he  has  been 
generally  painted.  Castro  (Jos(''),  sirviente  at  S.F.  mis.  1777.  i.  '297.  C. 
(.losi  ),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '19  '2'2;  in  '.SO  at  Las  .\nimas,  age  H9,  wife  Int^s 
ilobles.  child.  Evaristo  b.  '14,  Juana  '"21,  Estefana  ''2.'},  Salvador  '"20;  prob.  a 
son  of  Mariano.  C.  (.Tos6  Antonio),  nat.  of  Sinaloa;  at  S.  Antonio  ranclio 
'30,  age  .50,  w-ifo  Merced  Ortega,  child.  Bias  b.  '10,  Mariano  '18,  Rudesiudo 
'•20,  Estefana  '"21,  Bautista  '•23.  Eniiliana  '^24,  Blanca  ''2.-),  Manuel  "28,  Francisco 
'•29,  I'ersever.incia  '30,  Tomiis  '31,  Juan  '32,  Ventura  '34.  iii.  078;  grantee  of 
Lomas  Mucrtas  and  Estanislao  '4'2-3.  iv.  65n,  072;  in  S.  Jost<  (list.  'r)0.  C. 
(.Ios('!  Ant.),  .son  of  Mariano,  at  S.  Josd  '41,  age  14.  C.  (Josd  Ant.),  son  of 
Rafael,  at  Brancif.  '4.'),  age  18.  C.  (.lose  Ant.),  son  of  Simeon,  at  Mont.  '36, 
age  0.  C.  (.Tost^  Ignacio),  at  Brancif.  '4.'),  age  ''28,  wife  Ricarda  RodrigiK-z, 
chihl.  .Tos(<  Ramon  b.  '37,  .lost?  Simon  '.39,  Muiia  '44.  C.  (.losi''  J.),  at  S.  Jos6 
'.39.  iii.  731.  C.  (Josi^  .lesus),  son  of  Antonio,  at  S.  Josi'-  '41,  age  1'2.  C. 
(.los(''  .Joaquin),  son  of  Angel,  age  3,  '.36.  C.  (.Josi^  Manuel),  son  of  .Juan  .Toso, 
at  Brancif.  '4."),  age  '21.  ('.  (.J()8(5  Miuia),  son  of  Rafael,  at  Brancif.,  age  22, 
in  '4.'>;  witness  in  the  Santillan  case.  C.  (Jose  Rjimon  Simon),  son  of  Gui- 
llermo,  at  S.  JoS(?  '41,  age  7.       C.  (.ios6  Saturuino),  soldier  at  S.F.  '19-2*2. 

Castro  (Josi^  Tiburcio),  son  of  Macario,  nat.  of  Sinaloa,  who  came  to  Cal. 
prob.  before  1800;  perlinps  the  man  ment.  1801,  '10.  ii,  li>'2,  .371.  He  was  a 
soldier,  and  linally  a  corporal.  In  '19  alcalde  of  S.  JosC,  having  a  rancho  in 
that  vicinity,  ii.  378;  suplente  or  vocal  of  the  dip.  ''22,  ''24,  ''27.  ii.  40t>,  .510- 
II,  0I'2;  iii.' .36;  alcalde  of  Mont.  '-27.  ii.  012;  in  '•28-9,  memb.  of  dip.  and 
p.irtido  .lector,  ii.  013;  iii.  '41-4;  ale.  '^29.  ii.  012;  iii.  09.  73;  vocal  '31,  tak- 
ing part  against  Victoria,  iii.  187,  189;  comisionado  for  Soledad '31.  iii.  307, 
090;  grantee  of  Sauzal  rancho  '.'{4,  '45.  iii.  079;  maj.  and  ailmin.  at  S.  Juan 
B.  '35-0.  iii.  354,  092;  memb.  of  the  junta  dip.  '39.  iii.  590;  prefect  of  the 


CASTRO. 


7:3 


Ist  ilist.  in  '40,  snccoeiling  hia  son.  iii.  052,  Cifi,  C75-C.  His  wife  sccnis  to 
have  Iteen  an  Alvarez;  ))Ut  I  have  no  record  of  any  children  except  Jim-  and 
the  wife  of  Santiago  Moreno,  nor  of  tiie  date  of  hi.s  deatii.  Dun  Tihurcio  wua 
a  man  of  little  ability  and  still  less  education,  but  of  excellent  ciiaracter.  ( '. 
(Juan),  had  a  son  in  the  Mont,  school  '4(i.  V.  (Juan),  son  of  (juillernio,  S. 
JostS  (list.  '41,  age  10.  C.  (Juan  l^utista),  son  of  JostS  Ant.,  at  .S.  Antonio 
rancho  '.'{(),  age  1.3;  perhaps  the  alfC-rez  of  aux.  cavalry  at  Mont.  '4.'>-G  of  .saino 
name.  v.  41.  C.  (Juan  li.),  son  of  fSimeon,  b.  '3o;  in  later  years  a  prosjicr- 
ous  ranchero  at  ("astroville,  where  he  still  resides  in  '85.  C.  (Juan  Josi'j, 
son  of  Francisco  M.;  militiaman  S.F.  '37;  grantee  of  Y.  B.  Isl.  '.S8;  in  '41  in 
iS.  JoH(5  dist  (at  S.  I'ablo),  age  38,  wife  I'etra  licrnal,  child.  Maiscta  (?)  b.  '28, 
Magin  '.'tO,  Francisco  '33,  .Joai';  Maria  and  Narcisa  '38;  grantee  of  Kl  tSobrante 
and  other  lands  in  the  contra  costa  '41,  '44.  iv.  671;  living  in  'i>'2;  d.  l)eforc 
'8'J,  the  date  of  his  widow's  deatli.  C.  (Juan  JosC-),  bro.  of  Rafael  and  Gua- 
dalupe, at  IJrancif.  '28,  wife  Manui'hi  Juarez,  son  Manuel;  regiilor  '3,3.  ii.  027, 
090;  in  '45  at  Braucif.,  age  .38,  wife  (2d)  Rita  Josefa,  child.  Jos6  Manuel  b. 
'24,  Guadalupe  '20,  Trinidad  '28,  Jesus  Maria  '32,  Jos6  Domingo  '33,  C'iirmen 
'34,  Anioiiui  (?)  '30,  Angustias  '42.  C.  (Juan  Maria),  at  Mont.  '.30,  age  14; 
Mrs  M.  Castro  de  Estrada  was  apparently  his  sister.  C.  (Leandro),  son  of 
iSinieon,  b.  '34;  in  later  years  ranchero  near  Castroville;  .still  living  '85.  C. 
(Luis),  Sp.in.  soldier  who  left  the  AquilfS  at  Sta  B.  iii.  27,  51-2;  at  S.  (iabrid 
'28-9,  00  years  old,  single,  of  good  conduct.  0.  (Luis),  at  Los  Aug.  '40,  pos- 
sibly the  preceding. 

Castro  (Macurio),  native  of  Sinaloa,  soldier  from  1778,  who  came  to  Gal. 
in  1784;  was  coi-p.  of  the  S.  D.  comp.  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  '85-7;  and  at  S.  JostS 
and  Soledad  '!(U-4,  being  comisionudo  of  S.  Joaii  '92-4.  i.  479,  499,  710; 
sergt  from  '94.  i.  080;  frequent  mention  '9.V1800,  in  con.  with  Ind.  atl'uirs 
and  explor.  exped.  i.  54H-9.  552,  558-9,  083,  list  auth. ;  inviil.  and  comis- 
ionado  at  IS.  Jos(5  1788-1807,  and  a  prominent  citizen  in  many  respects,  ii. 
10,  132,  134-5,  140-1.  I  find  no  record  of  him  after  1807.  His  \;ite,  who 
came  with  him  to  Cal.,  was  Marui  Potenciana  Ramirez;  their  children  were 
Jos6  Tibureio,  Agapito,  Simeon,  Mariano,  Mari.-i  de  Jesus,  Maria  Dolores, 
and  Cdrmen,  all  born  before  1793.  Don  Macario,  as  the  grandfather  of 
.JostS  and  Manuel,  may  be  regarded  as  the  most  prominent  among  the  Castro 
founders.  C.  (Magin),  son  of  Juan  JostS,  S.  JosiS  dist.  '41,  age  II.  C. 
(Manuel  de  Jesus),  son  of  Simeon,  b.  '21;  sec.  anil  collector  at  Mont.  39.  iii. 
075;  see.  of  the  prefecture  '42-3.  iv.  052.  He  was  prime  mover  in  the  revolt 
against  Micheltorena,  taking  an  active  part  throughout  in  '44-5,  being  once 
captured  and  exchanged,  and  finally  comisionado  to  make  a  treaty,  iv.  4t")8-9, 
402-8,  480-7,  500-509.  Under  the  new  admin,  he  was  made  prefect  of  the 
Monterey  distriet  in  '45,  being  also  made  lieut  of  the  Mont,  comp.,  and 
taking  a  most  prominent  part  in  public  affairs,  aa  representative  of  the  civil 
autliority  ami  supportci  of  Gov.  Pico  against  Gen.  Castro  in  the  north,  iv. 
■l.'i,  5.30-7,  000,  052.  In  '40,  besides  being  promoteil  to  capt.  of  the  .Sta  15. 
comp.,  getting  a  lanil  gr.int,  having  a  Cal.  claim  of  §10,000,  and  continuing 
his  services  as  prefect,  v.  030-7,  he  took  a  prominent  and  luiuorable  jiart  in 
the  troabli!3  with  FrtSmont.  v.  4,  12.  17;  tjuarrel  with  Cambustoii.  v.  34; 
cHorts  for  defence  against  the  settlers  and  the  U.  S.  v.  41,  45,  50,  131,  I.34-5; 
sent  south  in  July  as  eoniisionatlo  to  efl'ect  a  reconciliation  bet.  the  gciier.d 
and  gov.  v.  130,  143  4,  201;  left  in  com.  at  Los  Aug.  on  (ien.  C.'s  tlepitiiure 
in  Aug.,  but  there  is  doubt  whether  he  was  one  of  the  officers  captured  and 
paroled  by  Stockton's  men.  v.  206,  282,  .301.  On  the  outbreak  of  Flures' re- 
volt in  Oct.  Castro  was  put  in  com.  of  the  northern  division  ami  oomuuLnded 
in  the  Natividad  campaign,  v  .321,  301-72,  039;  llight  to  Mex.  with  Flores 
'47.  V.  407-9.  In  Mex.  Don  Manuel  continued  his  mililary  services  for  .sev- 
eral years,  and  in  '49  was  put  in  com.  of  the  frontier  comp.  of  L.  Cal.,  in  place 
of  AndrtSs  Castilloro,  taking  charge  of  the  militsiry  colony  of  Siinto  Ttmuis 
till  '52,  when  he  hatl  to  yield  to  Castillo  Xcgrete.  See  //w<.  Xorth  M<<\ 
SUUe»,  ii.  Since  '52  Castro  has  resided  for  the  most  part  in  S.  F.  down  to  '85, 
Qover  becoming  a  citizen  of  the  U.  S.,  o£teu  interested;  in  Mex.  colunizatioa 
Hut.  Cal.,  Vol.  II.    48 


1: 


7o4 


riONEKR  nKGISTKR  AND  INOKX. 


sclicmcs,  and  rankiiv^  as  cf)lniiel  in  tiio  ^I'-'X.  aniiy — pcrliaps  brevet  general 
in  tin;  liist  years.  Ho  wiis  nc\('r  inanieil.  Don  MiinucI  was  an  alder  man 
tlian  his  eciusin,  till-  general,  ami  iiis  iml)li<- feecinl  in  Cal.  down  to '47  was 
in  most  respects  an  i'.\i.'ellent  one.  I'rue  to  his  country ".s  cause,  with  no  sym- 
pathy for  foi'eign  lililiusters,  lie  ixcrted  himself,  for  the  most  part  in  vain,  to 
Ileal  foolish  dissensions  hetween  (Jalif.  eiiiefs  and  direct  their  foicc  at;ainst 
the  invaders.  Of  his  later  record  not  so  much  can  he  said  in  praise.  N'arioiis 
'  ways  that  un^  dark  "  are  iio|)ularly  attril)ute<l  to  him,  and,  while  charj.;cs  are 
doulitlesa  exa^'j,'erated,  it  is  possible  that  he  has  yielded  somewhat  to  tempta- 
tions ofl'ered  hy  land  liti,i,'atipn,  ])()litics,  dislike  of  tlie  Yankees,  and  chronic 
imjiicuniosity.  Hut  at  '  ast  he  has  contril)uted  grandly  to  the  store  of  mate- 
rial f(jr  Cal.  history,  'liie  ('ustrn,  J)or.  Ill-it.  Cal.,  in  .'{  vols,  is  a  most  im- 
jiortant  collocation  ol  original  papers  ]iresented  liy  him  in  '7.">;  an<l  a  few  year.s 
later  he  contrihutiMl  a  still  larger  and  riclier  col.  of  ]>oi\  /list,  ('id.,  with  im- 
poitjint  I.,  (,'al.  )naterial  -somewhat  unwillingly,  it  is  tnie,  some  of  my  assist- 
ants having  to  adopt  the  policy  of  '  fighting  the  devil  with  lire;'  ami  linally 
I  olitained  his  J'darioii  ilo  Alia  ('<•(■,  none  the  l<ss  valuable  because  after  it 
h;id  been  written  at  my  ex])en.se  one  of  my  wicked  collaborator.s  had  to  steal 
a  copy  for  my  use.  ('.  (Manuel),  brother  of  the  preceding,  b.  in  '"^4;  nick- 
nameil  'Clianate;'  capturer  of  despatches  in  '4(i.  v.  '2li'n  pt'rhaps  the  same 
who  married  the  wklow  of  Wm  Iv.  (iarner,  and  a  tax-payer  at  Mont.  '.")0. 
(,'.  (Manuel  li.).  soldier  of  the  Mont.  com]),  from  ";>(>,  sergt  from  'liS;  alferez 
from  '4().  iii.  (ill;  v.  41;  went  to  Mex.  with  (!eti.  Castro,  eontinuecl  in  mil. 
service,  and  in  '.")1  was  at  Sto  Toniils  on  the  frontier.  C.  (Manuel),  son  of 
Juan  Jose,  at  Uraiicif.  '"JS;  ])erhaps  .same  as  the  preceding.  C  (Manuel), 
son  of  Jose  Alit,.  at  S.  Antonio  lancho  "Mi,  age  8.  (.',  (M.),  sentenced  to 
presidio '45.  iv.  {)7>4..  ('.  (Maria  iMicarnacion),  wife  of  Surg.  I)avila  17'S'J.  i. 
4(iS.  C".  (Maria  de  Loa  Angeles),  wife  of  J.  L.  Majors;  grantee  of  Ifefugio 
'H!».  iii.  »i7S. 

Castro  (Mariano).  a]tparently  bro.  of  Cdrlosand  Francisco  M. ,  and  perhaps 
cousin  of  Macario;  came  to  Cal,  before  ISOO,  in  1801  went  to  Mex.  and  ob- 
tained a  grant  of  La  l!rca,  or  Las  Animas,  rancho  in  Sta  Clara  Co.,  about 
which  he  had  considerable  trouble  later,  though  tiie  urant  was  conf.  in  ';$.">. 
ii.  7,  \:>'A,  l(i.S,  171 .  .V.t4,  (iO:<,  tl7;{,  (>7t!,  71 1 ;  alealdeat  S.'jos(5  '27,  '»).  ii.  ()Or,-r>. 
He  died  before  ".'!.").  His  wifi'  was  Josefa  ]{omei-o,  living  at  La  Urea  '.SO,  age 
Tj"),  with  her  sons  Agustin  b.  'I'i  and  Vicente  'JS.  One  of  their  daughters, 
Lugarda,  marricMl  Thos  Doak  in  '•_'(>.  ii.  "277.  I  think  another  daughter,  Maria, 
was  the  wife  of  Carlos  Ant.  Carrillo.  There  were  4  children  in  18()l.  C. 
(Mariano),  son  of  Macario;  probably  tlie  .«ame  who  in  '41  lived  at  S.  Jose,  age 
57,  wife  Trinidad  I'eralta,  child.  Mercedes  b.  'LS,  Angela '17,  Ignacio  'Jl, 
Josi'  Ant.  '27,  .Josel'a  '2S,  Crisanto  '.'SO,  Susana  '.S'J;  grantee  of  S.  Itamon  '.S,1, 
and  Solis  '.'{.">,  ami  (jf  land  in  Mont.  (list.  '.'1!)  (Hufma  C.  being cl.  of  '2  of  these 
ranelios  anil  prob.  his  daughter),  iii.  ti7!>,  71.3;  juez  depolicia  '42,  '44.  iii.  .")12; 
iv.  (l!S.").  I'erliaiis  the  same  man  was  one  of  the  three  of  that  name  who  voted 
at  S.  .lose  in  ".')(•,  or  the  Mont,  tax-payer  of  tlie  .same  year,  or  the  claimant  for 
Hefugio  rancho  in  ''t'2;  or  some  of  these  items  may  apply  to  one  of  the  follow- 
ing. C.  (Mariano),  soldier  of  S.  K.  comp. 'l'.(-22.  C.  (Mariano),  son  of  .loa- 
tpiiii,  at  La  Hrea  '',H>,  ag(!  1.').  C.  (Mariano),  son  of  .lose  Ant.,  at  S.  Antonio 
rancho ':U>,  age  18.  C.  (Mariano  L),  .soldier of  S  F.  comp.  '10-22.  C.  (Mar- 
tina), grantee  of  .Shoi|uel  'Xl,  and  I'alo  de  Yesca  ';i4,  and  claimant  '."i2.  C 
(Matias),  settl-r  at  the  Colorado  jmeblos  1780-1.  i.  XjO.  C,  (Miguel),  sol- 
dier '.SO,  ii.  litiO.  C.  (.Miguel),  alferez  of  aux.  cavalry  Mont.  '4");  Cal.  claim 
S174  in  '4(1.  C.  (Modesta),  wife  of  (ien.  (J.,  grantee  of  Canada  tie  los  Osos, 
'44.  iv.  O.V).  C.  (I'edro),  son  of  Simeon,  at  Mont.  'JiO,  ago  8.  C  (I'limo), 
jit  L;is  Anim.18  '3(1,  age  00. 

Casti-o  (Rafael),  son  of  .Toacpiiu,  juez  de  campo  at  Brancif.  '.'{2.  iii.  (iflO; 
grantee  of  Aptos  'Xl.  iii.  670;  sindico  "34.  iii.  (J!)(i;  alcalde  aux.  and  juez  '',\(>, 
'42  '.].  iii.  (iO;!,  007;  in  '15  oHicer  of  election,  iv.  004,  then  living  at  iirancif., 
age  40,  wife  Soledad  Cota,  child,  Jose  Maria  b.  '2.'{,  Francisco  '2.">,  Jose  .Ant. 
'27,  Viceiitii  '3,'),  Maria  "31,  ilaria  de  los  Angeles  '33,  liafaela  '3o,  Angustias 


CASTRO-CERMEi^OX. 


70S 


'44.  He  died  at  Aptos  in  "7S.  Newspaper  notices  of  his  deatli  give  his  ajje  as 
78,  state  that  he  was  fonueily  a  solilier  and  ciipt.  liefore  "M — d(>ul)tli'.ss  aa 
error — and  tiiat  lie  liad  ]  1  eliilcheii,  (S  of  them  living  in  '7S,  I'on  Jfufail,  like 
his  brothers,  was  an  industrious  and  pr(>s])er()us  lanchero  of  good  repute, 
not  meddling  much  in  politics.  C.  (llamon),  xoii  of  Angel,  age  'JO  in  ''M. 
V.  (Itudesindo),  son  of  Jose  Ant.,  at  S.  Ant.  ranclio  '.Sft,  age  Ki.  V.  (Salva- 
dor), son  of  .lo-se,  at  Jjis  Animas  '30,  age  10;  '4(J  mend),  of  S.  ,Jo.s('!  couneil, 
V.  G04;  elaimaiicof  S.  (iregorio  WJ.       C.  (Hamon).  at  S.  IJein.  '40,  age  24. 

Castro  (.Simeon),  full  name  Jose  Simeon  Juan  Ne])omuceii(),  son  of  Macario, 
b.  in  1784  at  Sta  15.;  soldierof  thcMont.  conip.  180;i;  grantee  of  l>olsaNu"\a 
y  Moro  Cojf)  '2')  and  later,  ii.  Gl.">,  (504,  (»72.  (i77;  regidor  at  Mont.  ';};{-4,  '.'i7. 
iii.  Gl'A,  C75;  in  '.SO  at  Mont.,  age  52,  wife  Mari'a  Antoido  I'ico,  child.  Juana 
I).  '17,  Manuel  J.  ''22,  Manuel  '24,  Mari'a  Antonio  '20,  I'edro  '28,  Jo-si-  Ant. 
'SO,  Francisco '.'{2,  Leandro ';J4,  Juan  15.  'S.').  In  "38  Oalcaldeat  Mont.  iii.  077, 
()''i;  in  '41  juez  de  paz,  and  grantee  of  Tucho.  ii.  010;  iv.  Git',],  (!.">0;  in  '42 
grantee  of  Ano  Nuevo.  iv.  055.  He  died  about  '42.  His  widow  was  the  claim- 
ant for  l$olsa  Nueva  and  Corral  de  I'adilla  in  '52.  iii.  077;  continued  to  llvo 
at  Mont.;  ami  died  in  '84.  C.  (Vicente),  son  of  Mariano,  at  Las  .Xnimna  '.SO, 
age  18.  C  (Victor),  son  of  Francisco  M.,  ment.  ".Hi  in  connection  with  Ind. 
nfiairs.  iv.  71;  militiaman '37;  grantee  of  Marc  Isl.  '40-1.  iii.  712;  iv.  072; 
in  '41  living  at  S.  I'ablo,  age  24,  wife  Lnisa  Martinez  (daughter  of  l)(in  Igiia- 
eio),  child  Jose;  juez  de  campo  '4.3.  iv.  085;  ment.  '44,  '40.  iv.  47S;  v.  105; 
Cal.  claim  (v.  402)  of  .«!12,912.  .Still  a  resid.  of  Contra  Costa  Co.  "85.  In  early 
troubles  with  the  Ind.  as  well  as  in  later  contests  with  the  S(iuatteis,  l>r)n 
Victor  has  repeatedly  shown  himself  to  be  a  brave  and  determined  man.  His 
second  wife  was  Felicidad  Carrillo,  and  the  third  an  xVmerican.  Caswell  (.1. 
F.),  1848,  passp.  from  Honolulu. 

Catalii  (Magin),  1794,  Span,  friar,  who  had  previously  been  chaplain  at 
Nootka,  an<l  who  served  at  Sta  Clara  for  30  years,  till  his  de;ith  in  18;{0.  t.'i'i'- 
tain  miraculous  powers  were  popularly  attributed  to  Fray  Magin,  and  on  the 
strength  of  these,  I  suppose,  the  preliminary  steps  for  his  beatitication  were 
taken  by  the  church  in  '84.  Biog.  in  ii.  000-1 ;  ment.  in  i.  523,  550-7,  570,  ."(87, 
038,  71!)- 20,  72.3:  ii.  137,  159,  .394,  577,  055;  iii.  90,  351.  t'atiilan  (Benito), 
1790,  Sjian.  friar  who  served  at  S.  Antonio  till  his  retirement  in  1800  on  ac- 
count of  insanity,  i.  577,  089.  Catharte,  (?)  1823,  nn- of  the  Afux/iarhusc/ls. 
ii.  492.  Catliii  (Geo.  W.),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  409).  Catts  (Sanniel 
A.),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  4!»9);  nat.  of  Md;  resid.  of  Stockton  '74-84; 
Caullield,  (David),  1847,  Co.  <i,  N.Y.Vol.  C.  (Patrick),  1847,  ilitto.  Ca- 
valier (.lose),  1771,  Span,  friar,  founder  of  S.  Luis  Ol)..  where  he  .served  till  liis 
death  in  1789.  Biog.  i.  409;  ment.  i.  17.3,  170,  188,  190,  299.  388.  Cavell  (.1.), 
1848,  passp.  from  Honolulu.  Cavenecia  (JosO),  1814;  master  of  tiie  Linm 
ship  Tii;il'';  of  the  S.  Aiiloitio  in  '17.  ii.  222,271,282-3,  271.  Cayuelas, 
1790-1820,  several  of  the  name  prob,,  soMier,  corj).,  .settler  at  ,S.  !•'.  and  S.  .lose, 
and  invalido  at  Mont.,  in  trade  and  known  as  'Tio.'  Francisco  (,'.  was  in  '28 
a  Sp.in.  invi'dido,  age  80.  i.  478,  010,  090,  710;  ii.  .'{83,  420;  iii.  51. 

Ccballos  (Ignacio),  alcalde  at  ,S.  Jo.sc  '32.  Cehet  (I'ierre  .lean),  1831, 
Frenchman  who  got  a  carta  in  (Jet.  prob.  '  Clievrette,' (j.  v.  CV'cil  (!'<.),  1847, 
advertises  for  a  lost  pocket-book  bet.  .S.F.  and  .S.J.  C.  (T.  M.),  I.s4(i,  cai'- 
peiiter  of  the  Sam iiiiah,  who  built  Fort  .Stockton  at  Mont.;  pi'olt.  same  aa 
preceding.  Cells  (Eulogio),  18.'{(),  S))an.  supercargo  in  \"irniond's  employ, 
who  W.1S  on  the  Lroiior  in  '30,  and  perhaps  on  the  ('ti/tiliiiri  e.irlier,  as  he  cer- 
tainly was  in  '41-2;  often  named  in  \ari()us  lecords  '30-42  and  later,  iii.  140, 
381,  428-9;  iv.  198,  237.  5(i4.  Cells  made  Los  Aug.  his  home;  w;is  one  of 
the  grantees  of  the  .S.  Fernando  estate  in  '40;  had  a  famous  claim  for  cattle 
furnished  to  Fremont;  and  to  '48  and  later  was  a  wealthy  man  of  business 
well  known  in  all  parts  of  Cal.  v.  305.  39(i,  435,  448,  501,  580,  (i27,  (i.'iO.  He 
went  to  Spain  in  '.53  and  died  in  '08.  His  wife  was  .Fosefa,  daughter  of  Luis 
Ant.  Argiiello,  who  came  b.ack  to  Cal.  after  her  husband's  death.  Three  sons, 
tiie  eldest  Kulogio,  still  live  at  Los  Aug.,  I  think,  in  '85;  two  sons  and  two 
daughters  remaiued  in  .Spain.       Cernieiiuu  (.Sebustiau  Rodriguez),  1595,  .Spaa. 


763 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AXD  INDEX. 


voynjjjcr  nt  Pt  Ucyes,  who  prob.  gave  the  nonie  S.  Francisco — hitcr  trnns- 
fuiTcil  to  uiiotlu'r  Imiv— to  liis  ancliorage.  i.  80,  9(>-7.  Ccrvuntts  (Aiulrt's), 
Mix.  artill.  hcigt  at  Mont.  ''2\)-'M.  iii.  09,  74,  071;  age  48  iu  "M,  wife  lln- 
carnacion  Alcivar,  of  Tupic.  C.  (Cruzi,  Mcx.  inajordomo  at  Tucho  lanclio 
'.'Ml,  ago  40,  wife  Filonicna  Arroyo,  chiKl.  Anclcta  I).  '.HI,  C'eledoiiia  '.'W,  Too- 
dosio  ';<.">;  grantee  of  S.  Joatjuin  or  Kosa  Morada  ',30,  for  which  ho  was  claim- 
ant in  later  years,  iii,  07H-S).  ('.  (Pablo  V.),  noldicr  killed  by  Ind.  on  tlie 
C'olonxlo  1781.  i.  303.  Cescna  (Uamou  S.),  184U,  rcsid.  of  8ta  Clara  Co.  'bil; 
a  Mexican. 

Chabolla,  jucz  of  S.  Juan  B.  '40.  v.  3.50,  040.  C.  (Anastacio),  soldier  of 
S.  F.  coinp.  '23-31;  nat.  of  Cal.;  in  '41  at  H.  Jos(5,  ago  31,  wife  Josefa 
lligucra,  child.  Jo.s(5  Ant.  b.  ".i'),  Fernando  '37,  Jos(5  J.  '.W,  Angel  Maria  '40; 
ill  '44  grantee  of  Sunjon  do  Moquclunincs.  iv.  073;  d.  before  'o3.  Maria  ('., 
prob.  liiM  daughter,  wum  claimant  for  this  land,  and  also  bis  son  Angel.  C 
(.Antonio),  grantee  of  Verba  ISuena,  Sta  Clara  Co.  '33.  iii.  713,  7-9-.10;  in 
'41  at  S.  .los(5,  ago  37,  wife  Juliana  IJutron,  child.  Marta  b.  '31,  Juan  3(i,  Es- 
tcfana  '3."i,  Autoniu  ''AH,  Auisez  (?)  '30;  juez  de  policia  '43.  iv.  08.");  cluinutnt 
fur  Y.  15.  '53.  C.  ((Servasio),  at  S.  JosJ  '41,  age  '37,  wife  Miguela  Linares, 
ciiild.  Juan  b.  'Si,  Francisco  '38,  Marcos  '39.  C.  (Jose  do  la  Cruz),  son  of 
^larcos,  b.  1700  at  S.F. ;  at  S.  Josii  '41,  wife  Mdxima  Vasquoz,  child.  Jos(5  de 
la  Cru.T  b.  '24,  Toinasa  '30,  Soledad  '3.'),  Juana  '37,  Nemesio  '41.  C.  (Luis), 
son  of  Marcos;  sindico  of  8.  Josd  '31,  '35,  '43.  iii.  7*20-30;  iv.  085;  in  '41,  age 
48,  wife  (iuadalupo  Romero.  C.  (Marcos),  Span,  sohlier,  corp.,  and  set- 
tler at  S.F.  before  ISOO;  alcalde  1700-7.  i.  710,  719;  his  wife  was  Teresa 
IJernal;  child,  in  '03,  Pedro,  iSalvador,  and  Luis.  C.  (Pedro  Regalado),  .son 
of  Marcos,  b.  S.F.  1780:  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '19-22;  in  "30  sindico  of  S. 
Josi'-.  ii.  00<);  in  '.34  alcalde,  iii.  329-30;  in  trouble  '37-8.  iii.  525,  573;  juoz 
do  campo.  '41,  '44.  iv.  084-5;  ago  47  ace.  to  padron  of  '41,  wife  (iertrudia 
Ortega,  child.  Jos6  Miguel  and  Josefa  b.  '30,  Jos6  de  Jesus  '35,  Alejandro 
'30,  Salvador  '37,  Maria  '38,  Teresa  '39;  alcalde  iu  '40.  v.  002.  Still 
a  resid.  of  S.  Jose  in  '00. 

Cliaco  (Henry  P.),  1843,  nat.  of  R.  I.,  at  Mont,  and  Los  Ang.  '45-0,  bound 
to  Sonora;  on  Pion.  Soc.  roll  as  having  arr.  in  Oct.  '43.  iv.  400.  Cliadeu 
(Charles),  1845,  Amer.  at  Brancif.,  ago  30,  wife  Mary,  also  Amcr.,  child. 
S.  Dionisio  b.  '31,  Matilde  '34,  Josefa  '30,  Tonias  '38,  ^laria  '40,  Elisa  '42.  I 
don't  think  this  was  the  man's  real  name,  but  cannot  identify  him.  Chadwick 
(W.),  1822-5,  mr  of  the  Plowboy.  ii.  479;  iii.  148.  ChafEold,  IS48,  mr  of 
t'lic  Sahiiie.  v.  580.       Chaland  (Fred.),  1847,  lieut  on  the  Indepvndenre. 

Chamberlain  (John),  1839,  Irish  blacksmith  who  came  on  the  California 
fioiii  Acapulco,  having  deserted  from  a  whaler  on  tJie  Mex.  coast,  iv.  119; 
vorkcd  at  his  tr.ide  at  Mont.,  was  arrested  in  '40,  and  though  not  exiled  was 
obliged  to  make  shackles  for  the  other  prisoners,  iv.  9,  17,  2.!,  28;  on  Lar- 
kin's  books  to  '41;  a  little  later  went  to  the  Sac.;  naturalized  in  '44  and  got 
a  grant  of  Socayac.  iv.  074;  enlisted  in  Gautt's  com.  for  Sutter's  campaign  of 
'45,  but  on  account  of  illness  did  not  go  south,  iv.  480;  married  in  Jan.  '40 
to  Nancy  Hess — only  one  of  some  19  similar  contracts  on  his  part  as  popular 
t.vidition  has  it — and  soon  wont  to  Or.  v.  520.  But  ho  returned  after  IS  or 
20  years,  and  in  '77  was  working  at  his  trade  at  Mont.,  whore  he  dictated  his 
Memoivn  for  my  use,  and  where  I  think  he  still  lives  in  '85.  C.  (John), 
1840,  Co.  C,  1st  U.  S.  dragocns  (t.  .330).  C.  (Levi),  1840,  on  the  Don 
Qiiixoff  at  Mont.  iv.  103.  C.  (Ventura),  1841,  on  the  Jdivn  Carolina, 
Chamisso  (Adelbert  von),  1816,  natur.ilist  of  KotzeVjue's  cxpcd.,  and  author 
of  UeiAe  and  lifmaiku  with  inform,  on  Cal.  ii.  279-81,  .300-11,  372-3,  420. 
Ciiampion,  184S,  camo  on  a  vessel  from  Honolulu  ace.  to  his  later  testimony. 
Champlain  (Wm  M.).  1844,  from  N.  Y. ;  doubtful  newspaper  record. 

Chana  (Claude),  1846,  French  cooper,  who  came  to  N.  Orleans  in  '.30,  to 
Mo.  '41,  and  overlan<l  to  Cal.  in  '40.  Ho  worked  for  Sutter;  was  one  of  the 
earliest  gold-miners  in  '48;  became  owner  of  the  Nemshas  rancho  on  Bear 
River,  iv.  072;  long  a  resident  of  Wheatland,  where  he  died  in  '82  at  the 
age  of  71-  I  suppose  the  original  name  was  'Cbanon, '  aa  indeed  it  is  writ- 


CIIANA-CIIAnD. 


757 


ten  in  the  X.  Ihlr.  D'^iri/.  Cliiiiice  (Dr),  iS-Ki,  overl.  ininii;^.  who  livL-'l  ut 
Mont,  mill  Stouktoii  till  '.'K)  ur  luttT,  tlicii  went  to  'Icxas,  l>iit  icUirncd,  an<l 
VMS  in  feoulliuin  Cul.  '(J!(;  ,S'.  /'.  LjuiniiKi:  Cliancry  (Alex.),  IS47,  <"«.  1'", 
3.1  U.  S.  artillery  (v.  518).  Clmntller  (iJj^vid  \V.),  IS-II,  <.virl.  inimi-,'.  of 
the  Ikirtlesoii  purty.  iv.  'J(J7,  -70,  •.'7;'>,  -''.);  inter(f.iteil  at  IJenicia  '47.  v.  (J7-; 
Vent  to  llunuliilu,  hut  cunie  hack  in  '48.  I  have  no  later  record  than  liiH  IcttiT 
atiS.  F.  Nov.  '4S,  h\it  ho  i.s  said  to  have  died  in  Cal.  (,'.  (.lohu  A.),  1S47, 
Co.  1),  N.  Y.  Vol.  (V.  490);  at  l'>o8ton  '«•_».  C.  (Itali.h),  ltj47,  mid.  on  tho 
U.S.  Imhpniih'ua:       C.  (Wni),  l.s4.S,  hit-owner  at  S.F. 

Cliiipcl  (Geo.),  1840,  one  of  tiic  e.\ile.<jto  San  IJIa.s  who  came  hack  in  '41  and 
settled  in  the  8 ^a  Cruz  redwoods,  iv.  I.S,  .'W,  .'{7,  1-0;  in  ■4.'»  on  tiio  lirancif. 
padron  as  Knglish,  age  27,  wife  JosefaSoto,  child.  Manuel  li.  '40,  Josii  ('.  '4 4; 
at  Mont.  '47.  Chapin  ((!co. ),  l!347,  <if  Morni.  l»!it.  (v.  4()'.l);  wounded  hy 
Iiid.;  jjcrhaps  same  as  following.  C.  (Samuel),  1S47,  (,'o.  K,  Morni.  lUit.  (J. 
(Sam.  M.),  1S47,  hlacksmith  at  Mont.  '47  8.  Ciuipman  (L'hiules),  IS47, 
woiked  for  LeidesdorfT;  witness  in  the  Liin:iiitour  case  'ri4,  residing  at  S.F., 
age  .SO.       C.  ((!eo.  W .),  1847,  lieut  of  the  L'.S.  Imli iifiuli  uro  muX  CuliimhiiM 

Chapman  (Jo.seph),  1818,  Amer.  carpenter  and  hlacksmith,  one  of  Jioii- 
cliard's  insurgentes — impressed  into  that  service  at  the  Sandwich  Jsl.,  as  he 
claimeil — taken  prisoner  at  Mont.,  and  soon  linding  a  home  in  the  south,  ii. 
2'20,  '24S,  '2!("i,  .'JOU.  Foster,  First  Amtr'ifun  in  Los  Amjihs,  tells  a  most  in- 
teresting hut  inaccurate  story  ot  hiscajiture  at  Sla  IS.  hy  Lugo.  In  'I'O  .losepli 
was  employed  at  Sta  Incs,  where  in  'I'l  he  huiltagrist-inill,  and  otit.iintd  from 
(iov.  Sola  the  king's anmcsty  to  Anglo- Amer.  jirisoners.  ii.444;  then  he  went 
to  S.  (jiid)ricl  to  huild  another  mill.  ii.  ."j(>8;  and  was  hapti/.ed  at  S.  IJaen.  in 
'"22  as  Jos(''  Juan,  hcing  married  the  same  year  at  Sta  liii'S  to  (Juadalupe  Or- 
tega, hy  whom  ho  had  live  children,  ii.  47'.*.  In  "24-(»  he  houglit  a  house  .-.t  Los 
Ang.  iind  got  a  piece  of  land,  w  here  he  planteil  a  vineyard  of  4,01»0  vines,  ii. 
f)"J();  l)nt  still  continued  to  ilo  odd  johs  at  the  missions,  being  a  jack -of-all- trades, 
who  apparently  could  make  or  repair  anything  that  was  neeiled.  lie  was  a 
great  favorite  of  the  friars,  especially  I'.  Sanchez,  w  ho  «k'clared  it  a  marvel  that 
one  so  long  in  the  darkness  of  baptist  faith  could  give  sucli  example  of  true 
catholic  piety  to  older  christians.  In  '"JO,  armed  with  certificates  from  lead- 
ing men  of  all  chisses,  and  defying  the  world  to  find  any  fault  w  ith  his  record, 
lie  asked  for  naturalization,  which  he  got  in  '^tl,  having  mean\\hile  built  a 
schooner  and  served  on  occasion  as  surgeon,  ii.  iVi8;  iii.  140,  'JO!*,  ."O."!,  '.\S'l. 
His  age  in  ''JO  is  variously  given  as  X\  U)  48;  he  himself  seems  to  say  lie  was 
3:1  or  ;U  in  '22,  but  is  now  48.  He  soijii  moved  to  Sta  !>.,  w  here  in  "M,  age  .V2, 
lie  lived  with  wife  and  5  children;  in  '.'IS  grantee  of  S.  I'edro  ranclio.  iii.  (i,")(); 
is  ment.  in  '45,  and  by  Bryant  in  '47  as  living  near  S.  Ihien.;  but  seems  to  iiavo 
(lied  in  '48  or  'tO.  Iluse  and  Foster.  His  w  idow  was  claimant  for  the  ranclio 
'52;  and  I  think  some  of  iiis  descendants  still  live,  '8.'),  in  Ventura  Co.  Among 
all  tho  earliest  pioneers  of  Cal.  there  was  no  more  attractix  e  character,  no  more 
popular  and  useful  man,  than  .losepli  Chapman  the  Yankee.  C.  (Juani,  at 
Los  Ang.  '45;  perhaps  a  son  of  Josei)h.  C.  (Manuel),  1844,  f>iie  of  Fiemont's 
men.  iv.  437.  C.  (Thos),  I8;>'{,  nir  of  the  (7i«/-/(.>yiV"'-  iii.  381.  Chacjuettc 
(lleman),  1847,  Co.  O,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  40!l).  Charbonrie.au  (.Jean  I'..),  1847, 
guide  to  the  Morni.  liat.  v.  483;  in  '48  alcalde  at  S.  Luis  lley.   v.  021,  t'r2'.\. 

Chard  (Wm  (ieo. ),  1832,  Xew  Yorker  from  N.  Mex.  with  AlVxandir,  (,'ar- 
penter,  etc.  iii.  SSb,  408;  at  Los  Ang.,  where  he  had  a  vineyard,  till  "30,  ap- 
pearing in  several  records  and  being  one  of  the  vigilantes  (iii.  4.'iO);  in  '.'m 
naturalized,  being  then  at  Stii  B.,  protestant,  ago  27,  a  trader  on  the  coast. 
The  same  year  went  north  to  the  Sta  Cruz  region,  apparently  with  (iraham's 
conip.,  and  his  name  often  appears  on  Laikin's  books  from  '37.  In  '40,  living 
at  lirancif.,  he  was  exiled  to  S.  bias,  but  returned  in  '41,  and  next  tofJiahaiii 
was  loudest  in  his  demands  for  justice  and  damages,  until  the  courts  s])oiled  his 
little  game  by  showing  his  Mex.  citizenship,  iv.  17-18,  24,  31,  .33,  3'.)-4(),  1  l(i. 
In  '43-5  C.  h'ld  a  store  andeailor  boarding-house  at  Mont,  in  partnership  with 
Josiah  Belden;  in  '44  he  got  a  grant  of  Las  Floies,  Tehama  Co.,  on  which  he 
put  his  cuttle  iu  '45.  iv.  071;  earlier  in  '45  he  signed  the  call  to  foreigners  ut 


■.8 


ri()\i:KIl  RIXilSTKR  AM)  INDF.X. 


S.  JoHi'.  iv.  ')'M);  ill  '4."i  7  lio  WQH  employed  liy  Aiidn'M  ("nstillt'io  to  wnik  the 
Now  Aliiiailcii  iiiiiic;  lint  licfnro  tlu'  >'iiil  (if  '47  lie  Ncttlcil,  ii|i[i,'ii'('iitly,  on  liii 
'I'l'lianiii  riiiiuliii,  wiitro  lie  Hiill  lived  in  'M,  and  win  ru  Ik;  diiMJ,  I  tliink,  ahmit 
'I'll.  IHh  Avilt!  wan  u  Calil'iii'iiian  (if  the  Udlilcs  family,  wlnidii'd  in  '7-.  'I'liu 
family  sttunis  to  liavc  icnidcd  at  Sta  ( 'larii  f(ir  hoiik^  ycar.-i  after  ('hard  went  to 
'!( Iiama.  Stejilien  Cliard,  u  ^'(m  of  W  ni  (i.  «a.s  still  in  ISO  and  later,  a  jinm- 
lieiiiiis  fai'iner  of  'i'ehaina. 

Cliaileldiix,  I.SIJ7,  (aiiiidian  fi'oiii  N'.  Mv\.  in  com.  of  a  party  of  '  (.'liaj.ruii- 
iiMSDH,' or  Sliawnees,  w  lici  \Neri!  trapjicrs,  mildiers,  traders,  or  JinrNe-f  liieve.s — 
V.  !iielievt'i'profe.sNion  nii;:lit  lie  most  ]irolitaMent  tlie  time  in  '."{7  4(1.  J lu aided 
I'.indini  and  the  surefio^i  aj,'aiii.st  Alvaradd  in  '.■>7.  id.  4!l.'),  ."ilH,  ."I'Jd;  iv.  IKS. 
(  harh.s,  ]S4(I,  in  Sutter'.s  employ,  and  j.'iiard  iiver  the  SoiKima  prisoners  '4ti-  7. 
\.  Ii'.').  Charley,  liS4.''>,  i)(daware  Iiid.  of  l''r('moiit's  party.  '4.'i-7.  Charles 
(Michael),  lS2(i,  Irish  lilae!;smitli  who  landed  sieU  from  ii  whaler;  at  Mont. 
'Ill,  a;,'e  57.  iii.  17<l.  CI  iirles  (.losiph),  IS44.  sailor  (.ii  tlio  ('(ili/uriiin,  wit- 
iies(at  Mont.       Clianp.in,  relicl  neoph.  ofS.K.  I7!»:t.  i.  7(»'.>. 

Chase  (Charles),  IMd,  on  the  1st  jury  at  Mont.  v.  '.'S!!.  C.  ((;.).  l.S4(i, 
I'eet  sur;ieon  on  tlie  Siir(iini(i/i;  perhaps  .same  as  jncet'din;,'.  C.  (Iliram), 
1S47,  ('(,.  .1,  N.Y.Wil.  (V.  4!t!t|;  d.  hefore  '«•.».  C.  (Hiram  15.).  lf>»7,  Co.  A, 
Morm  l!at.  (v.  4(i!l);  in  Utah  'SI.  C.  (.Sam.),  KVU,  Kn^d.  with  a  pass,  for  ii 
\earat  Mont.  C.  (.Sam.),  1S47,  at  Sutter's  .Fidy;  at  Mont.  I'ee.;  in  '4.S  in 
eharL;e  of  l.arkin's  ranclio  on  the  Sac.,  Iiut  soon  (juit  fanning  for  the  mines. 
C.  !S.  M.),  lS4(i,  doiilitfiil  reeor(l  of  ii  Uear  Flag  man,  at  .Sunoma  in  "()•_'.  C. 
(S.l'.).  |,S4.">,  New  Yorker  of  (|iiaker  parenta:;e,  who  eanie  west  in '.'(S,  crossed 
(lie  ]ilains  to  Or.  "4.S,  and  eanu;  to  Cal.  'I.'iiii  the  .Me.Mahon-Clyman  party,  iv. 
.T'.',  o77,  ''^1.  Aftoi'  visiting  Sta  Cruz  iind  .Mont,  lie  ret.  totlie  Sae.,  and  went 
t'lOi'.  in  '4(i;  eaine  luiek  to  the  mines  '4S-!l;  later  ii  farmer  in  Sulano  anil 
\ajia;  aliout'tid  settled  in  Volo,  where  he  slid  lived  inCapay  \'al.  '7'.'.  Never 
ii;ariie(l.  Portrait  in  Yulo  Co.  ///'</.,•_'().  Chaseauie?(.).).  is:i;t-,'),  iiir  of  the 
M(iri'iiii/((.  iii,  ;{s;{.  Ciiat.'ird  (Fred.),  1.S47,  lienton  tiie  f.S.  Iiii/i  /jcudr  ii<r. 
Ciiatlield,  IN4.S,  nil'  of  the  Snhiin;  Chato/o  ( I'edrol,  nanieil  liy  Laiieey  a.s 
liiiilderof  iiiiiill  at  X.  .Mniaden '21.  Chaiidierc  ( If.),  IS.'!."),  iiir  of  the  ^';v/»</('. 
iii.  SS-J.  Chaiineey  (Alex.),  IS47,  Co.  l'\  'M  U.  .S.  urtill.  (v.  518),  aec. ' to 
l.aneey,  lint  not  on  the  roll;  at  J..iverniore  '4S. 

Chavarria  (.Nieoliis',  ISIS,  S.  Amer.  of  IJoiichard's  insurgents,  captured  at 
Mont.,  and  remaineil  in  Cal.  ii.  'J'J7,  '2'M)-'2,  '_'4I;  soldierof  S.l'".  eomp.  'JS-;!!. 
Ciiavez  (.losi'  .Ant.),  KSSli,  Mex.  hrought  to  Cal.  liy  (!ov.  Kigueroa,  whoso 
11  itiiral  son  he  is  siijiposed  by  many  to  have  lieen;  tax  collector  at  .Mont.  '43. 
i .'.  O.").'!;  one  of  the  prime  movers  in  the  movement  ;igainst  Micheltorena  '44, 
al.-'O  see.  of  ayunt.  iv.  ."iSS-'.l,  (i.").'!;  grantee  of  Cieiiega  del  (Javilan  '4;{,  and 
ricito '4.">.  iv.  {')'>,'<;  celador  at  Mont.  '4(i.  v.  "170.  lie  took  jiart  in  various 
military  o]ierations  of  '41)  as  lieut,  lieing  sent  by  C.'istro  to  l''riin(int'.s  cami)  at 
(l.ivilan.  V.  11;  and  later  the  captor  ot  J.,arkin  and 'id  in  uoin.  at  Nalividad, 
\.  !:('re  ho  was  wounded,  escaping  capture  a  tew  days  later  by  being  hidden  in 
lid  lietween  two  welldiiiown  ladies  of  Mont.  v.  .'Ui'J,  oOt,  .'{(id  7'-.  Leaving 
Cal.  in  'IS,  v.  ."iS.")-!),  he  went  to  S.  Bias,  and  was  later  prominent  with  Man- 
u  I  Castro  (.n  the  Ij.  Cal.  frontier.  Chavez,  1818,  jiaintcr  at  S.  .hum  iJ.  ii. 
;;:(!.  C.  (.los,-),  17!IS,  i.  GOd.  C.  (.Julian),  supl.  aloaldo  Los  .\ng  '.'JS.  iii. 
(i.id;  regidor  4()-7,  and  nrantee  of  Las  .Animas '4(1.  v.  (i'J."i-7.  ('.(Mariano), 
;.;.  Jjos  .\iig.  '4().  Chavira  (-Josi.'),  17'.'S,  i.  OtHi.  Chavira  y  Lerniii  (.losefa), 
v.iiV'df  redroyCjil.  1781.  i.  4,')1.       Chavon,  1847,  nir  of  the  ^L/'/ffr/c. 

Check,  ISI(i,on  the  Li/i/id,  arrested  at  Sta  IJ.  ii. '27.").  Cheney  (Zacheus), 
l>!7,  Co.  P.,  .Morm.  IJat.' (v.  4(iit).  Chever  (Henry),  184(),  nat.  of  .Mass., 
w!;o  had  lived  long  in  Valparaiso  and  Manila;  ace.  to  his  brother's  statement 
V,  11 1  mr  of  tiic  Hannah,  v.  ."i78;  but  he  seems  to  have  eonic  to  S.F.  from  Hon- 
i>l:,ln  on  t\w  J-^lizaliet/i:  hada  lotat  S  F.  '40;  niendier  of  the  lirm  .I.B.  McClurg 
I'c  Co.  at  Los  Aug.,  di.s.solved  Feb.  '4S:  also  connected  with  Wai'd  &  Smith 
'47;  and  later  wiili  llastiie^s  &  (^'o.  atColoinii.  He  was  one  of  tlio  founders  of 
^'ubaCity;  atS.F.  'ol-IJiii  poor  health;  died  in  Napa  Val.  '54.  leaving  no 
family.  His  brother  Fdward  K.  was  in  Cal.  '4U-54,  and  again  '83-5.       Chev- 


c;ii:vi;:;r;i;— c:n:isTiA\. 


rctti-  (rifrrcT.),  18:;-J.  H'lu.l  roll  ..f  t! 


>ni|(.  oxtranjura.  ill.  2J1. 


Ch 


ciiuHlcr  iCiiii.s),  IS4S,  oMi  1.  iiir.iiL'.  uitli  AlNojpp;  wmiL  Ui  tlio  iiiirit'H.  I,'. 
(Iltiirv  1'.),  I' 47,  <'n.  i;,  X.  V.  \'()1.  (\.  4,i;.j;  ik-SLrtcr.  Ciilo,  Jml.  clii.  f 
killicTlT   1.  i.  -Jdli. 

(liiiM  (.Maiiiiiio),  ISol'i,  .M'jx.  ci)l  ami  iiiciiilt.  nf  cminrcMs  fruiii  (iuaiiiijuato, 
uiiiidiiilril  ;^;i)V.  ct  < 'al.  Ti  i'.  ■;!.'>,  iirii\ilii,'  in  .\i)iil  "M  ou  llio  J.iuiivr.  ami  ii.- 
susiiiu;,'  liis  (ilHiii  .May -il.  ilo  riuoiiiiti'iid  u  liiitu-  jiiijiiilicL'  a_aiii<t  .Mix. 
I'uU'iM,  and  Iiii  jiDsltiiiii  wa.s  niailo  nh  uncunitorlalilo  liy  an  iinnianaL^ialilD  di- 
l)Lltacii:li  ami  oiiii  r  .-ni-disanl  ni'ijom  lit  .<  <if  cinlralisrn  tliat  ln'  was  virtually 


inmil  Id  del  art  ill  A 


U'. 


Lis  ruio  cndiiii'  .lulvHI-t.    Jli- was  a  man   ui  fair 


ulilliUi';!  ami  ;j;oiii 


d  cd 


ncalion; 


1. 


iDcans  tile  \  illuiii,  fool,  or  inadinan  tliat 


tlic  Cali.oini.ins  ;.;iiiorally  n  [ax:.i  nt  liiiii;  Kut  liu  was  Iti.^sy.  tumiiUil,  and 
j;ifU'(l  w  itli  111)  tact  tor  innhiii;,'  liii  iids  or  iivrrcuniiiii,'  ulislacii's.   llf  ;.l^  >  sian- 


d  .Mnnt. 


hofu  ly  liy  i.n 


i^iiiira  lai.litss,  i)iPiia('n!/,  wluin  licinat 


d 


us  his  niece.  (»n  liis  ride,  tm  iii.  IJO-41,  a!s  >  ni-.  lit.  iii.  .■{();»,  :<!»!»,  (i."iJ-:(.  (,70; 
iv.  41-7,  7-',  h-2-:\,  !!,•_•,  lOl-,-.  I  !•_'.  In  M:i  4  J)(>ii  -Maiiam.  was  •/•>%:  ..f  A-iias- 
calicnteii,  wlieie  lie  is  fiiid  to  have  wiiUeli  many  veises,  liialiiiii,'  himself 
KDinewiiat  ixijiiilar .socially,  tlwiigli  less  so  than  his  wife.  I)uri,i  iLTiiacia  Ale;,'re. 
l!(.n:<tli-.,  Hi'f.  .l;/i(f(.-'.  l'JS-i;i).  Ill  '4(i  lie  was  com.  },'en.  cf  ( iiianajnato.  (  liiu^ 
lie  I  (Alex.),  I.Sl'J,  mr  of  iliv  J'liiiKtfi  ra.  iv.  .'lijS.  ('Iiilder.s  (Morris  JI.),  1845, 
Amer.  cariientcr  frcnu  Or.  i:i  the  .Nic.Mahon-Clym.'.n  jarty.  iv.  ."'7-;  prol*.  went 
Lack  ill  '4().  iv.  .'iLO;  hut  \i.>iti'd  S.F.  in  '47  on  the  //'/////from  Astoria.  (J. 
(Mofses),  l!i4.'i,  said  to  l:avi'  i  ro.-.sed  the  jilains  ami  to  have  lieen  in  Amador 
Co.  '■]'<.  Aiiiwlnr  I'll.  Hint.,  IS'J;  |i(rha]:sa  vaijiie  n  f.  tothe  iireetdim.'.  (  liilds 
(.MulU  1).),  I84(»,  Co.  C,  l.st  L'.S.  dia;.'ooii.s;  wounded  at  the  Mcoit  Jan.  '47.  v. 
KDo;  iianic  also  given  .Marl;  .\.  Cliild. 

Chiles  (■'  .epii  ]5.),  Islj,  KeiitiicUiaii  h.  ISIO;  in  M  >.  from  ';!!•;  took  part 
in  the  Florida  war  ';>i;  and  in  '41  came  overl.  to  Cal.  with  the  JiarLlesoii 
l^arly.  iv.  •J(i7,  -10,  -7'"i,  '-7!'.  AflLi'  visiiin;;  >!oiiterey,  Sonoma,  and  other 
l.'artj  of  the  country,  and  ohtaiiiin.;  fioiii  \'a  lejo  the  promise  of  a  mill  .site, 
he  return',  il  east  in  'A'l  for  the  mill.  iv.  •J7(i,  .'ilJ.  In  '4;{  le;  came  hack  with 
the  party  that  hears  his  iianu',  one  portion  of  t!ie  party  under  Walker  taking 
a  .southern  route  and  hciii'.'  ohli'iil  to  U'a\e  Cliiles'  mill  on  the  way.  \\\  '.V.)i- 
r>.  (J7!).  In  '44  he  was  yranite  if  t'ataeula  raiiclio  in  Najia  V;il.  iv,  071 ;  incut, 
iil.o  iv.  4IS,  A7>'.\;  in  '4.")  f  igiis  IkhiiIs  for  ssof.ie  of  the  new  immigrants,  iv.  "i8l. 
I  do  not  iiiid  any  defiiiile  reeonl  that  he  joined  either  tiie  IJears  or  the  Cal. 
Lat.  in  '4(i,  tliou^^h  he  may  have  done  .so,  and  certainly  aided  Fremont  with 
supplies  and  information,  v.  ■J!)7-S.  lie  went  east  in '47,  proh.  as  j.;uide  and 
hunter  in  IStocktoii'.s  party,  v.  4")4;  was  at  Washington  to  testify  at  the 
I-'reinout  court-martial;  and  in  'JS  made  liis  .'id  overl.  trip  to  Cal.  at  tiie  head 
of  il  party,  v.  5.")7,  which  inelitded  his  own  family  'if  a  son  and  .'i  ilau;,iiters, 
Ilia  wife  liiivinij;  died  in  '.■)7.  '1  he  .son  w;;s,  1  suppose,  the  Kit  Chiles  iianied  in 
I'o/oCo.  Hist.,  7^,  as  having  settled  at  ^Vashin, toll  in  'IS;  the  daiightirs  Avere 
Fanny  wife  of  .Jerome  Davis,  i;iii;al)etli  wifi'  nf  I>aniel  ISrown,  and  Mary,  Mr.'* 
Tully.  Colonel  Joe  Chile.s,  as  he  i.i  f.miiliarly  known,  married  .M.  (1.  ( iarnett 
ill  '."•.'>;  and  ha.s  resided  in  Xapaaml  Laiie  cuunties  down  to  '^.'5,  I  liiiiik,  a  fa- 
iiiim  )  hunter  iiotwithstandiiig  his  years,  and  ;i  good  citizen.  A  Iirief  iiarratis'o 
of  his  Vix'd  to  Cal.  in  \/t  was  furiiislicd  hy  him  in  'IS.  Chiiionk  (Wm),  1.S4."), 
Iiid.  of  Fremont's  partj',  one  of  tiie  Sta  IJ.  garrison,  iv.  583.  Cliipnian 
(Walter),  1S47,  sergt  Co.  A,  X.Y. Vol.,  at  Cei!;ir  Springs,  .Mich.,  'S3.       Ciiiron, 

1837,  ill  Fetit-Thouar's  exped.,  surveying  i'\  F.  I!ay.   iv.  14!). 

Choqtict  (Diego),  177l),  mr  of  Ihe.S'.  A/iloiiin.   i.  "287,  .')l>l.       Chovis(Lo"is), 
IRIO,  artist  with  Kotzehue;  author  of  the  I'ni/'nji'  /'iitorrc«i>i<'.   ii.  'J81,  37'2. 
Christian  (Chas),    1847,  perlir.ps  of  X.Y.  \'o!.  (v.  4!ll().  under  another  n     ir 
C.  (Clias  W.  IL),  1848,  in  charge  of  IS.l'.  school  i)ec.  '  a/i/oriiinii.       C.  (J    .,./, 

1838,  one  of  the  exiles  to  ,S.  ISlas,  not  known  to  have  returned,  iv.  IS.  C 
(Kail),  1840,  mr  of  the  Cittaliiia.  iv.  31.  C.  (W.  A.).  1848,  purser  U.S.X''., 
at  .S.F.  on  the  Lml;/  .li/^w.v.  C.  (Win.  H.),  1847,  Co.  K,  X.Y.  Vol.  (v.  4;)!)); 
brig.-gen.  in  war  of  'Gl-5;  at  Los  Aug.  '71;  at  Utica,  X.Y.,  '7-I-8'J;  ])eihu])a 
the  Ciias  and  Chas  W.  II.  meut.  above.    A  man  of  the  Bamc  name  was  at  S. 


780 


nOXEEU  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


J()S(''  in  T)0.  riiiistiancy  (.Intnp!>),  181(1,  Fuuntlcroy'it  ilmgoons  (v.  2.T2-47). 
C'lirintii)  (II.).  1M8,  left  iloiioliilu  f<jr  S.  ]■'.  (.'.  (John  (i.).  1847,  ntS.F.  on 
till)  Cuntnnj  l.asn  fiom  lion. ;  at  Mont.  '48.  Cliiiltc,  in  Sutlcr'M  uniiiloy  '47 j 
liirliaiiH  iin  Ind.  (liutiinzoro  (l;,'nncio),  at  S(a  C'luz  WM.  i.  4!MI.  Cliuroli 
(llaiKii  W.),  1S47,  Co.  n,  Morni.  IJat.  (v.  4U'J).  C.  (Wni  S.),  184.1,  Anicr. 
larin^ntir  fmni  Saiulwicli  Isl, ,  who  dictl  nt  the  lionso  of  Tcniplo  at  Los  Anj^. 
'4:i,  his  cdfctH  licing  sohl  Jan.  '44.  iv.  400.  C.  (Win  S.),  1841,  mate  of  tho 
Mftnjiiiiiil,  who  look  com.  on  tiio  return  from  Mazatlau  to  Hon.  '4'_'.  Capt. 
IViite  HHVs  Im  mw  him  at  .S.F.  in  '49;  clso  he  woiihl  appear  same  as  preced- 
ing'. (■huivliMian  (T. ),  1848,  worlve<l  for  .Sutter  on  liiM  mill  from  May. 
I'huto,  VM'i,  convicted  of  nianHlaughter  at  S.  Jose.   v.  00.1. 

(,'ii)riiin  (Ulan),  soldiiT  of  .S.F.  eomp.  '27-.1.1;  his  wife  was  Paula  Mc«a, 
li\  in;.'  at  Mont.  '.10,  a.^c  I'S,  child.  Francisco  h.  'IW,  Marfa  de  la  Cruz  '27,  .loHtS 
I'liulcncio  ';{().  .loBc  Bias  '.I-,  Kefiiyio  'iJ4,  Josi'i  KstanLslao  'JMJ.  C.  (Ciirmen), 
wife  of  Cnrnclio  Heinal,  rcwid.  at  .S.F.  misbion  from  '38  and  earlier  to  '07  and 
later.  C.  ( I'lusibio),  at  S.  Josi5  '41,  nge  41;  at  S.F.  mission  '40;  witness 
in  Santitlnn  case.  C.  (Franci.«co),  Kohlicr  of  S.F.  coinp.  '.19-411.  iv.  007;  nt 
.S.  .lo.s(5  '.")0.  C.  ((iahriel),  at  S.F.  '*")'»,  a,i,'c  .10.  C.  (I^eocadio),  soldier  and 
settkrof  1791-1800.  i.  499,  410.  C).  (Maria  Rosa  I'aeheco  de),  widow,  nt 
S.  Jos(5  "41,  ago  '44,  eiiihl.  Isidio  h.  '•J'J,  l;,'nacio  '24,  Kn.seljia  'l.'7,  Floreneio 
'.10,  .losi^  Manuel  ",V2,  Carlos  ';{;i,  Fncarnacion  '40.  C.  (I'ahlo),  settler  at  S. 
F.  1791-1800.  i.  710.  Cicl.  LSiiS,  <loubtfiil  name  at  Sta.  IJ.  Cimental, 
(Cris.),  rcf^.  at  Mont.  180.').  ii.  I.")0.  Cins,  see 'Ziniis.'  Cipn's  (Marcclino), 
179."),  .Sp;in.  friar  who  served  nt  S.  Antonio  and  .S.  Luis  Ob.  till  his  death  in 
IKIO.  liioj;.  ii.  148;  ment.  i.  ."i70,  089;  ii.  2.1,  28,  ."lO,  147,  l.")l-2,  139-00,  191. 
Cipriano,  Ind.  associate  of  Ivstanislao  '29.  iii.  110;  perhaps  tho  same  who 
died  in  '78  in  tho  rej;ion  of  N.  Almaden  at  the  iv^a  of  100  or  more. 

Clamp  (Richard),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Cliineso  Camp, 
Cal.  '71-82.  Clap  (Curtis),  1840,  mr.  of  tho  Alc'topc;  sup.  of  tho  Cali/or- 
hin  '42-3;  n  Boston  and  Sandw.  Jsl.  trader,  iv.  101),  5()4.  Clnpin  (.Joseph), 
1840,  corn.  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  .IliO).  Clapp  (Chas  D.),  1847,  Co. 
D,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  died  in  Australia  after  'AO.  Clar  (Juan),  1830, 
Span,  of  Minorca;  translator  and  keeper  of  tho  archives,  well  known  in  S.F. 
'49-84;  said  to  iiavo  visited  Cal.  as  early  as  '.Ki  as  prof,  of  mathematics  on  a 
man-of-war,  and  again  with  Com.  Jones  in  '42.  He  died  at  .S.F.  '84.  Claro 
(Win),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.  S.  artill.  (v.  i")l8);  an  Eni;l.  who  joined  tho  comp. 
at  Valparaiso;  served  ns  clerk  in  t'ol  Mason's  otlicc,  but  like  most  of  his 
comriules  deserted  for  tiio  mines  in  '48.  Said  to  have  inherited  a  fortune  later 
and  to  have  settled  down  at  Liverpool, 

Clark,  1830,  mr  of  Ionic,  iv.  104.  C,  184."),  in  Sutter's  nrmy.  iv.  480. 
C,  1847,  mr  of  the  Vc^jier.  v.  .'iSO.  C.  1847,  '  Fatlicr  Clark,'  said  to 
have  celebr'  icd  his  49tli  birthday  at  S.  Diego,  in  '72,  25  vears  and  0  mo. 
al.  6'.  Z>.  iror/(/.  C,  1S47,  left  Hon.  for  S.F.  on  tho  Evetinfi. 
•847;  Co.  E,  Morm.  IJat.  (v.  409).  C.  (Dani(l),  1848,  Irish 
of  earlier  years,  who  came  to  the  Cal.  mikies  '48-i)0,  going 
icrc  he  has  been  a  well-known  citizen,  y//•s^  Or.,  i.  408.  C. 
17,  Co.  R,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  v.  080;  at 
!,  where  he  died  '70.  C.  (E.  St  Clair),  1847,  sec.  U.  S.  Co- 
ancis),  1843,  doubtful  immig.  of  the  Hastings  party,  iv.  390. 
1847,  Co.  1),  N.Y.  Vol.  (V.  499);  shot  on  Merced  Riv.  '.-)3. 
is  D.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  nat.  of  N.  Y.;  a 
in  '49-5")  trader,  ferryman,  and  justice  of  the  peace  in  S, 
Joaquin;  N.Y.  city  trader  '55-00;  major  and  mil.  sec.  in  the  war  of  '01-5; 
and  later  a  business  man  of  N.  Y.  city.  Clark  has  been  sec.  tuid  one  of  tho 
most  active  members  of  the  N.Y.  society  of  Cal.  Pioneers;  and  has  i)articu- 
larly  interested  himself  in  keeping  awake  memories  of  pioneer  times  by  tho 
publication  of  rolls  of  surviving  connades  of  '47  in  '71  and  '74;  .ind  finally 
l)y  The  Fir-^t  lifriiment  of  N.  Y.  Volitvtcirx,  bringing  the  record  down  to  'S3. 
See  V.  503,  et  Bcq.  That  work  also  contains  tiie  author's  portrait.  His  Pioneer 
0/'  '47  is  a  somewhat  minute  narrative  of  his  experience  in  '47-55.  I  have 


after  his  .irr 
C.  (Albert) 
innnig.  to  > 
back  to  Or. , 
(Daniel  P.), 
.S.  Diego  from 
litmlms.  C.  ( 
C.  (Francis  C. 
Clark  (Frai 
miner  in  '48-!. 


CLARK -CLOUD. 


:gi 


to 


ill 


followed  Ilia  record  of  tl'o  X.  Y.  Vol.  with  ft  few  cotroct ions  nnd  ndilitions. 
(!.  ((ieo.),  IS47,  Co.  K,  X.V.V..1.  I  v.  4iMi).  ('.  ((km).  S.),  I.vJT,  C...  11,  Mmiii, 
]5at,  (v.  4lit)).  C.  (li.),  ISJ7.  mill,  "f  I'"'  J-i-<lli.,:  C.  (.d.lm),  I.S»7,  »  o,  (;, 
N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  400)!  an  iri^liinaii,  drowned  at  S.K.  ',")4.  ('.  (.lulmCaMc),  |H4;J, 
Biiid  to  liuvo  visited  tlie  ecjuHt  on  a  niun-of-war.  iv.  400;  niinir  from  '40;  at 
l!cd  lUuir  a  few  years  from  'oT;  lit  S.  l)ief,'o  from  '(i!t  to  lii.i  ilcatii  in  '73. 
C.  (Joiiii  N.),  1S47,  Co.  I,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  400);  l.ro.  of  I"ranci:i  C. ;  miner  and 
jiaintcr,  at  Stockton  '71-4;  died  in  t'resno  Co.  '70.  C.  (.lo.seiiii),  IS47,  (-'o. 
A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  4(J9).  C.  (Lorenzo),  l>S-»7,  lieut  Co.  A,  Morni.  Itat.  v.  477; 
tanner  in  Utah  '.SI,  ('.  (M.),  1S4S,  paHsp.  from  Honolulu.  (".  (Nicliohw), 
l!.il(J,  at  .Sutter'rt  Fort;  ono  of  the  '2d  Donner  relief,  v,  ."i4();  poitrait  in  .l/c- 
(.Idxhiui,  184;  living!"  '70.  C.  (Ohed),  IS-J-J-,1,  mr  of  tlie  (.'idn.n.  ii.  474, 
40J.  C.  (Kansoni).  If<44.  periiapMof  I'nnionl'H  jiarty.  iv.  4.'{7;  at  S.  .lomVoO, 
C.  (Ililey  1'.),  IS47,  Co.  A,  Morm.  IJat.  (v.  400);  reenl.  at  Los  All'?.  C. 
(.Smith  l>oiij,'la.s),  l,S4.'),  Kngl.  witli  a  pa-'ts]).  for  .Sonora.  C.  (.Sophia  1'.),  1S40, 
one  of  tlio  Mormnn  eoi.  v.  ,"170;  prob.  Mrs  Kinj;  at  Dgilen  '84.  C.  (Terence), 
1S4S?  an  early  settler  at  Sonoru,  C.  (Wni),  18'23-(J,  mr  of  the  'J'hon  Xow- 
lull.  ii.  40'J,  olO;  iii.  149. 

Clark  (\Vm  .Sipiiro),  1H4G,  nat.  of  Md,  h.  in  1.S07,  grandson  of  AhrahomC, 
fii^'ner  of  the  declaration  of  independence;  educated  in  Ohio;  a  lnisine.ss  maa 
in  the  south  and  west;  and  an  overland  iminig.  of '4(i  (v.  TrJO).  He  eainu  di- 
rectly to  .S.  1'.,  and  served  apparently  under  Marst<jn  in  the  Stii  Clara  campai^'n. 
Obtuininj;  a  lot  at  what  was  named  for  him  Clark's  Point — which  lut  is  still 
owned  by  him  40  years  later — ho  built  a  warehouse!  and  a  wharf,  tlriun<(  the 
lirst  piles  in  the  bay.  In  '47-8  ho  was  not  only  ono  of  tho  nio.st  pruniincut 
business  men  in  town,  becoming  tho  owner  of  dozens  of  eity  lots,  but  he  was  a 
member  of  the  council,  iircsideiit  of  public  meetiii,<{s,  and  otherwise  active  in 
public  iiflairs.  v.  (J48,  (i'tO,  (j'i'2-4,  (J.")0,  07.'',  OM),  O.S,l.  I  know  of  no  foundatioa 
forGcn.  iSheruinn's  statement  that  Clark  was  a  Moiinon.  v.  ri47.  In  '4Showas 
a  successful  miner,  but  soon  returned  to.S.K.,  where  his  land  investments  mado 
him  eventually  a  niillionnairc.  He  married  Alice  A.  Duncan  in  '08,  and  in  '70 
went  to  live  at  S.  Jost'-,  wlieru  ho  still  is  in  'S.'),  with  a  son.  Win  S.,  .Ir,  and  4 
daughters.  Ho  v  r(jte  his  HiritHrclions  for  my  use  in  '8.'>,  and  in  an  interview 
gavcmomany  details  (if  old  .San  Francisco.       C.  (W'.W.),  1847,  mrof  awhaler. 

Classen  (.John  C),  1848,  I'ion.  .Soc.  roll.  Claudio,  1837,  leader  of  hostile 
Ind.  .S.  JJiego.  iii.  (J14.  Clausen  (Wm),  1847,  musician  Co.  1),  N.V.Vol, 
(v.  400).       Clavell,  1814,  oflicer  on  1I.1J.^^S.  Mod,-M,:       Clawson  (John  IL), 

1847,  Co.  D,  Morm.  15at.  (v.  400);  recnl.  at  l,os.  Aug.       Clavitcr  (Kilward), 

1848,  passp.  from  Honolulu;  resid.  of  Mt  Eden,  Alameda  Co.  '40-78;  ut  Ala- 
luedii  from  '78  to  his  death  in  '84. 

Clayton  (Charles),  1848,  nat.  of  Engl.,  who  came  to  the  U.S.  in  '42  and 
crossed  tho  plains  to  Or.  in  '47,  coming  to  Cal.  in  April  '48  on  the  I/riiri/. 
After  a  year  in  the  mines  ho  opened  a  stoic  at  .Sta  Clara,  where  he  also  held 
local  ofliccs.  From  'J3  ho  become  a  prominent  commission  merchant  in  .S.  F. , 
filling  also  with  credit  the  ofliccs  of  supervisor,  member  of  tho  legislature,  sur- 
veyor of  the  port,  nnd  nicmbcr  of  congress.  He  married  irannah  Morgan  in 
'i)4;  and  still  resides  in  .S.F.  in  'So,  age  CO.  Clements,  1845,  at  S.  F.,  N. 
1  lelv. ,  and  again  nt  .S.  F.  w  ith  a  family ;  seems  to  have  gone  east  with  Clyman 
in  '40.  iv.  Sl'O,  .')78.  Name  also  written  Clcinence,  Clement,  and  Cliinnnx. 
\Vm  demons  is  named  in  one  list  as  a  member  of  the  Stevens  party  of  '44,  and 
was  iierhapa  the  same,  though  he  may  have  gone  first  to  Or.  Clements  ( Lam- 
beth 11.),  1847,  of  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  490);  comp.  not  known;  lot  at  S.F.  '47;  at 
S.F.  'o4;  at  Soquel  '74.  Cleveland  (Richard  J.),  1.S03,  owner  and  1st  ollicer 
of  the  Ldia  Ui/nl;  involved  in  smuggling  exploits;  author  of  a  Xurrnfire. 
ii.  10-14,  '21,  l"0'_'-3.  Cliirord  (Cornelius),  1847,  Co.  1$,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  409); 
d.  i'.t  S.  Juan  D.  after  IS.JO.  C.  (J.),  1848,  pnssp.  from  Honolulu.  C. 
(0.  C),  1848,  ditto.  Cliit  (.lames),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  400):  reenl. 
at  Lo3  Ang.  C.  (Robert),  1,847,  lieut  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  v.  477;  lieut  of  tho 
rcinl.  comp.  v.  40,");  alcalde  of  S.  Diego  '47  S.  v.  401.  Ol.S-10.  Clipper, 
doubtful  iiamo-of  a  corporal  kidedat  S.  I'ascual.      Cloud  (J.  II.),  1847,  major 


7G2 


nOXEEK  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


and  piiy!ii!\:4cr  U.S.A.,  who  c;uiu'  with  tlio  Moiiii.  IV.it.  v.  4S.1,  440;  killcil  at 
Slitter's  J'ort  Auf,'.  ;i(l  liy  ii  tall  from  hi.s  hoitic.  Cloiigli  (Win),  iSliT,  iiaiiR'd  in 
Litikin's  accounts. 

Clynian  (James),  1845,  Virginian  who,  after  an  avlveiiturous  career  as  .sur- 
veyor and  trapijcr  in  tiie  great  west,  came  overland  t(j  (Jr.  in  '44,  and  to  Cal. 
the  next  year  as  a  leader  in  the  MeMalion-Clynian  jiarty.  v.  r)7'2-4,  oST.  Ho 
tiavelled  (jver  the  country  a.s  far  as  Monterey;  s|)ent  the  winter  hunting'  in 
the  N;i|>a.  and  other  vaUeys.  v.  17;  and  in  tiie  spiing  of  '4(i — after  a  union 
with  l''r('inont's  coni[).  had  Ixxii  declined,  v.  'Jli-— returned  to  the  states  o\  er- 
land,  meeting  tiie  Donner  ami  other  parties  on  tiie  way.  v.  .">•_>().  lie  cam^^  liack 
to  (,'al.  in  later  year.s,  ami  lived  at  Napa  till  his  death  in  '81,  at  the  aue  of  N4. 
Colonel  C'lymaii's  Xol<  -lidoh,  a  MS.  diary  of  his  wanderings  of  '44  fi,  is  one  of 
the  most  complete  and  imiiortant  records  of  its  tla.ss  in  my  lihi-arj'.  ( 'hf)iifin''s 
Jiliiri/  is  an  abiidgment  of  the  same,  with  a  few  documentary  additions. 
ClyiiK'r,  IiS4i.',  with  Com.  .loiies  at  Los  Ang.   iv.  ;$i.'l, 

(Joates  ((jleo.),  IS4(>,  served  in  the  Cal.  Jiat.  (v.  S.'iS),  enlisting  at  S.  .Tiian 
Oct.;  iirob.  same  as  the  following.  C.  (.lames),  1,S4.">,  Aiiier.  sliOemaUer, 
farmer,  tanner,  .'iiid  overl.  inimig.  from  Or.  in  tlie  Hastings  jiarty.  iv.  ;!!)(). 
atnrali/.ed  '44,  then  living  at  Mont.;  in  '4.")  a  lieiit  in  Sutter's  force,  at  one 
time  a  prisoner,  iv.  4S0.  501);  in  '4(5  perliaps  in  the  Cal.  Hat.  as  ahove;  in  "47 
lot-owner  at  S.l''.,  tanner  at  N.  llelv.,  and  linally  moving  toalujuse  on  Amrr. 
River.  1  lia\e  no  later  record  than  Mareli  '4!S,  wiien  (,'oates  was  seriously  in- 
jured hy  a  fall  from  lifs  horse,  being  also  rohhed  of  .SoOO.  Cobb,  ISU).  on 
the  JJiiii  Quixote  from  Hon.  iv.  10;{.  C.  (Clias),  1848,  owner  of  S.F.  lots; 
same  name  in  S.l'\  directory  of  '.")2. 

C(jclir:in  (Thos),  184,'),  nat.  (jf  N.C.,  who  crossed  the  plains  to  Or.  '4.1,  and 
came  to  Cal.  in  the  McMahon-Clyman  party,  iv.  .-)7-,  574,  r)87.  Named  at  N. 
llelv.  several  times  in  '4."')-8;  in  '4!)  built  a  hotel,  the  1st  building  at  Caclie- 
ville;  an  eccentric  man,  who  in'.")!  suddenly  departed  for  Australia.  Cucket 
(C),  1848,  ))ass[).  from  llonolulii.  Cocks  (Henry),  184fi,  I'higlisli  marine  on 
the  U.  S.  JJa'c,  who  after  his  diseh.  in  '48  lived  at  ]SIont.  and  married  a 
daugiitcr  of  Francisco  (Jaici'a,  moving  in  '."iH  to  the  S.  Ikrnabe  raiieho,  or 
Cock's  station,  of  which  he  was  tlie  cl-iiinant.  iv.  (m."),  (i7!).  In  '00  he  went 
with  tlie  telegr.i]ili  exped.  to  .\laska  and  Siberia;  had  an  appointment  on  the 
Tulo  River  Ind.  reservation;  accomp.  Wheeler's  explor.  exped.  on  the  Colo- 
rado; and  in  '7")  ^^as  living  near  his  old  place  in  .Mont.  Co.,  where  ho  still  is, 
I  tliink,  ill  '8j.  Coe  (Jolin  ,1.),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  409).  Coeur 
(Francois),  1840,  with  Ivearny's  force,   v.  'X\~. 

Co'li'clt  ((Jco.),  184(1,  teamster  Co.  (',  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  SHO).  CotFe- 
meyer  (Ivlward),  1S4(),  .sailor  at  X.  Helv.  '47-8;  member  of  lstand4tli  Don- 
ner relief,  v.  538,  541.  (.'olliii  (Epliraim),  1841,  of  U..S.  ex.  exped.;  died  in 
Cal.  iv.  •J7!l.  C.  (Ilcnry),  1844,  Amer.  sailor  of  the  Montnotith,  aiiled  by  the 
consul.  C.  (Ivory),  1840,  .seaman  or  marine  on  the  Savinnidli;  wounded  at 
the  S.  Cabriel  ,)aiu  !»,  '47.  v.  31t.').  C.  (ramesi,  KS:i.'),  nir  of  the  /'<<»•  <.•,■  A' /»/,.. 
C.  (1.  W.),  1847,  on  a  whaler;  came  back  in  '."•();  of  S.  F.  linn  ('.  &  Hendry; 
d.  bei'ore  '85,  leavinga  sou  and  daughter.  ( '.  (L.),  1848,  at  S.F.  on  tlie  /,ii'/>/ 
.1./  (//(.sfromCallao.  C.(\Viii),  18:20. 1'lroi  the  /'riKih/lii.  iii.  147.  C.  (Win), 
1S47,  Co.  I!,  N.  V.Vol.  (v.  4!)!)).  ('.,  1847,  mrof  the  Vharh's  Dror.  Coghlan 
(James),  1848,  sailor  on  the  Kl',~.i:l.rlh.  Cogswell,  IS45.  at  N.  Helv.  IKc. 
Cohu  (Moritz),  1847,  musician  N.V.\'ol.  (v.  41)'J).  C.  (Philip),  1S47,  Co.  D, 
N.  V.Vol. 

C  )li),i'h  (Lemuel),  1S40,  mate  of  the  Eii/i/icniin  '40-8;  a  New  Englander. 
Colbert  (.John),  KSIU,  Engl,  sliipwrigiit,  age  "JO;  naturalized  ';i!»;  still  at  S.  V. 


'40.  iii.  41_'.       C 


Uta 


;.)ames  15.).  1847,  ('o.    I>,    Morm.   l'>at.;   at  Sprii 


ilk 


C.  (John),  IS-.'O,  sailor  on  the  J.'onr.       C.  (Th 


s),  l,s:{;{,  Engl. 


sailor  whose  name  often  appears  in  Lai'kin's  .•iceounts  of  '.S:i-40.  iii.  4i)!'.   .\c 


to  John  I'rice,  in  .S'.  Lnii  Oh.  Co.  Ill<t.,  OK,  he  deserted  fr 


the  Kci't,  but  I 


have  no  record  of  t'lat  vessel  bef<ire  ';l(i.  Cole  was  one  of  ( Iraliaurs  rillemeii  of 
'.'i0-8.  (iii.  457);  ariested  but  not  exile<l  '40.  iv.  17;  gi'antee  of  lands  in  Salinas 
Val.  '42-4.  iv.  050;  in  '44  Hogged  by  the  Calif,  for  revealing  to  ^licheltorenn 


COLE-CONNOR. 


r03 


the  place  where  cci'tain  powder  and  Icail  had  hocn  buried,  so  says  Swan;  in 
'4ri-(i  often  employed  to  carry  despatches,  v.  '2',),  '2',t't,  also  .siynin.n  the  call  to 
foreigners  at  S.  Jose,  iv.  oIlO,  and  aeconip.  Lieut  Revere  on  a  hunting  trip. 
Mentioned  by  llevere,  Sliernian,  and  Colton,  tiie  latter  nauiing  him  aa  a  man 
will)  stole  a  horse.  His  name  appeal's  on  the  assessment  rolls  of  'oO;  and  aic. 
to  Till/lorn  Lixt,  he  died  at  Mont,  in  oS.  Coleman  ((Jeo. ),  18'27,  at  iSta  B. 
and  S.  Jhien.  ''27-8.  ii.  uSO;  iii.  !»4,  170.  C.  (Michael),  184"),  overl.  ininiig. 
of  (irigshy-Idc  party;  bonds  given  by  Wm  IJenitz  Nov.  'Jlst:  prol>.  went  to 
Or.  in  '4(i.  iv.  .")'J(),  578.  C.  ('i'lios),  1S47,  earpiiiter  on  the  U.  8.  J'nhte. 
Colespedrigue/  (Bruno),  182!),  mr  of  the  I'osdii/i.  iii.  148. 

C(jlgan  (.James  A.),  1847,  Co.  (I,  N.V.Vol.  (v.  4!)!)).  Colima  (Tom:is.*>an- 
chez),  at  Los  Ang.  '41$;  juez  de  eamjio  '44.  iv.  (iliU;  el.  for  Sta  (Jertrudis  '.").S. 
iv.  (i2<J,  Gii.').  Collie  (Alex.),  lS-J(i-7,  .surg.  of  H.  J5.  M.S.  Jl/».-<.-'»m;  made  a 
tri])  from  S.F.  to  Mont,  and  back  l)y  land.  iii.  121.  Colligan,  1847,  attempts 
murder  at  Sta  Cruz.  iS'. /'.  ,SV(rr,  Nov.  20th;  perhajw  'Call.ighan.'  C.  (W'm), 
184(i,  sailor  of  the  navy;  at  Mont,  in  .Tuly;  went  south  with  the  Cal.  ]5at. ;  in 
'7")  and  later  a  broker  and  politician  of  N.Y.  City.  Collins  (.(olm),  J847, 
boatswain  of  the  Ci/aiie.  C.  (Napoleon).  1847,  lot-owuc  atS.F. ,  jierhaps 
the  C.  who  was  wrecked  in  the  bay  and  rescued  by  tiie  Y'asso'.s  boat.  Alta, 
Feb.  17,  '07.  C.  (Peter),  1842,  in  the  Sta  Cruz  redwoods,  iv.  :i4l;  in  '43 
kept  a  bar  at  Mont. ;  killed  at  I'acheco  Pass  about '.")4.  C.  (Itobci-t !!.),  1847, 
Co.  1),  .Morm.  Rat.  (v.  40!));  in  '82  at  Hniiting<lon,  Utah.  f<jlonibet  (Clem- 
ent), 1844,  Frenciiuiau  who  kept  a  hotel  at  S.  .Jose  '4"  iv.  4.")l);  made  a  for- 
tune in  the  mines,  lost  later  and  regained;  married  a  daughter  of  Thos  Kell; 
in  '00  at  Warm  Springs,  Alameda  Co.,  age  43;  living  at  .S.  .Jose  '81.  Colton 
(('has  1''.),  1847,  servant  to  an  oliicer  in  iMorm.  Bat.  (v.  4')!)).  C.  (Patrick), 
1847,  Co.  F,  ;id  U.  S.  artill.  (v.  .">1S).  C.  (Philander),  1 847,  Co.  Ii,  Morm. 
15at. ;  a  mason  who  made  bricks  an<l  worketl  on  1st  brick  hoitst!  ;it  S.  Diego. 

(,'olton  (Walter),  184(!,  chaplain  U..S.N.,  who  came  ou  the  ('oHi/irns,  and 
'.van  alcalde  at  Mont,  in  '40-8;  also  judge  of  the  admiralty;  an  earnest,  kind- 
hearted,  and  si'usible  man,  whose  oliicial  ami  private  record  in  (.'al.  was  u 
most  excellent  one.  In  partnersliip  with  Robert  .Semple,  he  edited  and  pub- 
lished the  dti'iforinrui,  the  1st  Cal.  new.spaper,  in  '4!i-7,  making  a  vi;sit  to  the 
mines  in  the  aututan  oi  '48,  and  causing  the  erection  of  a  school-house  at  Mont., 
named  for  him  Coltoii  Hall.  His /^'7.' rn/'/  /'o/V,  ami  Time  IVrws  in  Cal., 
pulilisheil  in  ',")0,  arc  journals  of  his  expci'ience  ami  obsc'rvatious,  full  (jf  inter- 
est, and  justly  legarvl'jil  as  standard  works  on  the  annals  fif  '40  8.  He  went 
cast  early  in  '40,  but  I  liave  no  record  of  his  later  c;ireer.  v.  2.")4,  288-!t;i.  4.'i3, 
008,  0.'!7-- ,  0."*.t.  Colurribo  (-\.),  1847,  Amer.  farmer  at  S.  Ikien.  Colwell 
(.J.).  184.">,  doubtful  name  of  an  iininig.  iv.  r)78. 

("ombs  (Abram),  1847,  one  of  the  .Mormon  col.  with  wife  and  3  eliild.  v. 
S40;  in  Utah  '84,  his  wiio  being  dead.  Comelcro  (Pcdi'o),  ls;>0,  Italian  cook 
from  Lima  at  Los  .\ng.  Comfoi't  ((!eo.  F.),  1838,  mr  of  the  Ayuciirho.  iv. 
101.       Conist(.ck  (Cortey).  1847,  Co.  (I.N.Y.Vol.  (v.  4!)!)). 

Conaase  (.lose),  I7!'l-18()(),  visiting  friar  at  .S.  Diego,  i.  O.m.  Concha 
(.luan),  17!tl,  liout  in  Malaspina's  exped.  i.  4110.  Conde  (Pedro),  1S).S,  lieut, 
com.  of  one  of  Roucliard's  vi'ssels.  ii.  221)  7.  Condcls.  1.S4."),  chjublful  name 
of  an  -Vmor.  at  Uiaucif.,  age  21.  Condit  (.Icptha),  1847,  Co.  C,  Moiin.  l>.it. 
(v.  40!));  rei'ul.  at  Los  Ang.  Conduian  (.Alex.),  1S4."),  doubtful  name  of  a 
Frenchman  at  Rraneif.,  age  2.").  (Jonejii  (Casimiro),  I7!I8,  i.  Oi)0.  Conley 
(James  H.),  IS47,  carpenter  on  the  /.*.(.'('.  Coidey  (.Marstou  l'\),  1847,  per- 
hai)s  of  N.Y.Vol.  imilci'  another  name.  Conn  (.lolm),  ls4.'t,  doulitfid  mem- 
l)er  of  the  ( 'hiles-Walker  partv.  iv.  3!l.'{;  in  ''i'2  claimant  of  a  Xapa  ( "o.  raiicho. 
Conne'.l  (.lohn),  lt>4,,  Co.  I,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  4!)!)):  <lied  at  sea  bet.  (Jr.  and  C.il. 
'82.  Connell  (JoJin),  IS47,  ser!,'t  ("o.  (J,  N.Y.Vol.  v.  504;  lot-owm-r  S.  F. 
V.  08.5.  Connelly  (Michael),  bS47.  Co.  H,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  40!l|;  resid.  of  Stock- 
ton from  '40  to  his  death  in  '57.  C.  (Wm),  1847.  Co.  15,  N.Y.Vol.  Conut'rs 
(John),  l<i4t,  said  to  have  arrived  in  Sta  Ci.ira  Co.  iv.  453;  called  Comiess  by 
Ilall.  Conner  (W.l'',.),  18  tS.  passp.  from  Ho':nluln.  Connelly  (.I;une(  IL), 
1840,  carpenter  on  the  V.H.  Dak.       Connor  (James),  1845,  Delaware  Ind.  of 


J 


7G4 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


Frdmont's  conip.  '4'>-7;  wounded  in  tlio  service,  iv.  5S3.  Conovcr  (Francis 
>S. ),  1847,  mid.  on  the  U.S.  Iiidejitinleiiie.  Conrad  (Henry),  1847,  Co.  C,  N.Y. 
Vol.  (v.  41)'J);  iitN.  llelv.;  lattr  mayor  (?)  at  Sonoma.  Clark.  C.  (Edward), 
lS44,(>ntherollofthel'ion.  Soc;  atKiverside '81.  C.  ^.foImP.)  KS47,Co.C, 
N.  V.Vol.  (V.  4<J9):  at  S.F.  '74;  d.  beloru  '82.  C.  (Wni),  1848,  keeper  of  tlio 
Colonnade  House  S.F.   v.  083. 

Coo.k  (John),  1847,  ("o.  F,  M  artill.  (v.  518).  Cook  (Chas).  184"),  N. 
Yfirker  who  died  suddenly  at  Munt.  iv.  o87.  C.  ((!co.),  1S44,  Anier.  natu- 
ralized thid  year.  iv.  4.j;j;  nient.  by  IJryant  as  owner  of  a  nniclio  at  S.  .Jo.si', 
'4(!.  C.  (Oroodwin),  1848,  in  Sutter's  employ.  C.  (Grove  C. ).  1841,  Ken- 
tnckiun  hunter,  and  overl.  innnig.  in  Bartleson  party,  iv.  270,  275,  279;  wan- 
dering about  for  a  few  years;  often  named  in  Larkin's  accounts  from  '4.'$; 
naturalized  in  '44;  at  Sutter's  fort  '45  working  on  a  distillery.  His  shooting 
of  a  Walla  Walla  chief  in  July  caused  nuich  excitement,  iv.  544-5;  v.  ;!00-1 ; 
and  in  Dec.  he  was  married  liy  Sutter  to  Rebecca  Kelscy,  who  presently  had 
some  reason  to  regret  it.  In  '40  Cook  went  to  Yerba  Buena,  and  settled  more 
or  less  at  S.  Josii,  where  he  took  some  slight  part  in  tiie  mil.  campaign,  was 
member  of  the  council  and  junta,  v.  004,  and  in  '40  was  a  n)an  of  wealth, 
subso(|uently  lost.  He  died  at  Sta  Cruz  in  '52.  He  is  described  as  a  man  whoso 
wit  and  generosity  went  far  to  counterbalance  some  less  desirable  qualities. 
C.  (Jackson),  1817,  at  N.  Helv. ;  appavently  Grove  Cook,  q.v.  C.  (James), 
I8.'j0,  at  work  on  Cooper's  rancho.  iii.  180;  joined  the  comp.  extranjera  at; 
Mont.  '.'12.  iii.  221.  C.  (.Jonas),  1840,  doulitful  name  of  the  Mornion  col.  v. 
547.  C.  (Manuel),  1830,  Amer.  who  got  a  carta  in  Oct.  C.  (.Sam.),  18;iO, 
nir  of  th(!  J)(iniil)<'..  iii.  140.  C.  (NN'ni).  184.'{,  disabled  seaman  of  the  John 
Joy;  aided  by  consul,  and  worked  on  ranchos,  but  shipped  late  in  '44. 

Cooke  (Henry  D. ),  1847,  sup.  and  part  owner  of  the  Lamh  lyacanii  from 
Valparaiso;  also  of  the  Com.  lilmbrlk;  lot-owner  at  S.  F. ;  of  linn  Ruckle  <fc 
Co.;  a  prominent  business  man  of  S.F.  '4!)-5l;  llguring  later  at  Washington 
in  the  credit  niobilier  and  otiicr  linancial  operations;  a  r<  l.itiou  of  Jay  Cjoke. 
C.  (Philip  St  George),  1847,  capt  1st  U.S.  dragoons,  whocamo  toCal.  as  lieut- 
col,  commanding  the  Mormon  Bat.  v.  428,  477,  4SI>-(J.  He  was  for  a  time 
commandant  of  the  southern  district,  taking  some  part  in  the  (piarrel  with 
Frt5mont.  v.  437,  440,  445-0;  resigned  his  com.  and  went  east  with  (Jen. 
Kearny,  being  a  witness  at  the  Fremont  court-martial,  v.  450.  4.")2,  450,  4S0. 
His  Journal  of  tiio  march  of  the  Bat.  was  published  by  tiie  govt.  v.  4S3;  and 
was  republished  with  additions  by  the  author — then  brevet  major-general  U. 
S.A. — in  '78as  the  Coiiqiu'sl  dfCiit.  and  N.  Mcx.,  a  good  narrative  of  Cooke's 
experiences  and  those  of  his  men,  but  of  no  value  whatever  in  its  assumed 
character  as  a  complete  record  of  tlie  conquest.  He  also  wrote  Scena.'iaiKl  .hi- 
vi'ninri'f  in  /he  Arm;/.  It  is  noticeai.''i  that  a  part  (jf  his  journal  was  lost  in 
Cah.and  in  Jan.  '48  was  purchased  by  Sutter  from  an  Ind.  X.  If  civ.  JJiari/, 
Ms.,  104.  Coombs  (Chas),  1824,  cook  on  the /lown  C.  (Catherine),  1847, 
married  ut  S.F.  to  C.P.A.Briggs.  Star. 

Coombs  (Nathan),  1843,  native  of  Mass.  who  came  to  Or.  overland  in  '42, 
and  to  Cid.  in  the  Hastings'  (larty  at  the  age  of  about  18.  v.  390,  400.  After 
working  a  while  for  Stephen  Smith,  iv.  390,  ho  went  to  Gordon's  place  on 
Cache  Creek,  where  he  won  the  heart  of  Uncle  ]5illy's  daughter  Isabel,  and 
was  nearly  killed  by  a  grizzly  Inu'ir,  also  asking  for  natui'alizjition  in  '4t.  In 
'45  he  seems  to  have  served  in  Sutter's  force,  iv.  480,  .501 ;  then  mai'ried  and 
settled  on  a  Napa  Valley  rancho  i)urchased  of  Salv.  Vallejo;  took  no  active 
part  in  the  troubles  of  '4(i;  and  in  '4S  laid  out  the  town  of  Napa  on  his  ranclio. 
V.  070.  He  became  wealthy,  was  active  in  local  politics,  served  in  tiie  legis- 
lature of  '55,  was  capt.  of  militia  '03,  but  was  best  known  as  a  ])atron  of  thn 
turf  and  the  owner  of  blood-stock.  Portrait  in  Xa/ia  <  'o.  llht. ,  42.  He  died  at 
his  Napa  home  in  '77,  leaving  a  widow,  4  sons  -  Wm,  Nathan,  Fi'ank,  and 
Levi— and  a  daughter,  Eva,  wife  of  John  M.  Coghlan.  (!oou  (Wm),  1840, 
member  of  tiie  1st  Douner  relief,  v.  539.  C.  (Wm),  1847,  sergt  Co.  D, 
Morin.  P>at.  (v.  400). 

HJooper,  1831,  said  to  have  come  from  N.  Mex.  in  the  Vi'olfskill  party,  and 


COOPER. 


7G5 


in 


8- 
10 
It 


to  have  (lied  at  Sta  B.  iii.  387,  405.  C.  (Charles  H.),  l'>40,  Amor,  exile  to 
S.  B'as,  who  returned  before '4'J  to  urge  liis  claim  for  damages,  iv.  18.  ;{;(,  li'O. 
C.  (Daniel,  or  David),  l.S;!4,  Amcr.  sailor  witli  but  one  arm,  possil)ly  a  rela- 
tion of  Capt.  J.B.Il.Coopcr.  I  have  the  original  Boston  passport  to  Daniel 
and  the  Hawaiian  ])assp.  to  Dav.  of  '.■)4.  Ho  eamo  on  tlie  Ayuruc/io.  iv.  4V2; 
liis  name  appears  often  in  uorresp. ;  mate  of  the  (.'al'j'irnla  in  '40;  died  at  S. 
r.  May  '41  of  apoplexy — which  a  large  quantity  of  aguardiente  had  not  cureil. 
C.  (Fernando  M.),  IH.""),  named  in  Larkin's  accounts  '3(5-8.  iv.  118;  in  ",V?>  at 
Los  Ang.  signs  a  eertif.  as  a  physician.  Prob.  the  same  who  in  '.1.')  embalmed 
the  body  of  Gov.  Figucroa.  iii.  'I'M).  C.  (Henry),  IS.'IG,  niimcd  in  Larhin'.s 
accounts  '.'30-43.  iv.  118;  arrested  in  '40.  iv.  17;  called  by  Morris  an  Ind.  at 
StaCrnz;  apparently  in  Sutter's  employ  '47.  C.  (J.W.),  184G,  Cal.  Bat.  (v. 
3.")8);  enlisting  at  S.  Juan  in  Nov.;  perhaps  same  as  following.  C  (.l;:incs), 
184U,  kept  a  liotel  at  Sonoma  '48;  ment.  by  Ilittell  as  a  rich  man  near  Bcnicia 
in  '00.  C.  (.Tames  F.),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  U.  (.lohn  Burwood), 
IS.'iO,  known  as  '  sailor  ,Iack,'  said  by  some  authorities  to  have  come  to  S.  F. 
as  early  as  '24-5,  or  by  others  on  a  whaler  in  '33,  or  in  '30.  iii.  409;  iv.  1  IS, 
Juan  Coopet,  prob.  the  same,  was  an  artilleryman  at  S.F.  in  '30-1;  named  as 
English  at  Mont,  in  '34;  a  N.  York  sailor  nnd  calker,  age  4;t,  at  Mont,  in 
'.•{0  in  thcartill.  barraek.s;  built  hou.sca  at  S.F.  'JO,  '44.  v,  GS3-4;  Kngl.  re- 
tired artill.,  age  50,  in  S.F.  padron  of  '44;  at  S.F.  also  '45-0.  receiving  nonio 
votes  for  collector,  v.  '295.  Thus  there  may  have  been  two  .John  Coopcru  at 
least,  John  B.  settled  on  a  S.  Mateo  ranclio,  married  a  native,  and  died  in  Wl, 
leaving  a  familj'.  His  monument  at  the  .S.F.  mission  cemetery  is  ini^cribed 
John  Baptist  Burwood  Cooper,  nat.  of  Engl.,  age  08;  his  wife  was  Maria  (,'e- 

eilia ,  d,  '53,  age  '27;  children  Maria  Jesus  b.  '41,  Agapito,  .Tuan  15.  Ani- 

ceto.  Narciso  Nicvcs,  ^laria  Julia  Dolores,  and  Juan  Lorenzo  d.  '01,  age  10. 
Cooper  (John  Bautista  Roger),  18'23,  nat.  of  the  Alderney  Ld.,  who  came 
to  Mass.  as  a  boy  with  his  mother,  who  by  a  "211  marriage  became  the  mother 
of  Thos  O.  Larkin.  I  have  his  'protection  paper'  of  181(i,  certifying  his  U.  S. 
citizenship,  and  dcscrihir.^  iiim  as  '24  years  old,  5  ft  5  in.  in  height,  with  light 
enniplex.,  sandy  hair,  and  blue  eyes,  with  a  scar  on  the  left  ai'Ui  and  nerves 
of  t!ic  left  hand  contracted.  From  this  deformity  he  was  known  in  Cal.  as 
Don  Juan  el  Manco.  He  earne  as  master  of  the  Horcr  from  Boston,  selling  the 
vessel  to  (!ov.  Argiiello,  and  continuing  to  command  licr  on  voyages  toChin.a 
till  '20.  ii.  492-3,  49.%  519-20,  014;  iii.  24,  119,  148.  From  "20  lie  became  a 
resident  of  Mont.,  and  llieio  is  not  a  year  from  '20  to  '48  in  which  ids  name 
does  not  occur  in  many  original  records.  In  '27  he  was  baptized,  his  original 
name  of  John  Roger  being  transformed  into  J\ian  liantista  Roger,  married 
Encarnacion  Vallejo,  became  a  rival  of  Hartnell  &  Co.  in  trade,  and  signed 
bonds  for  Jed.  Smitii.  ii.  010;  iii.  128,  158-(i0.  In  '28  began  his  legal  quarrels 
witli  Luis  Argiiello.  ii.583;  iii.  12;  in  ''29  he  bought  for  82,000  from  Joaq.  dc 
la  Torre  the  raneho  of  Bolsa  del  Potrero  y  Moro  Cojo,  or  Sagrada  Familia.  ii. 
015;  and  in  '39  was  naturalized,  being  ment.  besides  in  connection  with  the 
iSolis  revolt  and  the  Fitch  romance,  as  well  as  in  commercial  records,  ii.  009; 
iii.  71,  83,  142,  145.  His  business  eorresp.  sliows  not  only  that  lie  was  always 
complaining  of  some  injustice,  but  that  he  often  gave  cause  of  conqilaint  to 
tliose  who  trailed  with  him.  In  '32  on  the  roll  of  the  eomp.  extranjora.  iii. 
221;  in  '.33  licensed  to  hunt  otter,  and  granted  the  Molino  raneho,  Sonoma. 
iii.  .394,  712;  regidor  at  Moi.t.  '.34-,").  iii.  ()73;  in  '30  living  with  wife,  2  chil- 
dren, mother-in-law,  and  her  3  daughters  at  Mont.,  h.aving  also  cattle  and  a 
mill  on  the  Sonoma  raneho  confirmed  to  Inm  this  year.  iii.  420;  iv.  110;  his 
mill  visited  by  Edwards  '37.  iv.  80.  In  '39  Capt.  C.  resumed  Ids  seafaring 
life  as  master  of  the  govt  schooner  Cnlifornia,  making  many  trips  in  tlie  uoxt 
5  years  to  the  Mcx.  coast  and  to  the  islands,  of  which  I  have  his  original  Aor/ 
ofthii  California,  iv.  102,  282,  '289,  340,  301,  .'503-4;  in  '40  obtained  lan<l  at 
.S.F.  and  the  Punta  de  Quintin  i-ancho,  iii.  7f>0,  712,  v.  083,  but  was  in  trouble 
about  .95, '2,")0  which  the  govt  had  owed  him  since  '2(5;  jierhaps  the  Juan  ( 'oopcr 
to  whom  the  Nieasio  raneho  was  granted  '44.  iv.  072;  sick  at  Acapulco  at  end 
of  '44;  but  was  back  again  in  '45,  only  to  depart  for  Peru,  w  here,  in  '40,  ho 


70S 


riOXEER  nEOirTKR  AND  INDEX. 


W!iH  matriculated  as  2<1  jiiloto.  He  visited  Cal.  in  '47,  and  in  '4S  seems  to  La  'o 
been  in  com.  of  tlic  /C/iznhelh,  wrecked  at  Sta  Ji.  In  '4'.)  lie  connnai'..icd  tl;o 
IJrcliiK'  on  a  voy.  to  (Jliina;  liut  soon  (|uit  the  sea;  was  Iiarboi-mastcr  at  Mon:. 
in  '.")! ;  and  was  claimant  lor  the  Jiolsas,  Molino,  and  El  Sur  lanclios.  iii.  (Jj!). 
Ho  ctinlinncd  lo  live  at  Mont.,  much  of  the  time  on  his  ranclio,  till  after  l.'UiO; 
and  died  at  .S.  F,  in  "iil,  in  his  SOth  year.  There  were  few  of  the  old  Ca!.  pio- 
neers moi'o  widely  known  or  better  liked  than  Capt.  Coijper,  though  as  a 
trader  he  had  some  peculiarities  that,  in  the  earlier  years  particularly,  kept 
him  in  liot  water  with  other  traders  nuieh  of  the  time.  Besides  hundred.!  of 
ills  letters  scattered  in  dif.  archives,  ids  fanuly  papers  iill  several  volumes  of 
the  Vnlhjo,  J)uc.  ll'isl.  Cul.,  which  should  properly  bear  his  name.  In  adili- 
tiun  to  his  Loi)  of  ','50-44,  I  have  also  .a  book  of  AirDiuits  of  ''1~.  Jlis  wiilow 
still  lives,  '8,'),  in  .S.F.  His  children  were  Ana  Maria  (Juachdupc  b.  '■_'!(  wife 
of  Jleriiian  \Volder,  ,Iuan  Bant,  (luillermo  b.  ','il,  Henry  15.,  Francisco  (1., 
Amelia  (Mrs  Mole;a),  tSeorge  Howard,  an<l  Wm  lioger  who  died  in  "i'.i.       » 

l.'ooper  (.r.  M.I,  1S4(I,  gunner  on  the  U.S.  Samiiiinh.  (J.  (Luther),  ISIU, 
named  often  in  Larkin's  accounts  ';U-7.  iii.  41'2.  C  (Martin),  IS.Vi,  Amer. 
at  S.  Luis  ()l). ;  al^^o  on  Larkin's  books  'I^iVT.  iii.41.'J.  C  (Samuel  K.),  IS4(!, 
teamster  of  (,'o.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  SIMi).  C.  (Sareliel),  1840,  son  of 
Stephen,  miner  at  I'ark's  Bar  '48;  d.  at  Colusa  '74.  C  (Sidney),  LS.'il, 
doubtful  recor<l  of  a  trapper  of  Young's  partj'.  iii.  .'WS. 

Cooi)er  (.Steplicu),  ISIO,  Kentuekian  b.  I7!)7,  moved  to  Mo.  1817,  guide 
and  scout  in  the  Sta  Fe  trade  and  various  Ind.  wars,  Ind.  agent  and  member 
of  the  legislature,  wlio  came  overl.  to  Cal.  as  capt.  of  a  small  party,  v.  .")'J8, 
with  his  wife  .Melinda  and  (»  eliildren.  From  Yount's,  in  Napa  Val.,  he  went 
to  S.F.,  wlu're  in  Feb.  '47  he  presided  over  a  public  meeting  of  citizens  dis- 
satislied  with  the  composition  of  the  proposed  governor's  council.  Star;  v. 
4;i;!;  in  the  autunni  settled  at  Benicia.  v.  iil'l-W;  alcalde  in '48.  v.  (i7.T;  judge 
of  Ist  instance  of  tiie  Sonoma  district  from  Aug.  '41),  having  also  mined  at 
Park's  Bar  for  a  short  time.  In  'r)4  went  to  (,'olusa,  where  he  was  justice  of 
tlie  p<'aec  for  \'l  years,  and  where  he  still  lived  in  '80;  went  later  to  Modoc 
Co.,  and  in  "8,")  lives  at  Winters,  Yolo  Co.  Portrait  in  Yo/odo.  lliit.,  "2(1;  biog. 
sketch  from  Cooper's  own  statement  by  'F.  S.' in  Colusa  Sun  June  17,  "71. 
Mrs.  C.  died  in  '7-  at  the  age  of  71.  Of  the  two  sons,  Sarchel  died  about  '74, 
and  'J'hos  B.  lives  in  Modoc  (Jo.  'S't;  the  daughters  were  Francis  wife  of  Uob- 
trt  Semple  and  later  of  I.  N.  Van  Winkle,  living  in  Oakland  8."),  Susan  wile 
of  Jolm  Wolfskin,  Elizabeth  wife  of  Waller  Calmes,  and  Martha  wife  of 
Amos  lloberts.  In  '71  .Maj.  (Jooper  had  (i  children  and  l(i  grandchildren  liv- 
ing. U.  (Wm  C. ),  184"),  overl.  iinniig.  of  theOrigsby-Ide  party;  prob.  went 
to  Or.  in  '4<).  iv.  iVJti,  578. 

Co])e  (Wm),  184((,  seaman  of  the  Savannah,  wounded  <at  the  S.  Gabriel, 
Jan.  '47.  V.  ',i'.)')\  perhaps  'Coxe.'  Copeland  (Alex.),  184IJ,  Amer.  imndg.  from 
Or.  in  the  Hastings  pai'ty;  got  a  carta  in  Nov.,  calling  hiniself  a  clerk,  and 
was  em[)loycd  by  Stephen  Smith  at  Bodega,  iv.  ;W0,  it'JG;  early  in  '40  at  Sut- 
ter's l'"ort;  prob.  identical  with  the  foUowiug.  C.  (Andrew),  1840,  lieut  Co. 
B,  Cal.  Bat.  V.  ;t01;  Cal.  claim  of  .§82  (v.  402);  A.  M.  Copelind  vote.l  at  S. 
Jose  TiX  Ct)penger  (Chas),  1847,  Co.  (J,  N.  Y.Vol.  (v.  400).  Copoy  (.folin), 
18:52,  (h)ubtful  ment.  at  S.F. 

Coppinger  (•lolni),  IS',>'>,  prob.  deserter  from  a  British  vessel  at  S.F.  iii. 
41.'!;  .'-aid  to  have  licen  a  lieut  in  the  British  army  or  navy;  generally  called 
Kngl.,  but  Amer.  aec.  to  his  naturalization  papers,  while  Quigley  makes  him 
a  nat.  of  Cork  and  near  relative  of  a  Bishop  Coppinger,  and  in  a  S.F.  padroii 
he  appeals  as  a  iJublin  sawyer.  On  Larkin's  books  from  ';50;  in  '30  8  lieut  of 
(iraliam's  foreign  ci>m|).  in  Alvarado's  service,  iii.  4.")8-0,  401;  naturalized  ''A'J 
and  juez  at  Corte  Madera,  iii.  70.");  arrested  but  not  exiled  in  '40,  being  also 
Ine  grantee  of  Canada  de  Raimuixlo  in  S.  Mateo,  iii.  711;  iv.  17.  From  '41 
lie  scciiis  to  have  lived  on  the  ranelio,  being  included  in  S.F.  padrones,  one  of 
the  defensorcs  of  the  j)atria,  liO  years  old  in  '42  and  ;{.">  in  '44;  aideil  Miehel- 
torena  in  '4r>.  iv.  487;  seems  to  liavc  taken  no  part  in  the  troubles  of  '40  ex- 
cept that  Weber  accused  him  of  giving  inform,  that  led  to  his,  W.'s,  arrest.  I 


COPPIXGER-CORONA. 


767 


find  no  record  of  liim  later  except  an  unintclHgildc  one  in  S.  Jfafco  Co.  Hist., 
4,  that  iliu-ing  the  war  he  vas  carried  as  a  jirisonei'  to  .Mex.  where  he  died. 
His  wi<low  was  Maria  Luisa  .Soto,  wlio  het'ore  '.V2  married  a  man  named  (ireer, 
and  was  a  ehumant  of  the  raneho,  living  at  Majiield  in  late  years. 

Cor;iy  (Wni),  1847,  sergt  (Jo.  15.  Morm.  l!at.  v.  477,  4'.l(i.  Corcoran,  or 
Corgan  (Geo.  A.),  Co.  1),  X.Y.  Vol.  (v.  400);  at  Chicago  '8-_'.  C.  (M.utin), 
1S44,  nat.  of  Nova  Scotia,  who  came  from  llouolnlu  as  seaman  fm  the  U.S. 
Ltvdiil.  iv.  4.").'!.  In  '4(J  he  came  back,  on  the  >S«i,y("/k(/j  i)rol)al)!y,  and  was  one 
of  IJarllelt's  party  captured  by  Sancliez  (v.  .■570),  prob.  tlio  only  survivor  of 
that  jiarty;  diseh.  from  tlie  navy  in  X.Y.;  ret.  to  Cal.  '4!tanil  went  to  the 
nnnes.  Fnjm  '."il  he  was  engaged  in  many  kinds  of  businc.s.s,  chiilly  that  of 
liotel-kLcpcr,  at  S.  F.,  Alviso,  S.  Jost'',  ami  Sta  Clara,  being  U.K.  agent,  tax 
collector,  and  county  treasurer.  In  'S."),  at  the  age  of  01,  wharlin'_;(r  at  S.  F. 

Cordero,  killed  at  S.  Bucn.  ';1S.  iii.  534.  C.,  ii  leader  in  disturbauiu  at 
Lcs  Aug.  '4.").  iv.  o'J:!.  C.  (Ambrosio),  soldier  of  S.F.  cnnip.  at  I'Mjuoiua  '41- 
'2.  C.  ((71cinente),  Sta  ]i.  soldier  before  '37.  C.  (Fermin),  scttlerat  lirancif. 
1707;  regidor  ISO±  i.  oOi),  (13!);  ii.  l.JO.  C.  (Francisco),  at  Sta  1>.  '.'>7,  wife 
I'etra  I'ieo,  1  child.  C.  (.Jose),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '34-4"J.  C.  (.)uan),  !it 
Sta  \j.  "37,  wife  Antonia  \'alenzuela  and  7  child.  C.  (Mariano),  l.st  marriage 
S.F.,  toduana  I'into  1771).  i.  '-'!)().  C.  (Miguel),  at  Sta  U.  liefore  '37.  wife 
Antonia  Jimeno  and  o  eliildren;  maj.  at  Stn,  Jnes  '40-3.  iii.  ()4()-8,  (i()3-4;  at 
Sta  15.  '."0.  C.  (LVdro),  at  Sta  1$.  '37,  wife  Dolores  C^uijada  an<l  4  chihl.;  juez 
de  paz  '3i)-40.  iii.  (154-,");  grantee  of  (.'anada  de  Salsipuedes  '44.  iv.  (Jl'i. 

Cordoba  (Alberto  de),  171X1,  Span,  lieut  of  enginecis  sent  to  ( "al.  to  inspect 
coast  defences,  and  superintend  the  founding  of  ]5'.anciforte.  17!)(J-8;  author 
of  an  Iti/(jnii,\  i.  4!)7,  541-2,  545,  505  70,  052,  082,  700,  719.  I  have  other 
engineering  reports  by  him  before  his  vi.sit  to  Cal. 

Cordua  (Theodore),  1842,  German  trader  and  farmer  from  Honolulu  on  tiio 
Cali/oniid,  after  corresp.  witii  Sutter,  whom  he  had  known  before,  iv.  22!l, 
341.  In  '43  settled  on  Feather  River  near  tiie  site  of  the  later  Marysville, 
where  Dr  Sandels  found  him  a  fat,  jolly,  whistdoving  man,  popular  w  itli 
everybody.  He  iiad  a  straw  hut  at  lirst,  .soon  replaced  by  an  adobe  struituie, 
the  place  Ijcing  nauied  Xew  ilecklenburg,  but  better  known  as  (Jordna's  ran- 
eho. In '44  ho  was  naturalized  and  got  the  Honcut  raucho.  iv.  071;  had  a 
lighter,  the  I'lilta,  running  on  the  river,  often  visiting  the  settlements,  anch 
his  name  often  appeared  in  various  commercial  and  otiier  records  of  the  time. 
Larkin  described  him  in  '45  as  <i  man  of  52  years,  with  projierty,  res[H'ctubility, 
and  local  inllucnce;  enlisted  in  Sutter's  force,  but  wisely  left  it  on  the  march 
south;  often  named  in  the  AT.  Hilr.  Dinnj  '45-S;  took  no  jiart  in  the  conllict 
of  '40-7.  In  '4S~9  sold  his  land  and  cattle  for  .S30,000  and  opened  a  store  in 
the  mines,  where  he  is  said  to  have  lost  ids  wealth;  still  in  the  Sac.  \'ai.  '54; 
but  broken  in  health  as  well  as  property,  he  is  said  )jy  (iillicrtto  have  returned 
to  the  Sand.  Isl.,  where  he  died. 

Corey,  1840,  mrof  the  Ixaar  I  lowland,  v.  578.  C.  (P.),  184S,  passp.  fiom 
Honolulu.  Cornc  (L.  P.),  1840,  sailor  on  tiie  C«///br»/rt.  Coi'nelio  (|). ), 
1828,  mr  of  the  Miiicn-n.  iii.  148.  (Jorning  (()tto),"l847,  Co.  C,  X.  V.  \'ol. 
(v.  499).  Cornwall  (Pierre  15.),  1848,  nat.  of  X.Y.  wlio  came  oveil.ind  and 
made  a  largo  fortune  in  trade  at  Sacramento  '48-9  as  member  of  tiu^  lirni 
Priest,  Lee,  &  Co.;  from  '59  a  resident  and  prominent  business  man  of  S.F. , 
being  at  one  time  president  of  the  Soc.  of  (Jal.  Pioneers.  Still  living  in  S.F.,  I 
think,  in  "85.  Coruwell  (Ceo.  X.),  Co.  H,  X.Y. Vol.  (v.  4991;  nat.  of  X.Y., 
who  on  his  discharge,  after  a. brief  expi'rience  in  tlie  nnnes,  settled  at  Xapa, 
wliero  as  trader,  farmer,  owner  in  (juicksilver  mines,  postmaster,  mendier  of 
the  legislature,  supervisor,  deputy  sherill",  and  politician,  lu;  lias  always  hcen 
a  prominent  man.  He  married  Anna  J.  West  of  X.H.  in  '54,  and  in  '72,  when 
he  furnished  me  a  M.S.  Sketch  of  My  JAj'<-,  they  had  3  children,  Fannie  L. , 
Clara,  and  Xorris,  3  having  died.  Claimant  of  raneho.  iv.  074.  Still  living  at 
X'^apa  in  '82,  and  I  think  in  '85.  Corona  (Josd),  com.  de  policia  S.  Diego  '."iO 
iii.  016.  (J.  (Jos(5  M.),  at  Los  Ang.  '40.  G  (Juan  B.),  com.  policia  (':)  ut  S. 
Diego  '36.  iii.  613. 


m 


PIONEE".  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


Coronol  (Antonio  Francisco),  1834,  son  of  Ignncio,  with  whom  he  came  to 
Cal.  at  thu  age  of  17.  His  1st  public  service  seems  to  have  been  as  sergt  (if 
urtill,  ill  support  of  Carlos (,'arrillo  in  '38;  in  '41  applicant  fur  a  lot  at  S.  Juan 
(Jap.  iv.  020;  in  '43  jucz  de  paz  at  Los  Ang.,  and  intcrventor  at  tlie  transfer 
of  S.  Feruautlo.  iv.  G33,  G30;  in  '45  coniisionado  of  tlio  junta  to  treat  witli 
Miclidtorcna,  and  elector  of  Los  Ang.,  declining  the  sub-prefecture,  iv.  497, 
r)40,  (i33;  grantee  of  Sierra  de  los  Verdugos  '40.  v.  028;  also  taking  part  aa 
capt.  in  all  the  southern  military  operations  against  the  U.S.  in  '40-7,  stall- 
ing at  one  time  for  Me.\.  witii  a  flag  taken  from  Mervine  at  S.  Pcclio,  and 
narrowly  escaping  capture  by  Kearny's  men  on  the  way.  v.  331-2.  In  '48  ho 
>.'as  ii  successful  miner;  and  in  later  years  held  many  local  positions,  though 
giving  chief  attention  to  his  vineyard  and  to  agricultural  interests;  couniy 
assessor  TiO  et  seq.;  mayor  in  'US;  member  of  the  council  '.54-07;  state  treas- 
urer '07-71.  A  man  of  wealth  and  influence,  still  residing  at  his  Los  Ang. 
vineyard  and  orange  orchard  in  '85.  In  '77  he  dictated  for  my  use  his  C'osdn 
de  Cali/oriiiii,  or  recollections  of  early  events,  a  MS.  of  205  pp.,  and  one  of 
the  best  narratives  of  its  class  in  my  collection.  He  also  gave  nic  a  vahi.ablc 
col.  of  Doc.  //ixt.  Ciil.  from  his  family  archives.  C.  (Ouillermo),  1842-5, 
sub-liout  in  the  batallon  fijo.  iv.  289.  C.  (Ignacio),  18.34,  Mex.  teacher  who 
with  his  family  came  in  the  H.  &  P.  colony,  iii.  203.  In  Mex.  Don  Ignacio 
had  been  a  soldier  from  1810  in  the  Span,  army,  beinf  made  corporal  of  cav- 
alry in  '14,  a  scrgt  of  the  VAw\nlarralistas  urhanas  in  lo.  and  prob.  in  '22waa 
retired  with  the  rank  of  alfOrez;  at  least,  he  got  all  the  necessary  certificates, 
including  one  that  ho  had  served  theeanseof  independence  and  had  ceded  all 
liis  back  pay  to  the  national  treasury.  Voronel.  Doc,  MS.  Tlie  failure  of  tlie 
colony  was  a  bitter  disappointment,  as  his  appointment  of  teacher  at  Solano 
at  $1,000  per  year  brought  in  no  funds,  and  he  was  even  ordered  to  be  sent 
to  Mex.  for  complicity  in  the  supposed  revolt  of  '35,  but  did  not  go.  iii.  2S7, 
201.  In  '.30  he  was  living  at  Corralitos  rancho,  Mont,  dist.,  age  41,  wife 
Fr.",ncisca  Romero,  child.  .Tosefa  b.  '10,  Antonio  '18,  Micaela  '21,  Soledad  '2(), 
and  Manuel  '32.  iii.  077.  The  same  year  he  was  named  as  comisionado  to 
secularize  8.  Miguel,  iii.  085;  iv.  40;  and  in  '37  he  went  to  Los  Aug.,  taking 
com.  at  8.  Gabriel,  and  aiding  Carrillo  in  tl  j  campaign  of  Las  Flores.  iii. 
520,  522,  558.  In  '33-9  he  taught  a  school  at  Los  Ang.,  having  also  a  little 
store,  and  serving  as  sec.  of  the  ayunt.  iii.  031,  0.35-0;  also  sec.  in  '44-7.  iv. 
C.'i3-4;  V.  025-(5;  grantee  of  La  Canada  '43  and  of  Cajon  de  los  Negros  '40.  iv. 
035;  v.  027,  ministro  suplente  of  the  tribunal  sup.  '45.  iv.  532;  receptor  atS. 
Pedro  '40.  v.  204,  025.  He  died  at  Los  Ang.  in  '02.  C.  (Juan  Ant.),  1709, 
arriero  in  the  1st  exped.  i.  135. 

Conva  (Josi5  M.),  1842,  suli-licut  of  the  batallon  fijo  '42-5.  iv.  289,  407. 
Cortes  ( Anasta.sio),  com.  do  polidaat  S.  Josd;  killed  by  Jose  J.  Castro  '39;  but 
named  as  sub-licut  of  artiil.  at  Mont.  '45.  iv.  731,  052.  C.  (Felipe),  invalido 
at  Sta  15.  '.32,  wife  Maria  dc  .Tcsus  Lara.  C.  (Fernando),  Mex.  convict  of  '2.>. 
iii.  10.  C.  (.Juan  Lope),  1790,  Span,  friar  who  served  at  S.  (Gabriel  and  Sta 
B.,  retiring  in  1805.  Biog.  ii.  120-1;  ment.  i.  577,  588-90,  594,  004,  072;  ii. 
159  00.       Cortis  (Henry),  1848,  passp.  from  Honolulu. 

Corville,  1847,  at  Sutter's  Fort  and  New  Mecklenburg.  Corvan  (Toribio 
Gomez  de),  1002,  com.  of  one  of  V^izcaino's  vessels,  i.  98,  102.  Corwin  (Mr.a 
Fanny  Jl.),  1840,  of  the  Mormon  colony,  v.  540;  remained  in  Cal.;  prob.  at 
S.F.  '85.  Cory  (Benj.),  1847.  nat  of  Ohio,  b.  in  '22,  a  physician  who  went 
to  Or.  '47  and  came  to  Cal.  on  the  Henry  in  Nov. ;  settled  at  S.  Josi?,  but 
went  to  tiic  mines  in  '48.  A  rumor  that  he  had  found  new  placers  on  the  Mo- 
quclumnc  induced  500  men  to  quit  tlie  old  diggings  and  follow  his  trail,  so 
wrote  Sehallonbergcr  in  Aug.  Member  of  Ist  legislature  '49-50;  niemb.  of  S. 
Josi5  council  '50-4;  married  Sarah  Ann  Braly  '53;  trustee  of  normal  sciiool 
from  '72;  county  physician  '81.  Still  living  at  S.  Jose  in  '82  with  8  children. 

Cosio  (Bias),  1820,  mr  of  the  .S'.  /'.  de  Pnidn.  ii.  293.  C.  (Jose  Maria), 
Bee.  of  the  gov.  '34;  ayud.  de  plaza  at  Mont,  and  fiscal  '.30.  iii.  072,  087. 
Costa  (Bernahttl),  1830,  ItaL  sjiilor  at  Los  Ang.  from  Lima,  age  .30.  Coatan, 
1774,  surg.  on  the  Santiago,  i.  228.       Costanso  (^ligucl),  1709,  Span.  alfiSrez 


COSTAXSO-COULTHR. 


703 


iToribio 

fin  (Mrs 

jrol).  at 

went 

\>s6,  but 

the  Mo- 

Irail,  so 

of  S. 

school 

Idrcn. 

Slaria), 

2,  C87. 

?oatan, 

lalfiircz 


nnH  engincrr  M-ho  accoinp.  the  1st  cxpcd.  t  >  Ciil.  .is  co9ino%'nii)Ii('r.  nvd  \\]\fKio. 
JJiiirio  JJisldriro  WHS  \i\]]>.  in  Mex.  I77<i.  llo  was  !:itfi'  very  iironiinLUt  in  his 
1  rofcssie)n,  iind  I  hine  sonio  (if  his  uriiiinal  ivixirts  rohiliiiy;  t  )  iiropusoil  du- 
fincc's  ill  Cal.  17!M-,">.  as  well  as  to  thu  loililii-aliiins  oi  V.  Ciuz  and  drainam! 
•  if  Mtx.;  slill  liviiij,'  in  l.Sil,  luiiiL,'  then  a  iiiariscal  decaiiijio.  i.  I'JS,  IM,  Kiii, 
IIO-I,  147  .'1,  lJ4-.'<,  KiS,  171  •J,'.'.;;4-.'>,  (;;.2,(i  I. "i,()-J  handlist  of  aiitli.;  ///.■.^ 
J/'.i'.  iv.  I.'i4.       Cdstir  ( Antijiiiii),  at  Sniuuiia  M4,  a^;c  Ki, 

Cot  (Antonio  Josi'),  l>sJJ,  Sjian.  trader  from  Lima,  partner  of  .luiin  I;,'n. 
^Maneisidor,  visitinj.'  tiie  ccasl  appannlly  in  '20;  in  'I'li  hrouLiht  ids  family 
fi'jiin  Lima;  named  in  various  edinmeieial  records  from  '2',].  ii.  4li;i.  In  "J8  he 
was  recpiired  to  quit  (.'al.  as  a  Span.  su[iposcd  to  he  unfriendly  to  Mex.,  and 
after  some  delays  to  arran.m' Ids  liiisineKs  ad'airs — ]ierlia[is  depnrtiiiy  and  re- 
turiiiii;^  meanwhile  — he  sailed  with  wife  and  ;j  eliild.  in  '.'iO.  iii.  .'ij.  !)!(.  He 
came  haek,  however,  in  'luVO;  is  mont.  in  mission  aecouiits  of  '40.  iii.  OJO, 
(i.'7;  and  liecainc  a  permanent  resident  at  Los  An;,'.,  prominent  in  coinniercial 
allairs  in  '40-7,  hein;^  the  purchaser  of  S.  Luis  Key,  and  having  a  claim  for 
sujipliio  fuMiif^hcd  the  U.S.  v.  4.'!.-),  4(54,  407,  "i()l,  ii-_'0-l.  He  died  at  Sta  15. 
aliiiUt  '<iO.  His  wife  was  Mariana  l.'stcvanez  of  Lima.  t'.  (Daniel),  at  Sta  IJ. 
before  ''M,  wife  llruna  (larcia,  'J  child. 

Cota.  i'ce  list,  in  vol.  i.  p.  7."i.'i,  of  those  of  this  name  before  ISOO;  infor- 
mation about  tlds  family  is  very  fragmenlaiy.  C,  corporal  at  Sta  lius  '124. 
ii.  ."r2S.  C.  (.\ntonia  .M;;ri'a),  cl.  of  'i"epiis(piet,  widow  of  'J'umas  ():iver;i.  iii. 
(i."i(i.  C.  (Hcidto),  at  Los  .\ii,i,'.  '4(i.  (,'.  (l''ra!iciscii),  s(ddicr  at  Sta  1!.  before 
'.■'7;  com.  and  admin,  at  Sta  Iiies  '.■>7-4l.  iii.  (i(!.'!-4:  graiilec  nf  Sla  linsa  ran- 
eho '8!).  iii.  (),;(;;  jiiez  at  Sta  In.'s  '41,  '4S.  iv.  (i4(i-S;  v.  (i:!.';  still  at  Sta  B. 
'.")i).  His  widow  and  cl.  fur  the  raiii'ho  \'t2  was  Mari'a  .Jesus  Olivera.  C. 
(Francisco  A;anasi(j),  I'lector  at  Sta  15.  'ilS.  ii.  ,")7i.';  iii.  44.  ('.  (( luilh'inio), 
cor]),  of  tiij  escolta  at  S.  I'erii.  IS;)(i  10.  ii.  V'2,  lb").  102;  eomisidiiado  of  J.iOS 
Aug.  '10-17.  ii.  110,  2(KS,  ;!tO-r)0;  sergt  of  Sta  U.  comp.  from  'II.  ii.  .".(il, 
.'")72;  at  S.  I'crn.  "M.  ii.  .")70;  coiiiis.  at  Los  Aug.  '2;)-.">.  ii.  ."i.-iO-OI ;  alcalde 
'27-''.  ii.  ."j!)0-l;  ago  70  in  '.iO.  still  at  Li>s  Aug.  ('.  (.I(iai|uiii),  engaged  ill 
revolt  at  Sta  15.  '20.  iii.  ~>>;  v.ifc  Ventura  Ortega.  ( '.  (.bise  .MamuT),  settler 
at  Los  Ang.  '].");  regidor  '.■)2.  ii.  340,  (i;!.");  iii.  (i.'iS:  at  La  IJdlona  '.'!0,  age  IM. 
('.  (Jose  Marfa),  at  Sta  15.  ';)2,  wife  Aiilonia  Domingiu/,  2  '.hild.  t'.  (.Joscifa), 
^\  idow  of  A.  ^I.  Xioto,  grantee  of  Sta  (lertiudis  raiic'.io  ".'51;  at  Los  Ang.  '4S. 
('.  ( luan),  at  Los  Aug.  '4(i.  ('.  (Leonniilo),  alfiie/of  defensores  '4.").  iv.  olJO; 
regidor  of  l^oa  Ang.  '4.")-(J.  iv.  O.").'!;  v  ()2."i;  grantee  of  liio  de  las  Animas  '40. 
V.  027;  and  oiierating  against  the  L'.  S.  in  S.  Diego  region  as  eapt.  v.  .'{2."'), 
.■!42,  .■5r)l-2.  ('.  (Manuel),  soldier  of  .Sta  15.  comp.  before  ISOO,  ami  corii.  (jf 
tiie  Sta  Ines  cscolta  '28.  ii.  4.'>0,  .-182;  in  '.•!2  at  Sta  15.,  wife  Maria  Ant.  Valen- 
zuela,  4  child. ;  admin.  Sta  15.  mission '.'iS  0.  iii.  (mO-S.  In  ".'{0  a  lieiit.  iii.  .'iSIl; 
nient.  in  '47.  v.  017;  father  and  son  of  the  same  name;  see  also.Io-e  M.iiHul. 
('.  (.Marcos),  at  Los  Ang.  '4l!.  ('.  (.Maria  Isabel),  wife  of  Dohires  I'icn;  d. 
'00.  ('.  (Mariano),  soldier  of  Sta  15.  comp.  In  fore  1700;  inval.  Isl!),  wiieii 
ho  was  killed  by  Ind.  at  .S.  linen,  ii.  .'{.'Jli.  (".  (.M.irtin),  named  in  ■.'51!.  iii. 
4:)I.  C.  (Miguel),  at  Sta  15.  bebne  ';57,  wife  .Mamiela  Orteua,  2  cliildivn: 
arrested  in  '41.  iv.  (542.  C.  (Pablo  Antoniu),  soldier  of  l7(iO-74;  eorp.  at  S. 
Antonio  '7H-9;  sci'gt  in  com.  at  S.  l>iieii.  "82  7;  alfere/.  from  '8S;  died  at  .Sta 
15.  1800,  age  ."O.  15iog.  i.  (id.'.;  ment.  i.  42.'),  40;b  40(i,  477,  ">■'):!,  O.'iO,  list  anth.; 
ii.  28.  His  wife  was  llnsa  .Miiri.i  Lugo;  a  son  Manuel  Ant.  was  b.  1770;  a 
daughter  Miiiia  de  los  Angeles  was  t!ie  wife  f>f  .Ic>ai|.  de  la  Torre.  C.  (I'a- 
ei'lico),  son  of  Vahnitin,  at  Sta  15.  '4S  in  eon.  with  the  'ennoii  perdiihi.'  v.  .'188. 
C.  (IljiiiTiiindo  and  Ibimou),  .'it  Los  .\ng.  '40.  ('.  ( Itoipie),  soldier  before  1780; 
settler  at  Los  Aug.  1700.  i.  .■M7,  401.  C.  (SimonK  sec.  of  alcalde  at  Si ileihnl 
'20.  ii.  02;!.  ('.  (Valenlin\,  son  of  Manuel,  jue;^  anx.  Sta  15.  'o.S.  iii.  (i,')4; 
capt.  of  militia  and  later  of  Sta  15.  comp.  '.'iO-O,  supporting  ^Vlvarado.  iii.  474, 
ri."),'5,  ,"iS;i,  ().")];  grantee  of  llio  Sta  Clara  rancho  ■;57.  iii.  0.").");  in  charge  of  Sta 
Ines  '42.  iv.  040;  in  '4(1  resigns  mil.  rank;  sub-prefect  of  Sta  15.  iv.  oJJS;  v. 
33,  49.   His  wife  was  Luz  (ionzalez. 

Coulter  (John),  1S.'>4,  visitor,  perhaps;  at  any  rate,  author  of  a  trashy  book 
Hhi.  Cal.,  Vol.  II.    49 


PIOXKKR  REGISTi:U  AXD  INDEX. 


of  .•1f/(V);^^/v.v  (losi'iiliiiij;  a  visit,  iii.  I'l.  ('.  (T'if)tn;is).  IPi.Tl,  Eii;,'l,  vi.^itor 
iiiid  !itii-nti«t,  wlio  joined  tiio  coinp.  extiMiijeiii  in  ';>_',  mid  pnMislicd  vuhuililu 
Xu/in  oil  I'/i/.rr  ('ill.  1  liiivi.'  his  lultcr  of  ";!.!  from  (iuMiiajiuito;  also  a  note  duo 
liini  sent  for  colk'ition  iu  *.SS.  iii.  "J-Jl,  lOO-S.  Couih;  ((j(^o. ),  IS4S,  jwssp. 
from  Honolulu.  (.'oniteau  (I'liililicrt),  IS44,  peiliaija  with  Fremont  in  l.jt 
and -Jd  exped.  '44,  '45-7;  at  N.  llclv.  '48.  iv.  4:i7,  .>:5.  Named  as '  I'hililiert' 
in  Cai.  ijiit.  '4(i  7.  (v.  .'{."iS).  Constncr  (And.  .1.),  IS4(),  Co.  (J,  l.st  drayoon.s 
(v    WM).       (•outaii(«'lu:<tavu3J.),  1S47,  Co.  ]I,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  4!)!)' 

(.'ouLta  (Cave  .lolinson),  1S4S,  nat.  of  Tciin.  and  f^riiduate  of  West  Point 
in  '4;i,  After  sci-ving  in  tiic  Mcx.  war  hi!  came  to  Cal.  from  Coahuihi  witli 
(Jrahani':;  hattalioli  as  liuutof  the  1st  U..S.  diajrooiis.  v.  .VJ'J.  Jle  sul).se(|uently 
wiiit  with  his  eom|).  to  the  frontier  on  lioundary-survey  .serviee;  but  in  '."(l 
reHi;_;neil  his  eommis.sion,  married  Isidora  liandini,  and  settled  at  S.  Dieyo, 
\vhe:o  he  .served  as  eounty  judge.  In  '7)4  ho  moved  to  the  (iuajomc  I'aneho,  a, 
wedding  gift  of  Abel  Stearns  to  Dona  Isidora;  and  there  he  spent  tlu;  rest  of 
his  lii'c,  hecondng  lieh  in  lands  and  live-st(jek,  always  po|nilar  and  respected, 
thoiigli  a  1  bitter  in  his  enmities  as  warm  in  his  fricndsliip.s,  making  <  lu^ijoni  j 
ji  eenlri!  of  the  famed  hos])itality  of  southern  (.'al.  Claimant  also  for  Soledad 
raneho.  iii.  (il'J.  lie  gave  me  in  "74  a  copy  of  hisy^/Vov/ of  the  o\erlan<l  march 
and  early  experieiiec  in  Cab,  besides  rendering  other  valuabloaid.  CidContts 
<lied  in  "74  or  '7">,  when  he  was  .")4  yeais  of  age.  His  widow  still  lived  on  the 
raneho  in  'S'J,  having  S  surviving  children.  Terhajis  the  name  should  lie  u  rit- 
ten  'Cotits.'  .V  good  biog.  sketch  in  S.  Jlcni.  Ok  ///.sV. ,  19(i-7.  CoiK'cns 
(.John  II.),  1847,  hatl  iv  lot  and  slaugliter-hou.sc  at  S.F. ;  kept  sheep  on  Verba 
l>nena  bd. ;  owned  a  lot  at  IJenicia.  v.  07-,  <)8r>;  he  went  to  Honolulu  and  re- 
turne<l  in  '48. 

Covai'rubias(.T()se  Mari'a),  bS.'Sl,  nat.  of  France,  naturali?;od  citizen  of  Mex., 
who  came  in  the  H.  &  1'.  eob,  inUniding  to  be  a  teachei'.  iii.  'Ji).'(,  41"_'.  in  ';!;'-7 
com.  for  secularization  of  Sta  Ini's.  iii.  (ii).'i-4;  .see.  of  the  dip.  '.■!7  and  in  ";!!); 
apartizan  of  Carrillo  in  the  contest  of  '.'i.S.  iii.  ,")4!>,  .").■)(),  ."){)!),  ."iSO;  in  'D'.t  par- 
tido  elector  at  Sta  JJ.,  and  see.  of  tiic  pi'efecturo  at  Mont.  iii.  Mi),  Vil'i;  t  lolc 
part  in  arrest  of  foreigners '40,  and  aecomp.  the  exiles  to  S.  151as,  going  to 
Mex.,  wheic  he  ree'il  a  cross  of  honor  for  services  in  tliat  city  during  the  <lis- 
turb.ances  of  .Inly;  I'cturned  in '40.  iv.  II,  i;{,  1 ."), 'Jli,  .'fO,  102.  He  was  gr;inteo 
of  Castac  raneho  in  '4t'{.  iv.  (JI!4;  in  '41  sec.  of  tiie  assendily  and  alcalde  of 
Sta  H.  iv.  410,  (142;  in  '4.')  succeeded  Ijandini  as  sec.  of  tiov.  I'ieo,  and  w^is 
lcKse(!  of  Sta  Fnes.  iv.  490,  .'>10,  o^.'!,  ,'uU,  .V).'{,  .")")S,  (147;  sent  as  coniisioiiad'j 
to  Mex.  in  '41),  also  grantee  of  Sta  Ines.  v.  'A'2,  'JIO,  .".(ll,  (i.'i-i;  at  Sta  Jnes  '48. 
V.  t'jsn,  (!.').");  being  a  justice  of  the  sup.  court.  In  41)  he  was  a  member  of  the 
constit.  convention,  and  of  tlie  1st  legislature,  being  4  times  reelected,  and 
cminty  judge  of  Sta  15.  in  '01.  Covarrubias  died  in  '70  at  the  age  of  00,  hav- 
ing a  family.  Ilis  wife  was  M;uia,  daug'iter  of  Domin-^'o  Carrillo;  his  eldest 
son,  Nicolas,  was  for  a,  long  time  shciiifcf  .'^ta  15.  County. 

Covell  (lliram),  bS.'U,  mr  of  the  linChniirp.  iii.  ;!S1.  C.ivil(.Tolin  Q.  A.), 
1847,  Co.  C,  .Morni.  Jiat.  (v.  4(1!));  rcenl.  at  Los  Aug.  Covillaud  (Ciiarlesl, 
1840,  nat.  of  Franco,  who  had  live!  in  La  ami  Mo.  for  some  years;  overl.  ini- 
mig.  to  Cal.  (v.  'vHS).  He  is  named  in  tho  .V.  //(//'.  /Jinri/,  '47-8,  bei.ig  an 
overseer  at  Cordua's  laneho,  and  later  pros])ector  on  the  Yul)a;  had  a  ti'adin','- 
post  at  I'ordua's  '48-0  in  ]iartnership  with  his  brolhers-indaw,  and  in  '4ft  .')7 
the  ]iost  was  at  .Sacramento.    Mcanw  hilc,  in  '48,  C. ,  with  others,  had  bought 


Cord 


u;i  s  raneho  a 


t  New  -Meeklcnl 


mrsr, 


and  hero  in  '."iO  they  laid  out  a 


town,  named  Marysville  in  honor  of  C. "s  wife,  Mary  Murphy,  a  survivoi'  of 
the  Donner  party.  Judge  Steplicn  -F.  I''ield,  tho  1st  alcalde  of  .Maiysville, 
gives  an  interesting  accfiunt  of  the  founding.  A'' )«('»., '20  et  seip  Here  C.  spent 
the  rest  of  his  life,  gaining  an  enviable  re]iutatio.i  for  his  opeiidiauded  liber- 
.ality,  anil  tilling  some  local  ollicos.  He  died  in  '07  at  the  age  of  ')l ;  hi.s  widow 
die<l  later  in  the  same  year. 

Cowie  (Thomas),  184;?,  Amer.  immig.  of  the  Chiles-Walker  party.  From 
Feb.  '44,  wlien  Walker  applieil  for  a  p;iss  in  his  behalf,  nothing  appear.s  about 
liini  till  June  '40,  when  lie  joined  the  liears  and  was  killed  by  the  Californians 


COWIE— CRISTOBAL. 


771 


near 


Sta  Kosa.  iv.  302  3;  v.   110,   14.S,  lfiO-4.       (',.    (Ti.).   1S37,   came  fn 


Honolulu,  iv.  104.  Cox  (AI"X.  .1.),  IS4;,  (.'o.  C.  X.V.N'ol.  Iv.  4!!!));  ii  iicws- 
jia|)cr  man,  founder  of  tin;  Sonoma  Ihilldlii  and  Na|ia  /'t/iorli  r:  at  Xapa  '71 
80;  in  .Mendocino  (.'o.  "S'J.  C.  (Amos),  l,S47,  (-o.  I>,  Monii.  Hat.  (v.  4(i!();  in 
louii  '82.  (,'.  (II(•n(ll■l■^soll),  KS47,  < 'o.  A,  Morm.  iJat.;  at  N.  Jlc'l\-.  '47  ><  in 
Sutter's  cmiiloj-;  killed  liy  Ind.  on  the  return  to  Salt  Lake  '4S.  v.  4i)(i;  jiroli. 
tlif!  man  ealli'<l  Henry  \V.  Iiy  Higler.       ('.  (Henry),  IS4(i,  mariner  on  the  U.S. 


JJdlr 


one  of  Marston's  men  (v,  ',i~',1);  diseh.  in  Cal.;  at  Colton,  ,S.  |*>ern.  (' 


'8.').  C.  (John),  1S47,  t.'o.  K,  Morm.  Mat.  (v.  4fi!l);  in  Sutter's  employ  '47-S. 
C  (John),  I84t».  serjit  Co.  C,  1st  C.S.  dragoons;  killed  at  S.  I'aseual.  v.'.'.Ui. 
C.  (Patrick),  lS47,('o.K,  :td  U.S.  artill.  (v.-'ilS).  Coxe(\Vm),  KS47,  waindc  <l 
at  the  S.  (Jahriel.  v.  :(!).">;  perhaps  'Cope.'  Coyan  (l-'re.l.),  1S!7,  C'o.  K,  "d 
U.S.  artill.  (v.  olS);  a  lahorer  at  Mont.  '48.  c'.  (Fred.),  J847,  Co.  (i,  N.V. 
Vol.  (v.  4!»());  at  Vallejo  '41-4;  jiroh.  some  error. 

Cralpl)(ll.  (I.  and  H.  X.).  IS48,  at  Honolulu  from  M.int.  Cral.b  (.len- 
miah),  l.S4(»,  Co.  (',  ist  U.S.  dra'.'oons  (v.  ;{;!()).  Crafts  (Alliert  IJ.),  1847, 
Co.  11,  X.V.Vol.  (v.  4!Jlt);  d.  S.F.  '4!).       Crafton  (T.),  1845,  hoy  in  the  Crigs- 


hy-lde  inunig.  party,  iv.  ."178-0,  087.       Cri 


(Ji 


es),  18,T.',  .Maid   hy  Dye  t() 


have  crossed  tile  mts  with  him  and  to  he  in  S.l-'.  '00;  donhtful.  iii.  ;!88,  408. 
('.  (John),  l84li,  leader  of  an  innnig.  party,  who  in  Ajjr.-May  '47  was  at  i\. 
Hi^lv.  pi'eparing  to  return  east  «ith  a  party,   v.  "il'S.  Slur.       C.  (Otto),  1847, 


Co.  F,  M  U.S.  artill.  v.  ."ilS.       Crain  (Walter  (  .),  IS4(i.  mid. 


the  U.  S. 


iVdrrcii.  ( jaiH',  or  Xe-ta-nie-pommin,  184."),  I>el.  Ind.  in  l'"retnont's  party; 
killed  on  the  Or.  frontier  '4(i.  iv.  .'pS;};  v.  '2'>.  ('.,  1847,  had  a  restaurant  at 
Aloiit.  C.  (Ceo.  W.),  184(;,  X'irginian  said  to  have  arr.  in  May;  served  in 
the  C.il.  ]!at.  (v.  .S.")S);  niiner  in  '48;  liecame  a  lawyei';  niendi.  of  Icgisl.  fioni 


Yolo  '."lO.  and  from  Slont.  '."i7;  d.  at  S.  .luan    M.  'OS, 


41. 


Icavini;  a 


wid( 


and  several  children.  All  this  comes  fr(jm  his  oliituary  as  meml>.  of  Soc.  Cal. 
I'ion.  C.  (J.  C),  1848,  on  the  C/iar/is  itt  Honolulu  from  .Mont.;  in  Cal.  '.'i.'). 
C.  (NV.  O.),  184(5,  mid.  on  tlie  U.S.  iVdnrn.  Craven  (Janus  A.  M.),  1840, 
lieut  on  the  U.S.  I)ii 


lat.  of  X.  H.,  antl  la-other  of  Itei 


dm.  C. ;  killed  at 


Mobile  '04  in  com.  of  the  monitor  'rrcuwsch.  /.itiict/.  Crawford  ((!eo. ), 
1840,  boat.swain's  mate  on  the  U.S.  <  'i/hik  ;  wounded  at  the  .Mesa  .Ian.  '47.  v. 
.S!).").  Crawley  (I'liilip),  18411,  worked  f(jr  Steph.  Smith  at  IJodega  aec.  to  the 
county  liistorics.  iv.  .'WO. 

Crebbe,  1847,  doubtful  name,  in  Suttnr'.s  employ  '47-8.  Creen  (Hugh 
W.),  1847,  purser  on  the  U.S.  /iiilcjii'iidnia'.  ('reigliton  (James),  I8ts.  at 
l',eiiieia,  prospective?  partner  of  I'lister;  vieepres.  of  S.  K.  guards  '48-0;  elected 
to  legisl.  from  S.  F.  '40.  C.  (Johnstfin  IJlakely),  lS4li,  passed  mid.  on  the 
/hi/c  and  Lc.riiiijf'iii  '47;  in  '77-8  com.  of  Xorfolk  navyyai'd.  Crelis  (.Michel), 
1844,  ])erhap8  one  of  Fremont's  men.  iv.  4.'i7. 

(;re.-<i)i  (.luan),  1700,  Span,  friar  who  came  witli  the  3st  exped.  by  land  to 
Cal.  after  17  years  of  missionary  service  in  Xew  Spain;  wrote  a  diary  of  the 
Ist  F/((/(  by  land  from  S.  Diego  to  .Mont.,  and  several  other  important  diaries 
of  early  years,  i.  list  of  autii.,  also  i.  141,  I. -> I  ,•_••_' 4,  284,  .S80;  and  served  13 
veais  in  Cal.,  ciiielly  at  S.  C.iilos,  till  his  death  in  1782.  liiog.  i,  :{8(i;  ment. 
i.  121-2,  i;i2  ((,  140-4,  l48-.-)2,  1,-)S,  Ki,!,  107  0,  171,  r.'i-ti,  183-0.  10(!,  227, 
2:;i,  284-."),  .'!.")1,  388.  410,  473-0:  ii.  44.  Crespo  (Manuel),  Mex.  jiidebcto- 
niist  and  teacher  at  Mont,  from  '20  oi'  earlier,  ii.  (»l.'<;  comisionado  of  S.  Car- 
los '.31.  iii.  307,  070;  vocal  of  tlie  dip.  '3.3.  iii.  24(i;  in  '3.5  comisionado  to 
seculari/e  S.  Antonio,  iii.  3."i4,  087-8.  In  '30  C.  was  living  at  Mont.,  age  28, 
wife  Xicolasa  Velarde,  eliild.  'I'oma.s.-i  .\.  1).  '10  at  Tepic,  Adelaida  '32,  .Man- 
uel '.33,  Carolina  '30;  also  vocal  of  the  tlip.,  taking  part  in  .1  small  way  in  the 
stirring  political  events,  iii.  420,  4.')4-.'),  400,  40,3,  4(iO.  I  have  no  recid  of 
him  after  his  arrest  in  '37  for  plotting  against  Alvurado.  iii.  52"). 
Julio),  ]S4(!,  at  Los  Aug.;  had  a  claim  for  supplies  of  stationery  ai 


( 'retaine 
md  clothin; 


(v.  4()2).  Crentzfeldt  (F. ),  1845,  ])robably  one  of  Fremont's  men  '45-7,  as 
lie  was  in  '48.  iv.  583;  v.  4,53.  Ciistau  (Joseph),  1840,  j)ermitted  to  settle 
at  S.  Juan  Cap.   iv.  020.       Cristen  (C).  1830,  inr  of  the  Vntaliiin;  doubtful. 

xi:     i,/>  /-(._•.■,     1  ,         ._.i  i?    ft,.    .__,.-  ^-,      /i____\      .1,1     , 


iii.  140.       Ciisttibal,  neopli.  grantee  of  Ulistac  '45. 
ISIO,  negro  settler,  ii.  303. 


C.  (Juan),  or  'Boli,' 


772 


riONKER  UEDISTER  AND  INDEX. 


CrockcT  (Ttavi.l),  1S4T.  Co.  V,  M  U.S.  nrtill.  (v.  5181  Crockett,  1R4<«. 
nt  S.l''.  fi'Diii  lloii.  on  till!  SiKinilaluv.  l,'i()iin\  til,  1S4.S(?),  Wiiitrrs  i%  ( '.,  liotcl 
ttt  Coloiiiii.  ( 'roiistt'iiil  ( I'liilip),  IS4."),  (U'.surtcr  from  tla-  J/o/ifinl/  ut  S.  Diego; 
i>rol>.  '  (JroHstliwiiitc,'  ij.v.  Crooks  (St('])lK'ii),  Isl7.  aiiiiarciitly  iiii  ovurl. 
jiiimif;.;  in  Siittf^i'a  I'liiploy '48.  Cro.sliy,  ISlT,  mr  of  the  'J'oidoii.  v.  'i'M. 
i'.  (.\.  II.),  liS4."),  Aiiu'r,  i'ar|Hiiti'r  1111(1  ovitI.  iiiiiniu;.  of  the  lIaMtiii,!_'s-S('iiiiih) 
)iailv;  ciiiiiloycil  l)y  Sutter;  \\\uh.  went  liack  in  '4(i.  iv.  (kSO;  v.  WH\.  C. 
(iviriiiiiul  r.),'  IM47,  seigt  Co.  C,  X.V.X'ol.  V.  .'.04.  C.  (Tlio.s),  1S4(),  Co.  C, 
1st  i:.S.  (Irai.'ooiiH  (V.  :t;i(l).  Cross  (.\U'N.),  IS4S,  S.F.  iiiorcliaiit.  of  (,'.,  Hoi)- 
Son,  it  (a>.  v.  OSl.  C.  ((ii'o.),  lS4(i,  oveil.  iiiiiiiii.'.  who  served  in  tlieCal.  l>at. 
(w  .'{.kS),  enlistin;,'  at  S.  Juan  in  Oct.;  in  Sta  Clara  Co.  '7'».  C  (John),  l'>4(), 
jiioh.  a  lirothcr  oi  (ii;o. ;  in  Cal.  IJat.;  on  ist  jury  atS,  .josi';  '4,S.  C.  (Joliii). 
l;i;>!S,  nanii'il  in  [...iikin's  accounts.  ('ros-inan  ((iidcoii),  IS47,  Anier.  at  N. 
llelv.  (.'rossihwaite  (I'liiliii),  |.S4."t,  landed  fioina  vcssol  at  S.  I)iego,  iv.  ."i.!s7; 
liient.  in  '4().  v.  .'{.'iL';  "Jd  jiie/  at  .S,  I).  '47.  v.  (JI,S;  married  Josefa  Lopez  '4.S, 
also  lessee  of  S.  |)iego  nii.<sion.  v.  (J'JO;  went  to  the  iiiiues;  nienib.  of  ayunt. 
'4!)-.")();  county  clerk  WJ;  hiter  deputy  sheriil';  .still  at  S.  1),  '7-*. 

Ci'ouch  (Henry),  1S47,  Imilder  of  a  house  nt  Henicia.  v.  (>7'-;  a  Baltiinoro 
carpenter  who  went  to  the  mines  in  '4S.  W.  A.  Crouch  is  also  named  as 
having  .settled  at  Benicia '47,  perhaps  .mother  man.  C.  (Henry.).),  1S4I, 
inr  of  the  Hostiliiid  '41  -.  iv.  l!((i,  oO.S.  Crowell  (Jo.sciih),  I8I10,  Kngl.  sailor 
from  a  whaler  at  Sta  15.  C.  (Win  H. ),  18.'{.">(?),  nat.  of  Conn.,  somewhat  prom- 
inent from  '49  as  trader  and  local  oilicial  in  Sac,  S.  !•'.,  Sonoma,  and  Mendo- 
cino; said  as  a  ship's  l>oy  to  have  touclicd  at  S.F.  and  other  points  as  early  .-is 
';{.');  died  at  Ukiali  "Oi).  Maalor.  Ihm.,  Aug.  (i,  '(iO;  iii.  A\X  Crowley,  1S4(!, 
overl  immig.  with  Hoggs,  v.  .VJS.  C.  (Michael),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.  V.  Vol. 
(v.  4!)!)).  (,'.  (Philip),  I84(i,  Cal.  claim  )*.")().  (v.  4(J-_');  perhaps  'Crawley,'  (].v. 
Crowninsliields  (.facoli),  1848,  lot-owner  at  S.F.  (,'ruceiio  (Antonio),  at  .St;i 
]J.  ",V1,  wife  Teresa  Verdugo,  T)  child.  Cruell  (Robert),  184(1,  doubtful  name 
in  Sta  15.  region,  v.  .'}.'{().  Cruz  (Faustino  .ros(5),  settli;r  at  Los  Aug.  17!H).  i. 
4(il.  C.  (.Jose),  killed  by  Lid.  at  I'auma  '4().  v.  ((17.  C.  (.Jo.se  MT),  grantee 
of  (.^anada  de  I'inacates  in  '35.  iii.  GJiU.  C.  (Santiago),  at  Los  Aug.  '4(1. 
C.  (Toinas),  sirv.  at  S.F.  1777.  i.  -!)7.  C.  (Trinidad),  convict  from  Mex.  ''JO- 
X\.  Cruzado  (Antonio),  1771,  Span,  friar  who  .served  at  S.  Ciabriel  for  X\ 
years  and  died  in  1804.  VAoj,.  ii.  11.3;  ment.  i.  173,  170,  181,  I'Jti,  '21^,  'I'M, 
HS8,  4o9,  57."),  (i()4;  ii.  15!M)0. 

Cuani  (Keaniu),  1847,  lot-owner  at  S.  F.  v.  079.  Cucar  (Thos),  1810, 
Kngl.  ii.  29.'}.  CucuUa  (Fran.),  Dom.  friar  of  L.  Cal.,  at  S.  Gabriel  ';H-'2. 
iii.'.'lll,  041.  Cue  (.lames),  1828,  Engl,  sailor,  ago  I'O,  at  Mont.  '28-9. 
Ciiesta,  additional  mention  omitted  by  error  on  p.  704  for  '.•\rroyo  de  la  Cu- 
csta,'  q.v.  ii.  KiO,  380,  :«»8,  41)(),  023;  iii.  92,  9(>,  0(J4,  081,  (583,  091.  Cueva 
(i'edro),  1804,  Span,  friar  who  served  at  S.  .Tos(5  ini.ssion  two  years,  lieing 
wounded  by  the  Lid.  in  180"),  and  retiring  1S0(>.  15iog.  ii  137-8;  nieiit.  ii.  31, 
107,  109-1(),  l.")9  (50.  Cuevas,  1834,  mate  of  the  Natnlki.  iii.  2(}8.  Culu- 
bras  (NUguel),  1828,  Span,  trader,  who  had  been  a  licnt  in  the  war  of  Lidep., 
appai-outly  not  allowed  to  remain  after  "30.  iii.  .51-2.  Cullingliam  (James), 
1847,  locksmith  at  Mont.;  name  variously  written.  Culverwell  (.Stephen 
.S. ),  1842,  boy  on  the  Uititfil  Statca  in  Jones'  fleet  at  the  taking  of  Mont.;  liv- 
ing in  S.F.  '85.  iv.  304,  341. 

'  Cumniings  (James),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  C.  (Joseph  W.), 
1847,  Co.  F,  .3d  U.  S.  artill.  v.  518.  Cummins  (Thos),  1842,  Amer.  trader 
who  came  from  Hon.  on  the  Fania  for  his  health,  age  38.  iv.  141,  341;  again 
nt  S.  F.  '48.  Cumuchi,  chief  of  horse-thieves  shot  !it  .Sonoma,  iv.  73, 
Cunningham  (Alex.  S.),  Co.  H,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  in  Fresno  Co.  '82.  C. 
(Stephen),  1847,  perhaps  of  N.  Y.  Vol.  under  another  name.  C.  (Wni  H.), 
182(i,  Mass.  man,  mr  of  the  Courier  '2()-8,  spending  much  of  his  time  on  shore, 
befriending  Jed.  Smith  and  Pattie,  taking  an  active  part  in  trade  at  all  tho 
ports,  and  vainly  attempting  to  establish  himself  on  StaCatalina  Isl.  iii.  128. 
140,  154,  105,  170.  Li '.'jl  at  Boston,  but  thinking  of  another  trip  to  Cal. ;  said 
by  IVirce  to  have  been  still  living  in  Mass.  after  '80.  Cupper  (Geo.),  1847, 
at  Uon.  from  Mont,  on  the  Xyton. 


CURIEL-PALTON. 


773 


Ciiriel  (Di  riiarilo),  Mcx.  soldier  at  Mont.  "M,  age  .'VJ,  siiigli'.  C.  {Vcr- 
nnnflo),  iincMted  'J'.l.  iii.  (i'.».  Cuiii'i'  (Aiiiistasi^l.  l.s;'.;),  Krciuli  tiappiT  of 
Young's  party,  iii.  ITJ.  Ciul  (.laiuci  |i.).  l.sKi,  Co.  !•'.  Cal.  I'.at.  (v.  X'S); 
hit  at  .S.F.  '47;  at   S.  Josd  ',"i(l.  as   was    Kolicit   C        Curinan  (JA'wisl,  I.S47, 


ryt  (Jo.  F,  .'itl  V.S.  aitill.  v.  olil.       ('iiriduy,  ist7,  nirol  tiio  Maria  //</( 


iia. 


!).  Ciiiran  (IMward),  lN4(i.  Co.  C,  1st  U  .'^.  ilragoons  ( v.  ."Cii;).  C. 
(Micliaol),  l,s4(i,  ditto.  Ciinvn  (Kdward),  lS47,  Co.  A,  \.  V.  Vol.  (v.  4'JU); 
died  in  Cal.  '00. 

Curtis  (I)alinov),  ]S4ri,  asst  drauL'litsnian  with  Kcaniv.  f.mini/.  (,'. 
(Dorr  v.),  1S47,  '('.>.  I'.,  Moiiii.  Hal.' (v.  4i;;i|.  C.  (Foster),  1S47,  "Co.  1>, 
Morni.  liat.       C.  (.losiali),  iM7,   Co.   ,\,    Moriii.    15at.       C.   (.lotiiani),    IS4(i, 


rl. 


nnuii'.    w 


itii    ids    wil'i^;  t'onnri'tiil    with    the    1st   |)onnt'i'  relief,  and 


I'onni 


11.V  ah 


d 


ith  h 


low  liuiih   ol   reason 


1  k 


irnton;  owner  of  a  lot  at  S.  1".  '4( 


jt  -\>y  MeCutc 


d 


!i.  (;,.s. 


tllekian  in  Cal 


Hat.  (\ 


C.  (Wni),  1S4(J,  Kcn- 


■..S). 


Cushinj,',  1S4;I,  suji.  of  the   Aihnili 


Ciuus,  I.S47.  Mir  of  the  Enroim.   v.  .">7M. 


mill ,  who 


had 


ell  trouble  witii  tlio 


capt.  anil  eonsiL;iue, 


an< 


was  sent   iioii 


'/•/,., 


inu 
( 'iishiu'' 


(ISela 


I.S47 


Co.  C,   N,  V.  Vol.   (v.  4'.t!));  a  printer  of   IJoston;  d.  Sonoma  '4S.       Cushinai 


(IJenj.).  1SI."(,   nn'  of  the   Mori'i.   i\ 


.)(i7 


C.   (.1 


anus  an< 


I   Stephen),    ls;t7, 


named   in  J^arkin's  aeeonnts,        Custer   (.lohn),    iSKi,  l''.iuntleroy's  drai,'o()iis 


(v.  ■J.'Jl'i;  Co.  C,  Cal.  I'.at. 

i>s:!7,  1 


renehman  who  si 


■)S);  settled  near  Napa '4S.       Ciistot  (Octave), 
'lied  a  eontract   to   take   eliar''e  of   Itafael  Come/,' 


in  Ml 


dueed  \'; 


IS;  at  S.  I'alilo  TiS  tryiii!,'  to  niaki;  heet  siii,'ar;  later  ii 


lueeil  Nallejo  to  employ  him  to  sii[)ei'iiileii(l  this  imlustry  at  I  etalUMiii  on  a 
lar;.'er  suide,  hut  failed  to  in'oiluee  any  suu;ar  exeept  some  eakes  of  an  imported 
artiele  remeltecl  to  keep  the  general  ill  '^oml  eouraj^'e.  In  ';!!•  he  joined  Slitter, 
and  for  several  years  was  a  kiiiil  of  siipeiiiiteiideiit  at  N.  ilelv.  iv.  '_'l'.l.  Mo 
seems  to  have  disa[)iieared  before  '4.'),  as  his  name  does  not  ueeur  in  the  A'. 
7/(7/".  JJiiiri/. 

Cutler  (John).  1S4(5,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  XW).  Cutivll  (Win  I",.  \, 
1S47,  li'Ut  Co.  K,  X.V.N'ol.  v.  .");)4;  went  to  Saiidw.  Isl.,  where  he  married 
and  had  several  ehildren;  returned  to  S.  F.,  where  he  died  '<1S.  Cuttiii;,', 
1.S4.S,  doubtful  record  of  a  man  who  came  overl.  to  Or.  from  liid.  in  '47,  and 
ret.  from  Cal.  in  "4S  with  large  (piaiitities  of  gold-dust.  Sulimo  t'n.  ilitt.,  .'iSO. 
Cuvellier  (Kiiiill,  1S47,  Co.  (i,  X.V.Vol.  (v.  4!l!l). 

Cyrus  (I'hioch),  lS4(i,  overl.  imiiiig.  witii  wife  and  .'{sons,  who  settled  in 
I^apa  Valley,  v.  ,VJ'.).  ( '.  and  two  of  the  sons  died  of  small-[)ox  in  ".'ilt,  ami 
the  widow,  Kebccca  Cook,  died  in  '7.">,  age  77,  at  the  farm  mar  Calistoga, 
wheri^  the  family  had  lived  since  '."il).  C.  (.Fohnl.  lS4(i.  son  of  lOnocli,  b.  in 
111.  ".'il;  marrieil  Lovina  (lra\es  of  the  Doiiner  party  in  '00;  still  living  with 
5  children  near  Calistoga,  in  'SI. 


Daggett  (Edi,  1S;]_».  inrof  the  linhiin;'.  iii.  .nSI,  D.  (Timothv).  IS'Jl'  :?, 
inr  of  tiie  A/mlrn.  ii.  474,  4',>_'.  O.iiley  (I'eter),  IS47,  ('».  F,  M  LJ.S.  artill. 
(v.  .-)l,S).  Daily,  IS;!:t,  possi'dy  in  Walkers  coiiip.  iii.  'M\.  Dailey  an  I 
Daily,  see  'Daly.'  Dake  (.Moi'iis  I!.),  IS4-J,  asst  surg.  on  the  Uiiitol  Si'iir^. 
Dalemaii  (.Fohni,  ISK).  marine  on  tii"  /A/A,-  in  I'hil.  'S4.  Dall  (.b.lm),  |,S47, 
Co.  F,  .'id  U.S.  artill.    Lmini/.        Dally,  KSKi.   mr  of  the  d'olil'ii  (,'iil>: 

Dally  (Henry  .1.),  ISl:!,  nat.  of  \.^'.,  who  after  an  advi'iitiiroiis  caiver  ns 
sailor  in  many  jiarts  of  the  world  landed  at  Mont,  from  the  whaler  ('/iii.\  I)'. 
Morijiiii.  iv.  400.  He  worked  at  Mont,  fur  Iviuloik,  l.arkiii,  an<l  others;  ni.ide 
an  ol  ter-luiiitiiig  trip  in  'b");  soon  'went  to  .S.  I^iiis  Ob.,  where  ho  married  a 
ILodrigue/.  and  ii\eil— but  fnr  a  brief  tour  in  the  mines  '4S — till  '.ri,  serving  as 
sherill'iu  "4!»  ."il;  then  settled  at  Sta  15.,  where  he  still  lived  in  '7S,  iigv.  (i.'i.  Hi.s 
Ms.  XdiTiilirr,  besidesan  a<.'ciiuiit  of  his  e;irly  wamleriiigs,  eoiitains  teslimony 
on  early  all'.iirs  at  S.  Luis,  especially  in  '4l),  \'.  :{7o,  and  -m  the  acts  of  outlaw  » 
in  the  south  after  '4!l. 

Dalton  (Henry),  ISI.1,  Engl,  tr.ider  from  Lima;  sup.  of  the  Solii/ail.  iv. 
400.  .")(JS.  Li  his  A'ute^' of '4.")  l.,arkin  describes  D.  as  40  year.s  ohl,  a  man  of 
Jiroperty,  iutelligciice,  uiul  lojul  iiilluence;  ami  from  that  time  his  name  of  leu 


774 


riONKKI!  ItKCISTKIl  AND  INDKX. 


R))|)cnrs  ill  <'riniiii<'rriiil  icfoiil.s,  lii.s  Ikhiic  lniiiL;  at  I.os  An^'.  In  'l.'i  lii>  norvod 
li;,',iiii.st  Mic'lii'ltoit'iiii,  lioii^lil  ImiiiI  111  S.  (Iiiliricl,  wiim  mi|>.  of  tin-  Slur  n/  the 
I)  ml,  and  ju'iaiiU'o  of  !>.  l''iam'i»c|iiitii.  iv.  |!),"i,  ,">IH,  .">(iS,  (i.'l.'i;  in  'Mi  I'licaiyaiiu 
a'  S.  <  iiiliricI,  iiiriinljii;^  iiii]iiirliiiit  liiianciiil  aiil  tn  iiis  lir<itlii'i'-iii'la\v  (Icii. 
l-'lores.  V.  .'t;!'-',  (iJS;  in  '47  |iiiii]iasi'r  of  Sta  Anita,  tor  wiiicji  anti  for  A/,ii/a, 
Ills  iJi'i'iiiamnt  lionii',  In'  was  rlaiinant  in  '•>'_'.  v.  I>JS,  (i.'t.'t,  li.'t').  Still  living  in 
'Ml.  Ills  wife  was  the  ilaii'^'litcr  of  A.  \ .  /aiiirir.iiio.  iii.  ."ilil;  anil  liis  smi, 
Jicnry,  .Ir,  was  prohaMy  lioi'    liifoif  tiic  cml  of  '4S.        |».  (lolin),  ISI4,  nir  of 

111.'  Jiiliini.        I).  (Win),  Islli,  Co.  (',  Ist  r.S.  lira- s  (v.  ;i:((i);  Ki.li.l  at  S. 

I'ascual,   V.  ;U(>. 

i>aly,  I.S4L',  iloulitfiil  rriMinl  nt  Mont.;  prrhaps  \atlian.  I).  (Henry), 
1S44,  nicntionfil  at  Mont.  I).  (.1.  ami  S.),  |.s4i),  Co.  !•',  Cal.  i!.it.  (v.  :i.Vs); 
jiiiili.  one  iiiaii.  1>.  (Natlian),  l!S.')4,  Anicr.  m.mii.i'iI  in  Laikin's  liooks ';il  40. 
iii.  4l'_';  o.xiliil  in  '4(1  ami  not  known  to  liavr  nt  iiiiiicl.  i\.  |S,'_'4.  I>.  (Win), 
ls;i4(?),  H.iid  to  li.iM' an  ivt'il  in  .S|a  (lain  Co.;  airfstnl  'III,  as  ajiiicars  fnnii  tt 
lulti'r  of  i''orl)('S  imjiiiiin^'  alioiit  Iii  in  as  a  lii  itisli  siiliji  cf ;  at  Siitti'i's  Kort  witll 
liis  wifo  '47;  in  tlio  iniin's  '4N;  had  a  lancho  on  the  ( 'osiiniius  '4'.'.  i'l'iliaiis 
nioi'c  tlian  one  man  of  tlic  iiainr.  iii.  41'-'.  I>aiia  l.lanii's  |).|.  I.S4I,  iiiiiicral- 
«)^ist  of  U.S.  ex.  t'Xjii'il.  iv.  '_'U  ;{.  I).  (Iticliaid  Il.,.lr),  js.'t,"),  Hoston  sailor 
on  till;  /'ilijriiii;  author  of  the  famous  'J'lni  Ynir-^  Hi/irr  l/n'  Musi;  later  uu 
umimiit  lawyerand  writir.   iii.  .'1(17,  4  I  •_'  III,  1)1,1,  (i."!*.';  iv.  11(1,  U'J. 

|)iina  (Win  (ioodwin),  IS'Jti,  iiat.  of  lioston,  and  nir  of  the  Hdirr/i)  '"Jd-S. 
iii.  IIS,  14!),  I.")!,  I7(>.  Anioiij,' his  tirst  nets  was  falling  in  love  with  .loscfa 
C.-irrillo,  daiij^liter  of  |)oii  Cjirlos,  and  he  w;ih  ^'reatly  tioiihled  at  liaviiij;  to 
Viiit  for  liaiitisiii  and  naturalization  In  fore  Ljettiiii;  maiiinl.  I  have  hus  firigiiiiil 
lelter  to  Capt.  Cooper  in  '•J7  N  mi  this  siilijeet,  with  a  (|iiaiiit  interinixtiiru  of 
h.isiness  atl'airs.  Jle  liait  no  olijeetiuii  to  ehanuinj^'  his  reli;;i()n  and  eoniitry,  hut 
daniiK.'d  the  institutions  that  foieed  him  to  lose  time.  However,  he  was  liap- 
ti/ed  in  '•J7,  f,'ot  provisional  papers  in  ''JS,  was  married  to  Don.i.losefa,  ago  Hi, 
the  same  year,  and  in  .Inly  ";i((  in  a  liiisiiu'ss  lette  ■  annoiineed  the  liirtli  ami 
death  of  his  '2d  child,  eheerfiilly  adiiimr,  '  We  \\  ill  soon  liavt'  enough'—  as  they 
did,  '_M  ill  all.  Meanwhile  lie  had  engagid  in  trade,  agrienltnre.  stock-raising, 
and  soap-making,  l»esides  hnilding  the  sclir.V/a  'JiirliKni  autl  liiiyingthe  wreck 
and  I'argo  of  the  J)iiiiiilic.  ii.  .")7.'i;  iii.  140,  140.  Kvcry  branch  of  his  laisiness 
v.as  always  on  the  point  of  going  to  thi^  dogs,  if  we  credit  the  letters  of  thi.s 
imeter.'ite  griinilikir.  One  source  of  revciim^  was  the  lettilig-out  foruliercent- 
iij'e  of  results  of  his  otter  license  to  foreigners,  who  eoulil  get  \to  such  paper. 
Final  naturalization  in  '.'I.');  appraisi'r  at  I'lirisinia.  iii.  (Km;  cajit.  of  the  jiort. 
iii.  G."i4;  in  ';{(i  alcahh;  of  Sta  Ii.  iii.  4S;{,  (i.'il;  iv.  117.  In  ''"{7  he  was  grantee 
of  the  Xipomo  raiicho,  S.  J.iiisOh.,  iii.  (i.Vi,  on  which  he  lived  from  alioiit ';!!), 
having  in  "AS  remlered  some  aid  to  his  fatherin-hiw  in  his  politic.'il  trouliles. 
iii.  .")()'.).  Sometimes  named  as  a  physician  and  architect.  In  '4.'i  Larkin  gavo 
liiiii  an  excellent  cliaractci  «s  a  iiiin  of  greater  inlliience  than  any  other  for- 
eigner of  Stii  15.  region.  M'Sit.  40.  having  a'so  a  Cal.  claim,  v.  ;{21,  (i:{l>. 
Prefect  in  '4!(;  coiiiity  irei>.-'i)  vii'  in  Til.  l)f  his  children  Sdied  in  infancy,  one, 
Mis.  I'ollard,  in  '7'S,  ami  m  '«."!  the  survivors  were  ('has  C.  at  S.  Luis,  Win  C. 
at  Los  lierros,  and  on  tlj.j  !iome  farm,  .lolin  F.,  Henry  (".,  Frank,  FdwanKi., 
Fred.  A.,  Adelina  K. .  i '-'.vid  A.,  Eliseo  ('.,  and  .Samiul  A. 

|)aiiiel,  KS'_'4,  Amur.,  surname  not  given,  said  to  have  lieen  killed  by  Ind. 
at  Sta  U.  ii.  ;V_'7,  .VU.  Daniels,  l,s;5(i,  jjoston  cook,  age  "20,  with  Angel  R.a- 
mirez  at  Mont.  iv.  IIS;  arrested  in '40.  Daniels,  ISUi,  nir  of  iha  Colonrl. 
ii.  •21S,  .'JS-J.  D.  (,101111),  KS;{!»,  Scotch  in  Kl  J)orado  Co.;  doubtful  date.  iv. 
II!).  D.  (Will),  1.S40,  iiat.  of  Fngl.;  oveil.  inimig.  with  family;  settled  at 
S.  Josii;  known  as  judge;  died '7;{,  age  71.  l>antt  (Antonio),  17!I0,  S]iaii. 
friar  who  served  at  S.l''.,  I'etiriiig  in  17!"!.  JJiog.  i.  71--K';  meiit.  i.  .'iS8,  474, 
4!)--',  510,  iwl---',  iw-J,  r.7.')  (),  (iT'!),  700  list  autli.  Dare  (Robert  IL),  1838, 
mr  of  the  FtarKtuii/lil  and  of  the  Ai/iiniclio  '.SO  40.  iv.  101,  lO.'J.  Darley 
(Henry  1..),  1840,  at  Mont.  Darlington  (15.  S.  15.),  1841,  lieut  on  the  U.  S. 
Si  Loiiis.  Darrah  (Decatur),  1S17,  Co.  D,  X.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  4!t«.)).  Darren 
(Henry  E.),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.;  drowiicJ  ia  the  Sac.  Kiv.  '4U. 


PA uni:Nnis.s-  DAVIS. 


770 


I)aul>fii1>if8  Molm),  1S4.'I,  nnt.  i>f  !5.ivaii 


II,   \\  llll    CMIIIC 


t.)  A 

tor 


nil  r. 


.')  Ill  tlii^ 


ni,'f  (it  Ml,  aiitl  lipiii  (I  lii.<  u:iy  \vc.st«iiiil  Ky  8linil  .slii.'!  » 
(iM'i'laiid  to  Or.  ill  '■^^2  nml  to  (al,  licxl   year  in   tlic  Ihiotiu'rit 


'1(M».    Alter  udiiiiii''  on   iihIIh   tor  Sinitli    iit    I 


/  yiais,  loiiiiii;^ 


loilc^ii, 


pliltV.    IV. 

iv.  ;t!til,  aii.rViiU. 


at 


i.s.sjoli  ,•>.  .[l)8l 


111 


rali/L'il  iiiiil  ;^(>t  II , 


.f( 


■laliL  ot  ( 


to  Ion  i;.:m'iM.  iv. 


ivcil   .'^iitler  111  tiiu  Mii'lii'ltori'iia  (Mliiliiii^'ii,  wa.-i  natll 


iisi  M  raiii'lio  III 


!>: 


n.  iv.  <i7l ;  in   4.' 


d  til 


<l 


ll!  call  i'll  clcspatilii.s  lu'lwttll   Sloat 


■1  !■ 


Il'lllollt,    V.     Ill, 


:j.- 


17,  tliiii  jjoiii;,'  Moii 


^1 
til  witli  tlu'  (,'al.  i!at.  to  S.  l)ic.'.. 


'I  l.<i.i  Aii_'.,  lint  II  tmiiiiii,' « illi  .Minidox.    Later  lie  ivciili.stiil  in  Co.  1'' of 
till'  Hat.  to  t  iki' l);iit  in  tlic  liiial  (■.iiiiji  iii;ii.    licturiiilii;  to  S.  .losf  early  in  '17, 


111 


uliere  lie  liiiilt 
llour-iiiill.     Ill   p.'irtiii  r.>|ii|i  u  iih  .lolm    I  jaiiic  :< '4S,  also  K"i>in  to  tlie  iiiiiii  s; 


iiivil  ,s,'iniii  ( '.   Lard  ami  moved  to  his  lainlio  al  Soijiiel, 


ell  1  ted    to   eiplislit.  eolivelilioli  '-lU,  tlloii;ili    Hot  .«ei\  ill''.     Ill  '711  lie  liii 


liil- 


dreii;  ))rol».  .still  li\iiiL,'  in  '.s."i.  lli.s  JSinij.  S/nli/i  cuiitaiiis  many  inUrestiii;; 
Uih  eiitiires;  portrait  in  S/a  Cria  Co.  l/ini.,  -(!. 

Di'ivalos  (.Mi>,'iiil),  I7>i()-'.',  iliaiilaiii  of  the  .S'";/'/'(.'/o  and  Pi'nycsn.  i.  Sl'll, 
37H.  J),  (ler.-t.-i),  will)  of  Kivuru  y  Moiieada.  i.  liilL  I)aveni)()it  ( Allred), 
LSl(»,  Co.  A,  (Jal.  liat.  (v.  ;US).  Da\e.soii  (I'eter),  LS4I  (?),  liat.  of  liii'  loniu 
Isl.,  who  eaiiie  in  '4l-;{,  aec.  to  dit'.  aullioi  ilies.  iv.  ■J7!';  Kiiriieii  the  S.  , lo.se 
eali  to  foiei^filer.s  '4.">.  iv.  <"»',l'.l;  inuiit.  in  '4.')-7  in  eniiiloy  of  Wilier  iiiid  Soiitli- 
vvard;  also  keiit  an  inn,  ami  went  to  the  mines  in  'IS;  .still  liviiif,'  in  ',S4  at  S. 
iur.'\  His  u  ile  wa.s  a  yranddai'gliter  of  J, wis  IVialta.  I'avid  ( Alex.),  Is4."), 
ill  Cal.  iv.  ."1^7:  |ieiha)i.s  Davi.s.  David  (Ivlward).  IS27,  nir  of  the  holnlld 
M-  Sindli  ami  Kli.nhdli.  iii.  147.  Davidof,  ISOd,  lieiit  with  l!e/:iiiof  at  S.  I''. 
ii.  tiS,  70.  Davidson,  1S4:{,  lii:,te  of  the  A-hilill'incr.  liat.  of  N.U.;  hilled  lit 
S.K.  '44  liy  fallin,^' froiii  the  shiji'.s  foietophiail  yard.  TlntiiKt.  I  •.(  Hunter), 
l.'-:4."i,  mid.  on  ihv'  Pui/.^iikjiiI/i.  D.  (.lolm  \V.  li  \yMi,  lieiit  1st  C.S.  dia^'imn.s, 
who  eaiiie  with  Kearny  and  foii.i^liL  at  S.  I'asciial  .'iiiil  the  later  eonlluts  of 
'4'i  7.  V.  ;{:i()-7,  :i4l»,  ;i4";{-7,  ;(•..')-('»,  44(i;  later  enl  of  -Jd  e.ivalry  and  liivvet 
liriir. -L'eii.,  ser\  in,^'  on  tlio  I'lie.  coast  to  '."ill,  and  dyini;  in  Minn.  '.Si.  D.ivilii 
(ALinslin),  see.  to  jue/.  at  IJralieif.  '41-'_'.  iv.  (id;!;  j^r.iiitee  of  Corral  de  Ciiati 
'4.-1.  iv.  (i4J;  killed  l,y  I'o.xeii  mar  Sta  Lies '4S.  v.  ((Il,(;;tl.  D.  (.lose).  1771, 
still.',  of  the  Ciil.  foiees  at  Mmit.  ■7I-S:t.    Lioi,'.  i.  tiliS;   ment.  i.  -JJL  -JJS.  ;is."). 

Davis,  ISI  l-I-_>,  mr  of  tlit^  l.^nhilla..  ii.  !):;,"_'(i7,  •-'(;•».  -JSJ;  possilily  Win  If., 
Sr.  D.,  LS4.-|,  doiilitfiil  meiiili.  of  ( Iriirsliy-Lle  party,  iv.  ."■|7!).  D..  IslU, 
said  to  have  lieeii  iiir  of  ii  coaster;  later  a  hi^liwaynian  known  as  lUd  Davis, 
liaii;^ed  at  Stockton  aliiiiit '.VJ.  ]).,  l!347,  liuiiili.  of  .Sonoma  coiimil.  D., 
IMS,  two  of  the  iiaiiic  on  the  iS\»;/f((/«/i'/i'  fruiii  Honolulu.  ]).,  ISIS,  miner 
at  'J'hompson'.s  l''!at. 

Da'is  (15en,j.  IJ.),  LS47,  Co.  II,  X.Y.Vol.  (v.  4!)(»);  miner  in  Maiiimsa;  vol. 
ill  war  of  '(il— ■);  died  at  Merced  Ati^'.  '7S.  1).  (Daniel  ('.),  1S47,  iNqit.  Co. 
J'],  Moriii.  ]>at.,  and  of  the  rei  nl.  coiiip.;  in  com.  iit  S.  !)iei.'o.  v.  177.  4!I0, 
41».-|,  ()I7;  accoinp.  liy  hi.s  wife  and  son,  Dan.  C.,  Jr,  the  latter  lieinj,'  woumlcd 
in  a  tight  with  wildeattle  on  the  iiiaich  to  Cr.l.  J).  (David  A.),  ISKl,  al  S. 
Jose  in  April;  jierhaps  an  iiiimi;,'.  of  'A'l;  one  of  I'aiintlcroy's  dragoons  (v. 
ti.'iJ);  lietit  of  Co.  (I,  ('al.  I>at.  v.  .'Kil;  in  '47  S  had  ii  store  r.nd  fcrrvat  IJe- 
nicia.  v.  (;7:{.  D.  (David  A.),  Ls47,  (Jo.  H,  X.  V.  Vol.  (v.  4!l!l);  a  deserter 
who  was  liaiujcd  at  S.  .lu-i'  for  roMierv  and  attem]ilcd  murder  in  Dec.  'IS.  v. 
0(i:i-4.        D.  (Lleazei),   I,S47,  Co.  D,  Morm.   I!al.  (v.  4(;',l).       , 

Davis  (<Jeo.),  KS4;{.  L'i>h  i'limii.'.  fro.ii  Dr.  in  the  Uaslings  p.irty.  iv.  .1!ll)- 
2,  400.  Married  liy  Stittcr  to  Li/:  ic  Sumner,  v\  hose  parents  came  in  the  .saiiio 
party;  naturalized  in  '44;  often  named  in  the  ..V.  liclr.  Jiiaii/  'I't-i'i;  later  en- 
gam'd  ill  tanning  and  raising  stock  in  the  Sta  Cruz  region;  in  'liO  settled  in  S. 
Luis  Oil.  Co.,  where  he  still  liveil  in  'S.'!.  D.  (I.-jaac),  1S4S,  ^jcntcncid  for 
larceny  at  S.  I'.  V<uij'ijni'i(Hi.  ]>.  (.Juroinc  (J.),  lS4."i.  a[ipareiitly  one  of  Fiv'- 
iiioiit'.s  nieii,  iv.  .kSI(,  ;"iS7,  who  served  in  the  Cal.  l!at.  4(i~7.  v.  ."iriS.  It  was 
fir  him,  I  think,  that  the  town  of  Davisville  wa.s  named;  still  living  at  S^c 
in  "7S.  D.  (lolm),  ISJS.  Norwegian  carpent'jr,  age  "Jli,  who  came  froni  llie 
Sandw.  Lsl.  ami  in  ';>;)-(>  v\asaresid.  of  Los  Aug.  ii.  uJ8;  iii.  17S.  D.  (.Jolm), 
1S4S,  passp.  from  Honolulu;  letters  at  S.F. 


PIOXEEr^  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


Davis  (John  Culvert),  lS3i>,  Engl,  sliip-carpcnter  and  blacksmitli,  who  had 
l)cen  a  sailoi',  and  lor  ;">  ycaivs  on  Mv.x.  vusscl.s,  iirobably  touclunj,'  in  Cal.  ports 
isoiMC  years  t.arlier;  naturalized,  got  a  lot,  an<l  built  a  liouse  and  siiop  at  S.F. 
"M.  iii.  70.');  iv.  II!);  v.  US'.'-.'}.  In  Nov.  '41  lie  had  built,  in  Napa  ('reek,  a 
selir  euiU'd  the  Siisaitti,  foi'  whieh  he  asked  jierniission  to  use  the  Mex.  flag, 
and  in  her  made  a  trip  to  Ma/atlan  and  baek  in  '4'!  3.  In  records  of  the  time 
he  is  often  mentioned  as  a  Verba  Huena  i)L';eksiiath,  and  was  'A'2  years  ohl  in 
'4'J;  formed  a  [laitnel'ship  with  Rose  and  Reynolds,  and  the  tirm  built  housoa 


lats,  ineludini,'a  mill  for  Salv.  Valhjo 


ipa 


Val. ;  corporal  of 


S.  F.  defensores  '44,  when  begot  new  naturalization  ])a|iera,  having  lost  tho 
original  on  his  tiip  down  the  eoast.  He  married  a  daughter  of  (ieo.  Yount, 
prob.  in  '44,  sine<!  in  .April  he  writes  to  Larkin  for  gold  eariingsand  material 
fur  a  lady's  dress — all  to  lie  kept  a  iirotoiind  si'uret,  though  L.  may  guess  tho 
object.  The  same  year  he  bniUtlie  /.omlri-Mi;  often  nameil  in  leeords  of  "44-7, 
belli'.'  a  w  itness  at  the  Hae  iiujiiest  in  '4."),  iv.  .")!!.'!,  and  town  treasurer  in  '4(i. 
v.  (i4H.  J  liiid  no  later  record  than  Nov.  '47,  and  he  is  said  to  have  died  in 
'4S,  coinmitliiii'  suiei<le,  aeeordini;  to  Sutter.    His  widow  married  iMijiene  Sul- 


livan.   He  left  a  son — John  ]).,1 


ivin<;  a 


t  X 


ijia  '^r) — and  '2 


(Joseph),   1S4.").  .\mer.  sailor  and  immig.  from  Or.  in   the   McMi 


aighter 


-Cly, 


1). 


I'arty.  iv.  ."i7-,  ">.S7.  J^ived  for  a  tim..  xt  (iordou's;  .served  '4(1-7  in  (Jo.  15,  Cal. 
Ilat.  (v.  ,'i."i;s);  claimant  for  supplies  to  Kremoiit.  (v.  4(i"2);  called  also  M.  J. 
Davis.       D.  (.1.  H.),  1S4S,  jiassp.  from  Honolulu. 

Davis  (I'edio),  lS4.'i-.-»,  Ital.  resid.  of  Mont.  iv.  400.  D.  (Peter),  1848  (?), 
nat.  of  .Mass.,  long  a  resid.  of  Loreto.  jierliaps  eame  to  Cal.  before  end  of  '4.S; 
('apt.  1).  .lied  at  .'\lont.  '.-),'!.        1).  (I'eter  J.  I.  1848,  nat.  of  X.(J., 


rl. 


ilh  fi 


imilv;  miner  on  Feather  liiver  ■4S-,")();  later  farmer 


m  S. 


loaiiuiii;  il 


in  lliiiiiboldt '7I{.    His  1st  wife,  I'ho'be  Huntei,  died  in  '4!»;  in 


.'{tl 


leie  wil(! 


I:!  survi\ 


■hildr 


D.  (l;obert(;.),  ls;i<l,  clerk  on  the  .1/ 


OIIMHIII.     \\\ 


10.1 


'J7!l;  m;t.  of   Honolulu,  iiro.  of  W'm  H.,  educated  in   Boston.    He  ejimt;  baek 
on  the  Jii/ln,  Ann  with  goods,  \\  hieh  >\ere  sold  at  S.F.  '41   '2.   iv.  oiKi:   later  in 


tiaile  at   Honolulu,  being  also   I' 
D.  (liobert  I'.).  1848,  nat.  of  .M( 


eruvi;ui  consul  ami  a  judge;  ( 


died  alxiut  '7'-. 


rl.  i 


nimi''..  miner  ami 


till 


us  death  liv  a 


fall  f 


roiii  Ins  wa''on  m 


from  Or.  in   the   Hasti 


ngs  jtarty.   iv. 


resid.  of  Coloma 
'  I).  (Samuel  H.),  184.'!,  .\iner. 
'.V.)0;  lUdb.   returned  to  Or.  in 


'4;i-4.       I>.  (Sterling),  1847.  ('o.  I),  .Morui.  Uat.  (v.  4(i!l).       D.  (Tlios),    184(i, 


one  of  Fauiitlerov's  di 


)IIS  (\ 


.');  Co.  C,  Cal.  l!at.,  enlisting  at  S.  JosiS 


A  h 


I{.")S);  jieiliaps  the  '  UiiiK'  Tommy'  Davis  who  died  at  .Sta  Cruz  '8,'i. 


umlierman  of  same  name  iiieiit.  a 


t  S.  1! 


the  .1/ 


II  rid 


h'-^lir.  iii.  147 


D.  (\V.),  IS'i.J,  nirof 


Davis  (Will  H(\atli),  1810  (?),  Boston  ship-master  who,  according  to  tho 
statement  of  his  sou,  was  owner  and  nir  of  tho  Kinj^e  fri,;n  ISo-^ton  to  tho 
Samlw,  Isl.  about '14,  for  some  years  in  the  (jiiina  trade,  and  visited  Cal. 
aee(iiii|i.  by  his  wife,  still  on  the  Kiujli ,  about  'Hi.  makingother  trips  to  the  N. 
\V.  eoast  and  perhaps  to  ('al.  I  have  no  record  of  any  such  vessel  on  the  coast, 
iilid  there  is  probably  some  error  in  the  dates;  indeed,  it  is  not  unlikely  that 
this  was  Ciqit.  |)avis  of  the  IkiiUvHii,  ISl  1  IS,  wiiose  jireseiiee  on  the  eoast  is 
iiK  nt.  ill  ii.  ilJ,  •J(i7,  -li!l,  '-*8'2.    He  was  related  to  (ieii.  Heath,  of  revolutionary 


lame; 


iiid  \vas  tor  years 


U.S. 


commercial  agent  at  Honolulu.   His  wife  was  ; 


liauuliler  of  Oliver  Holmes,  another  Ma.ss.  ship-master  who  lived  loi  g  at  the 
Saiidwicli  Isl.,  being  at  one  time  gov.  of  Oahii  under  Kamehameha  1st.  .\ii- 
otlier  daughter  of  Holmes  was  the  wife  of  Nathan  Spear,  ('apt.  D.  ilied  at 
Honolulu  in  "'ill,  leaving  two  .sons,  llobert  (J.  and  Win  If.,  both  named  in  %\\\n 
register.        D.  (Win  Heath,  Jr),  IS.'fl,  son  of  the  preceding,  b.  at  Honolulu  in 

"'iliniiHer 

inwiiih* 

lu.    From  JS 


;aiiie  to  ( 'al.  as  a  boy  on  tho  /.miisfi.  iii.  ,'WI{,  40.");  again  on  th 
ill  'Xi;  iind  a  ;id  time  on  tiie  /hm  <Jiii.ro/r  in  '.'18,  iv.  lOJ,  having 
attended  school  Jiud  worked  as  clerk  for  a  Roston  tirm  at  H 


onoln 


l>.  was  (derk  and  manager  for  his  uncle,  Natiian  Sjiear,  at  S.  F.,  niucli  of  his 
tiiiu^  being  spent  in  trading  trips  around  tiie  bay.  iv.  8'J,  1 1(], '24."), 'J.")0-1 :  in 


!» 


le  eoinmaiK 


led  tl 


licet'  that  t(.ok  .Folm  .\.  Sutter  f.iul   his 


company  up 


the  Sac.  liiv.  to  X.  Hclv.  iv.  loO-l;  hi  '40  was  arrested  as  a  matter  of  form, 


DAVIS— DAY. 


but  not  sent  farther  tliaii  tlic  iiiis.^ioii,  tlumjrh  the  troiiLlcs  of  thin  yojir  prob. 
prevented  the  giiiiitiiig  of  his  iietitioii  lor  iiatm-;ilizali(  ii.  iv.  10,  17.  In  '42  ho 
Icfl  Spear's  service,  i'.iid  luade  a  Uip  tu  J  Ion.  u.i  hiij).  (il  tlie  J^uii  ijtti.ci  !■ ,  C.'apt. 
I'aty,  returning  in  '4lt,  and  in '4.'>-r>  acted  as  agent  at  S.F.  for  the  lirni  of  I'aty, 
Mclvinley,  &  Co.  iv.  ."ill,  Mo;  v.  (JT'.I;  in  '4.")  at  Los  Any.  thirinj,'  the  Michcl- 
torena  campaign,  thounh  not  a  coudiatant,  houj^ht  a  lot  at  S.F.,  and  wiiit  to 
llonoluhi  on  the  i/oii  (Juixolc.  iv.  ;")()."),  ."ill.':  v.  (iT!*.  lie  now  fornieU  apariner- 
s'.iij)  with  lliruni  (irinics,  Imyini,'  tiie  L'liiikoitia  with  a  cargo  of  nierchaiulise, 
and  returning  on  her  to  Cal.  in  'A('>,  from  wldeh  date  he  wa.s  a  prominent  mer- 
chant under  his  own  name  at  i'^.V.,  owning  several  lots  and  huildings,  liut 
spending  mneli  of  his  time  on  the  vessel,  which  \  isited  the  isl:ui<i:i  and  all  the 
l))!t;<.  V.  "JtO,  iuti,  (Jo;!,  U8I,  (iS.'i.  ile  took  lint  slight  i)art  in  political  aii'air.s, 
t'iough  acting  as  insjicctor  of  elections,  as  sch(jol  tiustee,  and  in  "4!)  as  mein- 
her  of  the  town  eonneil.  v.  'J'.),"),  U4l),  (i.")!-"-',  ti.')U-7;  Cal.  claim  i.f  .s;i,()()0  in 
'4'j- 7  (v.  4()l1);  in  Nov.  '47  married  Maria  de  Jesus,  d.uighter  of  .loaipiiii 
KstudiUo.  iv.  oO't;  v.  OSG;  in  '4S  of  the  lirm  Jlavis  it  Carter;  in  '41)  uiemli. 
of  the  S.F.  guard,  and  vice-jjresident  of  mass-meeting.  His  name  was  given 
t  J  Davis  strict,  S.l''.  All  the  record.s  of  early  times  joint  to  Davis  :\s  an 
hoiiest,  genial,  indnstiions,  and  successfid  nieieluuit,  wiio  laid  well  tlie  hjun- 
d;;tion:;  <,f  a  Iiandsonie  fortune,  which,  however,  in  one  w  ay  or  ano'iher,  slipped 
from  his  gr:  ^^p  in  the  hiter  year*.  In  'b.'t,  as  lor  a  long  time  preceding,  he  re- 
.Mde:;  at  UaUland  V  ith  his  family.  Jn  vai  ious  privatearcliives  i.f  v.\y  cDJUctiou 
1  i;ave  i.'iany  of  his  oi'iginal  husiness  letters,  in  jicrsonal  intervi"v*sniueh  use- 
fill  iufoi  niatiwn  has  licen  ol)iained  from  him,  and  he  has  liesides  dictated  for 
my  use  over  ;i(Ji)  pages  of  his  d'Hinjist  ■<  of  Ihc  J'ti.^l,  \\  liich  contains  not  only 
his  own  experiences  hut  hiuidreds  of  interesting  items  res]iccling  early  men 
and  times,  especially  on  connnercial  methods,  and  social  manners  and  customs 
of  native  ami  foreign  i)ioneers.  His  memory  is  e.\ee!lent,  and  has  heen  ',e- 
ficshed  liy  fre([nent  reference  to  his  criginal  e(nres|iondence.  The  value  of  liis 
historical  testimony  is  somewhat  impaiied  by  a  tendency  to  eulogize  every- 
Lolly,  or  to  suppress  in  the  narrative  such  happenings  as  might  call  for  un- 
fiiend'y  connnent.  If  he  ever  had  enemies,  there  is  no  indication  of  (he  fact  in 
his  statements  or  in  any  other  lecords  that  i  liave  seen.  Let  us  hope  tiint  all 
t!u;  early  Cidifornians  were  as  good  as  he  jmints  thim.  David  (.hdin  \V.), 
IS4."),  one  of  the  Wamii'.i  men,  lost  in  S.l''.  hay  "4(1.  iv.  ."iS7;  v.  .")S4. 

Dawson,  18411,  from  Honolulu  on  the  ilt!ph(  in'.n.  |).  (.F,),  i.S4S,  jiassp. 
from  Honolulu.  D.  (Fieurnaye),  IS4.'J,  Amer  immig.  of  the  \Val!;er-C!:ile9 
]:arty,  who  applied  for  a  passport  in  '44.  iv.  I!'.):^-;^.  D.  (.lames),  ISi24(?), 
Irish  H.iilor  on  tlie  L'on  r  in  ''Jli,  who  possibly  came  on  the  .same  xesscL  in  '2;t, 
and  w  ho,  in  Dec.  '41.  :it  Sonoma,  ashing  fm- natural'  ution,  claimed  a  resideni'u 
of  17  years.  I  havi  lis  autogi  iph  on  a  contract  to  einiiloy  .fnhn  i''uUer  in  'I5!l. 
He  married  Maria  '^ '.tonia  ( Vieeres  in  '40,  and  sct.led  on  tlie  Ksteio  Ameri- 
cano raiuhoiicar  JSoaega.  Quarrelling  with  liis  partner  about  the  title,  I  lawsoii 
sawed  their  hocfcc  in  two  parts  and  moved  his  half  tothe  I'ogolomi  ranehn.  for 
a  grant  of  m  hieli  he  aipplied,  but  died  in  Oct.  '4.'i,  and  tlie  ranehoMiis  granted 
in  '4  1  to  his  widow,  wiio  was  married  to  Fred,  I'dnme  in  '40.  Tliough  D.  is 
f^aid  on  good  authority  to  base  died  in  ■4;i.  1  find  records  in  tiio  arciii\t a 
which  seem  to  aiiow  that  lie  was  aliv  e  in  July  '14.  iv.  448;  Vdlbjn  Do  -.,  \ii. 
C").  D.  (James),  '.S4I,  in'.mig.  of  the  liai'thson  party,  iv.  'J7();  also  knoun 
n;i  V.  \V.  'Cheyenne,' .Kilin,  and  'Long  Ji;u'  jiawson;  said  to  ha\e  bi  en 
drowned  in  the  (,'oiumbia  Itivei-.  |).  (Xichohis),  1S41,  prob.  a  bro.  of  .lames, 
also  in  Laitleson  juirty.  iv.  'J70,  -7."),  '-^70.  Known  also  as  '  iicar,'  '  I  Jerry,' 
and  '  JJirny  '  Dawson;  kept  a  store  at  Sta  Ciiiz  in  '41!,  but  closed  it  and  went 
away;  said  to  have  left  Cal.  and  died. 

Hay  (.\brnh:im),  KS47,  Co.  K,  .Morin.  I!at.  (v.  4(;ii).  D.  (I5enj.).  Is:il--J, 
]>eihaps  of  Young's  tiaiiper.s  from  N.  Mex.  ^>i.  JiSS,  40S;  Amer.  halter  at 
■ ~  .....-•.  .      ,^|^_ 


Mont."  ';!4-().        D.  (Ivi'Yardi,  1^47,  perhaps  :.I   X.  V.Vo'.  (v.  400)  under 
otlier  name.       ]).  (Francis),  ISK).  iiatui 
hunt  otter  '4.');  ineiit.  in  '4(i.   i\.  I'JO;  v.  •21] 
II,  N.Y.  Vol.  v.  004;  died  at  Chicago  'jl. 


d  eiti/eii  at  llrancif. ;  iiii';isrd  ti 

]>.  (.lohii  S.).  KS47,  b'  lit  Co. 

h.  (Miuucl),  [ij\iS,  named  in  Lar- 


li^i 


rio:;Ei:R  register,  a\d  indjlx. 


kin's  l>f:o!:s.  1).  (Win).  IS.TJ,  I\<'iitu"1-iaii  Iiiitter  at  Mont.  ':U;  very  !ik(ly 
one  of  Voiin.^'s  tr;'.jii)Lr.s.  iinil  iktihiiis  .-aino  as  JJonjamin.  iii.  .'188,  40S.  Ja'S."), 
kcL'i.inj  a  iiijiior-sliop  at  J^os  Aug.,  lie  slaljl)C(l  Aljcl  Steam:*  in  a  qiuinel  and 
vaw  Ivc^it  in  piisoii  a  yeai'.  iii.  (iiil;  uee.  to  the  Coniity  Hint,  died  in  Soiiora, 
having  settled  at  L;w  Ang.  in  ';{|. 

iJaylor  (Win),  \Vi',]o{':),  iMigl.  stulor  said  to  have  left  his  vessel  this  ycai', 
to  havo  entered  Sutter'tj  .'iorviio  in  MO-1,  and  to  have  settled  on  the  (.'osinnnes 
vitli  Slieldon,  his  hrother-in-law,  ahout  '44.  iii.  41;!;  iv.  l.'W.  Yaten  met  him 
in  M'2-l;  and  f  pcaU.i  in  high  praise  of  his  eharaeter.  From  '4j  he  is  often  named 
in  the  A'.  Il<'li\  JJiiri/,  having  iijjhts  with  Hess  and  Kampt  in  '4G;  Cal.  elaini 
of  t^.JO  in  '4'J-7  (v.  4UJ);  (len.  Jvearny  eaniped  on  his  raneho  '47.  v.  4.V.';  min- 
ing Avidi  Weber  '4S;  Ind.  killed  on  his  raneiio  '40.  I'larcr  Thin's.  Ho  died  of 
elio!era  iu  ',"0.  liis  -widow — originally  Sarah  Ithoadsmariied  in  '47  wa-.  niar- 
lied  in  '.51  io  Wni  11.  (iriniahaxv,  whose  Xurrntin',  MS.,  is  the  hcst  aiiUiority 
«i;i  Daylor'ti  life.  Hays  (Wolherton),  ]!i41,  New  Yorker  who  lived  long  in 
lirazil,  hospital  steward  on  V .  S.  ex.  exped.,  who  eanio  hack  to  t'al.  in  '4',), 
settling  ac  (jrass  \'nl.  iv.  "270;  XiriiilnCu.  ///■•'I.  Hayton  (\'/.).  1!>;S.  |  as  p. 
from  Honolulu.  H.  (Wni.J.),  1S47,  Co.  1>,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  4G'.l);  reenlisiei-, 
also  eallcd  Willard  V. 

Heal  (John),  1H44,  Amor,  sailor  of  the  Bcnj.  Mm-iian,  hinded  siek,  ail  d 
l)y  the  eoniid  at  .Mont.  '44-.").  Hean  (Ceo.  ('.),  IH47.  Co.  V,  M  artiil  :v. 
Cks);  at  iMont.  to  '-VJ.  H.  (Oeo.  ('.),  1S47,  Co.  H,  X.Y.Vol.  (v.  -V.)'.)};  at  \i- 
salia '7'-o-,  CIujI::  piob.  .some  eonfiisioii  het.  him  and  the  jireeeding.  H. 
((Jilhert  H.).  1847,  Co.  A,  X.Y.Vol.;  at  Fort  l,ee.  X..I.,  '74- S-_>.  ]).  (.lames), 
l;;;!7,  at  Mont.  Heas  (Ji-.nes),  1847,  (/o.  E.  X.Y.Vol.  (v.  4<l!t).  Dee!;  (Au- 
gustii.')>  li'4(),  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  v.  (iS.").  |)eeker  (Zaeliariah  15.),  1847,  Co. 
A,  :\lo.in.  ]!at.  (v.  4(j:;);  at  Sutter's  Fort  '48;  in  Utah  "81. 

Hedmond  (.Jcel  P.),  18;!M  (?),  Anier.  e.'irpenter  who  in  '44,  reUtrnin,';  appar- 
ently fi\/i.i  Iioiiolulu  on  tile  J'tnii'i,  claiiiied  a  resilience  of  (i  year::,  ohtair.ing 
iialur;.li;iition,  a  lot  at  .S.I'.,  and  the  S.  .Juan  ninciio  in  tiic  .'>ac.  \'al.  iv.  I  li), 
Gil',),  (j7d,  ()8;i.  He  prol).  served  MiehelJorena  under  Sutter;  a])pear:!  in  the  A'. 
J/'lr.  D'arij  '4")-7;  hut  :;eeiii  i  to  li:ive  made  a  trip  to  Hoiiolula  iu  "Id.  In  '47 
he  sold  out  hi  i  hind  to  .'cutter  and  was  employed  at  S.F.  hy  Lark  in  as  sur- 
veyor. Heneet(\Viii  H.),  l!i47,  owner  of  ^>.V.  lot.  Hcford  (Isku  ),  1847, 
Co'.  F,  :!d  U.S.  arlill.  (v.  ."ilS).  Heitch  (Lewis),  1S47,  <litto.  Hcliiu  (An- 
tliony),  1847,  owner  of  S.l''.  lot.  ])e!;iiid  ( l''iancisi,  1844,  Canad.  iamiig.  of 
the  Stevens  party,  iv.  AV)\  perhajjs  Vieiit  to  Or.,  r.s  nothing  more  i:;  hiiov,  n 
<jt  iiim,  nnlcs;i  it  was  '  Delonc,'  q.v.  Dehiney  (Itich.  E.),  1847,  Co.  ]•',  X.  Y. 
A'ol.  (..  49.;);  d.  S.F.  '70.       Hel.'liaye  (Ciias),"  1847,  Co.  C.  X.\.Vol. 

He'.eissefpies  (Olivii"),  18.'!8,  Freuchmaii  in  Mont,  district,  ehielly  at  S. 
Juan  i'l.,  ';i8-47;  jiossilily  as  early  as  '.'id.  iii.  4()il;  iv.  119;  siiidie;)  at  ^lout. 
'4.").  iv.  G.")o;  jHirehascr  of  ,S.  ,luan  li.  or  hanl '4i).  v.  ."ilil,  ();i7.  040-1.  lie  had 
a  faisii'.y,  hut  I  know  nothing  of  them  or  him  after  '47.  His  naiiK,"  i:!  variously 
v.ri.tai,  ^ilofras  ealiiii;,' him  Eeyssegues,  which  is  jierhaps  the  eoi'rect  form. 
He  may  have  come  in  the  c;)loiiy  of  ';i4.  Deleiiau  (I'hilihert),  1840,  doulitfiil 
name  (f  th(!  Cal.  IJat.  Hellin,  iieoph.  at  S,  .Iiiaii  Cap.  iii.  O'JO.  Helgadiilo 
(iguaeio),  18'j;)-;);$,  Mex.  eouviit.       Helgado  (Ci'istina),  grantee  of  Uincriu  clo 


4;;,). 


iiinai  raneho '3;(.       I).  (( leicuiimo),  17'.'!,   ]-.doto  in  Malaspina'.s  exped. 


dorlef;;C 


;nacio),  181'.),  .Mcx.  alfere/.of  the  Mazatlaneoinp.  at  Sta  l>.;.prol 
al.  soon 


ifter  "27.   His 


is  said  to  have  been  very  skill  ul  i 


11 


line  needle- work,  making  ai'tilieial  lloweis,  etc.,  and  to  have  taught  her  art 
to  ::e\eial  Cal.  girls;  perhaps  she  was  the  Cristina  named  above,  li.  '2.")4,  .'iOI, 
r)7;i,  (;7:).  Helick  (John),  1847,  Co.  H,  X.Y.Vol.  (v.  4!)!)).  Hehme  (Fran- 
cis), 1840,  at  X.  Helv.  '40  8,  being  under  arrest  ii.  .Inne '40;  also  called  I)"- 
long;  jirob.  sanie  as  'Heland'  of  '14,  cpv.  Dclong  (Wm  F.),  lS4(i,  master 
I'.S.  .\.  i:i  Murston';!  force  against  Saucliez.  v.  .'180. 

]>e:naraiite  (Manuel).  ISIiO,  l'oitir;uese  skipper  of  S.  F.  mission  launeli, 
also  f  ir;:ier  and  ;iawyerwho,  in  'U,  a-king  for  naturali/ation,  claimeda  rcsid. 
of  1!  years  in  Cal.  iv.  IIS.  heinard,  1 84S,  doubtful  nieutiou  of  a  Moi-iuon 
preueiier  at  S.F.       Deinedrioa  (Juan  IJ.),  1S34,  (Jrock  lisherinan  at  .Mont, 


DEMEDRIOX— DEWELL. 


779 


'34-7;  two  Ttaliana.  Lui?  ami  Miitias,  witli  liini.       Demetrins,  1S39   nir  of 
tlm  JJuiL-dt.  iv.  101. 

|)c'ii  (Xioholas  Aufrustus),  ISSO,  Irisli  plij-siciaii  wlio  canio  on  tlio  Knit, 
landing  in  Doc.  at  St;i  !>.,  wliere  he  l)ccamo  a  piMiiiancnt  settler,  nftcn  iianuil 
in  I'cuords  of  later  yeai's.  iv.  117-lS.  In  ';>9  not  pcrniitteil  ti)  Imiid  un  liin 
lilt;  in  '40  applied  lor  natur.ilization,  which  was  prob.  obtained  in  '41; 
soon  married  a  daughter  of  Daniel  Hill.  In  "4i2  collector  at  Sta  1!.,  and  j^rantce 
of  Do.s  Pueblos  rancho.  iv.  (i4'2;  in  '4;{  (.grantee  of  !^.  Antonio  ranelio.  iv.  (;;!,'•; 
in  "45  alcalde  of  Sta  B.,  and  with  his  father-in-law  lessee  of  the  luissinn.  iv. 
4'2(i,  ,"42,  ."mS,  (J4"2,  C44;  v.  'mS;  in  '4()  ;,'rantee  of  S.  Marcos,  Cal.  claim  Cif  about 
C'2,003.  V.  ().')"2  8,  ',H>o  (402).  Dr  Den  is  said  to  have  been  of  j^'ood  family,  and 
became  in  Cal.  a  most  popular  stock-raiser  of  considerable  wealth  and  esccl- 
lent  reputation.  Ho  died  at  Sta  15.  in  'ti2  at  the  ai;e  of  oO;  his  children  were 
Catherine  wife  of  John  ]5ell,  M;iry  wife  of  Tho.s  More,  d.  '7t>,  Su.  an,  Ihn- 
nianrii.1,  Nicholas,  Wni,  .\lfred,  Alphonso,  and  Augustus.  Portrait  i;i  Sid  B. 
('.I.  Ili-^t.,  4(5.  ]).  (Pichard  Somerset),  184."?,  Irish  physician,  bro.  o."  Nicho- 
las A.,  who  settled  at  Los  -Vng.  iv.  400;  mcnt.  at  Los  Aug.  'JO.  v.  ;('  I;  pur- 
ciiaserof  Sta  1$.  mission  estate,  v.  oOl,  0:V2  :i;  Cal.  chiimof  !?l.020(v.  402); 
ment.  in  '47.  v.  ,%,■);  el.  for  S.  Antonio  raneho.  iv.  O;!.").  Living  at  i-os  Aug. 
't.0.       I)(ng  (Fred.),  1S48,  left  <\^^\\.  Lane's  party  and  settled  at  Vrek:i. 

Denike  {(le...),  1840,  i>aker  ami  sah)on-keeper  at  S.  1'.  '40-8.  v.  OK!,  0S4; 
jicrhaps  correctly  written  'Denecke.'  Dcniston  ((!;iri'ett  \' .],  1S47,  mid.  on 
tlic  U.S.  /iiilipi'iidi'iia'.  Denkcns  (('has  W.l,  1847,  Co.  A,  X.Y.Vol.  (v.  400); 
died  at  Sac.  '71  ('81  '-).  Dennett  (Daniel  i).),  1847,  Co.  K,  -Morm.  Uat.  (v. 
409).  ])enni3(.leimny),  IS.'il,  doubtTul  men.  of  an  Irishman  at  Pei'd".'i  rancho, 
Marin  Co.       Dennison  (Xathaniel),  1810,  on  the  Li/dii  at  Sta  1>.  ii.  'J7">. 

Denniston  (.James  (J.),  1847.  sergt  Co.  15,  X.Y.Vol.  v.  504;  nat.  of  X'.  J.; 
twice  a  member  of  the  legisl.  from  S.  .Mateo;  died  at  S.F.  '00,  leaving;;,  v,  idow 
and  :t  c'.;ildren.  Denny,  1845,  Ind.  of  Fi'cmont's  j^aity.  iv.  ,')S,'!,  ,)S7;  per- 
haps killed  on  the  Or.  frontier  "40.  Dint  (Lewis),  1.S47,  nat.  of  Mo.,  lawyer 
al  .Mont. ;  of  iirm  D.  &  Martin;  in  '40  nxnuber  of  the  constit.  eonventinii,  and 
fr  Ji:i  '40  judge  of  the  superior  and  circuit  court;  kitcr  a  lawyer  and  pili'iiciau 
ii.  Miss.,  Mo.,  and  Washington;  a  brother-in-law  of  (!en.  (irant.  Died  in  '74 
at  '.he  ago  of  51.  Denton,  ISIil  2,  one  of  Young's  trapper.^,  said  to  h:ive  rc- 
liauned  some  years  in  Cal.  iii.  :iS8,  408.  Denton  (David),  I;i40,  doul)tful 
r.:une  iit  Los  Ang.  D.  (.lohn),  1S40,  one  of  the  Domier  party  from  111.,  wlio 
<lie.l  in  the  mts.'  v.  ."i;iO,  5;U.  Ihuy  (Wm).  1828,  mr  of  the'  Vo-^ilr.  iii.  110. 
iJepeaux  (Louis).  1847,  resid.  at  Sta  Cruz  "47-05  ace.  to  his  testimonj'  in  '05. 
Depcn  (.Joseph  II.),  1S4S.  visited  S.I'',  on  the  Jii'hiii  fiom  Honolulu. 

Deppe  (Ferdinand),  1S;52.  <  Jerman  supercargo  (jf  Virmond":;  vesH'l.s.  ofun  in 
Cal.  ";J2  0;  periiaps  from  '2:)-:?0.  iii.  .'{.".0,  40^,105,  142.  Said  to  have  made  a 
diawing  of  S.  (labriel  in  "A'l.  iii.  044.  Also  a  nat\ualist  devoting  hi.  siaro 
tiuii'  ti  (lie  collc'cliou  of  bii'ds,  iilauts,  and  shells.  Sailed  with  his  specimens 
oa  l!ie  /.'f(.v.vr 'r(,<  '.'0;  and  ace.  to  Vischer  subse()uently  dexoted  himsell  t;>  hol'- 
ticulture  in  tiic  roval  gardi'Us  at  Pottsdam.  I)avid  S|ience  is  suid  to  have  re- 
ceived a  letter  from  I),  ppe  at  Fxrlin  in  '7.'5.  Derby  (•!.),  184S,  ])ass]i.  from 
Honolulu.  Derosier  (ISaptiste).  1844,  eiieof  l'"'remont':>  ]iarty,  who  v.aaibri'd 
from  camp  in  Cal.  and  wa  i  not  heard  uf  again,  iv.  4;i7,  4liO. 

])e.jf  >r;;es  (Auguste),  I8;;i,  F'rcnchmaM  who  eanu^  with  the  11.  i.<c  P.  enl. 
fiom  Mex.  (iii.  240),  th<aigh  in  '40,  biMngthen  abaciielor,  age 28,  in  tin-  ^.lont. 
district,  he  elainu'd  a  re.-id.  of  8  years.  .Jans-;ens.  Viil/t,  ;52i'tsei|.,  Iii.s  eomp m- 
i  in  in  the  tri|)  fi-om  S.  l)iego  to  Sonoma,  has  uuuli  to  ray  of  him.  In  ';.•)  ho 
Wiirkcd  on  the  I'alo  Colorado  rancho;  named  in  Larkin's  accounts  '.■{4-4. i;  in 
'40aux.  alcalde  of  S.  .Jose.  l)espau,  i8;t7,  one  of  the  (lai'ty  fnim  Or.  forcat- 
tic.  iv.  85,  Despiairiis.  184(i,  mr  of  the  Vd'iniit.  v.  580.  Deston  (^ieo.), 
184:1.  mr  of  the  Xoi-lli  Amn-lm.  iv.  507.  Devoll  (I'hilip  IL).  I8;;0  (?),  said 
tip  have  been  en  the  coast  on  a  whaler  a.s  early  as  ','{0;  resid.  of  .Stockton  and 
Sta  ! 'ru/.  from 'OH.   iii,  ISO, 

Dewell  (i')cnj.),  184",  nat.  of  Ohio,  oveil.  iinmig.  from  Ind,  in  (Irigsby- 
Ide  parly,  iv,  570,  5Li7.  Spending  tlie  winter  iu  Xapa  \'al.,  he  joined  the 


730 


PIONEER  REGISTEIl  AND  INDEX. 


Vicara  in  '-Irt.  v.  7!t,  1 10,  I'tS;  n'lnaincd  in  the  Sonoma  garrison  after  tlio  U.S. 
ocu'ijia'.inn,  Imt  in  (kt.  cu'.ii.tiMl  in  liic  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  I1..8,',  Co.  E,  and  scrvcil  in 
tl)u  8  ^ntlii  rn  canijjaiyn.  lieturiiiiij,',  lio  lived  MT-ol  in  tlio  (.liiiiico.s  valley  of 
S(jnonia  (.'d..  and  tliun  moved  to  a  farm  near  Upper  Lake,  wlicro  liesitiil  lived 
"■•  \SI  at  tiie  a.ne  of  TiH.   Jiis  uife  was  C'elia  II.  J'.iliol.i,  married  in  "oO,  and  in 


in 

'.SI  tliey 

),^;4s,  of 


had  !)  su^vivin^;  eliiklren.  Lake  Co.  IJiit., '^',Vd.       Do  Witt  (Alfred), 
S.f.  firm  of  Do  Witt  &  Ihirrison.   v.  (i;^."j;  icniaincd  at  S.F.  till  ■.")4. 


I  c*t-^,  ei    o.  1  .  Jiiiii  oi    jve  >»itt<v  jiiiiiisuii.     ^.  iio.j;    i  eiiiiiiiieti  ut   .^.  i  .   Liii    .!■», 

iJexter,  KS-IS,  from  Honolulu,  aeeoi  ding  to  his  later  tesLiniuny.       Dcy  (Nalhau 
r..).  I    !7,  Co.  E,  N.V.Vol.  (V. -l')!)). 


Ilia 
toniH  ;; 

•J J,  .111 
Luiiil^r  of  tl 

l,t-l,  . 
in  ' 
Eolio, 
liad  a       . 
ea;;es  ',">.,, 
Jii;:n  15.  'l:. 
Ooloi-ailo  puel,. 
funeral,   i.  -11 


•    ^     ■    \  — ''    -..-.    -j^ --- - -'    -..>._ 

imd  wa.s  mis.sionary  on  the  Colorado,  when;  he  was  killed  by  Ind.  in 
1.  -J-'l.  L'li;!,  'J.V.),  ;!(j-l       I).  (Manuel),  Mex.  trader,  mr  of  the  Tiiiiidad 

In '4j  alerdde  of  Mont. ,  ;,'rautco 


iv.  ;":;(). 


loJ4,  Holilier  at  iSta  JJ.  ii.  o',V2.       D.  (Benito),  Mcx.  receptor  of  cu.s- 
.Sta  B.  'or)-7.  iii.  ;i77,  41)1,  0.14;  iv.  1)8;  eelador  at  Mont.  '42-;j.  iv. 
.  .,^.,  .., , ;  re  eeptor  at  .S.  E.  '44-o,  heing  iiLso  agente  de  poliei;i,  owner  of  lots, 
l.uild..r  of  the  cuutonidiou.se,  and  loeally  prcjniinent  in  other  ways.  iv.  4'2.'J, 
4;;,)-!,  4lj:i,  'i'.r,,  O.jl,  OiiCi,  Gtil),  G;)4;  again  nient.  a;j  in  ehargo  of  tlie  revenues 
•  ■  '4(),  ;■  l'\  delej;ate  to  the  eon^ejo  gen.,  and  gr;:ntee,  .".a  was  elainied,  of  I't 
!.  I  the  Sta  Clara  orehar'd.  v.  3(i,  4."),  .;(il,  ,")70,  G44,  C(ia,  GG..  G,  0' I ; 
;  of  ^''l,."0;)  (v.  4G2),   Witnes.i  in  tlie  Santillan  ami  X.  Alma  .en 

1^4;),  .still  living  in  'G8.       D.  (Eranciseo),  jue/,  de  paz  at  S. 
•.  CGI--.';  at  S.  Jos,e  '."0.       D.  (.'^iabriel),  ijoldier  hilled  at  the 
d  17S1.   i.  I>J'.)-G2.       I).,  cha[)lain  of  the  S.  Carlo.:!,  at  Serra's 
|).   (Juan  M. ),   1774,  Span,  friar  who  canio  to  Cal.  with 
AnzM 

17hl.  ,  ,.—       -.  . 

'4;);  perhaps  had  viaited  (/;d,  liefor^.   _ .   _.. 

of  .Saeiamento  raneho,  on  the  1st  jury,  and  mend),  of  the  eouneil  after  U.  S 
oeeupation.  v.  1."),  "JIM,  L'M),  (ioG-y,  (i7'>.  Ih:  is  said  to  have  bouglit  the  sehr 
Sla  <'/•!(:,  and  in  her  to  have  removed  hi.s  family  iind  cfieets  to  L.  Cal.  about 
'4o;  but  there  was  a  Manuel  1).  at  >.lont.  in  ','>l.  In  '4.')  Larkin  deseribed  him 
as  aged  ;!.'>,  a  tjuiet  man,  of  some  inili'.enee  and  property,  well  disposed  to  the 
U.S.  I).  (Melchor),  ir)40,  one  of  Corour.dos  oliieers,  who  ero.sscd  the  Col- 
orado, and  ])erhups  looked  upon  Cal.  territory,  i.  Go.  1).  (Nicolas),  Lo3  Ang. 
battel'  ';!',)— K).  Dibble  (.loni'.f;),  UM7,  advertises  sale  of  the  ;:chr  ]Villt<im  in 
^loiit.  Ciili/ornidii;  he  was  carpenter  on  the  L'dnmtiu.-i.  '  Diek,'  1840,  (,'al. 
]!at.  \ .  .'i.'KS.  Dickens  (\Vm).  ISiJO,  douiitful  name  in  a  Los  Ang.  list;  perha])a 
'Dickey,' (J.V. 

l)iel;enson  ((iallant  Duncan),  1840,  nat.  of  I'enn.,  reared  in  Va,  who  camo 
oveiland  ivum  Mo.  with  his  Vi  ife — l.-abella  }ileC:ai'y,  married  'i!S — 4  sons,  ami 
12  daughters,  v.  ,")-J8-!).  He  spent  the  v.intcr  at  Sta  Clara,  lieing  a  member  of 
Ai'am's  garrison,  g(nng  thence  to  Sta  Cruz  and  Mont.,  v. here  in  '47  he  made 
bricks  aiul  ))uilt  the  hi  bi  ick  house  in  Cal.  v.  (JI)!).  ( ioiug  to  the  nnnea  in  '4S, 
lie  gave  his  name  to  Dickenson  (lulch,  Tuobnnne  Co.;  in  "4!)  settled  at  Stock- 
ton as  a  hotcbkcciier,  being  a !.so  alcalde  and  mend),  of  theconstit.  convention. 
His  daughters  arc  said  to  have  been  the  1st  ,\nier.  women  married  at  Stock- 
ton, -Margaret  \o  \.  (i.  L;iwicy,  and  the  other  to  N.  B.  Stoncroad.  In  '.")2  I). 
moved  to  the  'J'uolumne  Diver,  v,  here  he  kc])t  a  fcriy  and  hotel,  and  from  'v;7 
lived  in  INK'rccd  Co.,  dying  in  "70.  As  a  methodist  he  toi'k  an  active  j^art  in 
church  all'aii's.  His  widow  dieil  at  S.  Jose  in  77.  D.  ((ico.  W'.),  ISIO,  son 
of  (1.  D.,  1).  in  Mo.;  settled  in  Merced  Co.  '."iS:  in  "81  liad  a  farm  and  hotel  at 
Chester,  or  Dickenson's  Ferry.  His  wife  was  ilary  Ann  Brooks,  and  they  had 
.")  children.  D.  (W.  L.).  1810.  l)ro.  of  (!eo.  W.,  representing  Merced  and 
Stanislaus  in  the  Icgisl.  of '(il!;  rcsid.  Horr's  raneho,  nat.  of  Tenn.,  age  'M. 
Dickey  (]).),  IVIS,  mend),  tif  1st  Mont,  juiy,  ])crhap3  David  who  was  at  S. 
Josi-  in  'oO.        D.  (II.  W.),  1848,  jiassp.  from  Honolulu. 

Dickey  (Wm),  bSliJ.  Irishman  who  got  a  jsass  in  Ju  y,  iii.  408,  tliougli 
there  may  possilily  be  an  error  in  the  year.  From ';}S  his  name  appears  in  Lar- 
kin's  accts  and  oilier  records;  arrestcil  in  '40,  Ijut  not  c>;ile<l.  iii.  408;  iv.  17; 
in  '4'-'  obtained  a  renewal  of  his  pass,  claiming  about  7  years'  rcsidciii'c;  and 
about  tlie  same  time  he  moved  fr(,m  the  Sta  Cruz  region  to  N.  Helvetia.  In 
'4.'{  lie  accop.ip.  Dr  Sandels  in  his  travels  through  the  Sac.  Yal.,  where  Ik;  had 
alread.v  selected  a  raucho,  the  .\rroyo  Chieo  adjoiuiiig  Keyser's,  for  which  ho 


DICKEY-DOCICniLL. 


781 


pctitioneil  tlic  same  ycnr.  In  '4-t  lie  vas  naturalized  (lud  got  liis  rniiclio,  iv. 
070,  being  recoiii.  l>j' Sutter,  under  whom  he  pro!),  served  in  tliu  Miiii  iLorena 
campaign,  iv.  480;  ni^'ncd  the  order  for  Weber's  arrest,  iv.  4S.'J;  r.p^iear.i  in 
t!:o  list  of  Cal.  claimants  (v.  4()"2):  and  is  named  in  the  A'.  //</(■.  JJicii-i/  'Ki-S. 
He  may  liav3  been  the  'Dick '  of  the  Cal.  ]]at.  as  above.  In  '4!>  he  was  a  ])art- 
iier  of  liidwell  in  the  Feather  Kiver  mines;  went  east  in  '4'.),  living  at  Liberty, 
I'enn.,  and  dying  before  '00.  Dickinson  (F. ),  1848,  of  U.S.X.,  at  S.  F.  on  the 
jAiih/  Adam^.  1).  (M.),  1848,  alcalde  in  Calaveras  Co.  aec.  to  a  nev.a;  aper 
mention.  Dickson,  1847,  8.  F.  mereliant  of  lirni  1).  &  Ibiy-  *  f  ll'-o  lj;'c!:ivc 
store;  owner  of  town-lots  '47-8.  v.  044-."),  084;  the  firm  f-till  in  busines  •,  i;i  ',')). 
I  suppose  this  may  have  been  John  Dickson,  who  came  from  Honolulu  on  tlio 
J'rovalciice;  name  often  written  'Dixon.' 

Diddlcson  (Augustus),  1847.  Co.  O,  X.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  Did  (I.F.),  lf--!(i, 
Co.  F,  Cab  Bat.  (v.  ;5JS).  D.  (Valentine),  1840,  ditto;  h)t  at  S.F.  "48.  '1  he 
name  wa.s  perhaps  '  Dielil,' who,  ace.  to  Dallhans,  was  an  ovcrl.  iiniiiig.  wiUi 
Hoppe  :nd  Harlan;  still  at  S.F..  a  grocer,  'd'J-4;  later  a  farmer  near  M..y.'ield, 
where  he  lied  about  '82.  Dierkin  (A.),  1848,  corporal  of  S.  I',  gr.aidfi. 
Dig,' (Henry),  1840,  Fauntleroy's  dragoons,  v.  '2:]-2.  Dillawav  (Jolin),  bd.l, 
pilot  of  the  Memmj.  ii.  "208.  Dillon  (.lames,  1S47,  Co.  F,  r)d"U.S.  artill.  (v. 
il8).  D.  (Joseph),  1824,  Amer.  (puirrymun  at  Mont.  '21),  age  28,  .")  years  in 
Cal.  ii.  520. 

Dinnnick  (Kimball  H.),  1847,  nnt.  of  Conn.,  N.Y.  lawyer  and  militia  ofTi- 
cer,  who  came  as  capt.  of  Co.  K,  N.Y.  Vol.  v.  .■)04;  electio'i  inspector  at  S.F. 
'48.  V.  0.")2;  alcalde  of  S.  Josii  '40.  v.  0(i2;  also  judge  of  the  f  up.  tribunal  and 
nienib.  of  tiie  eonstit.  convention;  a  Sac.  printer  'oO;  went  (^ast  '."il,  but  ro- 
tr.rned  to  Los  Aug.,  where  be  was  district  attorney,  justice  of  the  jieaco,  and 
county  judge.  He  <licd  in  '01  at  tlie  age  of  50.  Dimond  (.!.),  1847,  at  S.  F. 
from  Or.  on  the  Ihnrij.  Dittmann  (Carl),  1844.  (Jerman  failor,  known  in 
Cal.  as  Charley  Drown,  who  came  on  the  E>iph<m>:(,  engaging  ia  otter-Iiunt- 
ing  with  Nidcver  ami  oth.rs,  an  occupation  interrupted  liy  mining  in  '4S-.")0. 
Sla  B.  was  his  home  ilown  to  '78,  when  he  dictated  for  nic  his  Xarr.ilirp  i./a 
y.t:a-J\ii\ii[i  Life,  an  interesting  I'ccord  of  many  ndventuie.^.  iv.  t.'iH;  v.  .'117. 
Di.-v  (.T.),  1848,  on  the  ./«/('«// from  Honolulu.  Di. son  (.Tames),  184(1,  I'aunt- 
leroy's  ilragoons  (v.  '2;!2).  D.  (J.),  1847,  at  Honolulu  from  C.d. ;  ])eihaps 
'  Dickson  '  of  D.  &  Hay,  (j.v.  D.  (.JamesF.),  1847,  Co.  A,  X.Y.X'ol.  (v.  4n;i); 
drowned  in  Cold  Lake  '80.  D.  (Joseph),  18.12,  Amer.  who  joined  the  comp. 
extranjera  at  Mont.  iii.  '221,  408;  on  Larkin's  books  and  other  reeorils  ';U- 
48;  got  a  pass '44;  in  Sutter's  employ '4.5-0;  sometimes  called  an  I'^uglishmau, 
and  there  may  have  been  two  of  the  name. 

Doak  (Thomas  W.),  1810,  the  1st  Amer.  settler  in  Cal.,  nat.  of  Boston, 
who  came  on  the  Alhutroa^,  name  often  written  Duke  and  Doc.  ii.  27o,  277, 
'Ai'/'^.  He  was  baptized  at  S.  Carlos  in  '10  as  Felipe  Santiago;  in  'is  employed 
to  paint  the  mission  church  of  S.  Juan  B.,  where  he  was  married  in  '20.  by 
viceregal  permission  of  '19,  to  Maria  Lugarda,  daughtei  of  Mariano  Castro, 
ii.  '248,  272,  380;  in  '29  his  age  is  given  as  42,  and  from  this  time  his  nr.uu! 
appears  in  various  records  as  a  carpenter  of  good  habits.  He  lived  for  some 
yoar.i  at  Sta  Cruz,  or  at  least  two  of  ids  children  were  born  there;  in ':!.; 
joined  the  com[).  extranjera  at  Mont.  iii.  221 ;  said  to  have  been  at  S.  .lo  ;  •  in 
'.)";  on  Larkin's  books  from  '113;  in  '34  had  0  children  ace.  to  the  padron;  in 
';UJ  living  in  the  ^loiit.  (list.,  at  or  near  Las  Animas,  age  50,  wife  Lu^anl.i 
Castro  age  30,  child.  Juan  B.  b.  '21,  Valeriano  '23,  Ana  Maria  '29,  au.l  Cc- 
cilio  '33.  I  have  his  autograph  of  '27  ami  '47,  but  no  later  record  of  him  or 
his  family.  Taylor  says  he  died  before  '48.  D.  (Jolm),  1847,  ovcrl.  imniig. , 
who  went  Ist  to  Sta  Cruz  and  then  to  the  mines  in  '48,  presently  establishing 
a  ferry  on  the  S.  Joaquin,  and  becoming  one  of  the  earliest  business  men  of 
Stockton.  I  believe  that  ho,  or  one  of  his  sons,  was  somewhat  prominent  in 
S.  Joaij.  politics  in  biter  years.       D^iatey,  1847,  at  N.  Helv. 

Dcib.son,  1840,  doubtful  name  in  a  Los  Ang.  list.  D.  (.Toscph),  1817,  Co. 
A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  409).  Docente  (Chas),  1817,  owner  of  S.  F.  h)t.  v.  070. 
Dockrill  (Josc-ph,  or  James),  18-17,  printer  from  Canxula,  whose  I'cal  uanic  ia 


782 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


said  to  Iinvp  l)crii  .Tosepli  Aniistronj:;;  foronmti  nnd  pcrlmpa  part  owner  of  the 
Car/oriiiaii.  '-iT-S.  v.  (i.W;  worked  in  iiewspaiicr  dliici';;  S.K.  till  'i"J.  Ijucoming 
di.ssipatcd  ami  Icjiiij^  liisiJiopcrty;  tlicii  went  to  the  mines;  died  at  Dry  Creek 
'")().  Dodd  (Matthew),  1847,  earpunter  on  the  U.S.  ('//riiii'.  I).  (Solomon), 
1818,  name  in  list  of  letters;  at  S.  Jose  'oO.  l);)dei'o  (Xieoliis),  18'_'7,  Italian 
sailor  who  left  the  Maria  Ester  at  S.  F.,  was  atut  to  .Mont.,  and  in  'v2!l  was 
living  at  S.  .Jose,  age  2.).  iii.  170;  married  an  Higiiera;  in  '40  a  naturalized 
citiziu  at  IJraneifortc;  in  '44  grantee  of  Tres  Ojos  de  Agiia,  Sta  (_'ruz  (',).  iv. 
G.")0;  in  "40  had  a  son  in  the  Mont,  seliool.  Dodge  (Augusta;;),  1S47,  Co.  C, 
Moi-m.  Wat.  (v.  4GU);  Utah  farmer  'H'2.  Dodge  (Clias  l'\  and  Theophilus), 
1S!S(?),  early  .settlers  of  Sonera.  D.  (Edwin  T. ),  KS47  (?),  policeman  anfl 
sherill'  of  Vulia  Co.,  who  in  '.")S  went  to  15.  (,'ol.,  and  later  to  Wash.  Ten; 
said  to  have  heen  a  .sergt  in  N.Y.  Vol.,  but  there  is  no  sueh  name  on  the  roll. 

Dodson  (Eli),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm  IJat.  (v.  4Ui)).  D.  (,lacol.),  1844,  servant 
of  I'remont  in  1st  and  'Jdexpcd. ;  F.'s  companion  in  the  famous  ride  of  '47. 
iv.  4;{7;  V.  4  l.'l.  D.  (\Vm),  184."),  ovcrl.  iinmig.  from  111.  iv.  o7cS;  who  went; 
to  Or.  with  iliistow  in  ■4v'!.  v.  ."rj(i.  Doekin  (Anthony),  1847,  owner  of  S.  V. 
lot.  Dofar,  or  Dojan  (.Matthew),  1847,  named  as  one  of  the '2d  Donner  re- 
lief. V.  ")H).  Dolit  (.lo.seph),  18;j1,  named  as  one  of  Young's  trappers,  iii. 
3;;8.  Do,4e  (J.  l'.),  1817,  doubtful  mime  at  Mont.  Doggtc  (Tim. ),  IS'J.'J, 
nir  '^f  th(!  'Jlitlimcr;  perhaps  Daggett,  ii.  492.  Doliling  (Oeo.),  1840,  at  S.F. 
an<l  N.  llelv. ;  owner  of  l(jts.  v.  084;  Cal.  elaini.  apparently  for  service  in  Cal. 
l!at.  (v.  '.iM);  owner  of  land  at  S.  Jo8«5  '48.  Doiron  (A.),  1848,  passp.  from 
llonolnlu.  Duke  (.James),  1841,  from  N.  Mcx.  in  the  Workman-Rowland 
]iarty.  iv.  278;  a  nat.  of  Tcnu.;  started  to  return  to  Sta  Fe  with  Rowland  iu 
'4.'i,  and  wa;i  drouned  in  (Ircen  River.  Oiven.  Dolan  (Patrick),  1840,  Iri.sli- 
nian  of  the  Donner  party,  from  Keokuk,  Iowa;  died  in  an  attempt  to  obtain 
relief  for  the  rest.  v.  S.'JO,  o.'ll,  ■").'i7.  Doliver,  1810,  carpenter  of  the  Lijilin. 
ii.  27.").  Dolman  (Joim),  1840,  seaman  in  the  navy;  later  Phil,  lawyer.  S.J. 
/•iotirn:  Doll  (.John),  1847,  Co.  F,  M  U.  8.  artill.  (v.  518).  Dollman 
(Fred.),  1847,  Co.  A,  X.Y.Vol.  (v.  4!»lt).  Dolton  (Henry  S.),  1847,  Co.  ]}, 
Morm.  Bat.  (v.  40'J);  at  Cacheville,  Utah,  '81. 

Doni  (Antonioi,  weaver  instructor  1792-5.  i.  015.  Domer  (Peter),  1847, 
Co.  I,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  4!);));  d.  S.  Diego '48.  Domingo,  neophyte  leader  in  tlio 
light  at  S.  L..en.  179.').  i.  (i7.').  D.  (.Juan),  18150,  Dutch  ship-carpenter  on 
tiio  Ddiiidic  from  Lima,  age  about  28.  iii.  180;  .settled  at  Los  Aug.,  where  ho 
was  living  in  ';!0;  marrie(l  a  Felix  before  '40;  became  a  man  of  some  wealth; 
had  a  C.ii.  claim  iu  '4(i  (v.  41)2),  027;  died  in  '58. 

Doniinguez,  known  as  Duminguito,  killed  at  I'iiuma '40.  v.  017.  D.  (.Vn- 
touio),  f.oMier  of  Sta  1>.  conip.  before  '.'17.  D.  (("urlos),  at  Los  Ang.  ",y,\  ago 
29.  D.  (Ciirnn^i),  jue/,  do  campoat  .Sta  15.  ';15.  iii.  054;  wife  Isabel  Romero, 
0  children.  J).  (Cristobal),  soldier  of  S.  Diego  eowip.  !);'foro  1809;  sergt  1817- 
25;  gr.uitec  of  S.  Pedro  rancho  '22;  ncpliew  of  .Juan  Jose;  <lied  '25,  i.  0'12;  ii. 
,'lli,  121,  54.'5,  5(>5.  His  wife  was  Maria  do  los  lioyes  Ibafies;  child.  Maria 
Victoria  wife  of  Jose  Ant.  Estndillo,  Liii:i  Conzaga,  Manuel,  Maria  Fr;ai. 
Marceliiia  wife  of  Win  A.  (iale,  Marfa  l']leiia  Raniona.  .Josi^.  Nasai'io,  and 
Pedro  .hian  Ag.ipito.  D.  (De:nesio),  mentioned  'ol-47.  iii-  190;  v.  4()!);  at 
Los  Ang.  '."Si),  iige  48,  on  the  Viigenes  rancho.  D.  (Domingo),  soldier  of  Sta 
15.  comp.  ";52;  another  at  .S.  Bern.  '4f>,  age  24.  D.  (Fi'aneisco),  son  of  Josi5 
Ant.,  el.  of  .S.  Emigdio  rancho.  iv.  0:$5.  D.  (.Jesiis),  1840,  at  Los  Ang.  D. 
(.Josi'),  comisionado  at  .S.  Jose  17!S5,  when  he  died.  i.  478.  1).  (.Jose  Ant.), 
grantee  of  S.  Emigdio  '42.  iv.  0155.  D.  (.lose  1)  )lores),  soldier  of  S.  D.  at  S. 
Juan  Cap.  1770.  i.  .'JO.'l;  corporal  of  the  S.  Antonio  escolta  1780;  prob.  the 
.lost'- who  died  in  '85  as  above.  D.  (Jose  Mari'a),  .soldier  at  Sta  B.  1800.  i. 
0."i9;  inv;il.  at  Sta  B.  ';>2,  wife  Marcclina  Felix,  4  children;  grantee  of  Laa 
Virgenes  '.'^7.  iii.  034;  died  in  '45  at  age  of  aliout  100,  his  widow  died  '()5  at 
ago  of  105,  leaving  over  100  descendants  through  7  sous  and  7  daughters.  Ono 
son  was  Jose;  2  (laughters  were  Lui.ia  and  Maria.  D.  (.fosi5  Mari'a),  at  Los 
Ang.  ';!!),  ago  39;  also  '43.  iv.  042.  D.  (.lose  Maria),  at  Braneif.  '45,  age  25, 
vaf<;  Concepcion  (Jalatan,  child.  Manuel  and  (iuadalupe.       D.  (Juan  Jose), 


DOMINGUEZ-DOOR. 


7S3' 


settler  of  Los  Anff.  178.'-fiO,  soldier  in  rarlier  yearfs.   i.  ?AG,  4G1;  grantee  of  S. 


IVdro  nuiciio  180()-'J2.  i,  Olii;  ii.  Ill,  :«),  .'{.";;!,  C.Tl.  OCT 


Dimiingiicz  (Maimul),  t-oii  of  (risUihal,  wlio  fi' 


ilioiit  'i.")  lived  on  tlio  S. 


Pedro  riinclio.  In  '"JT-S,  of  teiiiii  for  conladcr,  ;;ii]  lento  of  (lie  dip.,  and  eleotor 


for  Los  An;;,  ii.  "<(jO;  iii.  -Ii!,  -If,  O.'i; 


i)  rc'-id(;r.   ii.  .";()!;  in  ';iJ  alcalde  of 


An'',  iii.  -jui,  {;; 


n ';';!-()  i;ux.  alcalde  at  ^;.  I'ldro.  iii.  (i.' !")-();  oijxi.sition 


to  (lov.  Alvarado  ';{0-7.  iii.  401,  4'.i(i;  in  '',)'.)  2.\  akalde   iiig  An'',  iii.  OliG; 


'ct  of  'J<1  district,   iv.  (J."<J- 


in  '41 


'4'2-l5  jucz  do  piz.  iv.   (irrJ-K;  in  '-i.l  prei' 
capt.  of  dcfeii.sores.  iv.  407.   In  'Ki  lii.s  lanelio  was  oienpicd  liy  Uie  Anier.  in 
Oct.  v.  ,']l!);  in  '4!J  he  was  a  laenibcr  of  the  eonstit.  convention;  in  './J  county 
snpervi.or,  el.  for  the  S.  I'cdro  rancho.   iii.  (i;)4.    l)on   .Manuel  wi 


jf  iniluence  and  of  e;:cellent  re|.ute.    Still  livi 


dv.ays  a 
laj'  on  liis  lii)ii]('  lanclio  in 


'8.')  at  the  age  of  77,  entirely  lilind  tor  some  yeans;  died,  I  think,  ;i  ti  w  years 
later.    Jiin  wife  was  Alalia  Alta  (Iracia  Cota, 
whom  ti  <lau;,'hicni  survived  in  '80.       1).  (Mari 


1  tin  V  had  \0  children,  of 


I. 

d  fellow,  1) 


.\wi.  trader 
sfi  ■ 


r.o. 


■h 


in  .ill.  I'.  (.Nasario).  hro.  oi  .Manuel,  a  wild  lellow,  liuL  a  succcs.sUil  rancnero. 
lie  sohl  hii  .'iliare  of  the  rancho  to  his  hi'other.  \).  (N'eniesin),  .'tidilicr  at  So- 
noma'41.  1).  (Pedro),  at  1^03  Ai:g.  '3S;  juez  tie  eanipo  at  .^.  IVdro '4(>.  iii. 
.'"jUI-.").  (i;57;  age  '2'J  in  "oO.  D.  (Scrajjio),  Mex.  soldier  of  the  piijuele  dc  Ili- 
da!pj  at  .Mont.  ';>(),  age  '2^.  1).  (Vicente),  at  Los  Ang.  '40.  D.  (Vicente 
Sotelo  de),  at  Los  Ang.  ';18.  iii.  odd. 

Domini:,  (.lohn),  X'^'S't,  nn'  (;f  the  liolii'dr.  iii.  ,381;  nir  of  the /ow/^/i  P((i- 
hodij  '."/J  -12.  iv.  U;4,  ."()();  native  of  Trieste,  who  was  lost  on  the  Xoh'c  ahout 
'45.  His  widow  lived  at  Honolulu  '84,  and  his  son  .lohn  ().  was  hrother-in-law 
of  tl.e  king.  Pdrrc.  J)onald  (.M. ),  1848,  miner  taid  to  I'.ave  lieen  dro\\n(d 
in  the  Ynha.  1).  (Xeal),  R;47,  Co.  C,  Morm.  liat.  (v.  4(;'.));  reenl.:  died  at 
S.  Diego  \ov.  Donahlson  (\.  ('.),  184(5,  Co.  C,  1st  Vi.i^.  dra;-oons  (v.  .Tili). 
Donegan  (.lohn),  1847,  ('o.  (',  N.  V.  \'ol.  (v.  40!)).  Domielly.  1848,  kept  a 
pandilin'.;  and  grog  shop  at  Sta  ]>.,  ordered  to  he  Ijj'oki  n  up  l>y  L;ovt.  D. 
(John),  1817,  C'o.  1'',  :id  L'.S.  artill.  (v.  518). 

Doimer  ((leo.),  1840,  nat.  of  N.  C.,  \\\\o  came  from  Si)ring(i(  Id.  111.,  in  tho 
faniou;!  innnig,  party  that  hears  his  name.  l'"or  a  full  acKinit  of  this  terrihlo 
joui'uey,  Kee  v.  5t')0-44.  He  Mas  accompanied  hy  his  wile — Tr.msen,  widow 
Dozier,  maiden  name  luistis,  a  woman  of  eultuie  and  (ihicaii  .n,  formerly  :i 
teacher,  v.  5M0,  541,  541;  tv.o  daughters  hy  a  former  wife,  I^litha  C,  v.  5114, 
and  Leanna  (!.,  v.  ~u'A;  and  three  daughteis  hy  Tamscn,  l''r;uues  IL,  (icorgia 
A.,  and  V.\\y.i\  I',  v.  5;)5.  Tlie  fathcv  and  mother  both  perished,  tiie  latter  de- 
liberately saerilieing  her  own  life  in  order  to  cheer  (lie  dying  hours  of  her 
husband;  hut  the  (  hihhen  were  all  rescued.  Llitlia  marri.d  I'v  rry  .MeCJoon  iu 
'47,  and  after  liis  death  Htiij.  W.  Wilder;  and  iu  '80  lived  at  V.Wi.  drove,  .'^ac. 
Co.,  with  (J  children.  Leanna  married  .lohn  .\pp  in  "o'i,  and  in  "80  lived  at 
Jamestown,  'I'uol.  Co.,  with  ■'!  children.  Frances  mairied  Win  It.  Wilder,  anil 
in  '80  lived  in  Contra  Costa  Cfi.  with  5  chihircn.  (leorgia  married  W.  \.  Ilab- 
coch  in  'O;!.  and  in  "80  lived  at  .Mountain \'iew,  Sta  Clara  Co.,  with  ;i  e!iildi-en. 
Eli:'a,  the  youngest,  a  small  child  in  "K!,  married  S.  ().  Houghton  in  '(11,  and 
in  '80  was  living  at  S.  .Jos('  with  (>  children.  MetUashau  gives  many  details 
about  the  members  of  this  fan  ily,  with  a  ])ortrait  of  (ieorgia. 

Donner  (.lacob),  184(1,  brother  of  (Ico.,  ar.d  member  of  tho  same  party, 
with  his  wife  Elizabeth,  4  sons,  and  ;i  dauglitei'.  v.  5;!()-44.  Tiic  father, 
mother,  and  \\  sons — Isaac,  Levis,  and  Samuel-  perished  in  the  mountains; 
but  one  son  and  the  daug'Iiter  survived.  (!eo.  D.,.Jr,  mariied  Margaret.L  Wat- 
son in  'Ol',  and  died  at  Sct:asto]iol,  Sonoma  Co.,  in  '74,  leaving  a  widov.'  ami  (5 
children  living  in  "80.  .V  S.F.  lot  wasgranted  him  in  '47.  His  sister,  Mary  .M. 
Donner,  was  married  in  "5!)  to  S.  (>.  Houghton,  ami  died  in  '()(>,  having  a 
daughter,  still  living  in  "80.  Mrs  hlli/iabcth  D.  also  had  two  sons  by  a  foimer 
marriage,  named  'llook.'rpv.  Donnavan  (15.),  1848,  ]iassp.  from  Honolulu. 
Doody"(Patrick),  1847,  Co.  I.  N.V.Vol.  (v.  4'.)!l);  at  Coloma '4:t  with  his  wife. 
Poolan  (.lohn),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  41)!)).  Doolcy  (Thomas),  184(J, 
Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  .IliO),  D.  (Thos),  1847.  Co.  (1,  X.Y.Vol.  Chirl:; 
prob.  an  error.       Door  (James),  1840,  arrested  foreigner,  doubtful,  iv.  14. 


784 


nOXEKR  r.miSTER  AND  INDEX. 


-^>"'2);  mcml).  of  1st  Icgisl.  '40-50;  U.8.  iiiiuslial;  sec.  of  statu  'o'l-T;  from'.')? 
ji  farm  in  S.  Jojiq.  to  liis  iloat'.i  in  "J'2,  .-igc  "»1.       D.  (SirJamos),  IS-II,  ajjont 


Biipkcn  (Tacol)),  1845,  at  S.  F.  '45-G;  Joliana  D.,  apparently  liis  wife;  at 
N.  1I<  Iv.  '47;  lot  at  S.l-".  iv.  o.ST;  v.  (J78.  Doian  (Juini),  1847,  Co.  V,  .'id  U. 
iS.  .itill.  (V.  .Tl.S).  Doiinan  (Ilem-y),  184(5,  ovtrl.  iuiinig.  with  1!:i111imus  (v. 
fiJC):  \inuyar(list  in  Sac.  ^'al.;  d.  aliout  '54.  1).  (John),  1S.34,  V.n';^\.  tailor 
at  Mont.  iJornin  (Thomas),  I84'J,  com.  of  the  U.  S.  JJa/c.  iv.  .S14,  505. 
Diirnto  (C),  1845,  at  N.  llclv.  with  a  family,  iv.  578;  po.s.sibly  wenttoOr.  v. 
rrli')-,  Imt.  was  probably  the  D.  who  settled  at  >S.  F.  in  '40,  and  was  murilcred 
by  lJo\iilcy  in  Nov.  '47.  v.  04(1,  GS4.  Dorr  (Kbcnozer),  170(i,  nir  of  tlio 
<'iln;  the  1st  Amer.  V(ssel  in  a  Cal.  port.  i.  5;i!)-40,  GI8.  014,  G85.  Dorset, 
l!'47,  f)ii  i\w  Curreucy  /.cms  from  Honolulu.  Dorty  (\Vm),  1841,  employed 
<pn  J^eese's  launch.  Dotson,  lS4(i,  doubtful  name  at  Chino  rancho.  v.  .'Jl  t. 
D  .;ter  (Wm  (J.),  1847,  Co.  C,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  409);  lot  at  S.  F.,  where  he  still 
lived  '71-82;  ex-member  of  the  legislature. 

Doiicett  (Louis),  1847,  lot-owner  at  S.F.  DoU'jlierty,  1840,  at  S.F.  wi:ti 
family:  prob.  'Durnlr,'  (j.  v.  D.  (.James),  1847,  Co.  C,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  4;)!)|. 
]>.  (.(ulm),  1847,  Irish,  at  N.  Helv.  D.  (Joseph).  18;W,  one  of  Young's  trap- 
pers who  jierhaps  remained  in  Cal.  iii.  .388.  Douglas,  1845,  luigl.  i.asn  t:> 
tSonora.  1).  (David),  bS.'iO,  Scotch  botanist  on  the /.^/-y/'/i/ from  the  ("olumbia 
Itiv. ;  joined  the  comp.  extranjera  at  Mont.  ",i'2;  touched  again  at  S.  F.  '.'!.'!; 
diul  at  tiic  .Sandw.  Isl.  ';i4.  iii.  221,  .382,  40.3-5,  G;)<.).  J).  (David  F.),  IS4S. 
iiat.  of  'I'enn.  who  ci'.nio  as  wagoner  from  xMex.  with  Graham's  dragoons  (v. 

on 

of  the  lI.D.Co.,  who  came  on  the  ( 'ohimh'ia.  iv.  80,  l'»4,  209-17,  504.  010,  050, 
Gi;5.  See  also  Hint.  Brit.  Cot.,  this  series.  My  collection  contains  his  Prira/e 
J'dji'rn  and  Joiinidl,  including  ihe  Vai/rif/i-  to  (kil.  lie  died  at  Victoria  in  '77. 
D.  (James),  1847,  Co.  D,  .'\lorm.  Iiat.  ('v.'409);  later  in  Sutter'.s  employ.  D. 
(.John),  1823,  sailor  on  the  Hover.  D.  (Tho.;),  1847,  teacher  and  graduate  of 
Yale,  who  came  from  Honolulu  on  t!ic /Vrn^rf.scri  with  letters  from  .ludd  \c> 
Larldn,  and  in  '48  took  charge  of  the  S.  F.  ])ublie  school,  v.  050-7.  D. 
(Thos  A.),  1840,  Co,  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  3:>G). 

Dove  (James  O. ),  183.3,  Engl,  .sador  from  the  whaler  A'(7^/ at  Mont.  iii. 
409;  named  in  a  Los  Aug.  li.st  of  'oO  as  a  single  London  ear]ientcr,  age  22, 
from  Peru;  a  trapper  for  some  years;  in  '40  exiled  to  S.  Bias,  hut  came  back 
with  a  ]iass  and  claim  for  <l.amagcs.  iv.  IS,  .33,37.  Hois  named  in  a  S.  (Jabriel 
list  of  '44;  but  I  find  no  trace  of  hir.i  in  '40-7;  in  the  mines  '48-52,  and  later 
at  Stockton,  Fresno,  and  Tuolunme,  where  he  lived  in  '7 1 .  Dow  ( Joscpii  (;. ), 
1817,  Co.  C,  N.Y.Vol.  (V.  499);  memb.  of  leg'sl.  '02;  in  Sonoma  Co.  '71-9;  ia 
Mendocino '82.  Dowil  (Michael),  1841,  mr  of  the  CorNOJr.  iv.  504.  Dowl- 
ing  (Geo. ),  1847,  ownerof-S.F.  lots;  prob.  same  as  '  Dohling,'  q.v.  D.  (.John), 
1848,  in  the  mines  with  IJrooks;  wounded  by  Ind.  D.  (Tlios  H.).  184S, 
Irish  overl.  immig.;  claimant  for  Yerba  Bnena  Isl.;  left  Cal.  '07;  died  at 
Wash.  '72,  ago  G2.  Downes  (.rohn),  1840,  passed  mid.  on  the  U.  S.  D'tlc, 
acting  mr  of  the  Portumouth  '47.  Downey  (Chas  H.).  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S. 
artill'.  (V.  518).  D.  (Joseph),  1840,  doubtful  name  at  S.  F.  v.  049.  Down- 
ing (Holms),  1845,  ovcrl.  immig.  in  the  Hastings  party,  iv.  580-7;  at  N. 
llelv.  "40;  served  in  the  Cal.  ]}at.  (v.  358);  prob.  went  east  soon  after  '47. 
])oyle  (Jar.ics),  18.30,  employee  of  Lee.se  at  S.F.,  who  on  being  dismissed  en- 
gaged in  stealing  horses  in  the  interior,  for  wliicli  he  was  arrested  and  brought 
to  Sonoma  for  trial,  iii.  722;  iv.  113,  118.  It  may  have  been  the  same  or  an- 
other .lames  1),  who  appears  as  a  laborer  on  Larkin's  books  from  '44  and  got 
land  at  S.F.  and  Mont,  in  '40-7. 

Drabe  (David  11.),  1845,  mr  of  the  Martha,  iv.  507.  Drake  (Andrew  J.), 
1847,  licut  on  the  U.  S.  Colintihiin.  D.  (Francis),  1.579,  Engl,  navigator  on 
the  coast  of  Cal.;  full  account  of  his  visit  in  i.  81-94.  Drayton  (Joseph), 
1841,  artist  in  U.S.  ex.  exped.  iv.  241.  D.  (Fercival),  1847,  lieut  on  the  U. 
S.  Columbus.  Drear,  .sec  'Drvor.'  Drennan  (James),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.  Y. 
Vol.  (V.  499);  d.  Tuolumne  '71'.  Dreshcr  (.lacob),  1840,  Co.  C,  1st  U.  S. 
dragoons  (v.  330).  Drcyer  (Henry),  1847,  Co.  F,  .3d  U.  S.  artill.  (v.  518). 
Dricher  (Jacob),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v,  103).      Dring  (David),  1847,  mr 


BRING -DUNCAN. 


7S5 


III. 

O.J 

Imck 

abricl 

later 

(!.), 

in 

Doul- 

folni), 

184S, 

(1  at 

Dale, 

U.S. 

own- 

X. 

'47. 

cn- 

iight 

an- 

got 


U. 
Y. 

,  s. 

fS). 
Itnr 


of  tho  Janet,  v.  r>78;  a  Imsincss  mr;nof  S.F.  MS-Oand  later.  Dri.scoU.  1S48, 
at  S.F,  from  Tahiti.  iJnico  (Lo/.uul),  IN-Il,  carpentiT  from  tlic  Airt  i\i  S. 
I'cdro;  ordered  to  rcemburk,  SUanis  lioinj^  lined  lor  keening  D.  at  iiii  Imiisi", 
written  also  '  Dince  '  and  '  Dance.'  Dnimmond  (.John  W.  II.),  1S47.  had  u 
lot  and  house  at  Benicia.  v.  07-.  Dryer  (John),  1847,  Co.  li,  N.Y.Vol.  (v. 
4'J'J);  atStaCruz'71-S2. 

Dnarto  (Alberto),  soldier  in  S.F.  militia  comp.  '37.  P.  (Andres),  jjranteo 
of  Azuza  '41,  and  of  a  S.  Gabriel  lot  '4G.  v.  0-8,  (i.'>4;  his  nanie  \.i  .still  retained 
by  a  settlement  in  this  region.  D.  (Angel,  Felipe,  Francisco,  Jose,  Julio, 
Manuel,  Martin,  Nasario,  Uafacl,  Ramon,  Vicente),  living  in  the  Los  Ang. 
region  '46.  D.  (Antonio  Ign.),  soldier  at  Sta  li.  'ij2,  wife  Eulalia  lliguera. 
D.  (Cayctano),  settler  at  Los  Ang.  '1,3.  ii.  330.  1).  (.Jose),  ranchero  and 
militiaman  in  S.F.  diat  '3o-7;  at  S.  Jos6  '41,  ago  33,  wife  Maria  SoU>,  child 
Antonio.  D.  (Jos(5),  shot  for  murder  at  Los  Ang.  '41.  iv.  030.  1).  (Juan 
Jose),  settler  at  Los  Ang.  '14.  ii.  3o0.  D.  (.Juan  Jose),  soldier  at  Sta  ]J.  '?t'2, 
wife  Maria  Serrano.  D.  (Juan  Maria),  aohlier  at  Sta  IJ.  before  '37.  D. 
(Leandro),  settler  at  Los  Ang.  ii.  350.  D.  (Manuel),  soldier  at  the  Colorado 
pueblos,  killed  by  Ind.  1781.  i.  359,  302.  D.  (Manuel),  sindico  at  S.  Jos6 
•J7.  ii.  005;  aux.  alcalde  at  Sta  Gertrudis '37.  iii.  030.  D.  (Mariano),  uoldier 
of  S.F.  comp.  '19;  alcalde  of  S.  Jos6  '31,  in  controversy  with  Gov.  V'ictoria. 
iii.  194-5,  009,  729;  in  '41  at  S.  JosiT-,  age  08,  nat.  of  Cal.,  wifeTcodoraPeralta, 
child.  Albino  b.  '21,  Lorcto  '27,  Luisa  '32;  in  '45  a  school-master  on  trial  for 
grave  crimes,  iv.  080. 

Dubosc(rierre),  1840,  Frenchman  killed  by  an  Ind.  at  Mcintosh's  rancho. 
Mofras  blamed  the  authorities  for  neglect  to  arrest  the  murderer,  i v.  1 20,  252. 
Duchenc,  1845,  perhaps  with  Fremont,  iv.  583.  Duckworth  (Walter),  1S29 
(?),  En^l.  sailor  who  in  '32  joined  the  comp.  c.xtranjera  at  Mont.  iii.  179-80, 
221,  408;  often  njimed  in  records  of  '32-43;  in  '30  at  Mont.,  ago  .32,  wife  \n- 
tonia  Anncnta,  child.  Guillermo  b.  '30,  Santiago  '32,  Maria  Adclaida  '35.  Tho 
age  of  his  son  is  the  only  evidence  I  have  that  ho  canio  before  '32.  In  '41  he 
accompar." id  Douglas  on  a  trii)  from  Mont,  to  S.F. ;  prob.  died  soon  after  '43. 
He  was  often  called  Santiago,  and  was  juez  del  montc  at  Mont.  '35.  iii.  074. 
Tho  son  Santiago  had  a  Cal.  claim  of  §3,9.')0  in  '40-7  (v.  402).  Ducoigne 
(l']ug<inc),  1840,  Cal.  Bat.,  artill.  Co.  B  (v.  358),  enlisting  at  S.F.  Oct.;  Cal. 
claim  fur  services,  81(31.  Duefias,  1842,  perhaps  an  alk-rez  of  tho  batiiUon 
lijo,  saiil  to  have  remained  in  Cal.  '45.  iv.  513. 

Dufrd  (Jacqvics),  1840,  arrested  at  Los  Ang.  iv.  14;  prob.  the  name  was 
'  Dufras.'  Duhaut-Cilly  (Auguste),  1827-8,  mr  of  the  French  trader  Ih'ron, 
and  author  of  tho  Voiimje  aittour  tin  Monde,  containing  much  valuable  matter 
about  Cal.  iii.  94-5,  128-31,  133,  147;  also  mcnt.  of  his  work  and  local  de- 
scriptions, ii.  548,  5.50-1,  503-4,  574-5,  579,  589-90,  595,  598,  Oi)3,  (110-11, 
014,  (!1C),  020,  03 1,  050.  Duhy  (.John),  1848,  camo  from  Sandw.  Isl.  J/lxf. 
Or.,  ii.  .334.  Duisenberg  (Edward),  1848,  German  business  man  of  S.F.  '80, 
who  may  have  arrived  from  Valparaiso  before  the  end  of  '48.  Coiilnnp.  Wkkj. 
i.  410.  Duketel  (Sidney),  1845,  perhaps  one  of  Fr(5mont's  men,  as  ho  was 
in  '48-0.  v.  453,  583.  Dnhmto  (Andres),  1S04,  Span,  friar  who  served  at  S. 
Juan  15.,  and  died  in  18Q8.  ii.  151,  159-(j0.  Dulany,  1842,  lieut  U.S.N,  with 
Com.  Jones,  iv.  308.  Dumctz  (Francisco),  1771,  ftpan.  friar  wlio  served  as 
mis.sionary  for  40  years,  chiefly  at  S.  Buen.,  S.  Fern.,  and  S.  Gai)ri('l,  where 
he  died  in  1811.  Biog.  ii.  3.55;  ment.  i.  173,  175-0,  178-9.  187-9,  \'X\  2)7, 
240.  25."),  270,  282,  351,  388,  405,  4C('.,  502,  575,  578,  074;  ii.  1 1.3-15,  l.-.O.  3:U. 

Duncan,  1815,  on  tho  6'o//(»i/*''ri,  not  peruiittcil  to  remain  in  Cal.  ii.  273. 
D.,  1345,  inimig.  from  Or.  in  tho  J^IcMalion-Clynian  party,  jn-ob.  went  back 
in  '40.  iv.  572,520.  D.  (Ale.x.),  1843,  mrof  thi!  Vnncniivn:  iv.  5(i!);  periiaps 
of  the  Colnmbii  '47.  v.  577.  D.  (.James  M.),  184;i,  passed  nud.  on  tiie  Coii- 
(ircss;  acting  capt.  of  Co.  F,  Stockton's  Bat.  '4(i-7,  and  in  Gillespie's  party 
meeting  Kearny,  v.  .340,  385.  D.  (Robert),  1840,  Scotchman  from  New 
Zealand  with  his  wife  and  4  cliildren;  lived  at  S.F. ,  where  he  owned  a  lot  in 
'47;  in  the  mines  '48-9;  settled  in  Sta  Clara  Co.,  where  ho  died  '57.  Portrait 
iu  IJexperinn  Nov.  '59.  1).  (Thomas),  1839,  Scotch  mr  of  the  Juan  J  one  "oO- 
Uisr.  Cal.,  Vol.  II.    00 


786 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


4^:  naturalized  in  '44;  nt  Mont.  '45.  iv.  104,  110,  HGO.  D.  (TIios).  1840  (?), 
Kuntuckiiin;  at  Sao.  '48-!);  at  Emigrant  (Jap,  Nov. '82.  J tc no  Gazette.  Dun- 
c(jni!)(C),  1848,  nat.  of  Conn.;  doctor  and  farnici-;  in  lc;^isl.  'G3  from  Sue, 
ng(i  70.  D.  (John),  1840,  owner  of  S.E.  lot.  v.  084.  Dundas,  1844,  otilcer 
on  the  2f<.<l<'Me.  Dunderfcldt  (John),  1810,  Bailor  on  the  Li/dta  at  StalJ.  ii. 
'275.  ]>iinliam  (Albert),  1847,  Co.  1),  Morni.  Tat.  (v.  409);  died  at  S.  Diego 
'47.  Dunitch  (Ernest  F.),  1847,  musician  of  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  ncarPlaccr- 
viilo  '8.1.  Dunlap  (Jolm),  1840,  Co.  C,  1st  U.  S.  dragoons  (v.  330).  D. 
(John  ii.),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.  S.  artill.  (v.  518).  Dunfeavy  (James  G.  T.), 
ISJO,  ovcrl.  iiumig.  and  methodist  prcaclicr,  wlio  was  a  lot-owner  at  S.  F., 
and  was  prominent  in  town  afl'airs  of  '47,  being  municipal  clcrli  and  taking 
piirt  in  pulilic  meetings,  v.  528-9,  045,  048-9,  053;  ill  '47-8  preacher  and 
acting  alcalde  at  Sta  Cruz.  v.  041-2;  also  preached  at  the  gold-mines  '48.  I 
lind  no  later  record  of  him.  His  3d  initial  is  often  printed  S.  orAV.,  but  I 
have  ilia  autograph.       Dunlcvy  (James),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).     • 

Dunn  (Alex.),  1830,  Amcr.  hatter  from  N.  Mex.  at  Los  Ang.,  ago  29. 
D.  (Alex.),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.  S.  artill.;  in  the  mines  from  '48;  in  Mariposa 
'51-2;  from  '50  at  Stockton,  where  ho  was  drowned  in  '77.  D.  (E.  II.),  1810, 
1st  ollicer  of  the  Fumn,  in  trcublc  with  the  eapt.  D.  (Ed.  T. ),  1847,  purser 
of  the  U.S.  Coliiinhiix.  I).  (James  II.),  1840,  Fauntleroy's dragoons  (v.  2,'!2). 
D.  (Patrick  II.),  1840,  nat.  of  Me,  wiio  landed  from  a  whaler  and  went  to 
SononuiCo. ;  alao  accredited  to  N.Y.Vol. ;  a  printer;  said  to  have  frozen  his 
feet  in  one  of  the  Doniier  relief  parties.  In  southern  (Ail.  he  belonged  to  a 
gang  of  desperadoes,  being  twice  tried  for  murder.  Went  to  Ariz,  in  '57; 
edited  a  paper;  served  in  the  legisl.,  and  ns  county  judge;  and  died  near 
Tucr;on  in  '71,  or,  as  some  say,  in  '00.  Sec  John  'Dunne.'  D.  (Thos),  1847, 
Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  40'.));  at  (Joose  Creek,  Id.,  '81.  Dunne  (John),  1847, 
Co.  (1,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  a  printer  from  .Me,  who  lived  3  years  at  Sonoma; 
badly  wounded  in  a  fight  wilh  despcradcies  at  Sta  B.  about  '53;  drowned  in 
Kern  Itiv.  '.")5.  Evidently  there  is  much  confusion  between  this  man  and  Pat. 
II.  '  Dunn,'  q.v.  1).  (\Vm  Burden),  1840,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  330); 
nat.  of  Ireland  and  rcsid.  of  Los  Ang.  '70.  I  have  his  MS.  Azotes  on  S.  Pii,s- 
cvttl.  Dunklemug-er  (John),  184(),  doubtful  name  in  '71.  AUa.  Dupas 
(J.),  1845,  in  Sutter's  employ  '45-8.  iv.  587;  often  named  in  the  N.  JJclv. 
Diary;  also  written  'Dupec?,'  and  '  Dupeis,' '  Dupont,'and  'Dupos';  perhaps 
the  man  called  'Dofar,'  ([.v.  Dupont  (Samuel  F.),  1840,  com.  of  the  U.  S. 
Coivjrenf,  transferred  to  the  Cyane.  v.  251,  '253,  '207,  284,  577;  nat.  of  N.  J.; 
rear-admiral  in  the  war  of  '01-5;  d.  in  '05. 

Duran  (Narciso),  1800,  Span,  friar,  who  served  40  years  as  missionary  iu 
Cal.,  chiefly  at  S.  Jos6  and  Sta  B. ;  one  of  tlie  most  i^romincnt  and  influen- 
tial of  the  Franciscans,  especially  in  the  later  years;  president  and  prefect; 
died  at  Sta  B.  in  '40,  the  last  survivor  but  two  of  the  Fcrnandinos  in  Cal. 
Biog.  v.  033-4;  meat.  ii.  130,  138,  1.59-00,  103,  218,  329-30,  3.35,  375,  387, 
394,  4!i:t,  500,  502,  504,  518,  599-000,  044,  055,  057;  iii.  18-20,  74-5,  87,  89, 
90,  114,  l,-.0,  19S-9, '250,  '2,-)7-8,  308-10,  310,318,  .320,  .328-30,  3.38,  340-7, 
423,  434-0,  492,  510,  530,  550,  .500,  577,  582,  595,  Oil,  052-3,  050,  733-4;  iv. 
45-S,  57.  00,  03-4,  159,  '253,  331 ,  371-2,  423, 540-51,  553,  505,  043.  Durand 
(St  Vraiii),  1S45,  Canadian  sawyer  from  Or.  in  tlio  McMalion-Clyman  party, 
iv.  572,  587.  He  went  south  with  Fremont  in  '40,  and  was  one  of  Talbot's  men 
at  Sta  B.  v.  310;  later  served  in  Co.  A,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358),  enlisting  at  Mont, 
in  Sept.  Durbin  (Daniel),  1844,  possibly  of  the  Stevens'  immig.  party  (iv. 
445),  but  prob.  went  to  Or.  D.  (M.  L.),  1848,  nat.  of  Cal.,  farmer  in  Solano 
Co.  '78;  prob.  son  of  the  following.  D.  (W,  Perry),  1840,  nat.  of  Mo.,  prob. 
overl.  immig.;  farmer  in  Solano  Co.  '51-78.  Durick  (Patrick),  1842,  Irish 
carpenter  from  Honolulu  on  the  Fama,  .ige  31 ;  still  at  Mont.  '40.  Durivage, 
1848  (?),  editorial  writer  on  the  Alta  and  other  papers  from  '49;  left  N.  Orleans 
for  Cul.  via  Cliihualuia  in  '48  and  possibly  arrived  at  the  end  of  the  year. 
Diirkue  (Anthony),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  Dustin  (C.  IL),  1848, 
nat.  of  Vt;  in  Sta  Clara  '53-70. 

Dutcher  (Thomas  P.),  lS-17,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  rciinlisted.      Du- 


DUTRA  DK  VARGAS-EAGAR. 


787 


tra  do  Vargas  (Manuel),  ISIl,  I'ortii,!,'.  tradiT.ago  19,  wlio  came  from  S.  Amcr. 
on  the  Jurat  C'aruliiia,  nwl  was  iiiiliiiali/eil  ia  '4'J,  liaving  a  Mtx.  wifu.  llo 
kept  a  Haloou  at  Mont,  in  'i;!,  and  was  iivu\).  tlic  '  Dm i(^ '  named  by  L'dUoii 
in  '47.  iv.  '27!).       Button  (('.),  \6U),  at  SuIUt's  Fort  in  Feb. 

Duttoa  (David  Duwty),  l.'5-il),  nat.  of  Mass.  who  cro.ssod  tjjo  plains  to  Or. 
in  '3!t,  and  in  '40  was  a  i>.is.sc'Uj,'Lr  on  tlio  l.uiix'nnir,  touching  at  ljodf<;a  and 
going  to  Ilonnlulu.  iv.  104,  117,  1-0-1.  In '4;i  ha  canio  back  from  S.  Ainrr. 
vvitli  Stephen  .Smith,  iv.  ;>()(»;  woi  Ued  a  while  at  llodcga;  went  to  N.  llelv., 
being  emi)loycd  as  uooU  by  Sutter,  and  scttU' 1  on  liutte  (,'r.,  being  naturaliixd 
in  '44.  iv.  2'1'.),  '.VM.  v.  lOJ.  Soon  after  '4o  ho  movod  to  Solano  Co.,  wliere  lie 
Btill  lived  at  V'acavillc  after  '80.  His  wife  was  Martlia  J.  Pearson,  married  in 
'oG;  and  they  had  7  eliildrcn  in  '7!>.  I'ortrait  in  So'aiio  Co.  lllxt.,  80.  I^ut- 
ton  (Daniel),  1847,  owner  of  lot  at  S. F.  Duval,  18411,  nu'  of  the  Faiiuij.  iv. 
CG.J;  mr  of  the  J-'drarlnilr  ami  Coriiiijtoa  'I'o-l,  pcrliaps  tiic  same  man.  v. 
r)77,  r>79.  D.  (J.,  or  Marius),  184(i,  as.st  snrg.  on  the  PorUmouth;  visited  N. 
Hclv.j  in  Marston's  e.vped.  Jan.  '47.  v.  lO-J,  .'iSO.  Dnvall  (Robert  C),  ISW. 
nud.  on  the  U.S.  Saminiah;  acting  lieut  in  Stockton's  IJat.  '4(i-7.  v.  ',]'iCi. 
Duvanchclle  (E.),  184!>,  passp.  from  Honolulu.  Dwyer  (W'ni),  1840  ('0,  Iri.sli 
cabin-boy  on  a  trader;  came  liaek  after  '4,>;  fatuous  as  a  saloondteeper  and 
bruiuer;  killed  in  S.F.  '7;{.       Dye  (Hazard),  1847,  Co.  K.  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  4'J!)). 

Dye  (Job  Francis),  18;i2,  Keutuckian  tra)iper  from  X.  Mex.  in  Young's 
party,  iii.  388,  408.  For  a  year  or  more  Dye  engaged  in  otterdiunting  on  the 
ct)ast,  iii.  .')!)4,  and  late  in  'oH  took  charge  of  Capt.  Cooper's  live-stock  ut  the 
llancho  del  Sur;  from  this  date  his  name  appears  on  Larkin's  boo!::,;  and  lie 
still  made  occasional  otter-hunting  trips.  In  'li'i  he  established  a  distillery  ut 
Sayantc  near  Sta  Cruz,  at  first  W'th  Tomlinson,  later  with  Majors,  wiiom  ho 
bouglit  out  in  '40,  having  applied  for  naturalization  in  ';i9.  Met  by  Edwards 
'37.  iv.  8G;  arrested  but  not  exiled  in  '40,  being  accused  by  Morris  of  taking 
part  against  the  foreigners,  iv.  !),  17,  '2_'.  Ho  had  a  store  and  mill  as  well  as 
distillery  at  Sta  Cruz;  but  chiiin^  rather  unintelligibly,  that  his  business  was 
ruined  by  Castro  and  other  Mex.  oflicials,  and  ho  was  forced  to  start  anew  in 
a  small  way  as  trader  at  Mont.  In  '44  he  got  a  grant  of  the  Rio  du  Bvi'rendos 
rancho,  Tehama  Co.  iv.  072;  and  in  '4.")  put  stock  on  the  place,  iV.  JJ<lv. 
J-fiari/,  though  still  residing  at  Mont.  In  '40  he  was  regidor,  served  as  guide 
for  Fuuntlcroy's  dragoons,  and  was  employed  to  carry  ilespatches  from  Sloat 
at  Mont,  to  S.F.  v.  "238,  030.  In  '47  he  advertised  his  house  for  .sale,  but  con- 
tinued his  business  in  partnership  with  Packard,  and  perhaps  built  an  adobo 
house  on  his  Antelope  Cr.  pro[ierty.  In  '48  he  made  a  successful  tour  in  the 
nnncs,  and  in  company  with  Larkin  ch.irtered  the  Mary,  on  which  he  brouglit 
a  cargo  of  goods  t'lom  Mazallan,  bringing  a  drove  of  nuiles  from  Sonora  by 
land  tho  next  year;  in  'oO  a  trailer  at  Saciamento,  and  later  engaged  in  stock- 
raising  on  his  Tehama  rancho.  In  '77  ho  lived  on  his  farm  near  Corralitos,  Sta 
Cruz,  and  gave  me  his  Uc.co'kctiouH  of  Oil.  in  ^IS.,  substantially  the  sa:ne 
narrative  being  that  printed  in  the  Sta  Cruz  Sentinel  of  '09.  Here  ho  died  in 
'83  at  the  ago  of  78,  leaving  4  grown  children,  James  and  Newton  Dye  of  Sta 
Cruz  Co.,  Mrs  J.  S.  Butler  of  Oakland,  and  Mrs  C.  M  TT-yg  of  Silver  City, 
Id.  S.  J.  Pioneer.  Dyer  (WML),  1847,  nat.  of  Mas  •  'i  Alameda  Co.  ".'j;j - 
78.  Alatn.  Co.  JiiM.  Alla^.  Dyes(\V.  \V.),  1841,  ta.^.icrmist  in  U.  S.  e\. 
expcd.  iv.  '241.  Dyke  (Simon),  l;it7,  Co.  K,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  409);  in  Ari- 
zona '82.  Dykes  ((jeo.  1'.),  1847,  lieut  Co.  D,  Mjrm.  Bat.,  and  adj.  of  tliu 
battalion;  his  actions  severely  criticised  by  the  Mormons,  v.  477,  480,  482-3. 

Eagar  (John),  IS40,  nat.  of  N.Y.,  one  of  the  Mormon  colony,  with  his 
mother  Mrs  Lucy  E.,  brother,  and  two  sisters,  v.  r)40.  He  was  Brannan's 
clerk,  also  printer,  and  for  a  time  associate  editor  of  the  Star,  being  owner 
of  lots  at  S.F.  in  '47.  v.  (i.")8,  082.  I  have  his  original  application  to  Larkin 
for  a  clerkship,  dated  Feb.  21,  '47.  His  mother  had  been  exconnnunicated 
from  the  churcli  on  the  voy. ,  and  wished  to  remove  her  children  from  Mormon 
influences.  Lieut  W.  A.  Bartlett,  at  her  ro(|UC3t,  wrote  a  very  flattering  rcc- 
onuaendation  for  John,  adding  his  opiuion  that  E.'s  absence  would  'kill  this 


788 


nONKER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


lying  MormdR  pajicr  nn<l  its  editor  at  once!'  Tlio  plan  was  not  suopcssful,  or 
at  k'ust  .lohik  (lid  not  iipoHtiiti/.i-,  l>ut  went  to  L'tal),  wIhtu  ho  died.  I  have  a 
brief  narrative  by  iiim  of  tiie  voyage  of  the  colony.  Mrs  E.  kept  a  littl<!  Ktoro 
at  S.F.  in  '40,  alno  obtaining;  a  lot;  but  she  went  to  Mont,  with  her  dan;;hterii 
in  '47,  wiiereono  of  them  taught  a  school,  v.  O.'tO.  Mary  Eagar  niiirricil  Jililton 
J^ittlc  in  '48,  and  as  a  widow  i.s  perhaps  still  living  at  Mont,  in  'So.  Tliuoliier 
daughter,  Arabella,  married  a  man  named  Knapp,  and  was  at  S.F.  alwit  '81. 
J'),  ( i'homas),  1840,  bio.  of  John,  also  on  the  JJrooUi/ii,  ago  18;  owner  of  a  8. 
F.  lot  '47;  clerk  at  Mont,  and  Los  Ang.  '47-8;  in  the  mines  '48;  at  S.l''.  '49- 
f)!.  From  '54  ho  was  in  the  lumber  business  at  East  Oakland,  wlicro  in  '.'A  ho 
married  Angelina  A.  Tupper,  and  where  ho  lived  with  his  family  in  '78;  a 
member  of  the  legisl.  'j'J,  '00,  '0.');  living  in  Nevada  '8.">;  portrait  in  Jlullry'a 
('('III.  Yvar-liook,  544.  Eaglo  (F.),  1840,  doubtful  name  in  Farnham'a  list  of 
arrested  foreigners,  iv.  17.  E.  (Robert  Nelson),  1842,  trader,  ago  '22,  who 
came  from  Hon.  on  tho  Callfoniin  for  his  health.       Eumes,  see  'Ames.' 

Earl  (.Jacob),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morin.  IJat.  (v.  400);  rcinl.  E.  (James  C), 
1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  E.  (Jesse),  1847,  musician  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat. 
]•;.  (Justice  C),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  Earlc  (I'eter),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y. 
Vol.  (v.  4'X));  lateral!  actor  and  cultivator  of  hops;  d.  at  Sac.  '71.  Eailey 
(James),  1847.  owner  of  lots  at  fS.F. ;  perhaps  witli  Kearny  in  '40.  v.  ,^.^7,  083. 
Eastham,  1848,  mr  of  the  Liiia  I'ernj.  Eastin  (James  \V.),  1817,  Ken- 
tuckian  overl.  immig.  with  wife;  at  Sonoma  '47-8,  also  at  Mormon  lal.  and 
S.F.,  where  twins  were  born  '48,  one  of  them,  a  son,  still  living  in  '83;  at  Sta 
Clara  from  '."lO,  and  still  living  in  '83,  when  his  wife  died.  Easthind  (Addi- 
son (J.),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518).  Eastman  (Isaac  E.),  IS13,  minor 
near  Volcano.  Ammlor  Co.  Hint.  E.  (.Marcus  N.),  1847,  (Jo.  'V  Morm.  Bat. 
(v.  409).  Eaton,  1817,  at  Hon.  from  S.  F.  on  tho  Oconjiaiit  V..  (Uco.), 
1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  49;)).       E.  (Henry),  1839,  sailor  (  Mo-.inoon, 

who  went  up  tho  Sac.  with  .Sutter;  rcmaint,' 1  on  tho  coast  till  S.F.  '73. 

His  Pioneer  of '.?.?  is  a  letter  of  '73  to  Benj.  llayi-'s  narrating  tlie  .  .sit.  iv.  1 19. 
E.  (Thos),  1830,  doubtful  name  of  an  Amer.,  ago  O;),  in  a  Los  Ang.  list. 

Ebbctts  (John,  Jr),  1830,  Amer.  sup.  of  tho  Volunteer  '30-1.  iii.  180,  334; 
on  tho  coast  again  in  '32-4  on  the  lfeiiri<[ueta;  and  again  in  '31-5,  being  men- 
tioned ill  mission  accts  in  '39-40.  iiii.  0J3.  I'eirco  says  that  he  died  i:i  N.Y. 
soon  after  '42,  and  his  father — prob.  Thos  J.  of  '.30,  iv.  141 — at  Honolulu  in 
'41.  I  have  many  of  E.'s  business  letters;  and  .some  of  them,  besides  dry  details 
of  hides,  tallow,  and  goods,  reveal  in  sentimental  phrases  tho  writer's  attach- 
ment to  a  well-known  senoritaof  Mont.,  who,  greatly  to  the  sorrow  of  John.  Jr, 
preferred  another  Americano.  Eberliardt,  sec '  E verhart. '  Echeandia  ( Josd 
Maria),  1825,  Mex.  lieut-eol  of  engineers,  who  was  gov.  and  com.  gen.  of  C'al.  from 
Nov.  '25  to  end  of  Jan.  '31,  and  again — if  there  M-as  any  such  oifieial — from  Dec. 
'31  to  Jan.  '33,  thougli  Pio  I'ico  is  generally  and  inaceurat-'lynaiucda^  gov.  He 
leftC.d.  in  May '33,  was  still  living  in  Mex.  '06,  butseeimtoliavodied  before  '71. 
See  biog.  with  references,  iii.  213-5;  mention  i.  301;  ii.54.']-.")4, 500,572,574,587, 
592,  037,  014,  048-52,  001,  074,  080;  on  appoint:nent,  arrival,  and  acis  in  '2.5. 
iii.  S-3D;  '23-30,  rule,  politics,  etc.  iii.  31-55;  acts  on  linance,  Soils  revolt,  56 
-SO;  mission  and  Ind.  affairs,  87-115;  maritime  and  commercial  airairs.  Fitch 
romance,  1 10-40;  policy  with  foreigners,  Smith  and  Fattie,  153-80;  acts  of  '31. 
iii.  lSl-7,  195,  231-4,  233,  239,  212,  .301-0;  acts  of  '.32.  iii.  217-39,  314-15; 
acts  of  '.33.  iii.  23S-9,  320,  335,  013.  It  was  Echc.andia'a  fortune  to  rule  Cal. 
at  a  time  when  secularization  of  the  missions  was  lirst  seriously  agitated,  and 
lie  ha3  been  a  shining  mark  for  severe  criticism,  and  even  abuse,  from  partisans 
of  the  friars,  for  tho  mo.t  part  undeserved.  His  views  were  sound  and  his  in- 
tentions good,  but  he  lacked  firmness  and  energy,  and  made  some  mistakes. 
His  character  is  fully  discussed  elsewhere.  Ecliovarria  (Nicolis).  at  La 
Brea,  Mimt.  district,  '30,  .ago  4.5,  wife  Maria  del  Pilar  Larios,  child.  Juliana 
b.  '23,  Maria  '30,  Juan.  '32,  Antonio  '35.  Echcverria  (Agustin),  1782,  com., 
of  the  Favorita.  i.  378.  Eekcr  (John),  1847,  musician  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499). 
Eddy  (Wm  H.),  1840,  one  of  tho  Donner  party  from  Belleville.  111.  His 
wife  Eleanor,  sou  James  P.,  and  daughter  Mary  all  perished  in  the  Sierra, 


EDDY-ELIZALDE. 


789 


but  the  father  survived,  beinjf  one  of  the  most  active  in  savin,!:;  othor  metnbom 
of  tho  piirty.  \\  Tilll,  '2',ii,  540-4.  i^ldy  niariicd  Mrs  F.  Alfred  at  tiilioy  in 
'48,  iiikI  Miss  A.  M.  I'lirdoo  in  '.'>(S,  dyinj;  nt  retuluina  in  '.")'.).  A  son  .FaincH, 
willi  family,  and  daughter  Eleanor  (Mvh  S.H.  AndiTHon),  lived  at  S.  Josi'i  '80; 
and  a  sun  Alonzo  was  a  physician  in  Colorado.  Kddy,  1844,  nir  of  the  ./tuif. 
iv.  500.  Ivlelin  (James),  1847,  capt.  of  marines  on  the  Iiidfiieiidi'iire. 
Kdgington  (\\'m),  1840,  overl.  immig.,  who  served  in  Co.  F,  (Jul.  Mat.  (v.  ;{.")8); 
lived  (mm  '48  near  Napa,  where  he  died  in  '84,  leaving  a  widow,  9  children, 
and  a  fortune.  Edmonds  (\atlian),  1834,  Anur.  in  a  Mont  list.  Edmon- 
son (Alfred),  1847,  Co.  (J,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  4!H));  lot  in  S.E.  '47;  of  E.  k  An.kr- 
Bon,  butchers  anil  market-men  '48.  v.  GS'J.  E,  1847,  Co.  H,  N.ii.^'ol.;  at 
S.F.  '8'J;  perhaps  same  iw  preceding. 

Edwards,  1847,  mr  of  the  EiiphrafM.  v.  078.  E,  1847,  mr  of  the  Pari  fir. 
V.  579.  E.  (David),  18--'0,  mr  of  the  Parwion.  iii.  148.  E.  (John),  1840, 
negro  imprisoned  at  Mont,  for  robbery;  shot  in  attempting  to  escape,  E. 
(John  S.),  1847,  Co.  I),  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  -199);  drowned  in  S.  Joaq.  Uiv.  '54. 
E.  (IMiilip  L.),  1S37,  nat.  of  Ky,  who  came  overl.  to  Or.  in  '34,  and  in  '37 
visited  Cul.  to  purchase  cattle  for  the  Willamette  Valley,  iii.  .S58,  099;  iv.  85- 
7,  117-18.  He  went  east  tho  same  year,  studied  law,  married  ^lary  Allen  in 
'40,  and  practised  his  profession  at  Richmond,  being  a  niend^.  of  the  Va  legis- 
lature, anil  taking  an  active  part  in  politics;  came  again  to  Cal.  in  '50  and 
lived  at  Sac.  till  his  death  in  "OH;  prominent  as  a  lawyer  and  orator,  memb. 
of  logisl.,  and  candidate  for  c  ii^rcss;  a  man  of  exceptional  ability  and  at- 
tainments. His  MS.  JJitiryo/d  i'init  loC'at.  t/t  /^'JT' is  an  interesting  narrative 
of  personal  observations,  presented  by  his  daughter. 

Egbert  (Robert  C. ),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Liat.  (v.  409).       Egger  (John  W. ), 

1847,  tried  for  Tuurdcr  of  Ind.  in  the  Sac.  Val.,  but  apparently  acijuitted. 
V.  509,  010.  Eggleston  (Ceo.),  1848,  had  a  market  at  S.  F.  v.  083.  E.  (J. 
\V.),  1847,  had  a  lot  atBenicia.  v.  07"2;  very  likely  tho  same  as  Geo.  Egn- 
ren  (Francisco),  1842,  Mex.  lieut  of  tho  batallon  lijo  '4'2-5,  who  was  still  in 
Cul.  '40.  iv.  289;  v.  41,  49.  Elders  (August),  1847,  Co,  A,  N.Y.Vol.  (v. 
499);  at  Los  Ang.  '74-82.  Ehrenbcrg  (Herman),  1847,  German  engineer  and 
explorer,  who  after  many  adventures  as  revolutionist  in  Texas  crossed  tho 
plains  to  Or.  in  '44,  and  came  to  Cal.  by  sea,  visiting  also  the  Sandvv.  Isl. 
and  Mex.  coast  in  '47.  In  the  mines  '48-9;  discoverer  of  tho  mouth  of  tho 
Klamath  and  (!old  BlufT  '50,  publishing  a  map  of  that  region;  and  in  '54  a 
filibuster  in  Sonora.  He  became  a  pioneer  of  Ariz.,  where  a  town  bears  his 
name;  and  was  murdered  by  an  Ind.  at  Dos  I'almas  in  '00.  Eixarch  (Tomis), 
1775,  Franciscan  with  Anza;  remained  on  the  Colorado  while  A.  came  to  Cal. 
i.  258,  273,  354. 

Elb  (Fred.),  1847,  Co.  C,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  German  aged  aljout  4.5,  who 
died  in  '48  on  the  Carolina  bet.  S.  F.  and  Sac.  Elbourne  (John),  1840,  mr 
of  a  w^haler.       Eld,  1841,  mid.  in  U.  S.  ex.  expcd.  iv.  24.').       E.  (llcnry  N.), 

1848,  owner  of  lots  at  S.  F.  Elder  (Turner),  1840,  prob.  overl.  innnig.  with 
wife  and  3  children,  who  built  a  cabin  on  Dry  Crock,  S.  Joaq.  Co.;  moved  in 
'47  to  tho  Moquelumne;  later  at  Daylor's  rancho  and  in  tho  mines;  went  to 
Mo.  '49,  and  was  still  there  in  '79.  His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Thos  Rlioails; 
twin  children  wcro  born  in  '47,  John  living  in  Fresno  Co.  '79,  Nancy  (Mrs 
Reese)  in  Mo.  .S'.  Joaq.  Co.  Hid.,  19.  Eldrcd  (Nathaniel  15.),  1843,  came  from 
Honobilu  to  S.  F. ;  went  to  theSandw.  Isl.  '50-1;  wandered  over  Ariz.,  Utah, 
and  Or.;  near  Stockton  '00,  and  perhaps  died  in  '09.  Eldridge  (Geo.),  1S48, 
on  the  first  jury  at  S.  Josi?. 

Elijah,  18.33,  Ind.  cook  from  Conn,  on  the  ffclvetius;  went  to  .Japan  with 
Capt.  Cooper  in  '42.  Chats  Brown.  Elijah,  1845,  Walla  Walla  Ind.  shot  by 
Grove  Cook  at  N.  Helv.  v.  ,300-1.  Eliot  do  Castro  (John),  1814,  sup.  of 
the  Ilmeii,  arrested  in  '15,  left  Gil.  with  Kotzcbue  in  '16.  ii.  210,  274,  279, 
307-11,  373,  384.  Elisa  (Francisco),  1/90-2,  Span.  com.  of  tho  Conce/icion 
and  Actlva  in  Cal.  and  at  Nootka.  i.  493,  500,  517;  see  also  Hint.  JV.  W.  Coast, 
index,  and  list  of  auth.  Elizalde  (Joaquin),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  E.  (Jos(S), 
his  doggerel  of  '38.  iii.  577.      E.  (Juan),  meat,  iu  '29.  iii.  68-9;  soldier  at 


T 


700 


riOXEEll  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


Sonoma  '41.  E.  (Mariano),  attnckc.l  liy  the  Beara  '4G.  v.  1G2.  E.  (Nico- 
las), at  Los  Aug.  ':«).       K.  (Vicentf),  at  Los  Aiig.  '40. 

JniJLk  (.rolin),  184."i,  (Icinian  slioeiiiaker  from  Or.  in  McMalion-Clyiiian 
party,  iv.  57'2,  .'"jS?.  In  '4(),  applying  for  niituralization,  Iio  claiinoii  ;{  years' 
residence,  and  may,  tiierc.ore,  have  visited  (,'al.  before  going  to  Or.  lie  set- 
tled at  S.  v.,  wliere  he  got  a  lot  and  kept  a  bakery  witli  Denikc,  also  a  groir- 
shop.  V.  084-").  Still  at  S.  F.  '4S-!t;  niimo  written  AUcck,  Allig,  EUig,  aiid 
I!ig,  the  la.st  being  perhaps  the  correct  form.  Elliott  (.'\lbicii  11.).  IS-i,"),  (.'o. 
]•],  Cal.  I!at.  (v.  .'iiS),  enlisting  at  Sonoma;  prob.  a  sou  of  \V.  B.  Jii.  (Imus), 
184.'i,  a  son  of  \Vm  B;  said  to  liavc  been  one  of  a  pnvty  that  discov.  tlic 
(Jcytjers.  E.  (J.  L.)i  1841,  chaplain  of  U.  S.  ex.  exped.,  detached  at  S.  F. 
K.  (Milton),  1840,  one  of  the  Doniier  itarty  from  111.,  perished,  v.  floO,  r).14. 
'I'lie  Mdton  Elliott  of  Or.  named  by  McBride  in  Tv',hli;c'\  Mafj.,  July  '84,  ia 
no',  the  Donncr-party  man,  as  ho  writes  mc  from  Astoria  in  '85.  E.  (Thos), 
1847,  <'o.  F,  :!d  U.  8.  artill.  (v.  5)8);  later  in  tlu  mines. 

]^l'ir,tt(Wm  B.),  1845,  nat.  of  N.C.ovcrl.  iwimig.  of  the  Grigsby-Ide  party 
from  Mo.  with  wile — Elizabeth  I'atton,  7>:,irried  in  '"Jl — and  7  children,  v. 
57!),  587;  summoned  before  Castro  .is  a  repres.  of  the  immig.  iv.  000.  He  be- 
came a  famous  hunter,  and  fn  one  of  his  eai'ly  ex]ied.  is  cr<;dited  with  having 
discovered  the  ftcysors.  He  built  a  cabin  on  Mark  West  Cr.,  worked  for  Smith 
at  Bo(loo;a,  but  If  ft  his  family  in  Napa  Val.  He  joined  the  Bcai-s  in  '40,  and 
Mrs  E.  is  said  to  liavc  furnished  clotli  and  needles  for  thefaniou.s  flag.  v.  1 10, 
148.  One  or  more  of  his  sons  went  south  with  the  Cid.  Bat.  (v.  358).  The  ohl 
linnter  raised  grain  and  cattle  in  Napa  and  Sonoma;  kept  a  hotel  in  '40;  and 
in  '54  moved  to  a  farm  in  Luke  i"o. ,  near  Upper  Lake,  wliere  lie  died  in  '7()at 
the  age  of  78.  Ono  of  his  daughteiri  mnriicd  Bcnj.  l'ev>-ell.  another  pioneer. 

Ellis  (Alfred  J.),  1847,  nat.  of  N.Y. ,  who  came  from  Honolulu  witli  wife 
and  .T  children  on  the  Fraiicisrn ;  owner  of  a  lot  and  keeper  of  a  boarding-house 
at  S.F.  from  '47.  v.  084;  made  a  trip  to  Hon.  and  back  with  his  son  in  '48  on 
the  Eiijthcmia;  mcnd)er  of  .S.F.  guard  '48-0,  and  of  city  cor.ncil  '40;  member 
of  the  constit.  convention  '40.  Still  at  S.F.  in  '54  and  l-iter.  E.  (llobcrt), 
1820,  sailor  on  the  /.'owr.  E.  (Thos  W.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  49!)). 
]']11  son  (Pleasant),  ISIJO,  nameil  in  Lai-kin's  books.  Ellsworth,  1845,  from 
Hon.  on  the  Famn.  Elmer  (Elijah)i  1847,  sergt  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  v.  477; 
a  carpenter  at  Mont.  '48;  d.  in  Utiih  '80.  Elson  (Thos),  1820-7,  nir  of  the 
Jilonwni.  iii.  121. 

EhvcU  (Robert  J.),  iS"27,  rat.  of  Mass.  who  went  to  Honoiulu  in  '2.1,  and 
e.imt  to  Cal.  '27  as  mr  of  the  Tamiuihwaah.  and  of  the  Wa^niiijtnn  in  '28.  ii. 
i'l'A;  iii.  149,  170-7.  Often  .said  to  liavc  come  in  '25  or  eailicr,  and  this  may 
bo  so,  though  in  a  padron  of  '30  he  is  .said  to  have  come  0  years  before.  Ho 
settled  at  8ta  B.,  was  naturalizeil  '28,  and  in  '20  married  V'icenta  Sanchez, 
be' ng  engaged  in  trade,  iv.  117.  Many  of  his  commercial  letters  for  the  f(jl- 
lowiug  years  arc  extant.  In  '30,  sige  30,  with  4  children;  in  '42  got  iv  grant  of 
land  at  S.F.  iv.  073;  in '45  grantee  of  Sacramento  Isl.;  died  at  Sta  B.  '53. 
Mo  is  remembered  by  Davis  and  others  as  a  comical  genius,  and  his  wife  as  a 
handsome  woman. 

Emblv  (.lames),  1840,  doubtful  meud)er  of  the  \'ormon  col.  v.  547.  Em- 
erson (.lohn  Calvin),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  400);  at  Bath,  N.Y.,  '82.  E. 
(Wm),  1832,  one  of  Young's  trappers,  still  at  Los  Ang.  '34.  iii.  388.  Emery 
(.lolm\  1847,  a  resid.  of  S  F.  from  '52.  Ennnett,  1837,  mr  of  the  Toward 
CastI,'.  iv.  106.  Enmions  (Ceo.  F.),  1841,  lieut  U.S.N.,  of  U.  S.  ex.  exped. 
iv.  232,  241-5,  278;  visited  Cal.  again  in  '48  on  the  Ohio,  ])cing  owner  of  ,S.F. 
lots;  later  rear-admiral;  died  in  N.  J.  '84  at  age  of  72.  Emory  (Oliver  C. ), 
1840,  came  as  wagon-master  (with  Kearny?);  kept  adivery-stable  at  Stockton 
and  a  ferry  on  the  .'^tanislaus;  in  '50  county  judge  of  S.  .loaf). ;  latera  farmer. 

Emory  (\Vm  If.),  1840,  lieut  of  topograjihical  engineers  U.S.A.,  who  came 
with  Kearny  from  N.Mex.  and  took  part  in  the  fight  at  S.  Pascual.  v.  .3.30-7, 
,343-7,  35(K  Having  acted  as  adj. -gen.  of  Stockton's  force  in  the  campaign  of 
'40-7,  and  planned  the  fortilications  of  Los  Aug.,  he  was  sent  east  with  de- 
spatches, and  testified  at  the  Fremont  court-martial,  v.  385,  3i)S-9,  420,  428, 


EMORY-ESPINOSA. 


791 


4oG.  His  Notes  of  a  MU.  Iiccoinwissanrr  pul).  l»y  gtvt  in  '4S  is  a  valufiMo 
record  of  the  niaich  across  the  continent  and  tlic  liiiiil  campaign  of  tlie  war. 
lie  ret.  to  Cal.  in  '4'J,  and  waa  prominent  in  tiic  surveys  of  Iho  Mex.  houndary 
commission.  In  the  war  of  KSGl-T)  he  ro.se  to  the  rank  of  ma  j.-;^eniral. 

Engelherg  (Kmil  August),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (-.  4',)'));  at  S.  F.  'S-J. 
Englisli,  184.'5,  douhtful  name  of  an  overL  innnig. ;  proh  wont  to  Or.  iv.  r»78. 
E.  (Karl),  1847,  mid.  on  tiie  U.  S.  Iiutrjiruddicf..  K.  (John),  ls:i_',  nient.  in 
':?•-';  perhaps  '  Knglisii  Jolni.'  Ennis  (John),  184"  Co.  A,  N.  Y.Vol.  (v.  4!);)). 
luiniighty  (Thos),  1840,  Fauntleroy's  drugoon.s  (v,  J.'J'J).  Fniight  (James), 
lS4(i,  nat.  of  Ireland,  who  seitlcd  in  Sta  Clara  Co.  with  his  wife;  jiroh.  ..veil, 
immig.;  lots  at  S.F.  '47;  still  living  in  Sta  (,'lara  '81,  el.  foi'a  ranclio.  iv.  07:1. 
Knn((uez  (Antonio),  weaver  and  :  oldier  liefore  1800.  i.  r).")8,  07'5,  (;84.  I'ji- 
sign  (Klias),  184(i,  of  the  Morm.  col.  who  died  at  sea,  as  did  hia  daugliter 
I'lliza.  Tiie  widow,  Jerusha,  and  a  son  arrived  at  S.  F.  v.  oKi.  Knsloc  (Hi- 
ram), 1848,  had  a  store  iit  Mormon  l)iggings.  Brooke.  Kntinin  (Francis), 
184."),  doiditful  name  of  in  Amer.  in  a  Draneif.  jiadron,  age  '_'!). 

Erequette,  1837,  doubtful  name  of  one  of  Young's  men  driving  cuttle  to 
Or.  iv.  8.").  Eriekson  (L.),  1848,  at  lion,  from  \<.V.  on  the. /((//«».  Ermat- 
inger  (Francis),  IS.'Jl,  in  com.  of  the  11.15.  Co. 's  trappers  inCil. '41-4.  iv. 'J18, 
'J-^U,  '279.       Ernest  (Valentine),  1840,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  .'{.'JO). 

l'].scalantc  ((iregorio),  ISIilJ,  nat.  of  Manila,  wlio  deserted  from  the  Hd- 
vcliiiK.  Lived  at  .S.F.  '40-4,  owning  a  lot,  being  sindieo  in  'vJ,  and  40  years  old 
iu  '44.  iv.  Co."),  00.1,  084.  Ace.  to  C'iiaa  IJrown  lie  marr;  ;d,  raised  a  family, 
maile  and  lost  a  fortune,  and  in  '78  was  in  the  i)Oordiouse  at  Maylield.  Esca- 
niiila  (Bias  A.),  grantee  of  .S.  Meente '40.  v.  041.  E.  (.Joafpiin  de  Ijs  Santos), 
lieut  of  aux.  cavalry  at  Mont.  '44.  iv.  0."i2;  elector  '4.").  iv.  .■■)40,  (i.il;  '_M  al- 
eahle  '4.J-0.  iv.  0.j:t;  v.  1:54,  O.'IO.  E.  (Serapio),  soldier  of  S.F.  eiKup.  '-J^-;!; 
concerned  in  revolt  of  '28,  and  sent  to  Mex.  ';{().  ii.  Ct\'>;  iii.  8.">.  E.  iTomas), 
Mex.  convict  1(97.  i.  00(i.  l^scheriek  (Carl),  1847,  musician  X.  Y.  VcjI.  (v. 
499);  died  in  sjuthern  Cal.  '74. 

Escobar  (Agustin),  juez  de  campo  at  Mont,  '40.  v.  Gl'7;  in  '77  at  Mont, 
gave  mo  ilia  recollections  of  the  ('aihjKiiia  dc  '.'/J.  }'].  (Mareelino),  Mex.,  wlio 
in  '24  made  a  trip  t.<  China,  on  tiie  Uuirr.  ii.  u'-'O;  sindieo  at  Mont.  '.'iO.  ii.  OIJ; 
alcalde  ''X,\,  ';{0-7;  iii.  07.'!-.");  in  ';J0  at  Mont.,  age  ,'59,  wife  Tuina.sa  Carcla, 
child.  Agustin  b.  '17,  Juan  '22,  Jos'(;fa  "2,'!,  Jose  I\Iaria  '20,  Xicohis  Antonio 
'27,  .lacoba  '29,  Ampaio  '.■!l,  Refugio  ".V2,  Fernanda  ';i4;  in  '.'!!)  grantee  of  ». 
Jose  y  Sur  Cliicjuito,  and  juez  int.  at  S.  Carlos,  iii.  078,  (W);  in  '44  regidor,  in 
'4.')  alcalde,  iv.  0.");5-0.  IJ.seudi'^  (.laime).  I,S12,  Span,  friar  of  S.  Fern,  college, 
1).  at  (landesa,  CalaUina,  1779;  took  the  liabit  1799;  left  Cadiz  1810;  left  .Mex. 
for  Cal.  1811.  lie  served  as  missionary  at  Sta  Cruz '12-18,  and  at  S.  Luis 
J!ey  "18-22,  after  which  I  have  no  record  of  him,  and  suppos;!  him  to  have  re- 
tired. He  was  reported  by  his  superiors  as  a  zealous  worker  of  exet  llent  char- 
acter. Aiitob.  Aiitoff.  lie  Ion  P<i<lref,  MS.;  Arch.  Sta  Ii..,  iii.  124;  see  nuutiim 
in  ii.  240,  340,  387,"  394,  4.-)2-3,  r..-i;l,  (i.-)."). 

Esparza(Lcren7o),  carpenter  at  S.  j).  1779;  wife  Maria  Davila  d.  '8l;)ien- 
fiioii  granted  in  '95.  i.  03(i.  I^speleta,  i82,">,  sup,  of  the  Mrra/ie.  iii.  J  t8. 
Esj)i  (.Jose  de  hi  Cruz),  1792,  Span,  friar  w  lio  served  for  short  teinis  jit  .'^■•ver.il 
northern  missions,  retiring  in  1800.  IJiog.  i.  712;  meut.  i.  498,  ."iOO, ." ,  ,  7,  iil7, 
089.  Espindola  (Raiix.u),  Span,  artilleryman,  age  00,  «  llU  wife  and  3  child. 
named  in  list  sent  to  Me.v.  '28. 

Espinosa,  soldier  killea  by  Ind.  1790.  i.  40.">.  E.,  mr  of  tho  Mriiinll'nut. 
i.  544.  E.,  puni.shed  in  182!.  ii.  f'.dO.  E.,  corporal  at  Sta  15.  '21.  ii.  o.'U. 
E.,  soldier  wounded  by  Ind.  '29.  id.  113.  E.,  guard  of  courier '31.  iii.  271. 
E.  (.\ntonio),  soldier  killed  on  the  Colorado  1781.  i.  3ii3.  ]•].  (.\sc(  iision), 
nt  Sta  B.  '32,  wife  Nieolasa  I'ico,  0  children.  E.  (Carlos),  grantee  of  I'oza 
de  loa  Ositoa  '39.  iii.  078;  nient.  in  '40.  v.  .'503;  in  Mont.  Co.  '-".O  !■;.  (t.'a- 
yetano),  soldier  at  Solcdad  1791-1800.  i.  499.  E.  (Clemente>,  soldier  at 
Mont.  '30,  ago  20;  an  alferoz  '38-9.  iii.  .")00,  "83;  .it  Sta  Rita,  near  S.  .io.se,  in 
'77  ho  gave  mc  somo  brief  Ajtimteii.  E.  (Fatevan),  nu'nt.  in  tlie  revolt  of 
'29.  iii,  09;  grantee  of  raucho  '40.  iii.  079;  ia  '30  at  Salinas  raucho,  ago  25, 


702 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


wife  Antonia  Amizquita,  child  Antonio  b.  '32.  E.  (Fcliciano),  jnez  do 
caiiipo  at  Mont.  'oO.  iii.  07<3.  E.  (Giibriel),  nicut.  in  '22.  ii.  014;  in  revolt 
of  'l'!).  iii.  (J8-0;  in  trouU-Ic!  '.31.  iii.  GT.'i;  {j'lautcc  of  Salinas  in  'iiO.  iii.  C7S. 
In  ';>()  he  lived  at  Salinas,  ago  38,  wife  Maurici^v  Tapia,  child.  Josj  Maria  b. 
'10,  EsU'fana  '22,  Antonio  '25,  Marcclino  '29,  Juana  '28,  Francisca  '30,  Bdr- 
bara  '31,  .Juan  '3j.  E.  (Gabi'icl),  grantee  of  Pilarritos  '35.  iii.  GTS;  in  '36 
at  the  rancho,  age  40,  wife  Guadalupe  Boronda,  child.  Gabriel  b.  '22,  Igna- 
cia  '2.'),  Pedro  '20,  Maria  '27,  Franci.sco  '30,  Juan  M.  '33,  Guillernio  '35.  E. 
((jregoria),  wife  of  Scrgt  Verdugo  before  1800.  i.  003.  E.  (Joaquin),  soldier 
killed  on  tlie  Colorado  1781.  i.  303.  E.  (Hipulito),  at  Los  Ang.  '40,  age  30. 
E.  (.Jose),  1791,  lieut  in  Maluspina's  exped.  i.  490.  E.  (Jos6),  regi(k)r  of 
iMont.  '30.  ii.  012;  at  Mont.  '50.  E.  (Juan),  sirviento  at  S.  F.  1777.  i.  297. 
E.  (I nan  B.),  in  comp.  cxtranjera  '32.  iii.  072.  E.  (Luis),  Mcx.  sohlier  of 
tlie  Hidalgo  piquetc  at  Mont.  '30,  age  34.  E.  (Manuel),  at  S.  IScrn.  '40,  had 
Cal.  claim  (v.  402).  E.  (Miguel),  soldier  of  Mont.  comp.  1791-1800.  i.  499; 
sergt  1809-13.  ii.  141,  339.  E.  (Prndencio),  at  Alisal,  Mont.  '30,  age  33, 
wife  Antonia  Buelna,  child.  Jos(5  Manuel  b.  '28,  Antonio  '31,  Ramon  '32, 
Leonardo  '33,  Trinidad  '30,  Concepcion  '27.  In  '40  he  was  juez  suplente  of 
the  valley  ranches,  and  carried  a  message  from  Larkin  to  Fremont,  v.  14-15, 
037.  E.  (Salvador),  named  as  sirvicnte  and  soldier  1777-1800.  i.  297,  499. 
E.  (Salvador),  alcalde  at  Mont.  '31-2.  iii.  223,  225,  072-3;  in  '35  regidor. 
iii.  073;  in  '.SO  at  San  Miguel  ranci.o,  age  40,  wife  Lugarda  Castro,  child. 
Carlos  1).  '10,  Josii  Ant.  '18,  Jos6.  Maria  '20,  Asuncion  '24;  in  '37  grantee  of  S. 
Miguel,  or  Escarpin.  ii.  0)0,  004,  077-8;  admin,  of  Soledad  '30-9.  iii.  090-1; 
in  '43  juez  at  Refugio,  iii.  053.  E.  (Trinidad),  grantee  of  Los  Gates,  or  Sta 
Rita  '20,  '37.  iii.  077,  072;  at  S.  Miguel  rancho  '30,  being  juez  dc  campo.  iii. 
075,  078,  age  43,  wife  Jaeinta  Archuleta,  son  Mariano  b.  17;  in  '45  at  battle 
of  Caluienga  and  juez  at  Refugio,  iv.  500,  053.  E.  (Vicente),  Cal.  claim  '40 
of  $2,285  (V.  402). 

Eaquerra  (Cayetano),  messenger  Sta  Cruz  '18.  ii.  225.  E.  (Manuel), 
1791,  contador  in  Malaspina's  c.xped.  i.  490.  Est,  1817,  left  at  Sta  B.  ii. 
280;  prob.  'Lester,' q. v.  Estabrook  (Ethan),  1840,  left  at  Mont,  as  U.  S. 
consular  agent  to  attend  to  tiic  claims  of  the  Graham  exiles.  He  was  not 
recog.  by  the  govt,  and  sailed  for  Mazatlan  in  '41;  at  Mazatlan  in  '46.  iv. 
36  7,  194,  207,  214.  Estanislao,  kills  his  wife  1792.  i.  087-8.  Estanislao, 
renegade  neophyte  and  hostile  chief.  29-35;  the  name  of  Stanislaus  County 
comes  indirectly  from  him.  ii.  110-14,  302. 

Estencga  (Tomas  Eleutcrio),  1820,  Span,  fri.ar  who  siervcd  at  S.  Miguel, 
S.  F.,  and  S.  Gabriel-  dying  at  tlie  latter  mission  in  '47.  Biog.  v.  029;  ment. 
ii.  384,  394,  440,  595-0,  020,  055;  iii.  7,  12,  19,  91,  90,  121,  257,  319,  349,  .^59, 
642-3,  713,  716;  iv.  331,  371,  422,  .'•49-50,  023,  629,  030-7.  Estevan  (Jose), 
settler  at  the  Colorado  pueblos,  killed  by  Ind.  1781.  i.  3.59-02.  E.  (Jos<:'), 
1821,  Span.  capt.  and  com.  of  Horcasitas,  Sonora,  who  fled  to  Cal.  on  refus- 
ing oath  of  indep.,  on  tiie  Zcrtajv.  ii.  431.  E.  (Pedro  do  S.  Jose),  1704, 
Span,  friar  who  served  at  S.  Diego  and  S.  Gabriel,  retiring  in  1802.  Biog.  ii. 
113;  ment.  i.  570,  055,  057,  004;  ii.  159.  E.,  executed  at  Purisima '24. 
Estirtcn  (Felix),  1829,  mr  of  the  Triiloit ;  doubtful,  iii.  149. 

Estrada  (Francisco),  at  Cini.ilar  rancho  '."^O.  iii.  077;  at  .S.  Jos6  '41,  age  23, 
wife  Inijs  Castro;  grantee  of  Pastoria  de  las  Borregas  and  Refugio  '42.  iv. 
072.  E.  (Joaquin),  in  '30  at  Chnalar,  age  19,  single,  iii.  677;  grantee  of  Sta 
Moi'garita  '41.  iv.  650;  juez  do  paz  at  S.  Luis  Ob.  '45.  iv.  658-9;  arrested  by 
Fremont  '46.  v.  37";  county  judge  '53;  still  at  S.  Luis  '77.  E.  (Jos6  Ant.), 
represented  Gov.  Alvarado  at  his  wedding  '39.  iii.  .593;  admin,  of  S.  Jos(5 
mission  '40-1.  iii.  725;  iv.  681,  084.  E.  (Jos(5  Maria),  alfi'^rez  of  the  Loreto 
com)).,  prob.  father  of  Jos(5  Mariano  and  Rainnnido,  died  1791 ;  never  in  C-il. 

l']strada  (Jos(i  Mariano),  1800,  born  at  Loroto  1784,  enlisted  1797,  came  to 
Cal.  as  alfiTcz  of  tiie  Mont,  comp.,  which  position  he  hehl  for  12  years,  being 
habilitado  most  of  tiie  time.  ii.  140,  200,  379-89.  lie  was  made  brevet  licut 
In  "18  for  his  services  against  Boueiiard,  and  lieut  '24  for  services  in  suppress- 
ing the  Ind.  revolt,  ii.  225-33,  243-4,  247,  531-3,  530,  008;  also  habilitado 


ESTRADA-ESTUDILLO. 


793 


and  sometimes  acting  com.;  mcnt.  in  connection  with  various  affairs,  i.  170; 
ii.  451,  454,  401,  510;  giantec  of  Bnenavista  ranclios  '22-3.  ii.  015,  G04;  iii. 
G77;  admin,  gen.  of  provincial  finances  '24.  ii.  513,  521;  mention  '25-9,  quar- 
rel with  Capt.  Gonzalez,  vocal  in  diputacion,  IIcrrtTa  trial,  revenue  alliiirs. 
ii.  012;  iii.  25,  .10-7,  39-40,  02-5,  150.  He  retired  from  the  mil.  service  in  '29; 
in  '30  executor  of  Luis  Argiiello'a  estate,  iii.  12;  in  '32-3  sub-comisario  at 
Mont.  iii.  370,  072;  juez  de  campo  '35.  iii.  074;  in  '30  at  Bnenavista,  a  wid- 
ower, child.  Julian  h.  '10,  and  Francisco  '20;  nient.  in  the  troubles  at  Mont. 
'30,  also  in  "44.  iii.  439;  iv.  408.  I  have  no  record  of  him  after  '45.  Don  Mari- 
ano was  one  of  the  most  respected  and  influential  men  in  northern  California. 
E.  (Jose  liaimundo),  1800,  brother  of  Jos6  Maiiano,  who  was  cadet  of  the 
Mont,  conip.  to  'IS.  ii.  50,  88,379;  in  1812  married  the  widow  Joscfa  Vallcjo 
de  Alvarado.  ii.  141;  iii.  451  (where  'Ramon'should  read  'Raimundo');  ment. 
perhaps  in  '24.  ii.  537.  In  '24-30  Eaimundo  Estrada  was  cadet  in  the  S.F. 
comp.  ii.  584,  009;  and  would  seem  to  be  the  same  man,  though  he  appears 
as  a  soldier  at  S.F.  in  '23;  thus  there  may  have  been  another  of  the  name. 

Estrada  (Josi';  Ramon),  son  of  Josd  Mariano;  in  school  at  Mont.  '15-20.  ii. 
429;  hunting  otter  '32-4.  iii.  374,  .394;  grantee  of  El  Toro  '35.  iii.  079;  in  '38 
alcalde  at  Mont.  iii.  430,  439,  074;  being  at  that  time  25  years  of  age,  wife 
Maria  Castro;  in '37  memb.  of  dip.,  in  com.  at  Mont.,  and  comisionado  and 
admin,  at  Sta  Clara,  iii.  507,  511,  072,  728;  iv.  47;  vocal  again  '39.  iii.  585, 
590.  In  '41-3  Estrada  was  prefect  of  the  1st  district,  iv.  357,  052,  050;  in  '42 
grantee  of  S.  ISimeon.  iv.  050;  and  in  '42-5mendj.  of  the  junta,  iv.  295,  300- 
1,  410,  521,  540.  He  seems  to  have  died  in  '45.  E.  (.lulian),  son  of  Jos6 
Mariano,  grantee  of  Sta  Rosa  rancho  '41.  iv.  050;  still  in  S.  Luis  Ob.  Co.  '50- 
00.  E.  (Xicwior),  1834,  Mex.  blacksmith  and  political  exile  with  the  H.  & 
P.  col.,  who  had  been  a  capt.  in  Mex.,  and  whose  rank  was  restored  in  '35; 
went  to  the  L.  Cal.  frontier  in  '30  on  the  fall  of  (Gutierrez,  iii.  203,  407;  being 
at  this  time  30  years  old,  wife  Ciuadalupe  Diaz,  child.  Gumesind.a  b.  '31, 
Elena  '34.  In  '37  ho  aided  Bandini  and  others  in  their  preparations  against 
Alvarado,  and  was  perhaps  sent  as  a  comisionado  to  Mex.  iii.  510,  520,  531 ; 
but  came  back  with  Micheltorena  in  '42,  and  vas  capt.  of  the  Mont.  comp.  in 
'43-4.  iv.  290,  357,  052.  I  have  no  later  r.ord  of  him. 

Estrada  (Patricio),  1825,  alfurezof  the  piijuete  do  Hidalgo  who  came  with 
Echeandia,  and  in  '30  was  sent  away  with  Gutierrez,  iii.  13-15,  403,  407, 072. 
He  was  29  years  old  and  single  in  '30.  E.  (Pedro),  owm'r  of  lot  at  S.F.  '41  - 
5,  iv.  009;  sub-lieut  of  militia;  grantee  of  Asuncion  in  '45.  iv.  055;  still  .it 
S.  Luis  Ob.  '50-1.  E.  (Rafael),  celador  of  Mont,  custom-house  '42-4.  iv. 
339,  377,  431;  grantee  of  S.  Lx'icas  rancho  '42,  and  alf.  of  aux.  cavalry.  055, 
052;  in  '40  regidor  at  Mont.  v.  630;  still  in  Mont.  Co.  '53.  E.  (Painuindo), 
cadet  in  S.  F.  comp.  '24-30;  prob.  same  as  Jos(5  Raimundo,  q.v.  E.  (Santi- 
ago), son  of  Jos6  Mariano,  grantee  with  his  brothers  of  Bnenavista  rancho  '22  - 
3.  11.  015;  iii.  077;  made  a  trip  to  China  on  the  Hover  '24.  ii.  520;  sindico  at 
Mont.  '33.  iii.  073;  in  '35-0  aux.  alcalde  and  juez  do  camix).  iii.  074-5;  then 
living  at  Buevavista,  age  27,  wife  Isidora  Soto,  child.  Mariano,  Francisco, 
Maria  de  los  Angeles,  and  Juana.  In  '30-7  also  named  .as  sub-comisario  and 
comandante  at  Mont.  iii.  513,  524,  072;  iv.  90;  in  '38  courier  and  om.  if 
prisoners'  guard,  iii.  .552,  .507;  in  '.39  partido  elector,  iii.  .590;  in  '39-45  capt. 
of  aux.  comp.  at  Mont.  iv.  75,  197-8,  407,  615,  052;  in  '40  juez  of  the  valU  y 
ranchos.  v.  0.37;  still  in  Mont.  Co.  '50-1. 

Estudillo  (Jos6  Antonio),  son  of  .Josd  Maria,  b.  at  Mont.  1805.;  in  '27  of 
tenia  for  treasurer,  and  grantee  of  S.  Diego  lot.  ii.  540-7;  iii.  03;  in  '28-.30, 
revenue  collector  and  treasurer  atS.D.  ii.  .543;  iii.  137;  in  '29 grantee  of  Otay 
rancho.  ii.  542,  .547,  003;  iii.  012.  In  '.33-5  he  was  a  memb.  of  the  dip.  iii. 
240,  249-50;  in  '.35  had  a  claim  to  the  temporary  governorship,  iii.  2!»9-.'{0i., 
414-15;  grantee  of  Tem(?cula.  iii.  012;  in '30-8  alcalde  and  juez  of  S.  I)ie,%'(). 
iii.  485,  010;  in  '30-8  took  part  against  Alvarado's  govt.  iv.  491,  548-9,  557, 
508,  578;  elector  '.39.  treasurer  '40,  and  justice  of  the  sup.  tribunal  '40-2.  iii. 
005,  014,  010;  iv.  290;  admin,  and  maj.  at  8.  Luis  Rey  40-3,  also  owner  of 
land  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  '41.  iii.  023-4,  027;  iv.  619,  623,  020;  grantee  of  S.  Ja- 


704 


riONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


cinto  '42.  iv.  C21,  Gift;  claim  against  the  govt  '4,').  iv.  uOl;  in  M'l-O  jucz  da 
pa/  at  S.  JJicj^o,  iv.  GIS-'JU,  but  was  neutral  in  tlie  tronijlcs  witii  the  L".S.  v. 
3-'!);  nicnt.  '47.  v.  G'JO.  In  later  years  he  served  under  tiic  U.S.  rule  a.s  town 
trea.surer  and  county  as.sessor.  Died  in '52.  Don  JostJ  Antonio  \\  as  a  man  nf 
excellent  ciia meter,  of  g()o<l  education  for  his  time  and  countiy,  and  of  wide 
inlinenee  in  the  soutli.  Jlis  wife  was  Maria  Victoria  Doiningucz,  locally  well 
known  for  her  charities,  who  died  in  '73  at  the  age  of  72,  leaving  .'iO  grand- 
children. The  sons  were  .lose'  Mari'a,  Salvador,  Jos6  Guadalupe,  Jose  Antonio, 
and  I'ranci.sco.  Of  the  daughters,  two,  PVaucisca  and  llosario,  married  J os(5 
Ant.  Aguirro,  and  anotlicr  seems  to  have  maiTied  Manuel  A.  Ferrer.  E. 
( lose  Guadalupe),  son  of  .Tos(5  Antonio,  b.  '38;  connected  with  a  >S.  Diego 
bank;  county  treasurer  from  '03;  state  treasurer  from  '7j;  still  living  ni 
.Southern  Cal'.  '85. 

EsCudillo  (Jos(5  .Joaquin),  son  of  Jos6  Maria,  b.  1708,  who  entered  the  mil. 
service  in  '1.")  as  soldado  distinguido  of  the  Mont,  eonip,,  but  was  transferred 
to  the  S,  F.  conip.  in  '10  as  cadet,  which  place  he  held  until  he  left  the  service 
in  '23,  having  accompanied  Luis  Argiicllo  on  the  famous  exped.  to  the  f.ii' 


north  in  '21.  ii.  370,  445,  584.  Ment. 


atS.F. 
ii.  5'J2; 


20-7.  iii.33,  03;  nninic.  elector 
iii.  30-41;  in  '34-5  comisionado 


i:/,  and  .supl.  member  of  dip 

to  Hccidiuize  H. F.  mission,  iii.  .340,  354,  714-15;  in  '35  elector,  in  '36  alcalde 
atS.F.  iii.  703-5;  in  '38  li\'ing  at  S.  Leandro  rancho,  which  in '42  was  granted 
to  iiim.  iii.  713;  iv.  073,  314.  In  a  padron  of  the  S.  Jos6  dist.  of  '41  he  is  named, 
with  wife  .fuana  Martinez,  child.  (Joncepeion  b.  '25,  Ramon  '27,  Gertrudis '21), 
Antonio  ','10,  Maria  de  Jesus  '31,  Jo.S(5  Vicente  '33,  Jos6  Luis  '.30,  Maria  Gua- 
dalupe '38.  Don  Joaipun  was  jucz  do  la  contra  costa  in  '43,  also  in  '40-7,  tak- 
ing but  sliL;ht  part  in  the  war.  iv.  085;  v.  17,  121),  002.  He  died  in  '52.  1  have 
much  of  bin  corresp.  in  dif.  private  archives;  and  also  2  \'o\s<j{  E.stiidillo,  Doc. 
/list.  <'ui.,  presented  by  his  son  Jesus  Maria  in  '75.  He  left  9  children,  some 
of  whom  in  '85  still  own  .a  part  of  the  original  S.  Leandro  estate.  Of  hia 
daugliter.s,  the  oldest,  ('oncepcion,  married  John  B.  Ward,  Maria  de  Jesus  in 
'47  iieeamo  the  wife  of  Wm  ll.  Davis,  i.'agdaleua  married  John  Nugent,  and 
Dolores  married  Clias  H.  Gushing.  Of  tlic  sons  Antonio  lives  in  '85  at  S. 
Leandro,  Jjuis  at  Oakland,  Ramon  and  Vicente  at  S.  Luis  Ob.,  and  Jesus 
Maria  at  8.  F. 

E-studillo  (Jos(5  Maria),  1800,  Span,  lieut  of  the  Mont.  comp.  1806-27,  and 
capt.  of  the  8.  Diego  comp.  from  '27  to  his  death  in  '30.  Biog.  ii.  541-2;  ment. 
ii.  140,  171,  102,  220,  230,  2.34,  271,  28."),  .300,  3.35-0,  .340-1,  379,  382,  .383-4, 
3S7-S,  412,  433,  442,  451,  454-5,  401,  407,  507-8,  512-13,  517.,  523,  525,  5.30, 
008;  iii.  1.3,  30,  51-3,  00,  201,  422.  Don  Jos6  Marir.  was  the  founder  of  the 
Estudillo  family  in  Cal.,  one  of  the  best  of  the  old  families,  as  judged  by  liio 
uvcriigo  prominence  and  character  of  its  members.  A  faithful  offieer,  though 
of  only  medium  abilities,  he  had  some  disagreeable  qualities — notably  that  of 
vanity — which  in.ade  him  at  one  time  or  another  heartily  disliked  by  most  of 
his  brf)tlier  ollicers,  who  were  disposed  to  ridicule  him  and  make  him  the  butt 
of  practical  jokes.  His  wife  was  (tcrtrudis  Horcasitas.  His  daughter.  Magda- 
lena,  was  grantee  of  part  of  Otay  in  '20.  ii.  200,  373,  542,  547;  v.  010.  A 
d.iughtcr  married  Lieut  Manuel  Gomez,  ii.  470.  E.  (Jos(5  Maria),  cadet  at 
S.  F.  lSO.3-7.  ii.  135.  I  do  not  know  who  he  was.  P].  (Jos6  Maria),  son  of 
Jo.-ie  Ant.,  b.  at  S.  Diego  '31;  educ.  at  Sta  B.,  Mont.,  and  Lima '39-48;- in 
'.")0  agent  for  Aguirre,  his  brother-in-law;  later  a  ranehero  in  the  S.D.  mission 
valley,  where,  in  '77,  he  gave  me  some  interesting  JJatos  Uistoricns,  His  wife 
was  !i  daughter  of  Juan  Maria  Marron. 

Elholin  (Adolf),  1827,  mr  of  the  Russi.an  Baikal '21 -ZQ.  ii.  C49-51;  iii. 
140;  i.  list  auth.  Eusebio,  Ind.  in  Sutter's  employ  '45-0;  induced  to  testify 
that  Castro  bad  instigated  him  to  burn  grain-fields,  etc.  Eustico  (Dabney), 
1S40,  with  Kearny  fro.n  N.  Mex.  v.  337.  Eustis,  1845,  at  N.  Helv.,  per- 
liaps  an  ovcrl.  immig.  iv.  578.       Euth  (John),  1847,  Co.  (J,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  400). 

l^vans  (Geo.  M.),  1847,  brick-maker  and  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot.  v.  085;  pul)- 
]i:<hed  an  article  in  defease  of  the  Mormons  in  f!.F.  Califorinan  July  31,  '47. 
E.   (Israel),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morui.  Bat.  (v.  400);  in  Sutter's  employ;  went  to 


EVAX8-KZQUER. 


:9.-5 


fmn,  :.  ^h.U.:.Uu  .;;.,°'",'.' J *':*-•  „^"«*'''»»  «»»lo'-  a>"l  earn 


from  a  wl.ulcr  with  a  bi^ken  k-r  i^^u  ,  flf '  ?'  an.  ca.;renter,  Iu.ul,.,l 
8.F.  '40  witJ,  a  family.gett  nif'lot  in '4-  '  '.  '*'^'' ?ttcr  witl,  D.ttnuinn  '4.-,;  at 
still  at  S.F.  79.       E    STSs47    W'v   -Vi     T^'""'  ";''"'*'  '™^  J'^vauowit/; 

K.  J  '84;  a  brother  d-eo.  at  s!  Jos." '78  E  %  I  ?T847"a?s'F  *f^'"?:'^ 
on  the  Jhnry.  E.  (Parlev  I'  )  IS47  „„f  I,*  n^'  '^'  ^'^  '^  ^-  ^'■"'"  Or. 
years;  in  'o5  ^essengi;  h'  tL 'aise^  bl^'  „rSac  f  /have'  aTtto    f''''"'.  "^"  •' 

Everett  (C    T  ),  1840,   n,r  of  a  whaler  at  S.  I'e.lro      E    (Flishal    1S4- 

lot.,  a  c.,<Mat.f„  alcalde.  L,„l  i„  ^A  V;ZJrja:'S.,Z;;%  "«» 'ril' 

,)•    '.     ■*•     ift^"!'-''"",    184i),  doubtful  name  of  a  negro  deserter  from  tl,<. 
ncrou>c.       E.q„er  (Ignaeio).  1833,  Mex.  clerk  who  cau^e  by  sea  at  the  i^e  ,f 

To  BK  Continued  .vt  tiii;  Evd  of  Vol.  III. 


